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Mamoudou, A., A. Zoli, C. Tanenbe, J. P. Andrikaye, Mr Bourdanne, Tanguy Marcotty, V. Delespaux, Peter-Henning Clausen und S. Geerts. „Evaluation sur le terrain et sur souris de la résistance des trypanosomes des bovins du plateau de l’Adamaoua au Cameroun à l’acéturate de diminazène et au chlorure d’isométamidium“. Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 59, Nr. 1-4 (01.01.2006): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9948.
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Suite à une enquête dans quelques villages du département de Faro et Déo, le village de Kontcha, qui a présenté la prévalence de la trypanosomose la plus élevée (32,5 p. 100), a été sélectionné afin d’évaluer la résistance des trypanosomes au diminazène et à l’isométamidium. Deux lots de 40 bovins ont été traités au jour 0, l’un au diminazène, l’autre à l’isométamidium. Le statut parasitologique de ces deux lots a été évalué toutes les deux semaines en utilisant la technique du buffy coat pendant une période de deux mois. Chaque animal diagnostiqué positif a été traité au diminazène. Le pourcentage d’animaux infectés par des trypanosomes a été de 32,5 p. 100 dans le lot traité au diminazène et de 27,5 p. 100 dans le lot traité à l’isométamidium. L’analyse de survie ainsi que l’estimation du risque relatif (1,38) ont suggéré une résistance à l’isométamidium et une diminution de l’activité prophylactique de ce produit. Plusieurs animaux traités au diminazène à 7 mg/kg ont été diagnostiqués positifs deux semaines après le traitement, ce qui indiquait également une forte suspicion de résistance à ce trypanocide. Ces résultats du terrain ont été confirmés par le test standardisé sur souris en utilisant six isolats de Trypanosoma congolense provenant des animaux traités. Ces isolats ont été testés au chlorure d’isométamidium (1 mg/kg) et à l’acéturate de diminazène (20 mg/kg) pour établir leur sensibilité. Tous les isolats ont été résistants à au moins un des produits testés, tandis que quatre isolats ont été résistants aux deux produits. Cette étude montre pour la première fois la présence au Cameroun de souches de trypanosomes résistantes aux trypanocides.
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Oyekunle, M. A., und A. I. Adetosoye. „Tests de sensibilité antimicrobienne in vitro de Nocardia isolée sur le terrain chez des animaux affectés d’une dermatose“. Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 54, Nr. 3-4 (01.03.2001): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9772.
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Des tests antimicrobiens in vitro ont été effectués sur des souches de Nocardia isolée sur le terrain dans des cas de nocardiose chez des animaux d’élevage. Les résultats obtenus par la méthode des disques ont monté la nature multirésistante des isolats, bien que 23,81 et 21,43 p. 100 d’entre eux aient été sensibles respectivement à la ciprofloxacine et à la gentamicine. Les valeurs des concentrations minimales inhibitrices et leurs étendues ont été respectivement de 12,5 et 3,12–25 μg/ml pour l’oxytétracycline, et de 3,12 et 0,78–6,25 μg/ml pour l’érythromycine.
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SARRADIN, P., und H. LAUDE. „Diversité des souches d’Encéphalopathie Spongiforme Transmissible chez les ruminants : enjeux, bilan et perspectives“. INRAE Productions Animales 17, HS (19.12.2004): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2004.17.hs.3617.
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Les Encéphalopathies Spongiformes Transmissibles (EST) ou maladies à prion se caractérisent par l’accumulation dans le tissu nerveux d’une forme anormalement repliée d’une protéine cellulaire de l’hôte, la PrPc. Cette isoforme anormale, ou PrPsc, supposée responsable des désordres neurodégénératifs observés, est aussi assimilée par de nombreux auteurs à l’agent transmissible lui-même, lequel serait alors dépourvu de génome et se propagerait de manière épigénétique. Un phénomène au coeur des recherches sur les EST est l’existence de variants phénotypiques, ou souches. Les souches de prions peuvent être différenciées entre elles sur une base biologique, par la nature des manifestations anatomo-pathologiques engendrées lors de leur propagation chez un même hôte, en particulier une lignée pure de souris, et sur une base biochimique, par le profil moléculaire de la PrPsc présente dans le cerveau des individus atteints. Le déterminisme biologique et moléculaire de cette diversité et la dynamique évolutive qu’elle suggère demeurent largement incompris. De ce fait, la caractérisation des souches qui infectent les espèces naturellement atteintes par les EST constitue une tâche relativement ardue, au demeurant essentielle à la compréhension de l’épidémiologie de ces maladies, à leur contrôle sur le terrain et à la protection de la santé humaine. Les recherches menées à l’INRA visent à documenter la diversité des souches d’EST chez les petits ruminants par typage des isolats de tremblante naturelle, et à mieux comprendre le déterminisme de cette diversité. Elles ont également pour objectif l’amélioration des méthodes actuelles de typage en termes de rapidité et de fiabilité, notamment à travers le développement de souris transgéniques plus réceptives à la transmission que les souris conventionnelles.
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Abolude, Akintayo, und Wen Zhou. „A Comparative Computational Fluid Dynamic Study on the Effects of Terrain Type on Hub-Height Wind Aerodynamic Properties“. Energies 12, Nr. 1 (28.12.2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010083.
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The increased adoption of wind power has generated global discourse in wind energy meteorology. Studies based on turbine performances show a deviation of actual output from power curve output, thereby yielding errors irrespective of the turbine site. Understanding the cause of these errors is essential for wind power optimization, thus necessitating investigation into site-specific effects on turbine performance and operation. Therefore, Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations of hub-height wind aerodynamic properties were conducted based on the k-ε turbulence closure model Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations for three terrains. To isolate terrain-induced effects, the same 40 m above mean sea level wind climatology was imposed on all three terrains. For the four wind directions considered, turbulence intensity (TI) was least in the offshore terrain at about 5–7% but ranged considerably higher from 4–18% for the coastal and island terrain. TI on crests also increased significantly by up to 15% upstream of wind direction for the latter terrains. Inflow angle ranged from −15° to +15° in both coastal and island terrains but remained at <+1° in the offshore terrain. Hellman exponent increased from between factors of 2–4 in the other two terrains relative to that of the offshore terrain. Wind speed-up varied from about 1.06–1.13, accounting for a range of 17–30% difference in power output from a hypothetical operational 2 MW turbine output placed in the three different terrains. Turbine loading, fatigue, efficiency, and life cycle can also be impacted by the variations noted. While adopting a site-specific power curve may help minimize errors and losses, collecting these aerodynamic data alongside wind speed and direction is the future for wind power optimization under big data and machine learning.
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Asfour, Hani Z., Zuhier A. Awan, Alaa A. Bagalagel, Mahmoud A. Elfaky, Reda F. A. Abdelhameed und Sameh S. Elhady. „Large-Scale Production of Bioactive Terrein by Aspergillus terreus Strain S020 Isolated from the Saudi Coast of the Red Sea“. Biomolecules 9, Nr. 9 (12.09.2019): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9090480.
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The diversity of symbiotic fungi derived from two marine sponges and sediment collected off Obhur, Jeddah (Saudi Arabia), was investigated in the current study. A total of 23 isolates were purified using a culture-dependent approach. Using the morphological properties combined with internal transcribed spacer-rDNA (ITS-rDNA) sequences, 23 fungal strains (in the majority Penicillium and Aspergillus) were identified from these samples. The biological screening (cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities) of small-scale cultures of these fungi yielded several target fungal strains which produced bioactive secondary metabolites. Amongst these isolates, the crude extract of Aspergillus terreus strain S020, which was cultured in fermentation static broth, 21 L, for 40 days at room temperature on potato dextrose broth, displayed strong antimicrobial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and significant antiproliferative effects on human carcinoma cells. Chromatographic separation of the crude extract by silica gel column chromatography indicated that the S020 isolate could produce a series of chemical compounds. Among these, pure crystalline terrein was separated with a high yield of 537.26 ± 23.42 g/kg extract, which represents the highest fermentation production of terrein to date. Its chemical structure was elucidated on the basis of high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS) or high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), 1D, and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with reported data. The compound showed strong cytotoxic activity against colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT-116) and hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2), with IC50 values of 12.13 and 22.53 µM, respectively. Our study highlights the potential of A. terreus strain S020 for the industrial production of bioactive terrein on a large scale and the importance of future investigations of these strains to identify the bioactive leads in these fungal extracts.
