Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Istopoes“

Background: The second most frequent cancer in males and the fourth most common cancer overall for both sexes is prostate cancer. On chromosome 8p, there is a prostatic tumor suppressor gene called NKX3.1. Despite the fact that the majority of primary prostatic adenocarcinomas exhibit positive NKX3.1 protein staining. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of NKX3.1in prostate adenocarcinoma and correlate it with tumor grades among Sudanese patients. Materials and Methods: This study is a retrospective descriptive cross- sectional study, was conducted in Khartoum state, (Radiation& Istopes Center- Khartoum (RICK)). Tissue sections were stained by immunohistochemical staining against NKX3.1 (indirect dextral polymers (Dako- EnVision TM Flex kit)) was carried out on forty (40) archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks from patients diagnosed as prostate carcinoma. Data were collected from hospital records and the immunohistochemical results and then analyzed using SPSS 25.0 frequency, and Chi-Square and mean were calculated. Results: The study found that the most frequent age group is between (71 – 80) years old, twenty (20) cases have prostate adenocarcinoma grade III, twelve (12) cases were grade II, and eight (8) cases were grade I. Any nuclear NKX3.1 staining was regarded as positive. Thirty-five (35%) have NKX3 positive immunostain while (65%) have a negative result. There is a statistically significant correlation between the NKX3.1 expressions and tumor grade as the P. value was (0.000), while in a statistically significant correlation between the NKX3 expressions and patients' age as the P. value was (0.957). Conclusions: NKX3 immuno expression is strongly associated with higher tumor grade and may prove the role of this protein in the progression of prostate cancer.

Raspberry and blackberry (Rubus sp.) plantings have a relatively low nutrient requirement compared with many other perennial fruit crops. Knowledge of annual accumulation of nutrients and periods of rapid uptake allows for better management of fertilization programs. Annual total nitrogen (N) accumulation in the aboveground plant ranged from 62 to 110 and 33 to 39 lb/acre in field-grown red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and blackberry (Rubus ssp. rubus), respectively. Research on the fate of applied 15N (a naturally occurring istope of N) has shown that primocanes rely primarily on fertilizer N for growth, whereas floricane growth is highly dependent on stored N in the over-wintering primocanes, crown, and roots; from 30% to 40% of stored N was allocated to new growth. Plants receiving higher rates of N fertilizer took up more N, often leading to higher N concentrations in the tissues, including the fruit. Reallocation of N from senescing floricanes and primocane leaves to canes, crown, and roots has been documented. Accumulation of other macro- and micronutrients in plant parts usually preceded growth. Primocanes generally contained the highest concentration of most nutrients during the growing season, except calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), which often were more concentrated in roots. Roots typically contained the highest concentration of all nutrients during winter dormancy. Nutrient partitioning varied considerably among elements due to different nutrient concentrations and requirements in each raspberry and blackberry plant part. This difference not only affected the proportion of each nutrient allocated to plant parts, but also the relative amount of each nutrient lost or removed during harvest, leaf senescence, and pruning. Macro- and micronutrient concentrations are similar for raspberry and blackberry fruit, resulting in a similar quantity of nutrient removed with each ton of fruit at harvest; however, yield may differ among cultivars and production systems. Nutrient removal in harvested red raspberry and blackberry fruit ranged from 11 to 18 lb/acre N, 10 to 19 lb/acre potassium (K), 2 to 4 lb/acre phosphorus (P), 1 to 2 lb/acre Ca, and 1 to 4 lb/acre magnesium (Mg). Pruning senescing floricanes in August led to greater plant nutrient losses than pruning in autumn. Primocane leaf nutrient status is often used in nutrient management programs. Leaf nutrient concentrations differ with primocane leaf sampling time and cultivar. In Oregon, the present recommended sampling time of late July to early August is acceptable for floricane-fruiting raspberry and blackberry types, and primocane-fruiting raspberry, but not for primocane-fruiting blackberry, where sampling leaves on primocane branches during the green fruit stage is recommended. Presently published leaf tissue standards appear to be too high for K in primocane-fruiting raspberry and blackberry, which is not surprising since the primocanes are producing fruit at the time of sampling and fruit contain a substantial amount of K.

