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1
Colpitts, George. „Itinerant Jewish and Arabic Trading in the Dene’s North, 1916-1930“. Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 24, Nr. 1 (12.05.2014): 163–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1025000ar.
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In late nineteenth century and especially in the interwar years, “free traders” took advantage of better transport systems to expand trade with Dene people in the Athabasca and Mackenzie Districts. Well versed in fur grading and supported by credit in the expanding industrializing fur industry in the south, “itinerant” peddlers worked independently and often controversially alongside larger capitalized fur companies such as the Hudson’s Bay Company. A large number of these newcomers were Jews. This article suggests that Jews and, to a lesser extent, Lebanese and other Arabic traders became critical in the modernization of the Canadian North. They helped create an itinerant trader-Dene “contact zone” where the mixed meaning of credit, cash, and goods transactions provided northern Aboriginal trappers the means to negotiate modernism on their own terms in the interwar years. However, by the late 1920s, the state, encouraged by larger capitalized companies, implemented policies to restrict and finally close down this contact zone. The history of itinerant trading, then, raises questions about the long-term history of capitalism and co-related economic neo-colonialism in the Canadian north and their impact on First Nations.
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Yendaw, Elijah, Frank Mawutor Borbor und Kwadwo Asante-Afari. „Assessing the Motivations for Migration Among West African Immigrants in Itinerant Retail Trading in Ghana“. Journal of Planning and Land Management 1, Nr. 1 (14.04.2019): 184–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.36005/jplm.v1i1.12.
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Though West African itinerant immigrant traders have become an indispensable constituent of the Ghanaian economy, it is as yet unknown what their motivations for migration are in the extant literature. Using a mixed-methods approach, this paper examined the drivers of migration among West African itinerant petty traders in the Accra Metropolis of Ghana. The paper, which was underpinned by the push-pull migration theory, surveyed 779 itinerant immigrant traders and conducted nine key informant interviews. Descriptive and bivariate statistics as well as chi-square were the main analytical techniques used to present the findings. The results indicated that most of the immigrants migrated into the country primarily to hunt for job opportunities. The analysis further revealed that about a third of the immigrants selected Ghana as their preferred destination in West Africa due to the belief that Ghanaians are hospitable people. The practical implications and theoretical contributions of this paper are discussed.
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Bredeloup, Sylvie. „African Trading Post in Guangzhou: Emergent or Recurrent Commercial Form?“ African Diaspora 5, Nr. 1 (2012): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187254612x646206.
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Abstract In the early 2000s, nationals of Sub-Saharan Africa who had settled in the market places of Hong Kong, Bangkok, Jakarta, and Kuala Lumpur, moved to Guangzhou and opened offices in the upper floors of buildings in Baiyun and Yuexiu Districts. These were located in the northwest of the city, near the central railway station and one of the two fairs of Canton. Gradually these traders were able to create the necessary conditions of hospitality by opening community restaurants on upper floors, increasing the number of showrooms and offices as well as the services of freight and customs clearance in order to live up to an African itinerant customer’s expectations. From interviews carried out between 2006 and 2009 in the People’s Republic of China and in Hong Kong, Bangkok, Dubai, and West Africa, the article will first highlight the economic logics which have contributed to the constitution of African trading posts in China and describe their extension from the Middle East and from Asia. The second part will determine the respective roles of migrants and traveling Sub-Saharan entrepreneurs, before exploring their interactions with Chinese society in the setting up of these commercial networks. It will also look at the impact of toughening immigration policies. It is the principle of the African trading posts of anchoring of some traders in strategic places negotiated with the host society that allows the movement but also the temporary settlement of many visitors. The first established traders purchase products manufactured in the hinterland to fulfill the demand of the itinerant merchants who in turn supply customers located in other continents.
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Radhakrishna, Meena. „The Criminal Tribes Act in Madras Presidency: Implications for itinerant trading communities“. Indian Economic & Social History Review 26, Nr. 3 (September 1989): 269–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946468902600301.