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Grauch, V. J. S. „A new variable‐magnetization terrain correction method for aeromagnetic data“. GEOPHYSICS 52, Nr. 1 (Januar 1987): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442244.
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Terrain effects in aeromagnetic data are produced by rugged, magnetic topography. These effects mimic the shape of topography and can often be so large that they obscure anomalies of interest. Thus it is desirable to remove terrain effects from aeromagnetic data in order to isolate the anomalies to be investigated. However, removal of aeromagnetic terrain effects has been a longstanding problem. Previously developed methods have succeeded only in certain, specific geologic situations. I present a new aeromagnetic terrain‐correction method that is superior to the previously developed methods for the general case. This method takes into account the highly variable magnetic properties of rocks and can remove terrain effects whether the sources of interest are shallow or deep. The new method is based on the assumption that magnetic sources of interest are often geometrically unrelated to terrain. It finds the magnetization that gives a magnetic‐field residual with minimum correlation to terrain effects for a window of data within a grid of magnetic‐field values. By repeating the calculation for windows covering the entire grid, a grid of variable‐magnetization values is produced which is combined with topography to calculate a magnetic‐terrain correction. The variable‐magnetizaton method was extensively tested using theoretical models (where the answer is known) and using real data from the Lake City caldera area in the San Juan Mountains of southern Colorado. The tests demonstrated the method’s effectiveness in removing terrain effects from aeromagnetic data. Valid terrain corrections were not obtained where anomalies of interest correlated with terrain effects. However, these places are readily recognizable and easily corrected by editing some of the magnetization values.
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Taoufik, Lahoucine, Asma Amrani Hanchi, Bennaoui Fatiha, Slitine Nissrine, Maouainine Fadl Mrabih Rabou und Soraa Nabila. „Emergence of OXA-48 Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Marrakech, Morocco“. Clinical Medicine Insights: Pediatrics 13 (Januar 2019): 117955651983452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179556519834524.
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Goal: This work aims to describe and explore the circumstances of appearance of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing OXA-48 carbapenemase, which has occurred in a neonatal intensive care service at the Mohammed VI University Hospital of Marrakech. Results: During February 2015, the alert was triggered by the isolation of 6 isolates of K pneumoniae with the same antibiotic susceptibility profile in the neonatal intensive care service, suggesting a possible outbreak. Blood cultures represented the main site of isolation of these isolates. The phenotypic study of the isolates made it possible to identify a strain of K pneumoniae susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, and aminoglycosides, and resistant to ertapenem, β-lactamases inhibitors (ticarcillin-clavulanate, piperacillin-tazobactam; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid), and cotrimoxazole. The genotypic study of the epidemic isolate revealed the presence of the blaOXA-48 gene. The action to be taken was the establishment of corrective measures to stop this epidemic to a multi-resistant germ transmitted by hand transmission. The reinforcement of hygiene measures and the awareness of the staff made it possible to put an end to the epidemic at March 30, 2015, without closing the service. The outcome of 6 infected newborns was fatal due to the fragile terrain and the inappropriate probabilistic antibiotic therapy. Conclusion: The production of carbapenemase in K pneumoniae is an emerging resistance mechanism that must be suspected and identified to offer targeted therapy and to limit its spread. The implementation of a local policy to control multidrug-resistant germs is essential to limit their dissemination in hospitals.
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Radišić, Tomislav, Doris Novak und Tino Bucak. „The Effect of Terrain Mask on RAIM Availability“. Journal of Navigation 63, Nr. 1 (01.12.2009): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463309990294.
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Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) is a method, used by an aircraft's receiver, for detecting and isolating faulty satellites of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). In order for a receiver to be able to detect and isolate a faulty satellite using a RAIM algorithm, a couple of conditions must be met: a minimum number of satellites, and an adequate satellite geometry. Due to the highly predictable orbits of the GPS satellites, a RAIM availability prediction can be done easily. A number of RAIM methods exist; however, none of them takes into account the precise terrain masking of the satellites for the specific location. They consider a uniform fixed mask angle over the whole horizon. This paper will introduce the variable mask RAIM algorithm in order to show to what extent the terrain can affect the RAIM availability and how much it differs from the conventional algorithms.
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Parish, Thomas R., und Bart Geerts. „Airborne Measurements of Terrain-Induced Pressure Perturbations“. Monthly Weather Review 141, Nr. 11 (25.10.2013): 3814–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00044.1.
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Abstract Airborne measurement of the horizontal pressure field using differential GPS technology has been established during the last few years. Accurate aircraft measurement of the horizontal pressure gradient force requires an independent determination of the height of the airborne platform above some reference level. Here the authors demonstrate a differential GPS technique that uses data from a fixed reference station to refine the vertical position of the aircraft. A series of research flight legs by the University of Wyoming King Air research aircraft (UWKA) were conducted during the winter seasons of 2008 and 2009 over the Medicine Bow Mountains in southern Wyoming. Flight patterns consisted of a series of geographically fixed, parallel legs along a quasi-isobaric surface above the mountainous terrain, allowing the finescale mapping of the horizontal pressure (or geopotential height) field. The removal of the large-scale gradient and tendency isolates the terrain-induced pressure perturbation field. Results obtained using differential GPS measurements of aircraft height show that the Medicine Bow Range induces pronounced horizontal pressure perturbations, with a leeside region of low pressure downwind of the crest, in two cases: on 11 February 2008 and 20 February 2009. A wind maximum is found downwind of the elevated terrain consistent with this pressure gradient. Simulations of these two cases were performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). The WRF height patterns for the time of the UWKA flight matched the general isobaric height patterns observed. Simulations and observations consistently show that the cross-mountain acceleration is stronger when the perturbation pressure gradient is larger.
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Dawood, Hayder Hasan. „The Use of Some Animal Wastes in the Control of the Pathogenic Fungi Fusarium Solani And Rhizoctonia Solani on Tomato Plants“. JOURNAL OF UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON for Pure and Applied Sciences 31, Nr. 2 (29.06.2023): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29196/jubpas.v31i2.4655.
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Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of animal waste in controlling seedling death and root rot diseases in tomato caused by the pathogenic fungi Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani In open field conditions, which were isolated from the soil of different locations. singly or in combination with the bio-control fungus Trichoderma harzianum.
Materials and Methods: The fungal pathogens and fungi, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani, were tested and diagnosed, and the pathogenicity of the fungal isolates was tested. The resistance preparation was introduced, and the terrain ability was tested for it
Results:The results of the pathogenicity test showed that the isolates taken from the greenhouses / Hilla R. solani and F. solani had the highest percentage of seedling mortality after emergence, reaching 97.500 and 95.00, respectively.The interaction showed the antagonistic ability of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum against the pathogenic fungi R. solani and F. solani, achieving an antibody score of 2.25
Conclusion: The results of the aqueous extract of animal waste showed a significant reduction of the two pathogens R.solani and F.solani, where it reached the highest value at 4.100 when isolate F.solani for poultry extract and the smallest value was 8.300 when extracting cows, while all aqueous extracts did not affect the growth of the biofungus T. harzianum .It amounted to 8,900, 9,000, 8,925, and 8,925 (cows, sheep, horses, and poultry), respectively. The results of the laboratory isolation of animal waste showed the presence of (6) species of fungi.. Alternaria sp, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp, Trichoderma harzianum , macrohpomina sp , Cylindrocarpon sp
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Bastola, P., A. Mishra, N. Chaudhary, HK Nath und AN Mehrotra. „Spectrum of Mycotic corneal ulcers in Mid Western peripheral region of Terrain belt of Nepal and Indo-Nepal Border“. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences 2, Nr. 1 (21.02.2013): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v2i1.7651.