Adulis, located on the Red Sea coast in present-day Eritrea, was a bustling trading centre between the first and seventh centuries CE. Several classical geographers--Agatharchides of Cnidus, Pliny the Elder, Strabo-noted the value of Adulis to Greco--Roman Egypt, particularly as an emporium for living animals, including baboons (Papio spp.). Though fragmentary, these accounts predict the Adulite origins of mummified baboons in Ptolemaic catacombs, while inviting questions on the geoprovenance of older (Late Period) baboons recovered from Gabbanat el-Qurud ('Valley of the Monkeys'), Egypt. Dated to ca. 800-540 BCE, these animals could extend the antiquity of Egyptian-Adulite trade by as much as five centuries. Previously, Dominy et al. (2020) used stable istope analysis to show that two New Kingdom specimens of P. hamadryas originate from the Horn of Africa. Here, we report the complete mitochondrial genomes from a mummified baboon from Gabbanat el-Qurud and 14 museum specimens with known provenance together with published georeferenced mitochondrial sequence data. Phylogenetic assignment connects the mummified baboon to modern populations of Papio hamadryas in Eritrea, Ethiopia, and eastern Sudan. This result, assuming geographical stability of phylogenetic clades, corroborates Greco-Roman historiographies by pointing toward present-day Eritrea, and by extension Adulis, as a source of baboons for Late Period Egyptians. It also establishes geographic continuity with baboons from the fabled Land of Punt (Dominy et al., 2020), giving weight to speculation that Punt and Adulis were essentially the same trading centres separated by a thousand years of history.

Large δ13C excursions present at the Permian-Triassic boundary are thought to indicate a considerable release of isotopically light carbon into the atmosphere (Retallack and Jahren, 2008). The largest of these excursions (-22.2 ‰) was measured in organic matter from Antarctica (Retallack and Jahren, 2008). Antarctic coals are known to be heavily intruded by Jurassic dikes and sills, and the δ13C values of the organic matter may have been influenced by later thermal alteration. In order to evaluate the influence of rank and maceral content on isotopic composition, a total of 335 samples described as Permian-age "coal" were obtained primarily from the United States Polar Rock Repository. Most of the organic matter from Permian coal seams in Antarctica has been extensively altered after burial by localized high heat flow and, in some cases, contact metamorphism associated with dikes and sills; this thermal alteration has likely changed the δ13C values of the organic matter. The rank of the samples prior to intrusion is estimated to be medium to high volatile bituminous. The majority of the samples analyzed (96%) have been altered to above low volatile bituminous rank based on vitrinite reflectance, most (83%) are semi- to meta-anthracites, and a few have been altered to anisotropic cokes. The samples do not follow the typical burial maturation geochemical track, as they are higher in volatile matter (%, daf) and O (%, dmmf), and lower in H (%, dmmf) than coals of the same rank that have undergone normal burial maturation. Carbon stable isotopic data indicate a weak correlation with coal rank as well as with the amount of pyrolitic carbon. Although the isotopically lightest samples measured in this study are located within what is interpreted to be the Permian-Triassic boundary, the effects of thermal alteration of organic matter on δ13C values must be considered in any interpretation of Permian-Triassic atmospheric conditions.

