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1
Bovee und Thill. Management: Test Bank, IBM 3 1/2". McGraw Hill Higher Education, 1993.
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2
Geringer, Bernhard, und Hanz-Peter Lenz, Hrsg. 39. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 26.-27. April 2018. VDI Verlag, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783186807120.
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Dieser zweibändige Bericht macht die Vorträge des 39. Internationalen Wiener Motorensymposiums (26./27. April 2018) einer breiten Öffentlichkeit zugänglich. Ziel der Wiener Motorensymposien ist es, Themen von besonderer Aktualität auf dem Gebiet des Verbrennungsmotors zu behandeln. Das Werk befasst sich mit den im Inhaltsverzeichnis aufgelisteten Themen (s.u.). Herausgeber ist der Österreichische Verein für Kraftfahrzeugtechnik (ÖVK), Wien. Band 1 enthält alle Vorträge und Artikel des 1. Tags. Band 2 enthält alle Vorträge und Artikel des 2. Tags. ...
3
Zellenberg, Ulrich. Österreichisches Bundesverfassungsrecht. Herausgegeben von Kark Korinek, Michael Holoubek, Christoph Bezemek, Claudia Fuchs und Andrea Martin. Verlag Österreich, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33196/9783704687425.
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Der von Karl Korinek und Michael Holoubek begründete Großkommentar bietet traditionell eine ebenso umfassende wie profunde Aufarbeitung des österreichischen Verfassungsrechts. Was vor mehr als zwanzig Jahren als Pionierprojekt begonnen hat, ist mittlerweile zum bestimmenden Referenzwerk für Wissenschaft und Praxis geworden. Der zwischenzeitlich um Christoph Bezemek, Claudia Fuchs, Andrea Martin und Ulrich E. Zellenberg ergänzte Kreis der Herausgeberinnen und Herausgeber verfolgt nach wie vor konsequent jenen Anspruch, der das Werk seit jeher ausgezeichnet hat: die Verbindung von unbedingter wissenschaftlicher Exzellenz mit größtmöglicher Aktualität. In zehn laufend ergänzten und aktualisierten Teilbänden vermessen führende Vertreterinnen und Vertreter des öffentlichen Rechts aus Wissenschaft und Praxis sämtliche Bestandteile der Grundordnung der Republik. Sie machen den "Korinek/Holoubek" damit nicht nur zu einem Zentralwerk der österreichischen Rechtsdogmatik, sondern auch zum Ankerpunkt jeder akademisch fundierten Auseinandersetzung mit der österreichischen Bundesverfassung. Die 16. Lieferung (Februar 2021) umfasst: Art 7/1 S 3, 4 (Benjamin Kneihs) Art 7/3, Art 7/4 (Gabriele Kucsko-Stadlmayer/Melina Oswald) Art 10 Abs 1 Z 15 2. Tb (Markus Vasek) Art 10 Abs 1 Z 6 1. Tb (Andreas Wimmer) Art 30a (Christoph Konrath/Rosi Posnik) Art 47 (Christoph Bezemek) Art 59a (Kucsko-Stadlmayer/Melina Oswald) Art 83 Abs 2 (David Leeb) Art 85 (Alexandra Kunesch) Art 95 (Kucsko-Stadlmayer/Melina Oswald) Art 100 (Thomas Müller) Art 105, Art 106 (Gerhart Wielinger) Art 126 (Barbara Leitl-Staudinger) Art 129, Art 130/1 (Harald Eberhard) BVG ÄmterLReg (Gerhart Wielinger) GRC Art 43 (Marcus Klamert) 6. ZPEMRK Art 1-4, 13. ZPEMRK Art 1-4 (Alexandra Kunesch) Aufbau des Gesamtwerkes: Band I/1: Art 1 bis 12 B-VG Band I/2: Art 13 bis 49b B-VG Band I/3: Art 50 bis 81c B-VG Band I/4: Art 82 bis 128 B-VG Band I/5: Art 129 bis 152 B-VG Band II/1: Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention samt Protokollen, Charta der Grundrechte Band II/2: Staatsgrundgesetz über die allgemeinen Rechte der Staatsbürger, BVG zum Schutz der persönlichen Freiheit sowie weitere Grundrechte (zB Grundrecht auf Datenschutz) Band III/1: Kommentar zum sonstigen Bundesverfassungsrecht: Internationale Beziehungen - Demokratische Grundordnung - Finanzverfassung - Staatsorganisation - Verfassungsaufträge und Staatszielbestimmungen - Energieverfassungsrecht Bände IV/1 und IV/2: Archiv
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Simon, Gleeson, und Guynn Randall. Part I Elements of Bank Resolution Regimes, 2 Bank Resolution Techniques. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199698011.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses the available ‘toolkits’—or mechanisms—for resolving all types of banks and their affiliates, with the caveat that such tools can only be implemented on a case-by-case basis. In order to demonstrate the coverage of these methods, the hierarchy of approaches to bank failure is as follows: sale of the business by the purchase of assets and the assumption of liabilities (i.e. a purchase and assumption transaction), write-down or conversion of long-term unsecured debt into equity (bail-in), liquidation, and state aid (bail-out). Additionally, the normal state of resolution for a business in the commercial world is a restructuring in which creditors consent to a variation in their rights in order to maximize the residual value of an insolvent commercial company for the collective benefit of all its stakeholders and preserve its critical operations for the benefit of the broader market—a method that should be adapted for use in the banking industry.
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Thiele, Clemens. GGV und HMA Österreichisches und Europäisches Design- und Musterschutzrecht - Band 2. Verlag Österreich, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33196/9783704686596.