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Background: The study was set in two different tertiary eye care hospitals of Nepal. The study area covered a large population of mid western, far western peripheral terrain regions of Nepal as well as the corresponding Indo-Nepal border. Looking at the high prevalence of mycotic corneal ulcers in the region, the study aimed to find out the pattern of culture proven fungal corneal isolates in diagnosed cases of mycotic corneal ulcers. Methods: A prospective hospital based study was carried out on 2768 consecutive patients presenting with corneal ulcer in the outpatient department of Ophthalmology in Nepalgunj Medical College and Nepalgunj Eye Hospital, Nepalgunj Nepal from July, 2011 to July, 2012. Patient particulars with regard to the socio demographic data, predisposing risk factors, prior treatment modalities, laboratory results and the distribution pattern of culture proven fungal isolates were analyzed. Results: Diagnosis of various types of pure fungal keratitis was established post investigations in 760 (27.45%) of all patients. Men 444 (58.42%) were more commonly affected than women. The young adults age group of 31-40 years was most commonly involved 220 (28.94%) in number. Trauma or injury to cornea 431 (56.71%) was the commonest predisposing risk factor. Fusarium species (Fusarium spp.) were the commonest fungal isolates accounting for 287 (37.76%) of diagnosed fungal ulcer cases, followed by curvularia 136 (17.89%). Conclusion: Fusarium species are the commonest fungal isolates in cases of fungal corneal ulcer in mid western peripheral terrain belt of Nepal followed by curvularia and unidentified dematiaceous fungi. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences | Volume 02 | Number 01 | Jan-Jun 2013 | Page 42-47 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v2i1.7651
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Trikande, MW, NK Karve, R. Anand Raj, VV Jagirdar und R. Vasudevan. „Semi-active vibration control of an 8x8 armored wheeled platform“. Journal of Vibration and Control 24, Nr. 2 (21.03.2016): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546316638199.
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This study proposes skyhook and fuzzy logic based semi-active control strategies to isolate sprung mass motions of 8x8 military vehicle and provide ride quality, road holding and firing accuracy for a platform, removing the passivity constraints of semi-active suspension system. The governing differential equations of motion of 8x8 platform for semi-active vibration control are formulated analytically and validated under multi body dynamics environment. Sprung mass acceleration and displacement are measured on a quarter car set up experimentally to assess the efficacy of skyhook and fuzzy logic controllers. Control strategies, viz. continuous skyhook control, cascade loop control and cascade loop with ride control are implemented. Cascade loop with ride control is employed such that the outer loop stabilizes heave, pitch and roll motions of full vehicle whereas the inner loop, through fuzzy controller, isolates vehicle from uneven disturbances. Various parametric studies are also performed with 8x8 semi-active suspension systems in terms of stochastic road inputs to represent cross country terrain profile. Furthermore, effect of proposed strategies on ride comfort, road holding, amplitude and settling time of vehicle body motions after firing large projectile from gun and aiming accuracy of the fire control system are investigated. It is demonstrated that cascade loop with ride control in semi-active mode improves vehicle ride comfort and road holding and accuracy of fire control system and rate of fire of gun.
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Chiu, Vincent L., Alexandra S. Voloshina und Steven H. Collins. „The effects of ground-irregularity-cancelling prosthesis control on balance over uneven surfaces“. Royal Society Open Science 8, Nr. 1 (20.01.2021): 201235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201235.
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Over half of individuals with a lower-limb amputation are unable to walk on uneven terrain. Using a prosthesis emulator system, we developed an irregularity-cancelling controller intended to reduce the effect of disturbances resulting from uneven surfaces. This controller functions by changing the neutral angles of two forefoot digits in response to local terrain heights. To isolate the effects of the controller, we also programmed a spring-like controller that maintained fixed neutral angles. Five participants with transtibial amputation walked on a treadmill with an uneven walking surface. Compared with the spring-like controller, the irregularity-cancelling controller reduced ankle torque variability by 41% in the sagittal plane and 64% in the frontal plane. However, user outcomes associated with balance were mostly unaffected; only trunk movement variability was reduced, whereas metabolic rate, mediolateral centre of mass motion, and variabilities in step width, step length and step time were unchanged. We conclude that reducing ankle torque variability of the affected limb is not sufficient for reducing the overall effect of disturbances due to uneven terrain. It is possible that other factors, such as changes in step height or disturbances to the intact limb, play a larger role in difficulty balancing while walking over uneven surfaces.
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Butler, B. W., N. S. Wagenbrenner, J. M. Forthofer, B. K. Lamb, K. S. Shannon, D. Finn, R. M. Eckman et al. „High-resolution observations of the near-surface wind field over an isolated mountain and in a steep river canyon“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, Nr. 7 (08.04.2015): 3785–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3785-2015.
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Abstract. A number of numerical wind flow models have been developed for simulating wind flow at relatively fine spatial resolutions (e.g., ~ 100 m); however, there are very limited observational data available for evaluating these high-resolution models. This study presents high-resolution surface wind data sets collected from an isolated mountain and a steep river canyon. The wind data are presented in terms of four flow regimes: upslope, afternoon, downslope, and a synoptically driven regime. There were notable differences in the data collected from the two terrain types. For example, wind speeds on the isolated mountain increased with distance upslope during upslope flow, but generally decreased with distance upslope at the river canyon site during upslope flow. In a downslope flow, wind speed did not have a consistent trend with position on the isolated mountain, but generally increased with distance upslope at the river canyon site. The highest measured speeds occurred during the passage of frontal systems on the isolated mountain. Mountaintop winds were often twice as high as wind speeds measured on the surrounding plain. The highest speeds measured in the river canyon occurred during late morning hours and were from easterly down-canyon flows, presumably associated with surface pressure gradients induced by formation of a regional thermal trough to the west and high pressure to the east. Under periods of weak synoptic forcing, surface winds tended to be decoupled from large-scale flows, and under periods of strong synoptic forcing, variability in surface winds was sufficiently large due to terrain-induced mechanical effects (speed-up over ridges and decreased speeds on leeward sides of terrain obstacles) that a large-scale mean flow would not be representative of surface winds at most locations on or within the terrain feature. These findings suggest that traditional operational weather model (i.e., with numerical grid resolutions of around 4 km or larger) wind predictions are not likely to be good predictors of local near-surface winds on sub-grid scales in complex terrain. Measurement data can be found at http://www.firemodels.org/index.php/windninja-introduction/windninja-publications.
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Krase, Jerome. „Contested Terrains: Visualizing Glocalization in Global Cities“. Open House International 34, Nr. 3 (01.09.2009): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2009-b0008.
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This essay employs a visual approach to explore some of the ways that spatial practices become markers of a globalising and glocalizing world. Images are offered that reflect some of the symbolic competition created by more and less recent migrants as they lay claim to ‘contested terrains’ by changing what they look like. Although often dismissed as mere “marking” of territory, such ordinary practices by migrants of symbolic home or community building are crucial to understanding global cities. One indicator of their importance is the, often hostile reactions by the dominant society to them. A brief review of some of the most important theoretical perspectives on these interrelated phenomena, such as those of Saskia Sassen, David Harvey, and Manuel Castells, isolates common expectations about the visibility of resulting competing spatial practices in shared multiethnic residential and commercial environments. It is argued that many of the contradictions created by the concentration of global capital can be seen in the neighborhood streetscapes of global cities. From Georg Simmel, through Henri Lefebvre, and Lyn H. Lofland, the visible, and the symbolic, have been central to urban analysis. Therefore, the ubiquitous aspects of what Jackson called ‘vernacular landscapes,’ such as commercial signs and graffiti in Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, London, New York, and Rome are addressed.
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Aquino-Martínez, Lourdes P., Arturo I. Quintanar, Carlos A. Ochoa-Moya, Erika Danaé López-Espinoza, David K. Adams und Aron Jazcilevich-Diamant. „Urban-Induced Changes on Local Circulation in Complex Terrain: Central Mexico Basin“. Atmosphere 12, Nr. 7 (14.07.2021): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070904.