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Moreno García, Juan Carlos. „“Pharaonic Egypt: a Singular Pathway to Statehood in the Early Bronze Age”“. Old World: Journal of Ancient Africa and Eurasia 3, Nr. 1 (20.04.2023): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26670755-20230002.
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Abstract Situated at the crossroads between Northeast Africa, the Mediterranean, the Near East and the Indian Ocean, ancient Egypt was a strategic pathway that facilitated contacts and the circulation of peoples, products and ideas across these vast regions. Sometimes the monarchy took the initiative in these contacts, whereas in other cases, mobile populations, local leaders, itinerant merchants and independent individuals fulfilled such a role. Egyptian regions participated in these exchanges in distinctive ways. Hence, control over wealth flows, access to coveted goods, contacts with privileged trading partners and attracting royal support represented significant moves in their strategies. A constant tension between different political models (centralized, confederacies of cities and territories, regional kingdoms) reemerged through the millennia. This often led to the collapse of the central authority (as it happened around 2160 bc) and was inspired, at least in part, by the political impact of trading activities.
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Good, Catharine. „Salt Production and Commerce in Guerrero, Mexico. An ethnographic contribution to historical reconstruction“. Ancient Mesoamerica 6 (1995): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100002066.
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AbstractThis paper provides data on the salt industry along Guerrero's Costa Chica and on itinerant salt trading conducted by highland Nahuatl villagers. The findings are compared with studies of salt production elsewhere in Mesoamerica, and the nature and quality of oral-historical sources are evaluated. Based primarily on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, the paper explores technical and social-organizational features of salt production and marketing useful for model building among archaeologists and ethnohistorians. In crossing disciplinary boundaries the paper raises methodological issues of concern to scholars who attempt to reconstruct historical or contemporary Mesoamerican cultural and economic patterns.
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Leboissetier, Léa. „‘Johnny Onions!’: Seasonal Pedlars from Brittany and their Good Reputation in Great Britain (1870s–1970s)“. Journal of Migration History 7, Nr. 2 (23.08.2021): 85–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00702001.
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Abstract The Onion Johnnies were a group of French seasonal migrants and door-to-door traders who travelled to Britain from the mid-nineteenth to the late twentieth centuries. This article explores their surprisingly good reputation among the British population and authorities: while pedlars were often conflated with tramps, suspicious aliens or disreputable individuals by the police, the Johnnies’ reliance on established familial and commercial networks meant they benefited from a positive stereotype. While hawking was generally perceived as an anachronistic and unrewarding occupation, French onion sellers were exoticised by the British population, who celebrated they rural roots. The seasonal, semi-sedentary and ‘picturesque’ aspect of the onion trade enabled them to reverse the stigmas associated to itinerant trading, their doorstep performance becoming their selling point. The case study of the Johnnies helps us understand the stereotypes linked to peddling in late modern Britain and to go beyond the narrative of decline surrounding this occupation.
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Wassholm, Johanna. „Tatar Pedlars in the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Late Nineteenth Century“. Studia Orientalia Electronica 8, Nr. 2 (13.05.2020): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23993/store.83460.
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In the 1880s, the arrival of a new group of traders was noted in Finnish- and Swedish-languagenewspapers published in the Grand Duchy of Finland. The newcomers were Muslim Tatars, pettytraders originating in a few villages south of Nizhny Novgorod. They found a livelihood in marketand itinerant trade in the Russian Empire. This article examines depictions of Tatar mobile tradersin the late nineteenth-century press in Finland. While petty trade has left fragmentary traces inhistorical sources, the Finnish National Library’s digital newspaper database offers new possibilitiesto create an overview of how the press depicted relations between the early Tatar itineranttraders and the local sedentary society. Through the concepts of space and practices, the articlediscusses the following topics: fairs as a space for ethnic encounters, Tatar trading practices andinteraction with local customers, the traders’ use of space and tactics in relation to formal regulationand the fairs as a “threatening” space. The article contributes new knowledge on the earlyperiod of Tatar presence in Finland, relatively invisible in previous research, and on the multiethniccharacter of late nineteenth-century petty trade.