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Systematischer Praxiskommentar zum Musterschutzrecht Dieses Werk vervollständigt den auf zwei Bände angelegten "Österreichischen und Europäischen Designrechtskommentar". Das Gesamtwerk bietet Anwenderinnen und Anwendern einen systematischen Praxiskommentar für einen schnellen Zugriff auf Lösungen, die mit der Rechtsprechung und den unionsrechtlichen Vorgaben im Einklang stehen. Kernstück von Band II bildet die Kommentierung der Gemeinschaftsgeschmacksmusterverordnung (GGV). Diese hat vor fast zwanzig Jahren ein unionsweites Recht des geistigen Eigentums, das sogenannte Gemeinschaftsgeschmacksmuster (GGM) oder - moderner ausgedrückt - das Unionsdesign geschaffen. Ein auf die einzelne Regelung abgestimmtes Literaturverzeichnis sowie ein klares Gliederungsschema erleichtern den raschen Zugriff auf Tatbestandelemente und Rechtsfolgen. Ein verfahrensrechtlicher Abschnitt rundet die Kommentierung ab. Der zweite Teil des Werkes enthält die durchgängige Erläuterung des Haager Musterabkommens (HMA). Über 1.200 Entscheidungen von EuGH, EuG, EGMR, OGH, BGH, BPatG, österr und dt OLG sowie LG, BK-EUIPO und NA-EUIPO wurden in das Werk systematisch eingearbeitet und verständlich gemacht.
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Abu Bakar, Abu Sufian, Shazida Mohd Khan, Ahmad Zafrullah Abd Jalil und Asan Ali Golam Hassan. Urusan wang, perbankan dan kewangan analisis mikroekonomi. UUM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9833282997.
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Buku ini mengandungi 13 bab dalam empat bahagian utama. Bahagian Pertama mengandungi 2 bab, Bab 1 menjelaskan pengenalan kepada wang bermula dari sejarah penciptaan wang sehinggalah kepada pentakrifan wang. Bab 2 membincangkan tentang sistem kewangan dan tumpuan diberi kepada sistem kewangan di Malaysia serta perbandingan teori. Permasalahan kadar bunga, pulangan dan penentuannya diterangkan secara mendalam di dalam Bab 3 dan Bab 4. Struktur sistem kewangan dijelaskan peranannya kepada ekonomi sehingga kepada pewujudan sistem perbankan yang terdiri dari bank Perdangangan sehingga kepada proses penciptaan deposit ; Bank Pusat tumpuan terhadap Bank Negara Malaysia; bank Perdangangan di Malaysia ; dan Sistem kewangan tanpa Faedah dijelaskan di Bab 5 sehinggalah Bab 9. Bahagian Keempat mencakupi empat bab lagi yang memberi tumpuan kepada isu wang dalam ekonomi, Teori Permintaan dan Penawaran Wang serta Keberkesanan Dasar Kewangan.
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Simon, Gleeson. Part I The Elements of Bank Financial Supervision, 5 Bank Capital Requirements. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0005.
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This chapter begins by discussing the three overlapping capital requirements that banks are subject to. The first is the orthodox Basel capital requirement. The second is the Leverage Ratio, which is simply a non-risk-weighted capital requirement. The third is the stress test requirement. This has historically been the largest of the three. Stress testing identifies a particular probable state of the world, estimates the total loss which would occur if that state of the world were to eventuate, and requires capital sufficient to ensure that the bank retains sufficient capital after suffering the projected losses. The remainder of the chapter covers Pillar 2 assessment, capital floor, and capital buffers.
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Morawetz, Klaus. Kinetic Theory of Systems with SU(2) Structure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0021.
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Systems with spin-orbit coupling and magnetic fields exhibit a SU(2) structure. Large classes of materials and couplings can be written into an effective spin-orbit coupled Hamiltonian with Pauli structure. Appropriate kinetic equations are derived keeping the quantum spinor structure. It results in coupled kinetic equations of scalar and vector distributions. The spin-orbit coupling, the magnetic field and the vector part of the selfenergy can be written in terms of an effective Zeeman field which couples both distributions. The currents and linear response are derived and the anomalous parts due to the coupling of the occurring band splitting are discussed. The response in magnetic fields reveals subtle retardation effects from which the classical and quantum Hall effect result as well as anomalous Hall effects. As application the dynamical conductivity of grapheme is successfully calculated and compared to the experiments.
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Simon, Gleeson. Part I The Elements of Bank Financial Supervision, 4 The Composition of Bank Capital. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the concept of bank capital. The essence of regulatory capital requirements as originally conceived was to procure that banks had sufficient capital to absorb both expected and unexpected losses. However, recent market developments have indicated two different but important functions of capital. Going Concern Capital is that capital which can absorb losses, both when the firm is in a state of financial health and during periods of financial stress, thus maintaining market confidence in the financial system and avoiding disruption to depositors. Gone Concern Capital is that capital which absorbs losses on the failure of a firm, protecting depositors in a winding up or resolution. The remainder of the chapter covers Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital; deductions; bank holdings in banking, financial, and insurance entities; provisioning, expected loss and revaluation; and capital monitoring.
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Epstein, Rachel A. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809968.003.0006.
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The study’s findings from Europe have implications for other major powers, including that: (1) banking sector protectionism became increasingly costly given other liberalizing trends; (2) foreign-owned bank subsidiaries can provide more stable funding in crises than alternative foreign or even domestic bank activity; (3) foreign domination in finance limited catching up in the global economy, but in fact few states showed the capacity to exploit domestic banks for national goals; and (4) centralized bank governance through European Banking Union weakened bank–state ties in Europe, and elevated the role of markets there. This chapter analyzes the relevance of the findings for the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). China is perhaps the clearest case of a country struggling to both liberalize and retain the economic policy autonomy associated with a largely state-controlled financial system. The conclusion specifies the broader transformation in bank–state ties, but also its limits.