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Land use land cover (LULC) significantly impacts local circulation in the Mexico Basin, particularly wind field circulations such as gap winds, convergence lines, and thermally induced upslope/downslope wind. A case study with a high-pressure system over the Mexico Basin isolates the influence of large-scale synoptic forcing. Numerical simulations reveal a wind system composed of meridional circulation and a zonal component. Thermal pressure gradients between the Mexico basin and its colder surroundings create near-surface convergence lines as part of the meridional circulation. Experiments show that the intensity and organization of meridional circulations and downslope winds increase when LULC changes from natural and cultivated land to urban. Zonal circulation exhibits a typical circulation pattern with the upslope flow and descending motion in the middle of the basin. Large values of moist static energy are near the surface where air parcels pick up energy from the surface either as fluxes of enthalpy or latent heat. Surface heat fluxes and stored energy in the ground are drivers of local circulation, which is more evident in zonal circulation patterns.
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Butler, B. W., N. S. Wagenbrenner, J. M. Forthofer, B. K. Lamb, K. S. Shannon, D. Finn, R. M. Eckman et al. „High resolution observations of the near-surface wind field over an isolated mountain and in a steep river canyon“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, Nr. 11 (25.06.2014): 16821–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-16821-2014.
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Abstract. A number of numerical wind flow models have been developed for simulating wind flow at relatively fine spatial resolutions (e.g., ∼100 m); however, there are very limited observational data available for evaluating these high resolution models. This study presents high-resolution surface wind datasets collected from an isolated mountain and a steep river canyon. The wind data are presented in terms of four flow regimes: upslope, afternoon, downslope, and a synoptically-driven regime. There were notable differences in the data collected from the two terrain types. For example, wind speeds collected on the isolated mountain increased with distance upslope during upslope flow, but generally decreased with distance upslope at the river canyon site during upslope flow. Wind speed did not have a simple, consistent trend with position on the slope during the downslope regime on the isolated mountain, but generally increased with distance upslope at the river canyon site. The highest measured speeds occurred during the passage of frontal systems on the isolated mountain. Mountaintop winds were often twice as high as wind speeds measured on the surrounding plain. The highest speeds measured in the river canyon occurred during late morning hours and were from easterly downcanyon flows, presumably associated with surface pressure gradients induced by formation of a regional thermal trough to the west and high pressure to the east. Under periods of weak synoptic forcing, surface winds tended to be decoupled from large-scale flows, and under periods of strong synoptic forcing, variability in surface winds was sufficiently large due to terrain-induced mechanical effects (speed-up over ridges and decreased speeds on leeward sides of terrain obstacles) that a large-scale mean flow would not be representative of surface winds at most locations on or within the terrain feature. These findings suggest that traditional operational weather model (i.e., with numerical grid resolutions of around 4 km or larger) wind predictions are not likely to be good predictors of local near-surface winds at sub-grid scales in complex terrain. The data from this effort are archived and available at: http://www.firemodels.org/index.php/windninja-introduction/windninja-publications.
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Misz, András, Henrietta Allaga, Rita Büchner, András Varga, Nóra Bakos-Barczi, Judit Bajzát, László Kredics, Csaba Csutorás und Csaba Vágvölgyi. „Investigation of the efficiency of some fungicides and disinfectants applied in Agaricus bisporus cultivation“. Acta Biologica Szegediensis 66, Nr. 2 (27.05.2023): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/abs.2022.2.100-105.
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Pathogenic moulds (e.g., Trichoderma, Hypomyces, and Lecanicillium) cause huge problems in industrial scale production of Agaricus bisporus. It is important to choose the right control strategy, either chemical or biocontrol-based, to prevent substantial economic losses. The present study was carried out to reveal the in vitro efficacy of some fungicides and disinfectants against causative agents of wet bubble (Hypomyces perniciosus), dry bubble (Lecanicillium fungicola var. fungicola), cobweb disease (Hypomyces odoratus), and green mould (e.g., Trichoderma aggressivum f. aggressivum, T. aggressivum f. europaeum, T. harzianum), the four most devastating fungal infections in mushroom production. Prochloraz was efficient against Trichoderma and H. perniciosus isolates. Metrafenone did not cause complete inhibition for any of the isolates even at the highest concentration (5%) tested. In both cases Lecanicillium isolates displayed the lowest growth rate inhibition. Concerning the tested disinfectants, treatment with Sekusept Aktiv resulted in complete growth inhibition for all isolates in the concentration range of 1.25-5%. Terralin Protect, Disinflex and Formalin were also effective, except against the tested isolates of T. agressivum f. agressivum which proved to be the most resistant.
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Lin, Peter H., Virginia Barr, Ruth L. Bush, Daniel A. Velez, Alan B. Lumsden und James Ricketts. „Isolated Abdominal Aortic Rupture in a Child due to All-Terrain Vehicle Accident“. Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 37, Nr. 4 (Juli 2003): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153857440303700409.
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Ponorac, Luka, Ivan Blagojević und Aleksandar Grkić. „Analysis of powertrain’s workload during the turning process of a high-speed tracked vehicle“. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1271, Nr. 1 (01.12.2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1271/1/012003.
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Abstract In order to analyze the efficiency of a high-speed tracked vehicle powertrain, it is necessary to understand the powertrain workloads in specific working regimes. Experimental tests are conducted on a specific high-speed tracked vehicle, in various terrain conditions, in order to obtain accurate workload data and isolate the maximum workload regimes. From the power balance point of view, the most demanding working regime is the vehicle turning process, so corresponding test results are analyzed with special attention. The obtained results indicate that the slip of the turning mechanism friction elements greatly influences the character of the power balance change.
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Cadelis, Melissa, Alex Grey, Shara van de Pas, Soeren Geese, Bevan S. Weir, Brent Copp und Siouxsie Wiles. „Terrien, a metabolite made by Aspergillus terreus, has activity against Cryptococcus neoformans“. PeerJ 10 (18.10.2022): e14239. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14239.
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Antimicrobial compounds, including antibiotics, have been a cornerstone of modern medicine being able to both treat infections and prevent infections in at-risk people, including those who are immune-compromised and those undergoing routine surgical procedures. Their intense use, including in people, animals, and plants, has led to an increase in the incidence of resistant bacteria and fungi, resulting in a desperate need for novel antimicrobial compounds with new mechanisms of action. Many antimicrobial compounds in current use originate from microbial sources, such as penicillin from the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum (renamed by some as P. rubens). Through a collaboration with Aotearoa New Zealand Crown Research Institute Manaaki Whenua–Landcare Research we have access to a collection of thousands of fungal cultures known as the International Collection of Microorganisms from Plants (ICMP). The ICMP contains both known and novel species which have not been extensively tested for their antimicrobial activity. Initial screening of ICMP isolates for activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus directed our interest towards ICMP 477, an isolate of the soil-inhabiting fungus, Aspergillus terreus. In our investigation of the secondary metabolites of A. terreus, through extraction, fractionation, and purification, we isolated nine known natural products. We evaluated the biological activity of selected compounds against various bacteria and fungi and discovered that terrein (1) has potent activity against the important human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans.
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Metwalli, S. M. „Optimum Nonlinear Suspension Systems“. Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 108, Nr. 2 (01.06.1986): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3260802.
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Global optimal isolation is presented in this paper. Results indicate that to optimally isolate a system, it should be totally disconnected from the disturbance. A model is then selected to optimize nonlinear suspension systems which, in the limits, approach optimal isolation characteristics. Nondimensional design parameters that themselves are made to be dependent on the input are employed. A step disturbance is selected to equivalently represent real excitations. The objective function incorporates the tire-terrain normal force as an indicator of the vehicle controllability which is unconstrained or constrained by a comfort criterion (acceleration). The advantages of optimized realistically nonlinear systems over their linear counterparts are indicated.
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Buratowski, Tomasz, Jerzy Garus, Mariusz Giergiel und Andrii Kudriashov. „Real-Time 3D Mapping in Isolated Industrial Terrain with Use of Mobile Robotic Vehicle“. Electronics 11, Nr. 13 (03.07.2022): 2086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11132086.