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ROCKEL, STEPHEN J. „‘A NATION OF PORTERS’: THE NYAMWEZI AND THE LABOUR MARKET IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY TANZANIA“. Journal of African History 41, Nr. 2 (Juli 2000): 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853799007628.
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From the beginning of the nineteenth century, Nyamwezi long-distance trading caravans dominated the central routes through Tanzania, stretching from Mrima coast ports such as Bagamoyo and Saadani to Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika. Despite the inroads of Omani Arab and Swahili trading enterprises from the middle of the century, the Nyamwezi maintained a position of strength. In the second half of the nineteenth century, market relations emerged as the dominant form of economic organization along the central routes, although the market for many commodities was clearly fractured by transport difficulties, and non-market relations frequently substituted for weakly developed commercial institutions and tools. Most caravan porters in nineteenth-century Tanzania were free wage workers, and nearly all were clearly migrant or itinerant labourers. The development of a labour market for caravan porters was an early and significant stage in the transition to capitalism, which began in a period of violence and political upheaval. Clearly, this has implications for how scholars should view broader processes of economic transformation prior to the imposition of colonial rule, which cut short a series of significant indigenous innovations.The argument that porters were mostly wage labourers rests on evidence that their labour was bought and sold according to fluctuating labour market conditions. Market conditions in the second half of the nineteenth century shows a broadly rising demand for porters, a demand that could only be met if caravan operators offered adequate wages and observed the customs established within porter work culture. Thus, market conditions along the central routes contributed to the development of a free wage labour, characterized by a unique labour culture.
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RIOS-MUÑIZ, DIANA, JORGE F. CERNA-CORTES, CATALINA LOPEZ-SAUCEDO, ERIKA ANGELES-MORALES, MIRIAM BOBADILLA-DEL VALLE, ALFREDO PONCE-DE LEON und TERESA ESTRADA-GARCIA. „Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus, Uropathogenic Escherichia coli, and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Strains from Pasteurized Cheeses and Unpasteurized Cream Sold at Traditional Open Markets in Mexico City“. Journal of Food Protection 85, Nr. 12 (03.10.2022): 1848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-22-168.
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ABSTRACT Fresh cheeses and cream are important garnishes of traditional Mexican food, often purchased at street or itinerant open markets or tianguis. However, there is scarce information regarding the microbiological quality of cheeses and cream sold in tianguis. For 2 years, three dairy stalls from three tianguis in Mexico City were visited once each season, trading practices were registered, and 96 dairy products were purchased. In total 72 fresh pasteurized cheeses that were hand-cut to order (24 Panela, 24 Canasto, and 24 Doble Crema) and 24 unpasteurized Crema de Rancho samples were collected. All dairy products remained without refrigeration for 8 h. Based on the National Guidelines limits, 87.5% of cheeses and 8% of Crema de Rancho samples were of low microbiological quality, and 1 sample of each type of cheese and 3 samples of Crema de Rancho exceeded the guidelines limits for Staphylococcus aureus. All dairy products were negative for Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and all diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes, including Shiga toxin–producing E. coli. Among the 96 dairy samples, the prevalence of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and of mycobacteria strains were determined because food items contaminated with these strains have been associated with urinary tract infections and mycobacteriosis, respectively. UPEC strains were isolated from 43% of cut-to-order cheeses and 29% of Crema de Rancho samples. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) strains were identified in 12.5% of Doble Crema cheese samples and 21% of Crema de Rancho samples. From the eight NTM-positive samples, 10 strains were identified (3 strains of Mycolicibacterium fortuitum, 2 of Mycobacteroides abscessus, 2 of Mycobacteroides chelonae, 2 of Mycolicibacterium porcinum, and 1 of Mycolicibacterium rhodesiae). All produced biofilms, and 70% had sliding motility (both virulence traits). Trading practices of cut-to-order pasteurized cheeses and unpasteurized Crema de Rancho in tianguis increase the risk of microbiological contamination of these products, including with human pathogens, and their consumption may cause human illness. HIGHLIGHTS
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Wassholm, Johanna, und Anna Sundelin. „Emotions, trading practices and communication in transnational itinerant trade: encounters between ‘Rucksack Russians’ and their customers in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Finland“. Scandinavian Economic History Review 66, Nr. 2 (25.04.2018): 132–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2018.1466725.