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Korsgaard, Christine M. The Animal Antinomy, Part 2. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753858.003.0012.
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The intractable problems of animal ethics arise from a fundamental mismatch between morality and nature: nature resists moral reorganization. This chapter argues that we should reject the principle that “ought implies can” and do the best that we can for animals. It asks what is involved in treating animals as ends in themselves and rejects apartheid—the abolitionist’s ban on interaction between people and animals. It then examines specific practical questions. It argues that we should not eat animals, even if they come from “humane” farms, that we should not experiment on them, that there are limits on what kinds of work we may make them do. Finally, it argues that human beings need the company of animals and holds out the hope that we might achieve conditions, very different from the ones we live in now, in which keeping animals as pets and companions would be permissible.
12
George, Walker, Purves Robert und Blair Michael. Part I Regulatory Structure, 2 Statutory Framework for UK Financial Services Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793809.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the statutory framework for financial services regulation in the UK. The regulatory reforms that culminated in the break-up of the Financial Services Authority (FSA) and the return of regulatory responsibilities to the Bank of England have complicated but in many ways reinforced the original vision of a consolidated statutory framework for all financial services regulation under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA). The FSMA is undoubtedly more complicated because of the need to accommodate collaboration between the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and the Bank of England acting as Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA). The chapter provides an overview of the structure and statutory framework of the FSMA as well as the functions of the FCA and the PRA. It also considers the scope of financial services regulation under the FSMA and the confidentiality of information obtained by the FCA and the PRA in the discharge of their functions.
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Wendschlag, Mikael. Central Bankers in Twelve Countries between 1950 and 2000. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782797.003.0009.
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This chapter studies the professional, political, and academic ‘human capital endowment’ of the central bank governors in office between 1950 and 2000 in twelve OECD countries. Although many national differences are observed, four more general shifts in central bank governor ‘types’ have been identified: (1) the civil servant central banker of the economic ‘golden age’ of the 1950s and 1960s; (2), the central bank politicians of the 1970s; (3) the market-oriented governors of the 1980s; and (4), the academic central banker from the 1990s onward. During the period studied, it is also possible to track the development of an international elite of central bankers, sharing similar backgrounds (academically and professionally) and views on monetary policy. A key observation is that ‘what makes for a credible central banker’ has changed over time, and especially following events such as economic recessions or financial crises.
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Isabel, Zuloaga Rios. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation III: Arts 2.1.15–2.1.16—Negotiations, Art.2.1.15. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0031.
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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.15 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning negotiations in bad faith. Art 2.1.15 establishes liability for pre-contractual conduct in general terms. It stipulates that a party is free to negotiate and is not liable for failure to reach an agreement. However, a party who negotiates or breaks off negotiations in bad faith is liable for the losses caused to the other party. In particular, it is bad faith for a party to enter into or continue negotiations when intending not to reach an agreement with the other party. This commentary also discusses the consequences of failure to observe the principle of good faith and fair dealing, with particular emphasis on damages and the right to request performance of the obligation to negotiate in good faith, along with exclusion or limitation of liability and burden of proof.
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Cutnell, John D. Cutnell: the Professor'S Assistant: Computerized Test-Bank Software for the IBM PC & Compatible Computers 3.0 3 1/2" T/A Physics 2ed (6 Disks). John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1992.
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16
Simon, Gleeson. Part I The Elements of Bank Financial Supervision, 6 Total Loss-Absorbing Capacity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0006.
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Post-crisis banks are subject to two overlapping authorities: regulatory authority and resolution authority. Both are concerned with the survival of the bank in a crisis, and both have the power to instruct a bank as to how it should structure itself to address that possibility. Total Loss Absorbing Capital (TLAC) is the most significant point of overlap between these two authorities. Viewed from the perspective of a resolution authority, TLAC is simply a name for that proportion of the liabilities of a bank which can be converted into capital in a resolution. However, viewed from the perspective of a prudential supervisor, the TLAC requirement can be viewed as a capital requirement capable of being met with a wider range of instruments than those which qualify as Tier 1 or Tier 2. This chapter discusses TLAC requirements, composition of TLAC, treatment of TLAC holdings by other banks, and the EU's approach to TLAC.
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Simon, Gleeson, und Guynn Randall. Part I Elements of Bank Resolution Regimes, 4 Total Loss Absorbing Capacity. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199698011.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the need for a sufficient amount of properly structured long-term unsecured debt and other forms of total loss absorbing capacity (TLAC) in order to make SPE and other resolution strategies operationally feasible. In particular, the chapter summarizes the internal TLAC standard recently finalized by the Financial Stability Board. TLAC is defined as the sum of (1) common equity and other forms of going concern capital and (2) long-term unsecured debt and other forms of gone-concern loss absorbing capacity (GLAC).
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Launay, Jean-Pierre, und Michel Verdaguer. Electrons in Molecules. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814597.001.0001.