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Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is a dual process responsible for the ability of a robotic vehicle to build a map of its surroundings and estimate its position on that map. This paper presents the novel concept of creating a 3D map based on the adaptive Monte-Carlo location (AMCL) and the extended Kalman filter (EKF). This approach is intended for inspection or rescue operations in a closed or isolated area where there is a risk to humans. The proposed solution uses particle filters together with data from on-board sensors to estimate the local position of the robot. Its global position is determined through the Rao–Blackwellized technique. The developed system was implemented on a wheeled mobile robot equipped with a sensing system consisting of a laser scanner (LIDAR) and an inertial measurement unit (IMU), and was tested in the real conditions of an underground mine. One of the contributions of this work is to propose a low-complexity and low-cost solution to real-time 3D-map creation. The conducted experimental trials confirmed that the performance of the three-dimensional mapping was characterized by high accuracy and usefulness for recognition and inspection tasks in an unknown industrial environment.
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Liang, Yan-Ling, Zheng Zhang, Min Wu, Yuan Wu und Jia-Xun Feng. „Isolation, Screening, and Identification of Cellulolytic Bacteria from Natural Reserves in the Subtropical Region of China and Optimization of Cellulase Production byPaenibacillus terraeME27-1“. BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/512497.
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From different natural reserves in the subtropical region of China, a total of 245 aerobic bacterial strains were isolated on agar plates containing sugarcane bagasse pulp as the sole carbon source. Of the 245 strains, 22 showed hydrolyzing zones on agar plates containing carboxymethyl cellulose after Congo-red staining. Molecular identification showed that the 22 strains belonged to 10 different genera, with theBurkholderiagenus exhibiting the highest strain diversity and accounting for 36.36% of all the 22 strains. Three isolates among the 22 strains showed higher carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) activity, and isolate ME27-1 exhibited the highest CMCase activity in liquid culture. The strain ME27-1 was identified asPaenibacillus terraeon the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as well as physiological and biochemical properties. The optimum pH and temperature for CMCase activity produced by the strain ME27-1 were 5.5 and 50°C, respectively, and the enzyme was stable at a wide pH range of 5.0–9.5. A 12-fold improvement in the CMCase activity (2.08 U/mL) of ME27-1 was obtained under optimal conditions for CMCase production. Thus, this study provided further information about the diversity of cellulose-degrading bacteria in the subtropical region of China and foundP. terraeME27-1 to be highly cellulolytic.
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Wallace, Brendan, und Justin R. Minder. „The impact of snow loss and soil moisture on convective precipitation over the Rocky Mountains under climate warming“. Climate Dynamics 56, Nr. 9-10 (28.01.2021): 2915–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05622-7.
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AbstractWarm season moist diurnal convection can be particularly sensitive to changes in land surface characteristics such as snow cover and soil moisture. Over regions of mountainous terrain, climate change is expected to reduce snow cover along the low-elevation seasonal snowpack margin. These snow reductions alter surface albedo and soil moisture content, leading to changes in surface fluxes and alterations in mesoscale orographic circulations that act to transport moisture and provide ascent. A set of convection-permitting regional climate simulations centered on the Rocky Mountains of Colorado are conducted from April through July across a period of 12 years (2002–2013). These include a reanalysis forced control run (CTR), a pseudo global warming run (PGW), and an additional altered land surface run (DSURF) used to isolate the effects of the snow albedo and soil moisture changes on orographic convection. Over the mountains, daytime hourly precipitation accumulation (0900–1800 MST) decreased in PGW by an average of 4.2% while precipitation in DSURF increased by 12.5%. On days with weak synoptic forcing, the PGW response more closely follow the DSURF response with daytime hourly increases averaging 29.7% for PGW and 28.7% for DSURF. For PGW, hourly daytime precipitation intensity increases of up to 82% overcome reductions in precipitation frequency to produce higher accumulations. DSURF shows smaller increases in intensity of up to 23% and broad increases in daytime frequency indicating that surface changes act to moderate reductions in the frequency of convective precipitation. Reduced snow cover contributes to this convective response by increasing convective instability and boundary layer moisture and decreasing lifting condensation level over the high terrain. Alterations in orographic thermal circulations contribute to this response by converging moisture over the high terrain and enhancing mesoscale ascent.
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Soderholm, Brett, Bryn Ronalds und Daniel J. Kirshbaum. „The Evolution of Convective Storms Initiated by an Isolated Mountain Ridge“. Monthly Weather Review 142, Nr. 4 (27.03.2014): 1430–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00280.1.
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Abstract The evolution of convective storms over the Black Hills, an isolated mountain ridge in South Dakota and Wyoming and a regional convection hotspot, is investigated using a 10-yr observational climatology and quasi-idealized numerical simulations. Radar-observed diurnally forced mountain-convection events are classified according to their maximum cell-track length and duration, which are quantified using an automated cell-tracking algorithm. Environmental conditions during these events are obtained from operational radiosonde and model-analysis data. These data suggest that mountain-forced convective cells generally struggle to survive in the convectively inhibited flow downwind of the Black Hills. Those cells that do survive downwind prefer environments with strong bulk vertical shear over the 0–6-km layer, which favors organized multicellular or supercellular convection. Under slightly weaker shear, the cells tend to dissipate rapidly as they propagate downwind. Relatively weak winds aloft, when coupled with low-level winds aligned with the long terrain axis, support longer-lived, quasi-stationary cells with flash-flooding potential. The weak winds favor slow cell propagation while the along-ridge flow limits the negative feedbacks of storm outflow on the elevated convergence over the ridge, allowing convection to repeatedly initiate in the same location. The storm evolution is relatively insensitive to the background thermodynamic profile, provided that sufficient moist instability exists to support deep convection. Convection-permitting numerical simulations reinforce that changes in the background wind profile alone can explain the observed variations in cell evolution. They also suggest that the longevity of convective cells downwind of the ridge is sensitive to terrain-induced modifications to the vertical wind shear.
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Lee, Keun-OK, Hiroshi Uyeda und Dong–In Lee. „Effect of an isolated elliptical terrain (Jeju Island) on rainfall enhancement in a moist environment“. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 66, Nr. 1 (19.03.2014): 20484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v66.20484.
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Seaman, Nelson L., Brian J. Gaudet, David R. Stauffer, Larry Mahrt, Scott J. Richardson, Jeffrey R. Zielonka und John C. Wyngaard. „Numerical Prediction of Submesoscale Flow in the Nocturnal Stable Boundary Layer over Complex Terrain“. Monthly Weather Review 140, Nr. 3 (01.03.2012): 956–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00061.1.
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Abstract Numerical weather prediction models often perform poorly for weakly forced, highly variable winds in nocturnal stable boundary layers (SBLs). When used as input to air-quality and dispersion models, these wind errors can lead to large errors in subsequent plume forecasts. Finer grid resolution and improved model numerics and physics can help reduce these errors. The Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (ARW-WRF) has higher-order numerics that may improve predictions of finescale winds (scales <~20 km) in nocturnal SBLs. However, better understanding of the physics controlling SBL flow is needed to take optimal advantage of advanced modeling capabilities. To facilitate ARW-WRF evaluations, a small network of instrumented towers was deployed in the ridge-and-valley topography of central Pennsylvania (PA). Time series of local observations and model forecasts on 1.333- and 0.444-km grids were filtered to isolate deterministic lower-frequency wind components. The time-filtered SBL winds have substantially reduced root-mean-square errors and biases, compared to raw data. Subkilometer horizontal and very fine vertical resolutions are found to be important for reducing model speed and direction errors. Nonturbulent fluctuations in unfiltered, very finescale winds, parts of which may be resolvable by ARW-WRF, are shown to generate horizontal meandering in stable weakly forced conditions. These submesoscale motions include gravity waves, primarily horizontal 2D motions, and other complex signatures. Vertical structure and low-level biases of SBL variables are shown to be sensitive to parameter settings defining minimum “background” mixing in very stable conditions in two representative turbulence schemes.
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Porcacchia, Leonardo, P. E. Kirstetter, J. J. Gourley, V. Maggioni, B. L. Cheong und M. N. Anagnostou. „Toward a Polarimetric Radar Classification Scheme for Coalescence-Dominant Precipitation: Application to Complex Terrain“. Journal of Hydrometeorology 18, Nr. 12 (01.12.2017): 3199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-17-0016.1.