Dans un contexte de changement climatique, la connaissance des climats passés permet de mieux cerner l'évolution future du climat. Les isotopes stables de l'eau constituent un excellent proxy paléo-climatique. Les propriétés physiques des isotopes lourds de l'eau (H182 O; HDO) induisent des fractionnements isotopiques, qui dépendent de la température et du taux de distillation. Sous réserve d'une inversion bien conditionnée du signal isotopique, on peut reconstruire les variations passées du climat à partir d'archives isotopiques. Les carottes de glace andines constituent un enregistrement unique de la variabilité du climat tropical. En revanche, la complexité de la circulation atmosphérique rend plus ardue l'interprétation de leur signal isotopique. En conséquence, nous avons développé au cours de cette thèse un module traitant du fractionnement des isotopes stables de l'eau au sein du modèle de circulation régionale REMO pour application au cas de l'Amérique du Sud. Le manuscrit retrace les principales étapes de la thèse. Il s'agit de la mise en perspective du travail de thèse dans la problématique du changement climatique ; la description du modèle de circulation régionale REMOiso et de son module traitant des isotopes de l'eau ; la validation initiale de REMOiso sur l'Europe ; l'étude des variations saisonnières des précipitations, de la circulation atmosphérique régionale et du signal isotopique en Amérique du Sud ; de l'enregistrement par les isotopes stables de l'eau de la mousson sud-américaine
Climate change has recently become a major concerning among scientists and the general public. A better knowledge of past climates helps forecasting the future evolution of climate. Stable water isotopes stand as an outstanding paleo-climate proxy. Physical properties of heavy stable water isotopes (H182 O; HDO) cause fractionation processes related to temperature and degree of distillation. If the isotopic signal is correctly inverted, past climate change can be inferred from isotopic archives. Andean ice-cores offer a unique records of tropical climate and its variability through time. However, the interpretation of the isotopic signal is difficult because of complex atmospheric dynamic over South America. For this purpose, we developed a module handling the stable water isotope fractionation processes within the regional circulation model REMO and applied it to South America. The manuscript outlines the major milestones of the present PhD. We first introduce the research topic in the wider scope of climate change; the description of the stable water isotope enabled regional circulation model REMOiso; an initial validation of REMOiso over Europe; an investigation of the seasonal variations of precipitation, atmospheric circulation and isotopic signal over South America; and at last the recording of the south American monsoon system (SAMS) by stable water isotope diagnostics

The production of hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) related to olivine hydration (i.e. serpentinization) is considered a major contributor to abiotic hydrocarbon synthesis on Earth. Recent discoveries have highlighted the importance of low temperature (<100oC) serpentinization at continental peridotite outcrops. Such sites produce substantial fluxes of abiotic CH4 from gas seeps and/or springs. A limited number of studies in the southern hemisphere offer research on low temperature abiotic hydrocarbon synthesis in natural ultramafic environments, though large areas of exposed ophiolite are prevalent. This study assesses the origin and flux of CH4 and related water-rock interactions from a previously undiscovered site in the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt (DMOB), located at Red Hills, New Zealand. Methane emissions from a hyper-alkaline (pH >11.6) and reduced spring of calcium hydroxide (Ca2+-OH-) type waters near the Maitlands Fault were between 730 to 17,000 mg m 2day 1. The δ13C and δD values of CH4 emitting from this spring are consistent with CH4 of abiotic origin (δ13C: 32.7 ‰ VPDB, δD: 363 ‰ V SMOW). Hyper-alkaline fluids emitting from the spring are concentrated in dissolved CH4 (2.2 mg/L) and H2 (0.7 mg/L) and display δ13CCH4 signatures consistent with other sites worldwide. Extensive and localised carbonate precipitation occurs at the hyper-alkaline Ca-rich spring. Isotopic evaluation of carbonate nodules are kinetically fractionated with 13C and 18O depletions up to 30.8 ‰ and 9.3 ‰, respectively. This disequilibrium between the mineralogy and interacting fluids and gases represents a potential habitable environment for microorganisms. Porous, layered carbonates located on the outer edges of the hyper-alkaline spring are the result of atmospheric CO2 interaction with magnesium bicarbonate (Mg2+-HCO3) and Ca2+-OH- hyper-alkaline waters. The precipitation of these carbonates offers potential insight towards low temperature CO2 sequestration. Additionally, various forms of Fe-rich amorphous material precipitate in association with Mg2+-HCO3 type waters at the Red Hills. The identification of bacteria and diatoms within this material offers supporting information regarding microbial survival in metal-rich, reduced environments. This multidisciplinary study demonstrates the interconnected nature of geological, biological and atmospheric interactions in ultramafic environments at low temperature on Earth.