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BUBB, ALEXANDER. „Class, Cotton, and ‘Woddaries’: A Scandinavian railway contractor in Western India, 1860–69“. Modern Asian Studies 51, Nr. 5 (13.07.2017): 1369–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000251.
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AbstractThis article makes use of a recently unearthed archive in Sweden, complemented by research in the India Office Records and Maharashtra State Archives, to explore the business networks of the small-scale railway contractor in 1860s Bombay Presidency. The argument centres on the career of one individual, comparing him with several contemporaries. In contrast to their civilian colleagues, freebooting engineers have been a somewhat understudied group. Sometimes lacking formal technical training, and without an official position in colonial India, they were distrusted as profiteering, even corrupt, opportunists. This article will present them instead as a diverse professional class, incorporating Parsis alongside various European nationalities, who became specialists in local milieux, sourcing timber and stone at the lowest prices and retaining the loyalty of itinerant labourers. It will propose that the 1860s cotton boom in western India provided them with a short-lived window of opportunity in which to flourish, and to diversify into a variety of speculative enterprises including cotton trading, land reclamation, and explosives. The accidents and bridge collapses of the 1867 monsoon, and subsequent public outcry, will be identified as a watershed after which that window of opportunity begins to shut. The article's concluding section analyses the contractors’ relationship with their labour force and its intermediary representatives, and strategies for defusing strikes. Ultimately, small independent contractors were agents of modernity not formally affiliated with the imperial project, and forced to bargain with merchants and strikers without official backing. Theirs is a record of complex negotiations at the local level, carried out in the immediate post-Mutiny settlement.
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Lawuyi, Olatunde B. „The political economy of video marketing in Ogbomọṣọ, Nigeria“. Africa 67, Nr. 3 (Juli 1997): 476–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161185.
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AbstractThis article examines the character of Yoruba video viewers, the style of marketing and the politics of choice in Ogbomọṣọ, a Nigerian town on the northern fringe of Ọyọ State. As an itinerant trading community Ogbomọṣọ is a place where production is not the source of wealth; instead, big wealth is always repatriated from outside, raising a doubt, stemming from its largely invisible productive base, about human ability and achievements. The vocation of selling videos is growing, even if it is not successful yet as a money-making enterprise. But the business itself, by the attractiveness of its market culture, seems to be inviting gradual, systematic and progressive patronage. The business attracts customers, especially the young, by its guarantee of choice and a promise of negotiable power. Consumers can pick and choose among a variety of goods. They are free to collect or construct their relationships with the marketers, depending on what emphasis they place on cost, quality and quantity of goods. For the people of Ogbomọṣọ, whose craving for freedom and success have taken them far afield into other countries, the market enacts a self that can play many roles. The argument is that a local ideology of marketing promotes the sale of videos in their productive contexts and that those who buy them within those contexts act within the framework of the same ideology. Videos deal with knowledge and the various levels of its acquisition. The producers, the marketers and the consumers are engaged in a consideration of the political economy of their time. And, as a form of brokerage, the videos merge all expectations into a conception of history seen from a moralistic standpoint. They are also an illusion for sale when in the Nigerian context they talk about progress.
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Naji, Salima. „Regeneration of the Citadel of Agadir Oufella“. Journal of Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism, Nr. 5 (12.11.2024): 104–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51303/jtbau.vi5.749.
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The Citadel of Agadir has for over six centuries been a symbol of Agadir’s importance as a trading port, as a nexus between many caravan routes and the Atlantic. Designated a Moroccan historic monument in 1932, the site was devastated by an earthquake in 1960. In 2020, sixty years after that disaster, work began on its restoration. The project included the reconstruction of historic elements such as the fortress or the medina and the creation of a visitor itinerary. The local community was moreover involved at every stage of the process. The project also included innovative earthquake-proof building techniques reviving vernacular systems and the use of local materials, stimulating the economy of the region and preserving its heritage.