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Abstract Accurate quantitative precipitation estimation over mountainous basins is of great importance because of their susceptibility to natural hazards. It is generally difficult to obtain reliable precipitation information over complex areas because of the scarce coverage of ground observations, the limited coverage from operational radar networks, and the high elevation of the study sites. Warm-rain processes have been observed in several flash flood events in complex terrain regions. While they lead to high rainfall rates from precipitation growth due to collision–coalescence of droplets in the cloud liquid layer, their characteristics are often difficult to identify. X-band mobile dual-polarization radars located in complex terrain areas provide fundamental information at high-resolution and at low atmospheric levels. This study analyzes a dataset collected in North Carolina during the 2014 Integrated Precipitation and Hydrology Experiment (IPHEx) field campaign over a mountainous basin where the NOAA/National Severe Storm Laboratory’s X-band polarimetric radar (NOXP) was deployed. Polarimetric variables are used to isolate collision–coalescence microphysical processes. This work lays the basis for classification algorithms able to identify coalescence-dominant precipitation by merging the information coming from polarimetric radar measurements. The sensitivity of the proposed classification scheme is tested with different rainfall-rate retrieval algorithms and compared to rain gauge observations. Results show the inadequacy of rainfall estimates when coalescence identification is not taken into account. This work highlights the necessity of a correct classification of collision–coalescence processes, which can lead to improvements in quantitative precipitation estimation. Future studies will aim at generalizing this scheme by making use of spaceborne radar data.
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Downs, Christine, Jaime Rogers, Lori Collins und Travis Doering. „Integrated Approach to Investigating Historic Cemeteries“. Remote Sensing 12, Nr. 17 (20.08.2020): 2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172690.
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Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) surveys were conducted at a historic cemetery at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, U.S., in order to confirm the presence of burials corresponding to grave markers and detect potential unmarked burials. Noise in the GPR data from surface features and subtle terrain differences must be addressed to determine the extent of anomalies of interest. We use singular value decomposition (SVD) to isolate and remove energy from GPR data. SVD allows one to remove unwanted signals that traditional processing techniques cannot. With SVD filtering, we resolve an anomaly adjacent to confirmed burials otherwise overprinted by unwanted signal. The migration of SVD-filtered data produces more distinct, spatially constrained point reflectors. Ground elevation is derived from georeferenced TLS data and compared to that from airborne laser scanning (ALS) to highlight subtle terrain that can assist data interpretation. TLS elevations show a subtle modern mound over the burial plot where ALS elevations show a depression. The targets of interest are approximately 20–30 cm higher in elevation if a topographic correction is performed using TLS versus ALS. In archaeological applications, a notable change is often recorded at the sub-meter scale. The combined approach presented here better resolves geophysical response of buried features and their positions in the ground relative to each other.
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Golzio, Alessio, Silvia Ferrarese, Claudio Cassardo, Gugliemina Adele Diolaiuti und Manuela Pelfini. „Land-Use Improvements in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model over Complex Mountainous Terrain and Comparison of Different Grid Sizes“. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 180, Nr. 2 (28.04.2021): 319–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-021-00617-1.
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AbstractWeather forecasts over mountainous terrain are challenging due to the complex topography that is necessarily smoothed by actual local-area models. As complex mountainous territories represent 20% of the Earth’s surface, accurate forecasts and the numerical resolution of the interaction between the surface and the atmospheric boundary layer are crucial. We present an assessment of the Weather Research and Forecasting model with two different grid spacings (1 km and 0.5 km), using two topography datasets (NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission and Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010, digital elevation models) and four land-cover-description datasets (Corine Land Cover, U.S. Geological Survey land-use, MODIS30 and MODIS15, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer land-use). We investigate the Ortles Cevadale region in the Rhaetian Alps (central Italian Alps), focusing on the upper Forni Glacier proglacial area, where a micrometeorological station operated from 28 August to 11 September 2017. The simulation outputs are compared with observations at this micrometeorological station and four other weather stations distributed around the Forni Glacier with respect to the latent heat, sensible heat and ground heat fluxes, mixing-layer height, soil moisture, 2-m air temperature, and 10-m wind speed. The different model runs make it possible to isolate the contributions of land use, topography, grid spacing, and boundary-layer parametrizations. Among the considered factors, land use proves to have the most significant impact on results.
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Rowe, Angela K., Steven A. Rutledge und Timothy J. Lang. „Investigation of Microphysical Processes Occurring in Isolated Convection during NAME“. Monthly Weather Review 139, Nr. 2 (01.02.2011): 424–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010mwr3494.1.
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Abstract To address questions regarding microphysical processes occurring in the core North American monsoon region, data from NCAR’s S-band polarimetric Doppler radar (S-Pol) deployed during the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) in the summer of 2004, were used to investigate the location, size, and type of hydrometeors in convection. A cell identification and tracking algorithm was applied to this data over 100 h of microphysical scans, characterized by increased temporal and vertical resolution, to locate and track individual convective elements. Only isolated cells over land were included for this study to investigate potential elevation-dependent trends in microphysical processes in this region. Examples of intense, isolated convection over all elevations revealed deep cells and polarimetric signatures comparable to other studies of tropical and midlatitude convection. A case over the low terrain highlighted deep, isolated convection with precipitation-sized ice extending to 15 km. In addition, the presence of differential reflectivity ZDR columns in these cells indicated the lofting of supercooled water above the melting level, and an enhanced linear depolarization ratio LDR “cap” above the column implied subsequent freezing to produce graupel. Similar features were also observed in an isolated cell over the western slopes, highlighting the combined roles of collision–coalescence and melting precipitation-sized ice for producing intense rainfall over the lower elevations. Despite previous observations of weaker and shallower cells with less precipitation ice over the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO), case studies and general statistics using polarimetric data reveal the potential for accretional processes to also play an important role in producing intense rainfall over these higher elevations. For these isolated SMO cells, reduced warm-cloud depths, increased ice mass observed just above the melting level, and a narrower distribution of drop sizes suggest a reduced role of warm-rain processes compared to intense cells over the lower terrain. A potential relationship between microphysical processes and degree of organization is also hypothesized and will be the focus of a future study.
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Bose, V. Chandra, V. Rajasimman, R. Gokul Prabu und K. Har Govind. „Design and Manufacturing of Leaf and Coil Suspension“. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 3, Nr. 9 (17.09.2020): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2020.291.
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The suspension system of an automobile separates the wheel/axle assembly from the body. The primary function of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle structure from shocks and vibration due to irregularities of the road surface and to maintain contact with the surface thereby providing traction and control. Leaf spring is the preferred type of suspension system in almost all light and heavy commercial and transport vehicles. Leaf spring used in many vehicles due to having some main characteristics which are economical construction, uniformly distributed load, simple assembly in the vehicle and forgiving on use in rough terrain. In this paper we would like to take a look on the leaf spring, its design parameters and analysis. The paper is based on material selection, designing, experimental testing and load analysis etc.
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HOSOE, Tomoo, Hiroyoshi MORIYAMA, Daigo WAKANA, Takeshi ITABASHI, Ken-ichi KAWAI, Takashi YAGUCHI, Toru IIZUKA et al. „Inhibitory effects of dihydroterrein and terrein isolated from Aspergillus novofumigatus on platelet aggregation“. Mycotoxins 59, Nr. 2 (2009): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2520/myco.59.75.
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Watson, Sheldon T., und Jay Paredes Scribner. „Beyond Distributed Leadership: Collaboration, Interaction, and Emergent Reciprocal Influence“. Journal of School Leadership 17, Nr. 4 (Juli 2007): 443–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105268460701700404.
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Distributed leadership has joined the current pantheon of educational buzzwords. This represents a shift from a past that focused on positions and individuals as the keys to leadership. Unfortunately, the distributed perspective itself fails to capture much of the leadership activity that takes place in organizations. Specifically, activity that is inherently collaborative, interactive, and reciprocal is difficult to isolate and identify within the context of contemporary lenses of leadership, including distributed leadership. This article explores this conceptual terrain, through a review of scholarship and a discussion of empirical findings. It concludes that the lens of distributed leadership needs further conceptual development to effectively capture the dynamic nature of leadership in today's schools. The framework of emergent reciprocal influence is offered as an initial means of conceptualizing the complex and interactive forms of leadership that emerge within the context of collaborative activity in organizations.