Les pegmatites à éléments rares de type LCT sont depuis longtemps étudiées et exploitées pour leurs gemmes et les métaux rares qu’elles contiennent. Malgré de nombreuses études réalisées sur les processus d’enrichissement en éléments rares, ou les mécanismes à l’origine de leurs textures, très peu d’études ont été dédiées aux mécanismes de mise en place des pegmatites et à leur répartition spatiale à l’échelle du champ. Afin de déterminer les mécanismes moteurs à l’origine de l’ascension de ces magmas, une étude multidisciplinaire a été menée sur 3 champs de pegmatites à éléments rares, répartis à l’échelle de la chaîne Varisque. Les résultats démontrent la proximité entre la localisation des pegmatites minéralisées et l’intensité de la déformation encaissante. De plus, la mise en place de ces magmas semble facilitée par un certain mode de fracturation. La modélisation numérique de la mise en place des magmas dans ces zones crustales fragilisées indique que l’ascension est facilitée par leurs faibles viscosité et densité, mais aussi par des perméabilités crustales très élevées (> 10⁻¹² m²), à des profondeurs de l’ordre de 10 km. Enfin, d’après les signatures isotopiques du Li mesurées sur des micas pegmatitiques, le lithium ne fractionne pas depuis le granite voisin, jusqu’aux pegmatites les plus différenciées, puisque les valeurs δ⁷Li (‰) sont toutes comprises dans une gamme de - 2 à + 2 ‰, similaire à celle rencontrée dans les granites orogéniques. Nous suggérons donc que la genèse des magmas pegmatitiques est commune à celle des granites hyperalumineux. Les mécanismes de fracturation et d’attraction (« magma-pumping ») sont envisagés pour avoir favorisé l’ascension de ces magmas résiduels, enrichis en éléments rares, de faibles volumes, au cours de transitions brutales et de courtes durées (~ 10³ ans), de la perméabilité. L’ensemble de ces résultats permet de remettre en question le modèle du granite parent classiquement utilisé pour la prospection de ces gisements, et de proposer un modèle revisité couplant la genèse et la mise en place de ces magmas
LCT-type rare-element pegmatites have long been studied and exploited for their gems and rare metals they contain. Despite many studies about the rare-element enrichment, or about the mechanisms leading their exotic textures, very few studies have been dedicated to the mechanisms controlling their emplacement and their spatial distribution at the scale of the pegmatite field. To better investigate the origin of ascent-driving mechanisms of these magmas, a multidisciplinary study was conducted on 3 rare-element pegmatite fields across the Variscan belt. The results demonstrate the spatial proximity of the rare-metals-rich pegmatites with the intensity of deformation of the hosting rocks. In addition, spatial statistical analyses suggest that the emplacement of such magmas has been facilitated by fracture-controlled model. According to numerical models, the rise of these pegmatite-forming melts along weakened crustal zones would be facilitated by their peculiar physico-chemical properties (low viscosity and density), but also by very high crustal permeability (> 10⁻¹² m²) at depths around 10 km. Finally, accordingly to Li isotope signatures measured on pegmatitic micas, lithium does not fractionate from neighbouring granite up to the more differentiated pegmatites, since all δ⁷Li (‰) fall within a range of - 2 to + 2 ‰, as for orogenic granites. Therefore, we suggest that the genesis these pegmatite-forming melts is common to that of peraluminous granites. Mechanisms of fracturation and magma-pumping may have favoured the rise of these low volumes of residual melts, enriched in rare-elements, during short periods (~ 10³ yrs) of strong permeability increase. These results question the granitic model commonly used for the exploration of this type of mineral deposits. We suggest a revisited model accounting for both genesis and emplacement controlling mechanisms of the pegmatite-forming melts