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Miri, Seyyed Mohsen. „An Analytical-Critical Approach to Historical Itinerary of Criticism of Skepticism from Ibn Sina to Mulla Sadra“. Kanz Philosophia : A Journal for Islamic Philosophy and Mysticism 3, Nr. 1 (24.06.2013): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20871/kpjipm.v3i1.41.
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<div><p><strong>Abstrak :</strong> Mengamati pemikiran beberapa filsuf Muslim (dari Ibnu Sina hingga Mulla Sadra), artikel ini mencoba menunjukkan peran yang luar biasa dari filsafat Islam dalam konfrontasi intelektual dengan skeptisisme dan menguraikan betapa tradisi ini telah mampu memperkaya dan memperdalam kajian. Makalah ini juga akan menunjukkan pola argumentasi Ibn Sina dalam membuktikan kemungkinan pengetahuan dan menolak skeptisisme. Mulla Sadra yang dianggap dipengaruhi oleh Ibn Sina, al-Razi dan Suhrawardi dalam mengkritik skeptisisme, mengungkapkan argumentasinya dalam karyanya Hashīyāt Elāhiyyāt al-Shifā’ and al-Asfār al-Arbā‘a.</p><p><em>Kata kunci : Keraguan, skeptisisme, pengetahuan, kemungkinan pengetahuan, prinsip ketidakmungkinan dari kontradiksi, Filsuf muslim</em></p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract :</strong> Surveying some Muslim philosophers’ thoughts (from Ibn Sina to Mulla Sadra), this article attempts to indicated remarkable role of Islamic philosophy in intellectual confrontation with skepticism and expounds how much this tradition has been capable of enriching and deepening that discussion. h is paper will also shows Ibn Sina’s pattern of proving possibility of knowledge and negating skepticism. Mulla Sadra who considered has been infl uenced by Ibn Sina, al-Razi, and Suhrawardi, in critizising of skepticism, he has dealt with this in his two works of Hashīyāt Elāhiyyāt al-Shifā’ and al-Asfār al-Arbā‘a.</p><p><em>Keywords : Doubt, skepticism, knowledge, possibility of knowledge, the principle of impossibility of contradiction, Muslim philosophers.</em></p></div>
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Suyuthie, Hijriyantomi, Feri Ferdian, Pasaribu Pasaribu und Rahmi Fadilah. „PENGEMASAN AKTIVITAS WISATA MENJADI PAKET WISATA SEBAGAI UPAYA PENYIAPAN JORONG TABEK SEBAGAI DAYA TARIK WISATA UNGGULAN KABUPATEN SOLOK“. Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat MEMBANGUN NEGERI 7, Nr. 1 (02.04.2023): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35326/pkm.v7i1.3109.