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Chen, Rui, und Long Zhao. „Two-Level Integrity-Monitoring Method for Multi-Source Information Fusion Navigation“. Remote Sensing 16, Nr. 1 (27.12.2023): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16010120.
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To address the issue of integrity monitoring for a multi-source information fusion navigation system, a theoretical framework of two-level integrity monitoring is proposed. Firstly, at the system level, a system-integrity-monitoring method based on the Kalman filter weighted least-squares form is established to detect and isolate faulty navigation sources. Secondly, at the sensor level, considering the redundancy of the faulty navigation sources, this paper presents the design of a multi-mode comprehensive fault-detection method for non-redundant navigation sources. Additionally, an extended-dimension matrix optimized sensor-fault detection and verification method for redundant navigation sources is proposed. Finally, integrity risk allocation criteria are established based on the effectiveness of navigation sources to calculate the system protection level and trigger integrity alarms. The two-level integrity-monitoring method was tested on a multi-source information fusion navigation system integrated with an inertial navigation system (INS), global positioning system (GPS), BeiDou satellite navigation system (BDS), Doppler velocity log (DVL), barometric altimeter (BA), and terrain-aided navigation (TAN). Test results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively isolate the faulty navigation source within 10 s. Furthermore, it can detect the faulty sensors within the faulty navigation sources, thereby enhancing the reliability and robustness of the multi-source information fusion navigation system.
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IWAI, Hironori, Shoken ISHII, Seiji KAWAMURA, Eiichi SATO und Kenichi KUSUNOKI. „Case Study on Convection Initiation Associated with an Isolated Convective Storm Developed over Flat Terrain during TOMACS“. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II 96A (2018): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2017-014.
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Nagare, R. M., R. A. Schincariol, W. L. Quinton und M. Hayashi. „Effects of freezing on soil temperature, freezing front propagation and moisture redistribution in peat: laboratory investigations“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, Nr. 2 (15.02.2012): 501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-501-2012.
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Abstract. There are not many studies that report water movement in freezing peat. Soil column studies under controlled laboratory settings can help isolate and understand the effects of different factors controlling freezing of the active layer in organic covered permafrost terrain. In this study, four peat Mesocosms were subjected to temperature gradients by bringing the Mesocosm tops in contact with sub-zero air temperature while maintaining a continuously frozen layer at the bottom (proxy permafrost). Soil water movement towards the freezing front (from warmer to colder regions) was inferred from soil freezing curves, liquid water content time series and from the total water content of frozen core samples collected at the end of freezing cycle. A substantial amount of water, enough to raise the upper surface of frozen saturated soil within 15 cm of the soil surface at the end of freezing period appeared to have moved upwards during freezing. Diffusion under moisture gradients and effects of temperature on soil matric potential, at least in the initial period, appear to drive such movement as seen from analysis of freezing curves. Freezing front (separation front between soil zones containing and free of ice) propagation is controlled by latent heat for a long time during freezing. A simple conceptual model describing freezing of an organic active layer initially resembling a variable moisture landscape is proposed based upon the results of this study. The results of this study will help in understanding, and ultimately forecasting, the hydrologic response of wetland-dominated terrain underlain by discontinuous permafrost.
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Flanigan, Trenden, Rusheel Nayak, Jerrick Robker und Barth Riedel. „Isolated Hamate Dislocation: A Case Report and Technique Guide“. Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports 13, Nr. 10 (2023): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2023.v13.i10.3930.
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Introduction: Isolated hamate dislocation is a rare case with potentially devastating complications, given the resultant instability of the carpus following the injury. This has been reported in the literature before with varying constructs and varying results but never with an internal bracing construct and early rehabilitation. Case Report: A 26-year-old male injured his left hand in an all-terrain vehicle accident. After initial misdiagnosis and subsequent persistent pain, he was diagnosed with a chronic dorsal hamate dislocation. An open reduction and internal brace fixation were performed resulting in an anatomic and stable reduction. By the final follow-up visit, the patient had no pain with near full range of motion and had returned to work with good to excellent outcome scores. Conclusion: Open reduction with ligament reconstruction utilizing an internal bracing technique provides a stable fixation and anatomic repair of the intercarpal and carpometacarpal ligaments. This is a feasible treatment option for hamate dislocations that allows for early rehabilitation in comparison to previously described methods and may result in good to excellent outcomes. Keywords: Hamate, dislocation, internal brace.
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Imeraj, Petrit, Maaruf Ali und Gent Imeraj. „Geotechnical Management of Isolated Sustainable Alpine Communities“. Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing 6, Nr. 1 (01.01.2022): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33166/aetic.2022.01.004.
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The Albanian Alps are situated in a mountainous block in the Northern Albania region, in the counties of Shkodër (also known as Shkodra or Gegëria) and Kukës (Kukësi). The nature of the mountainous terrain formation has led to the creation of isolated communities. The need for integrating these scattered communities into a cohesive co-operating community for area sustainability is now possible by using the Internet to link them all onto an online system. To deal with natural catastrophes, disaster management cells will be created which will serve as hubs. These hubs will be located at geographically strategic positions that will enable a predetermined geofenced region for evaluation of different disasters viz. forest fires, landslide, flooding, avalanches, the burial of villages under heavy snowfalls, etc. These cells will connect the particular case with the most appropriate disaster relief, rescue service and EMR (Emergency Medical Responder), first aid services (e.g. Green Crescent/Red Cross) and EMT (Emergency Medical Technician) personnel. The cells shall be managed by locally trained human resources with the necessary equipment to provide the monitoring/analyses and first aid assistance in case of need. The technology needed for the monitoring and geotechnical management of the isolated Alpine communities will be described. The socio-economic impact of the deployment of these technologies aiding in the sustainability of these vulnerable communities will conclude the research.
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Pal, S., S. F. J. De Wekker und G. D. Emmitt. „Investigation of the Spatial Variability of the Convective Boundary Layer Heights over an Isolated Mountain: Cases from the MATERHORN-2012 Experiment“. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 55, Nr. 9 (September 2016): 1927–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-15-0277.1.
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AbstractSpatiotemporal variability in the convective boundary layer height zi over complex terrain is governed by numerous factors such as land surface processes, topography, and synoptic conditions. Observational datasets to evaluate weather forecast models that simulate this variability are sparse. This study aims to investigate the zi spatial variability (along a total leg length of 1800 km) around and over a steep isolated mountain (Granite Mountain) of horizontal and vertical dimensions of 8 and 0.9 km, respectively. An airborne Doppler lidar was deployed on seven flights during the Mountain Terrain Atmospheric Modeling and Observations (MATERHORN) campaign conducted at Dugway Proving Ground (Utah) from 25 September to 24 October 2012. During the afternoon, an east–west zi gradient over the region with zi that was approximately 200 m higher on the eastern side than on the western side of Granite Mountain was observed. This gradient illustrates the impact of two different land surface properties on zi spatial variability, with a sparsely vegetated desert steppe region on the east and a dry, bare lake-bed desert with high subsurface soil moisture to the west of Granite Mountain. Additionally, the zi spatial variability was partly attributed to the impact of Granite Mountain on the downwind zi. Differences in zi were also observed by the radiosonde measurements in the afternoon but not in the morning as the zi variability in morning were modulated by the topography. The high-resolution lidar-derived zi measurements were used to estimate the entrainment zone thickness in the afternoon, with estimates ranging from 100 to 250 m.
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Yukimura, Kise, Ryosuke Nakai, Shiro Kohshima, Jun Uetake, Hiroshi Kanda und Takeshi Naganuma. „Spore-forming halophilic bacteria isolated from Arctic terrains: Implications for long-range transportation of microorganisms“. Polar Science 3, Nr. 3 (November 2009): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2009.07.002.
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Borah, Dharitri, Jayashree Rout und Nooruddin Thajuddin. „Polyphasic characterization of Nostoc commune (Cyanobacteria, Nostocaceae) isolated from rice growing agro-ecosystems of Dima Hasao district of Assam, North-East India“. Phytotaxa 161, Nr. 2 (24.02.2014): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.161.2.2.