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The book treats in a unified way electronic properties of molecules (magnetic, electrical, photophysical), culminating with the mastering of electrons, i.e. molecular electronics and spintronics and molecular machines. Chapter 1 recalls basic concepts. Chapter 2 describes the magnetic properties due to localized electrons. This includes phenomena such as spin cross-over, exchange interaction from dihydrogen to extended molecular magnetic systems, and magnetic anisotropy with single-molecule magnets. Chapter 3 is devoted to the electrical properties due to moving electrons. One considers first electron transfer in discrete molecular systems, in particular in mixed valence compounds. Then, extended molecular solids, in particular molecular conductors, are described by band theory. Special attention is paid to structural distortions (Peierls instability) and interelectronic repulsions in narrow-band systems. Chapter 4 treats photophysical properties, mainly electron transfer in the excited state and its applications to photodiodes, organic light emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells and water photolysis. Energy transfer is also treated. Photomagnetism (how a photonic excitation modifies magnetic properties) is introduced. Finally, Chapter 5 combines the previous knowledge for three advanced subjects: first molecular electronics in its hybrid form (molecules connected to electrodes acting as wires, diodes, memory elements, field-effect transistors) or in the quantum computation approach. Then, molecular spintronics, using, besides the charge, the spin of the electron. Finally the theme of molecular machines is presented, with the problem of the directionality control of their motion.
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Quint, David. Ulysses and the Devils: The Unity of Book 2. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161914.003.0003.
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This chapter focuses on book 2 of Paradise Lost. In book 2, Milton continues the story of the demilitarization of the fallen angels and of his epic more generally when he bases all of its action around the figure of Ulysses, the hero of eloquence and fraud, whose own epic comes in the aftermath of the Trojan War. The chapter demonstrates that the Odyssey, imitated and parodied in Satan's voyage through Chaos to God's newly created universe in the book's last section, is just one of the classical stories about the career of Ulysses that Milton evokes as models for its different episodes. The various parts of book 2 are held together by this pattern of allusion, as well as by the Odyssean figures of Scylla and Charybdis, the emblem of bad choices, or of loss of choice itself.
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Fischer, Hans, und Tilman Sauer, Hrsg. Exkursionen in die Geschichte der Mathematik und ihres Unterrichts. WTM-Verlag Münster, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37626/ga9783959871860.0.
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Mathematikgeschichte verbindet Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften und Geisteswissenschaften. Die Entwicklung der Mathematik ist immer auch eine Veränderung einer gesellschaftlichen Praxis, Mathematik zu betreiben und diese durch stabile Formen wie Institutionen, mathematische Werkzeuge und mathematische Sprache zu etablieren. Besonders die jüngere Geschichte der Vermittlung von Mathematik in Schule und Universität baut weitere Brücken zu Themen, die in der Psychologie, den Sozial- und Politikwissenschaften angesiedelt sind. Die integrative Sicht auf Geschichte der Mathematik prägt die gemeinsamen, im zweijährigen Turnus stattfindenden Tagungen der Fachsektion Geschichte der Mathematik der DMV und des Arbeitskreises Mathematikgeschichte und Unterricht der GDM. Dieser Tagungsband zur Mainzer Tagung, welche vom 29. Mai bis 2. Juni 2019 im Erbacher Hof stattfand, zeigt den fachübergreifenden und durch Perspektivenvielfalt geprägten Charakter dieser Tagungsreihe. Das gemeinsame Anliegen der Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer, die Vorstellungen von einer oft als unveränderlich und fertig wahrgenommenen Wissenschaft Mathematik zu bereichern und zu erweitern, wird in dem vorliegenden Band auf mannigfaltige Art verwirklicht.
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Leite, Leonardo Canez. Direito e pesquisa: Um dossiê de artigos científicos - Volume 2. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-230-8.
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Essential to the administration of justice, the lawyer plays a key role in postulating a decision favorable to his constituent and convincing the judge. However, it is common in nature to the formation and performance of bad professionals, who, due to their inconsistent actions or omissions, cause damage, whether material or moral, in the face of claims to be reached by their contractors, forming in the popular imagination a pejorative stereotype regarding the performance. from the lawyer. However, it is part of this area, a very small percentage that denigrate the image of valuable operators of the law. Thus, the Civil Liability of the Lawyer before the Theory of the Loss of a Chance becomes possible, because through misery, lack of knowledge, among others, according to the Brazilian Bar Association, lead the professional services contractor. attorneys to suffer direct or indirect damages, as they see the possibility of obtaining any economic advantage or avoid an injury, given the lost chance. Thus, even if the damage is uncertain, but if concrete probabilities are present, it should be compensated, not for the unwanted end result, but for the mere loss of the chance of achieving it.
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Dostoevsky, Fyodor _. Devils. Herausgegeben von Michael R. Katz. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199540495.001.0001.
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abstract Devils, also known in English as The Possessed and The Demons, was first published in 1871–2. The third of Dostoevsky’s five major novels, it is at once a powerful political tract and a profound study of atheism, depicting the disarray which follows the appearance of a band of modish radicals in a small provincial town. Dostoevsky compares infectious radicalism to the devils that drove the Gadarene swine over the precipice in his vision of a society possessed by demonic creatures that produce devastating delusions of rationality. Dostoevsky is at his most imaginatively humorous in Devils: the novel is full of buffoonery and grotesque comedy. The plot is loosely based on the details of a notorious case of political murder, but Dostoevsky weaves suicide, rape, and a multiplicity of scandals into a compelling story of political evil. _ This new translation also includes the chapter ‘Stavrogin’s Confession’, which was initially considered to be too shocking to print. In this edition it appears where the author originally intended it.
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Veatch, Robert M., Amy Haddad und E. J. Last. Values in Health and Illness. Herausgegeben von Robert M. Veatch, Amy Haddad und E. J. Last. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190277000.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 is devoted to identifying value judgments in pharmacy and separating ethical from other evaluations. It first focuses on separating questions of fact from value judgments, focusing on a pair of cases. One involves a woman contemplating use of over-the-counter diet pills, which the pharmacist recognized as containing herbs that might lead to weight loss but could also present significant side effects. Among the claims, the pharmacist discovers a number of value judgments—that the drug should be used on a short-term basis, that certain effects are “bad,” and that it is bad to weigh more than a specified norm. The second case involves the treatment of dental pain and the question of whether pain is a fact or a value judgment. The second half of the chapter distinguishes between ethical and nonethical value judgments. It takes up a case of a patient needing a prescription refill when the prescribing physician is unavailable to authorize it.