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Kampung Berseri Astra (KBA) Jorong Tabek, Nagari Talang Babungo Kabupaten Solok sebagai 10 kampung yang mendapatkan anugrah dari PT. Astra Internasional TBK. Melalui Program Kampung Berseri Astra tersebut banyak perusahaan yang bekerjasama untuk membangun kampung ini menjadi kampung yang berkualitas. Kampung Berseri Astra selanjutnya berkembang menjadi Destinasi wisata dengan jenis EduWisata dan Wisata Desa. Pengelolaan pariwisata di jorong tabek dilakukan dengan mempersiapkan sarana dan prasarana untuk menjadikan Jorong Tabek sebagai destinasi wisata yang menampilkan kampung dengan tradisi keminangkabauan-nya yang dapat terlihat dalam aktivitas keseharian penduduknya di samping dengan wisata alam dan agrowisatanya. Berbagai atraksi wisata yang terdapat di kampung ini turut menjadi daya tarik wisata yang membuat pengunjung yang pernah datang ke lokasi ini menikmati berbagai macam kesenian dan kearifan lokal seperti pencak silat dan lingkungan yang asri. Kegiatan lain yang menunjang kepariwisataan juga diadakan seperti pelatihan kesenian tradisional, pendataan potensi alam seperti jenis tanaman langka, berperan serta dalam penyelenggaraan Silek Camp International, penyuluh pertanian, pelatihan kader pariwisata dan pemilihan duta wisata nagari serta program toilet bersih di sekolah. Permasalahan yang saat ini terjadi di Jorong Tabek adalah dengan adanya potensi atraksi wisata yang menjadi tujuan utama kunjungan wisatawan belum didukung oleh aktivitas wisata yang dikemas menjadi paket-paket wisata, sehingga masa kunjung (length of stay) wisatawan masih singkat. Apabila tersedia paket wisata yang dapat dinikmati oleh wisatawan, maka masa kunjung tersebut akan lebih lama, tourist expenditure juga akan bertambah, dan tentunya menerikan multipler effect dan pada akhirnya meningkatkan quality of life masyarakat lokal itu sendiri. Program PKM di Jorong Tabek ini dapat membantu memecahkan permasalahan mitra melalui pelatihan pengembangan aktivitas wisata dan pengemasannya menjadi paket wisata. Metode yang telah diberikan adalah melalui ceramah dan diskusi terkait aktivitas wisata dan potensinya, tour itinerary, tour quotation dan tour package bagi kelompok sadar wisata Jorong Tabek, Nagari Talang Babungo. Selain itu peserta juga akan diberikan tugas mandiri dan akan dilakukan evalusi terhadap keberhasilan program.
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Ashraf, Muddassar, und Zheng Shiyuan. „Transportation Costs and Time Impact of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor“. International Journal of Regional Development 9, Nr. 1 (28.01.2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijrd.v9i1.19519.
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The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which is part of China's Belt and Road plan, is a network of infrastructure, commerce, and investment projects, as well as energy and technology projects, now under construction in Pakistan and China's Western Xinjiang province. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which Pakistani officials have labelled as a "game changer," is the most recent manifestation of the two countries' increasing ties. Because they help to reduce freight prices and transit times, transportation and infrastructure are referred to as major trade levers. This research is primarily concerned with the concept of logistics shipping prices and travel times. China supplies Europe and the Middle East with a reliable, low-cost supply line. The study analyses data in a qualitative and descriptive manner. The study investigates how the CPEC will impact trade in terms of shipping costs and trip time. Transportation and infrastructure are considered critical trade issues since they help to reduce shipping costs and transit times. In order to generate revenues and assure timely product delivery, modern organizations strive to reduce shipping costs and transit times. The goal of this research is to examine the CPEC's significance and its impact on import and export costs as well as transit durations. This study also compares the current path to the suggested itinerary. The study takes a qualitative and descriptive approach to its investigation. The study's starting point was the dry port of Kashgar in western China, with three ports in each European and Middle Eastern countries serving as destinations. The three European ports of Hamburg, Le Havre, and Rotterdam, like the selected Middle Eastern ports of Jeddah, Kuwait, and Oman, which meet China's energy demands, share a considerable trading volume with China. When a 40-foot container is delivered using the current route, the variables time of travel and shipping cost are estimated in the first phase. In the third step, both current and potential CPEC routes are analysed. Because predicting the exact future road transportation cost of CPEC is difficult, the average value of current road transportation costs is used in this analysis. The findings show that shipping costs will be greatly lowered if the proposed CPEC route is implemented. Shipping costs between Kashgar and destination ports can be reduced by 36% for European ports, 50% for Jeddah and Kuwait, and 68 percent for Oman. Furthermore, the transit time from European ports to Jeddah will be reduced by 10-11 days, 15-18 days for Kuwait, and 10 days for Oman.
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Leboissetier, Léa. „A tool to help the honest poor: itinerant trading in great-Britain through the lens of late-Victorian legislation (1860–1900s)“. History of Retailing and Consumption, 17.02.2023, 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2373518x.2023.2178812.
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