Le crassier du site MetalEurop (Noyelles-Godault) a accueilli des scories de première fusion entre les années 1936 à 2003. Il est actuellement constitué de 4 millions de tonnes de ces matériaux générés par les deux procédés pyrométallurgiques les plus usités dans le monde pour la production du plomb et du zinc : le procédé Lead Blast Furnace (LBF) et le procédé Impérial Smelting Furnace (ISF). L'utilisation de ces scories en tant que matériau de substitution dans les ciments et dans les routes a été envisagée et a fait l'objet de recherches, mais présente des risques environnementaux, c'est-à-dire, essentiellement la dissémination de polluants (Pb et Zn)
Primary smelting slags, known as Lead Blast Furnace (LBF) and Imperial Smelting Furnace (ISF), were generated by the former pyrometallurgical industries located in Noyelles-Godault, Northern France. Following its closure in 2003, 4 million tons of primary slags have been landfilled as a heap in the vicinity of the Deûle River, near the industrial basin of Nord-Pas-de-Calais. These slag materials are often enriched in particular metals (Pb, Zn) that can be released into the environment through alteration processes and leaching. Many biological and chemical processes might take place within these tailings and thus affect significantly the slag weathering. Predicting the environmental impact of these wastes requires an understanding of the mineral-water interactions as well as the influence of the biological activities (the involvement of microorganisms). Thus, this research is designed to simulate the natural weathering of slag by simulating different weathering conditions with or without the involvement of the microorganisms as well as by varying several chemical parameters. Chemical weathering of both LBF and ISF slags was studied by as a function of pHs (4, 5.5, 7, 8.5 and 10) as well as under two atmospheres (open air and nitrogen). Significant amounts of Ca, Fe and Zn were released under acidic conditions (pH 4) with a decrease towards the neutral to alkaline conditions (pH 7 and 10) for both slags. The concentrations of all elements increased gradually after 216 h compared to initial 24 h of leaching period. The presence of oxygen under open-air atmosphere not only enhanced oxidative weathering but also encouraged formation of secondary oxide and carbonate phases. In addition, Zn dissolution was related to extremes zinc isotopic signatures in the leachate; heavier δ66Zn values at low pH than at high pH for both slags under open-air atmosphere. On the other hand, bioweathering of both slags was studied in the presence of a pure heterotrophic bacterial strain (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in a bioreactor operated in batch conditon as well as in a semi-flow through reactor with intermittent leachate renewal conditions. P. aeruginosa is shown to play a significant role in slags weathering by enhancing the leaching and solubility of Zn and Pb. In addition, the cumulative bulk release of dissolved Fe, Si, Ca and Mg doubled in the presence of bacteria, probably due to the release of soluble complexing organic molecules (e.g. siderophores). Bacterial biomass served as the bioadsorbent for Pb, Fe and Zn as 70-80% of Pb and Fe, 40-60% of Zn released are attached to and immobilized by the bacterial biomass. Oxides, hydroxides and carbonates were predicted as secondary phases during chemical weathering of slags whereas carbonates and phosphates were dominant phases during bioweathering. These predictions were in agreement with the observations by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis

Esta pesquisa teve como hipótese que as corridas de detritos são os principais processos responsáveis pela evolução do relevo da Serra do Mar (SP), esperando-se, portanto, uma relação direta entre as taxas de denudação a longo-termo mais elevadas e a maior magnitude das corridas de detritos, sendo esta fortemente controlada pela morfometria das bacias de drenagem. Acredita-se que as características morfométricas das bacias, por serem determinantes na dinâmica hidrológica das bacias de drenagem, são fundamentais para a compreensão da geração e da propagação de corridas de detritos em ambiente tropical úmido. Desta forma, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi verificar as relações existentes entre a magnitude das corridas de detritos, a morfometria das bacias e as taxas de denudação a longo-termo em relevo escarpado de margem passiva em ambiente tropical úmido, como a Serra do Mar. Para tanto, foram definidos os seguintes objetivos específicos: (i) avaliar o potencial de geração de corridas de detritos