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Schröter, Harm G. Germany. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717973.003.0008.
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Up to now little attention has been paid to business groups as a form of enterprise in Germany. It is consequently surprising that during the twentieth century perhaps a quarter of the largest 100 firms qualified as diversified unrelated business groups. These were to be found mainly in three sectors: 1) up to the First World War, large universal banks acted as centers of business groups; only Deutsche Bank went on until the millennium; 2) during the interwar period state-owned enterprises were merged into several large business groups which spun off their parts during the 1990s; 3) many family-owned business groups stayed resilient with their choice of organization. Pyramids were rare within the 100 largest firms.
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Nyman, Jonna. Understanding Energy (In)security. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820444.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 introduces the theoretical framework of the book. It examines the concept of energy security, problematizing the notion of ‘security’. It then turns to address the question of what it means to understand energy as a security issue, examining the existing debate and the lack of progress in analysing the ethics of security. Drawing on pragmatism and the practice turn, it argues that rather than developing abstract theoretical criteria for judging when security is ‘good’ or ‘bad’, we need to study how security works in empirical contexts. Thus, it argues that energy security practices have to be studied in context to understand their value.
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Brennan, Jason, William English, John Hasnas und Peter Jaworski. Business Ethics for Better Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190076559.001.0001.
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Business Ethics for Better Behavior concisely answers the three most pressing ethical questions business professionals face: 1. What makes business practices right or wrong? 2. Why do normal, decent businesspeople of goodwill sometimes do the wrong thing? 3. How can we use the answer to these questions to get ourselves, our coworkers, our bosses, and our employees to behave better? Bad behavior in business rarely results from bad will. Most people mean well much of the time. But most of us are vulnerable. We all fall into moral traps, usually without even noticing. Business Ethics for Better Behavior teaches business professionals, students, and other readers how to become aware of those traps, how to avoid them, and how to dig their way out if they fall in. It integrates the best work in psychology, economics, management theory, and normative philosophy into a simple action plan for ensuring the best ethical performance at all levels of business practice. This is a book anyone in business, from an entry-level employee to CEO, can use.
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Homburg, Stefan. Framework. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807537.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 sets out the basic framework. It considers an economy evolving indefinitely in discrete time, with producers, consumers, and a central bank as principal actors. Individuals plan over finite horizons and form expectations according to what they see. Money is conceived of as a commodity that is produced through credit creation rather than distributed by a fancy helicopter. This natural way to represent money is rarely followed in the literature and differs sharply from the usual helicopter drops because it ties money creation to credit creation. The chapter’s upshot is a system of simultaneous equations determining prices, wages, and the nominal interest rate. Using this solution, individuals revise their expectations, and the economy proceeds to the next period. The chapter concludes with functional and numerical specifications for later simulations, the purpose of which is to analyze key economic processes and to derive meaningful results.
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Simon, Gleeson. Part III Investment Banking, 13 Trading Book—Standardized Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0013.
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This chapter discusses trading book models. Risk models come in a variety of types. However, for market risk purposes there have been a number of types which may be used within the framework. The simplest is the ‘CAD 1’ model — named after the first Capital Adequacy Directive, which permitted such models to be used in the calculation of regulatory capital. VaR models, permitted by Basel 2, were more complex, and this complexity was increased by Basel 2.5, which required the use of ‘stressed VAR’. In due course all of this will be replaced by the Basel 3 FRTB calculation, which rejects VAR and is based on the calculation of an expected shortfall (ES) market risk charge, a VaR based default risk charge (DRC) (for those exposures where the bank is exposed to the default of a third party), and a stressed ES-based capital add-on.
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Freilich, Charles D. Israel’s New Strategic Setting. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190602932.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 analyzes the changes in Israel’s strategic environment in recent decades and presents an overview thereof today. Israel no longer faces existential threats or major conventional ones, the Arab world is in crisis, and the primary threat it now poses stems from its weakness. Peace with Egypt and Jordan is a strategic boon. Conversely, the de facto annexation of the West Bank negates the strategic depth provided by the 1967 borders and incorporates Palestinian terrorism into Israel itself. Acquisition of additional territory has become a liability, and military decision is hard to achieve without it. Hezbollah and Hamas have become significant threats, Iran a major one. The prospects for peace with the Palestinians are meager for now, and it is unclear whether the conflict with them is resolvable. The United States remains the primary player for Israel, but its decreasing regional stature affects its security adversely, as does Russia’s increasing influence.
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Kamtekar, Rachana. Psychology for Sophists. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798446.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 argues that in the Protagoras, Socrates hypothesizes, (1) ‘virtue is knowledge and vice ignorance’ because if true, it would explain how virtue can be taught (as Protagoras claims), and then argues for a ‘higher’ hypothesis, (3) ‘we always do what we believe to be the best of our options’, on the basis of a ‘highest’ hypothesis, ‘pleasure is the good’, for if true, these higher hypotheses would explain how virtue can be knowledge (as virtue’s teachability seems to require). The identification of the good with pleasure serves not only to introduce (3) in the Protagoras but also to replace a popular conception of the agent as moved to act by the strongest of competing forces with a conception of the agent as a subject representing actions as good/better and bad/worse and acting on what appears best.