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Two strains of Nostoc commune have been isolated from the soils of two different rice-growing agro-ecosystems, viz. flat and terrace paddy fields of Dima Hasao district of the state of Assam, North-East India. Phenotypic characterization was made for both the strains and their growth, pigments (chlorophyll a, total carotenoid content and phycobiliproteins) and biochemical properties (total carbohydrate and soluble proteins) were studied. Phylogenetic comparison was made utilizing 16S rRNA gene sequences. Both strains presented higher phycocyanin content than other biliprotein pigments. Total carotenoid content (TCC) was higher in the strain isolated from flat paddy field, while the isolate from terrace paddy field was richer in phycobiliproteins. 16S rRNA gene sequences of the isolated N. commune strains were compared with available sequences of other strains of Nostoc and Anabaena from various geographical locations. Gene sequences were clustered according to their geographical origin, which also reflected the disputed taxonomic position of the Nostocacean genera Nostoc and Anabaena.
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Miller, Norton G., Alan M. Fryday und James W. Hinds. „bryophytes and lichens of a calcium-rich spring seep isolated on the granitic terrain of Mt. Katahdin, Maine, U.S.A.“ Rhodora 107, Nr. 932 (Dezember 2005): 339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3119/05-7.1.
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Li, Huiqi, Xiaopeng Cui und Da-Lin Zhang. „Sensitivity of the initiation of an isolated thunderstorm over the Beijing metropolitan region to urbanization, terrain morphology and cold outflows“. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 143, Nr. 709 (Oktober 2017): 3153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.3169.
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Gliesche, Christian G., Marina Jendrach, Klaus Peissl, Jörg Siebert und Peter Hirsch. „Characterization and transformation of plasmid pAA-1 found in an antarctic cryptoendolithic bacterium“. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42, Nr. 6 (01.06.1996): 571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m96-077.
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Sixty-three bacterial isolates from antarctic sandstone samples (Linnaeus Terrace, Asgard Range, McMurdo Dry Valleys) were screened for the presence of plasmid DNA. Twenty-seven percent of all the isolates (mainly Gram-positives) harbored one or more plasmids of low molecular mass (1.1–16.3 kb). Strain AA-341 contained plasmid pAA-1 (2.9 kb), as demonstrated by agarose gel electrophoresis and restriction endonuclease digests. This plasmid conferred resistance to chromium and ampicillin. It was not conjugative, but it could be transferred by electroporation to chromium- and ampicillin-sensitive strains AA-330, AA-338, and E. coli HB101. A restriction map of pAA-1 was constructed with HindIII, SalI, ScaI, AvaII, EcoRI, PvuII, BamHI, and DraI. Electrotransfer of this plasmid from E. coli HB101(pAA-1) to strain AA-330 was demonstrated. By natural genetic transformation, plasmid pAA-1 could be transferred into the sensitive strain AA-334, which thereby became resistant to chromium and ampicillin. The importance of such processes for the colonization of stressed environments is discussed.Key words: Antarctica, cryptoendolithic bacteria, plasmids, resistance to chromium, natural transformation.
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Ogar, Vincent Nsed, Kelum A. A. Gamage und Sadjjad Hussain. „Protection for 330 kV transmission line and recommendation for Nigerian transmission system: a review“. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, Nr. 3 (01.06.2022): 3320. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp3320-3334.
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The transmission line is an integral part of the electrical power system; however, a fault has a negative impact on the system, like blackout, power loss, financial losses, and socio-economic impact. This fault occurs due to ageing conductors, lightning stroke, switching surge and human interference. We reviewed the protection scheme implemented in the Nigerian transmission network, which has challenges relating to the environment's terrain and a long-distance transmission line of about 20,000 km. The different approach of fault classification, detection and location was analysed and critically summarised. This review paper proposes a hybrid Artificial Neural Network and distance protection scheme that can automatically identify, locate, isolate, predict, correct faults, and real-time monitor and control the entire network. It can also detect the shortest possible trip time of 0.02 s and 0.03 s of line current and fault losses, respectively, during fault to avert damage on the line. However, this method has its challenges, such as the volume of data generated from load flow analysis, training time, and the total distance covered by the network. However, these can be averted by segmenting the entire network for easy evaluation and monitoring to achieve set goals.
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Kruse, Christopher G., und Ronald B. Smith. „Gravity Wave Diagnostics and Characteristics in Mesoscale Fields“. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 72, Nr. 11 (01.11.2015): 4372–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0079.1.
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Abstract As numerical models of complex atmospheric flows increase their quality and resolution, it becomes valuable to isolate and quantify the embedded resolved gravity waves. The authors propose a spatial filtering method combined with a selection of quadratic diagnostic quantities such as heat, momentum, and energy fluxes to do this. These covariant quantities were found to be insensitive to filter cutoff length scales between 300 and 700 km, suggesting the existence of a “cospectral gap.” The gravity waves identified with the proposed method display known properties from idealized studies, including vertical propagation, upwind propagation, the relationship between momentum and energy flux, and agreement with fluxes derived from an alternative method involving simulations with and without terrain. The proposed method is applied to 2- and 6-km-resolution realistic WRF simulations of orographic and nonorographic gravity waves over and around New Zealand within complex frontal cyclones. Deep mountain wave, shallow mountain wave, jet-generated gravity wave, and convection-generated gravity wave events were chosen for analysis. The four wave events shared the characteristics of positive vertical energy flux, negative zonal momentum flux, and upwind horizontal energy flux. Two of the gravity wave events were dissipated nonlinearly.
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Quinn, P. E., D. J. Hutchinson, M. S. Diederichs und R. K. Rowe. „Regional-scale landslide susceptibility mapping using the weights of evidence method: an example applied to linear infrastructure“. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47, Nr. 8 (August 2010): 905–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t09-144.
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Large landslides are common in the gently sloping clay plains of the Saint Lawrence Lowlands of eastern Canada. These tend to occur along rivers carved into the marine soils deposited in the former Champlain Sea, which occupied the area roughly 10 000 years ago. This paper presents a landslide susceptibility model, developed at the regional scale using a bivariate statistical method: the weights of evidence method. The analysis considers the association of existing large landslides in a portion of the study area with key terrain features, such as ground elevation, flow accumulation in adjacent streams, soil type, soil thickness, and land use. The resulting model identifies three different levels of susceptibility: low, low to moderate, and moderate to high. These descriptors are related statistically to the probability of encountering existing large landslides within 500 m, 1 or 2 km, respectively. The model is tested along primary railway corridors and isolates 8% of the total length for further consideration of landslide hazard. Reconnaissance level air photo survey results further reduce the length of corridor with elevated susceptibility to 2% of the total length, thus focusing the application of additional resources to a very small proportion of the total inventory.
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Freitas, Sylvio, Frank Harms und Bernd Leitl. „The Effects of the Width of an Isolated Valley on Near-Surface Turbulence“. Atmosphere 12, Nr. 10 (12.10.2021): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101330.
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With the aim of ascertaining the effects of the widths (A) of valleys on near-surface turbulence, flows over an isolated symmetric three-dimensional valley of constant depth (H) and slopes are characterized in a large-boundary-layer wind tunnel. Starting at A = 4H, valley widths were systematically varied to A = 12H with constant increments of 2H. High-resolution laser-Doppler velocimetry measurements were made at several equivalent locations above each of the resulting valley geometries and compared with data from undisturbed flows over flat terrain. Flow separation caused by the first ridges generated inner-valley recirculation bubbles with lengths dependent on the valley widths. Secondary recirculation zones were also observed downstream from the crests of the second ridges. Results show that the width modifications exert the strongest effects on turbulence within the valleys and the vicinities of the second ridges. Above these locations, maximal magnitudes of turbulence are generally found for the larger width geometries. Furthermore, lateral turbulence overpowers the longitudinal counterparts nearest to the surface, with maximal gains occurring for the smaller widths. Our data indicate that valley widths are impactful on near-surface flows and should be considered together with other more established geometric parameters of influence.