das bacias de drenagem; (ii) avaliar a relação entre a morfometria das bacias e a magnitude das corridas de detritos; (iii) discutir a evolução a longo-termo do relevo a partir das taxas de denudação em escala de bacia de drenagem e; (iv) avaliar a importância das corridas de detritos como os principais processos exógenos para a evolução do relevo em margens passivas de ambiente tropical úmido. Os procedimentos adotados para desenvolvimento da pesquisa foram (i) seleção das bacias de drenagens; (ii) amostragem de sedimento aluvial; (iii) mapeamento dos depósitos de corridas de detritos; (iv) aplicação dos índices morfométricos; (v) aplicação dos Índices Adimensionais para determinação do potencial de geração de corridas de detritos; (vi) preparação das amostras e análise da concentração de 10Be e; (vii) análise integrada dos resultados obtidos. As bacias possuem características morfométricas que lhes confere alta capacidade erosiva, conforme o elevado Índice de Rugosidade e Relação de Relevo. A partir da aplicação dos índices Adimensionais, as bacias classificadas com maior potencial de geração de corridas foram a Rio Claro 1 e a Massaguaçu. A identificação dos depósitos de corridas em superfície e a dimensão dos blocos subsidiaram a classificação de cinco bacias com maior magnitude e cinco com menor magnitude. As taxas de denudação médias a longo-termo variaram entre 10,9 m/My e 35,2 m/My, com média de 25 m/My. Observou-se que as variações litológicas e a rede de lineamentos estruturais pôde explicar melhor a distribuição das taxas, em detrimento das características morfométricas das bacias de drenagem. Acredita-se que as taxas de denudação elevadas para algumas bacias com menor magnitude indicaram que estes processos seriam os processos responsáveis pelo maior trabalho geomorfológico e, consequentemente, pela evolução a longo-termo da Serra do Mar (SP).
This research has the hypothesis that debris flows are the major processes related to landforms evolution of the Serra do Mar (SP), and we expected therefore a direct relationship between long-term denudation rates and higher magnitude debris flows events, which is strongly controlled by drainage basin morphometry. We believe that morphometric characteristics, fundamental to drainage basins hydrological dynamics, are determinant to debris flows initiation and propagation in humid tropical environments. Thus this research aims to verify the relationships between debris flows magnitude, basin morphometry and long-term denudation rates in escarped reliefs such as Serra do Mar. Therefore, specific goals are: (i) evaluate the potential to debris flows generation; (ii) evaluate the relationship between drainage basin morphometry and debris flows magnitude; (iii) discuss long-term landforms evolution from denudation rates at drainage basin scale and; (iv) evaluate the importance of debris flows like the main exogenous processes to landforms evolution in passive margins in humid tropical environment. The procedures adopted to the research development were: (i) selection of drainage basins; (Ii) alluvial sediment sampling; (Iii) mapping debris flows deposits; (Iv) application of morphometric parameters; (V) application of Dimensionless Indices to measure the potential to debris flow generation; (Vi) sample preparation and analysis of 10Be concentration; (Vii) integrated analysis of the results. The basins have morphometric characteristics which gives them high erosive power, as the high Ruggedness Index and Relief Ratio. From the Dimensionless Indices application, the basins classified with higher potential to debris flows generation were Rio Claro 1 and Massaguaçu. The identification of superficial debris flows deposits and boulders size subsidized the classification of five basins with higher magnitude and five with lower magnitude. Long-term denudation rates ranged between 10.9 m/My and 35.2 m/My, averaging 25 m/My. We observed that lithological variations, fractures and folds could explain better rates distribution, instead of morphometrics characteristics of drainage basins. We believe that high long-term denudation rates for some basins with lower magnitude indicates that such processes would be the main processes for the geomorphological work and consequently for the long-term evolution of the Serra do Mar (SP).