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Michael, Blair, Walker George und Willey Stuart, Hrsg. Financial Markets and Exchanges Law. 3. Aufl. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198827528.001.0001.
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The book provides a comprehensive and authoritative analysis on the regulation of financial markets and market infrastructure. It focuses on stock markets and exchanges, associated trading, clearing, and settlement, and on payment systems, set in their historical and current contexts. This new edition addresses a number of major developments that have impacted the UK, wider European and international financial markets, such as within the UK, the PRA, the FCA and the Bank of England have become established financial regulators, each with its distinguishing responsibilities; MiFID has been substantially revised and strengthened through new directly applicable EU regulation; MiFID 2 also addresses the challenges posed by the use of fast-technology such as high frequency and algorithmic trading; and new technology is beginning to make an impact on the infrastructure of financial markets. This new edition includes updated content on the growing importance of financial technology with two new chapters on the emerging impact of financial technology on markets and on the regulation of markets. There is also a new chapter on MiFID 2 and MiFIR – the new securities trading architecture that will see the introduction of a new trading venue as well as significant changes to and the pre- and post-trade transparency and reporting regime. The introduction of mandatory trading of derivatives on trading venues is addressed together with the related post-EMIR regime for the mandatory clearing of certain classes of derivatives. Chapters on the role of the European Commission and ESMA have been updated, and consideration is given to the possible implications of Brexit for market location and access
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Cantor, Paul A. Pop Culture and the Dark Side of the American Dream. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813177304.001.0001.
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What is the American dream, and why has it proven so elusive for many people? By examining popular culture’s portrayal of the dark side of the American dream, this book seeks to answer these questions. Only when we see people fail in their pursuit of the American dream do we begin to understand its limitations and its inner contradictions. This book explores five representative examples of the American dream gone awry: (1) Huckleberry Finn; (2) the films of W. C. Fields; (3) the Godfather films;(4) Breaking Bad; and (5) The Walking Dead (and other “end-of-the-world” narratives). As these cases suggest, America, as the fresh-start nation, always threatens to become the land of the false start. America gives its people the freedom to reinvent themselves, but that easily turns into a license to imposture. The American ideal of the self-made man is shadowed by the specter of the con man, and the line between legitimate business and criminal activity sometimes becomes hard to draw clearly. Although the American dream is to achieve success in both family and business, the Godfather films and Breaking Bad show these goals tragically at odds. With its Hollywood endings, American popular culture is often thought to be naively optimistic; this book demonstrates that film and television creators have been capable of raising thoughtful questions about the validity and viability of the American dream, thus deepening our understanding of America itself.
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Widerquist, Karl, und Grant S. McCall. Nasty and Brutish? an Empirical Assessment of the Violence Hypothesis. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748678662.003.0009.
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This chapter empirically investigates two hypotheses often used to support the claim that virtually everyone is better off in state society than they could reasonably expect to be in any stateless environment. “The strong violence hypothesis” is the claim that violence in stateless societies is necessarily intolerable. “The weak violence hypothesis” is the claim that violence in stateless societies tends to be higher than in state society. Section 1 uses anthropological and historical evidence to examine violence in prehistoric stateless societies, early states, and contemporary states. Section 2 reviews evidence from modern stateless societies. Section 3 attempts to assemble anthropologists’ consensus view of violence in stateless societies. Section 4 evaluates the strong and weak hypotheses in light of this information, arguing that societies in which sovereignty is most absent maintain the ability to keep violence at tolerable levels. Although it is reasonable to suppose that stateless societies tend to have higher violence than contemporary state societies, some stateless societies have lower violence than some states. Because these findings reject 350 years of accumulated theory of sovereignty, Section 5 briefly discusses how bands are able to maintain peace without state-like institutions. Section 6 concludes.
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Meretoja, Hanna. Storytelling and Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190649364.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 explores the ethical implications of the hermeneutic approach to narrative. It proposes a framework for analyzing and evaluating narrative practices from an ethical perspective by differentiating between six aspects of their ethical potential. (1) It argues that the power of narratives to cultivate and expand one’s sense of the possible is ethically crucial. In relation to this key point, it suggests that narratives can (2) contribute to personal and cultural self-understanding; (3) provide an ethical mode of understanding other lives and experiences “non-subsumptively” in their singularity; (4) create, challenge, and transform narrative in-betweens; (5) develop one’s perspective-awareness and capacity for perspective-taking; and (6) function as a mode of ethical inquiry. The chapter develops a non-subsumptive model of narrative understanding and shows how the hermeneutic approach allows one to go beyond the dichotomous question of whether narratives are good or bad, toward appreciating their ethical complexity.
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Bitzer, Johannes. Teaching psychosomatic obstetrics and gynaecology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749547.003.0002.
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Gynaecologists and obstetricians are confronted with many tasks that require biopsychosocial competence, as explained in Chapter 2. Care for patients with unexplained physical symptoms, and patients with chronic incurable diseases, in various phases of their lives, require patient education, health promotion, counselling, and management of psychosocial problems. To obtain this competency, a curriculum is needed, which, besides gynaecology and obstetrics, includes elements of psychology, psycho-social medicine, and psychiatry, adapted to the specific needs of gynaecologists and obstetricians in their everyday work. A basic part of Chapter 2 shows the curriculum consists of teaching the knowledge, and skills derived from communication theory and practice including physician, and patient-centred communication with active listening, responding to emotions and information exchange as well as breaking bad news, risk-counselling, and shared decision-making. Building on these skills, trainees are introduced into the biopsychosocial process of diagnosis, establishing a 9-field comprehensive work-up using the ABCDEFG guideline (Affect, Behaviour, Conflict, Distress, Early life Experiences, False beliefs, Generalised frustration). The therapeutic interventions are based on a working alliance between the physician and the patient, and are taught as basic elements, which have to be combined according to the individual patient and the presenting situation. The overall technique for gynaecologists and obstetricians can be summarised as supportive counselling/psychotherapy. This includes elements such as catharsis, clarifying conflicts and conflict resolution, cognitive reframing, insight and understanding, stress reduction techniques, and helping in behavioural change (CCRISH).
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Schramm, Jan-Melissa. Censorship and the Representation of the Sacred in Nineteenth-Century England. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826064.001.0001.
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In the early nineteenth century, the biblical sublime found expression in the visual arts, the novel, the oratorio, and poetry, but spoken drama remained secular by force of precedent and law. The maintenance of this ban on religious theatrical representation was underpinned by Protestant anxieties about impersonation, performance, and the power of the image that persisted long after the Reformation. But by mid-century, the turn towards medievalism in visual culture, antiquarianism in literary history, and the ‘popular’ in constitutional reform placed England’s pre-Reformation past at the centre of debates about the uses of the public stage and the functions of a truly national theatrical literature. In this changing climate, how was England’s rich heritage of vernacular sacred drama to be understood? This book probes the tensions inherent in the idea of ‘incarnational art’—whether, after the Reformation, ‘presence’ was only to be conjured up in the mind’s eye by the act of reading, or whether drama could rightfully reclaim all the implications of ‘incarnation’ understood in the Christian tradition as ‘the word made flesh’. Chapters 1, 2, and 3 describe the recovery of the medieval mystery plays and their subsequent impact on the national imagination. The second half of the book looks at the gradual relaxation of the ban on the performance of sacred drama and asks whether Christian theatre can ever be truly tragic, whether art perpetually reanimates or appropriates sacred ideas, and whether there is any place for sacramental thought in a post-Darwinian, industrial age.
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Haferkamp, Hans-Peter. Legal Formalism and its Critics. Herausgegeben von Heikki Pihlajamäki, Markus D. Dubber und Mark Godfrey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198785521.013.41.
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Formalism is something bad. No one has ever referred to himself or herself as a formalist. Formalism amounts to an accusation and is an expression of anti-formalism. Formalists are portrayed as defending one-sided, often farcical views. Up to this day, this impedes access to the world these formalists inhabited, who actually thought on a more nuanced level than their critics. On top of that, formalism has always been used as a vague, polemic catchphrase, to describe a large number of different problems in a variety of contexts. In order to understand formalism, one must unravel these strands of discourse again. Four problem areas are distinguished on a historical level: anti-formalism as (1) a criticism of logical classifications of the positive law; (2) a criticism of the individualism of private law; (3) a criticism of a jurisprudence and judiciary considered to be out of touch with the world, as well as; (4) a criticism of the model of the separation of powers and the disregard for natural law.
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Böse, Martin, Hrsg. Europäisches Strafrecht. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748908630.
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Das <b>Europäische Strafrecht</b> nimmt zunehmend Einfluss auf die deutsche Strafrechtswissenschaft und -praxis. Die Entwicklungen nicht nur aufzuzeigen, sondern ihre Auswirkungen auf das nationale Straf- und Strafverfahrensrecht zu analysieren und einzuordnen, ist Gegenstand von Band 11 der „Enzyklopädie Europarecht“. <b>Die 2. Auflage</b> des großen Handbuchs systematisiert <b>auf aktuellem Stand</b> Schritt für Schritt die durch den Vertrag von Lissabon neuen primärrechtlichen Grundlagen, gibt detailliert Aufschluss über die Angleichung des Straf- und Strafverfahrensrechts und die Grundlagen der strafrechtlichen Zusammenarbeit in der Union. Fokus liegt dabei zugleich auf der demokratischen wie gerichtlichen Kontrolle der Akteure. <b>Aktuelle Entwicklungen</b> in der <b>Rechtsprechung </b>(z.B. zu den unionsrechtlichen und verfassungsrechtlichen Grenzen des Prinzips der gegenseitigen Anerkennung) und <b>Gesetzgebung</b>, z.B. zu gemeinsamen Mindeststandards für Verfahrensrechte im Strafverfahren, neuen Instrumenten der Zusammenarbeit (Europäische Ermittlungsanordnung oder den direkten grenzüberschreitenden Zugriff auf Clouddaten) oder zur Europäischen Staatsanwaltschaft, werden kritisch begleitet und systematisch im Gesamtkontext des europäischen Integrationsprozesses verankert. <b>Die Schwerpunkte</b> Grund- und Verfahrensrechte, Rechtsschutz Entwicklung auf das nationale Recht „Europadelikte“ Grenzüberschreitende Kriminalität Europäischer Haftbefehl Europäische Ermittlungsanordnung Vollstreckungshilfe Beweisrechtshilfe Polizeiliche Kooperationen Eurojurist, EJN <b>Die Autorinnen und Autoren</b> Prof. Dr. Stefanie Bock, Prof. Dr. Martin Böse, Dr. Christoph Burchard, Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Gerhard Dannecker, Prof. Dr. Robert Esser, Prof. Dr. Karsten Gaede, Prof. Dr. Klaus F. Gärditz, Prof. Dr. Pierre Hauck, Prof. Dr. Martin Heger, Prof. Dr. Suzan Denise Hüttemann, Prof. Dr. Thomas Krüßmann, Prof. Dr. Dieter Kugelmann, Prof. Dr. Frank Meyer, PD Dr. jur. habil. Christine Morgenstern, Apl. Prof. Dr. Peter Rackow, BVR Prof. Dr. Henning Radtke, Prof. Dr. Josef Ruthig, Prof. Dr. Helmut Satzger, Prof. Dr. Anne Schneider, Dr. Thomas Schröder, Prof. Dr. Carl-Friedrich Stuckenberg, Prof. Dr. Joachim Vogel †, Prof. Dr. Bettina Weißer, PD Dr. Frank Zimmermann und Prof. Dr. Mark A. Zöller.
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Watt, Gary. Equity & Trusts Law Directions. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198804703.001.0001.
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Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This book explains the key topics covered on equity and trusts courses. The content of the text is designed to emphasise the relationship between equity, trusts, property, contract, and restitution to enable students to map out conceptual connections between related legal ideas. There is also a focus on modern cases in the commercial sphere to reflect the constantly changing and socially significant role of trusts and equity. The book starts by introducing equity and trusts. It then includes a chapter on understanding trusts, and moves on to consider capacity and formality requirements, certainty requirements, and the constitution of trusts. Various types of trusts are then examined such as purpose, charitable, and variation trusts. The book then describes issues related to trusteeship. Breach of trust is explained, as is informal trusts of land. There is a chapter on tracing, and then the book concludes by looking at equitable liability of strangers to trust and equitable doctrines and remedies. This new edition includes coverage of significant recent cases, including Patel v Mirza [2016], Supreme Court on the right to recover wealth transferred between parties to an illegal scheme; Burnden Holdings (UK) Ltd v Fielding [2018] UKSC 14; [2018] 2 WLR 885, Supreme Court on limitation of actions; Barnett v Creggy [2016], Court of Appeal on breach of trust and limitation of actions; Singha v Heer [2016], Court of Appeal on facts giving rise to declaration of trust; Clydesdale Bank plc v John Workman [2016], Court of Appeal on dishonest assistance in a breach of trust; Bathurst v Bathurst [2016], on variation of trusts; Newman v Clarke [2016], on fiduciary conflict of interest; RBC Trustees (CI) Ltd v Stubbs [2017], on rectification of a trust deed on the ground of mistake; Erlam v Rahman [2016] EWHC 111 and JSC Mezhdunarodniy Promyshlenniy Bank v Pugachev [2017] EWHC 2426, on ‘sham” trusts’. It also provides coverage of the 2017 Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing and Transfer of Funds Regulations (SI 2017/692 as well as the EU Fourth Money Laundering Directive ((EU) 2015/849), as amended by the The EU Fifth Money Laundering Directive ((EU) 2018/843)
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Bock, Hans-Michael, Jan Distelmeyer und Jörg Schöning, Hrsg. Filmpionier und Mogul. edition text + kritik im Richard Boorberg Verlag, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783869168647.
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Joe May (1880–1954) war eine Zentralfigur des Weimarer Kinos. 1911 kam er als Regisseur zum Film, war aber schon bald auch als Produzent tätig. Er baute eine eigene Produktionsfirma auf und feierte mit seriellen Formaten wie der Joe-Deebs-Detektivserie und der melodramatischen Mia-May-Serie schnell Erfolge. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg wuchs seine Firma zu einem kleinen Imperium heran und umfasste eigene Ateliers und Außengelände in Berlin-Weißensee und Woltersdorf. Es entstanden Großproduktionen wie die 8-teilige Abenteuerserie "Die Herrin der Welt" (1919) und der 2-Teiler "Das indische Grabmal" (1921). Mays Filme – vor allem "Heimkehr" (1928) und "Asphalt" (1928/29) – gehören zu den Höhepunkten des Weimarer Kinos. Star der May-Filme war zumeist seine Frau Mia May, auch Tochter Eva (1902–1924) machte in ihrem kurzen Leben als Schauspielerin Karriere. Zum "Team" May gehörten außerdem eine Reihe von Mitarbeitern, darunter auch Fritz Lang und Thea von Harbou, denen die May-Filme zu ersten Erfolgen verhalfen und den Weg für die weitere Karriere ebneten. Einen maßgeblichen Beitrag zu den May-Filmen leisteten u. a. die Film-Architekten Erich Kettelhut, Martin Jacoby-Boy und Paul Leni. Aber auch das Wirken anderer Beteiligter, die bisher eher unsichtbar blieben, gilt es zu entdecken. In den Texten dieses Buchs beleuchten Filmhistoriker und -wissenschaftler das Scha?en Joe Mays im Weimarer Kino und im Exil sowie das seiner Mitarbeiter und Weggefährten. Zum Thema des Sammelbands erschien im November 2018 bereits das cinefest-Katalogbuch "Meister des Weimarer Kinos. Joe May und das wandernde Bild".
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Rostagno, Massimo, Carlo Altavilla, Giacomo Carboni, Wolfgang Lemke, Roberto Motto, Arthur Saint Guilhem und Jonathan Yiangou. Monetary Policy in Times of Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895912.001.0001.
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The 20th anniversary of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) offers an opportunity to look back on the record of the European Central Bank (ECB) and learn lessons that can improve the conduct of policy in the future. This volume charts the way the ECB has defined, interpreted, and applied its monetary policy framework—its strategy—over the years from its inception, in search of evidence and lessons that can inform those reflections. Our ‘Tale of Two Decades’ is largely a tale of ‘two regimes’: one—stretching slightly beyond the ECB’s mid-point—marked by decent growth in real incomes and a distribution of shocks to inflation almost universally to the upside; and the second—starting well into the post-Lehman period—characterized by endemic instability and crisis, with the distribution of shocks eventually switching from inflationary to continuously disinflationary. We show how the most defining feature of the ECB’s monetary policy framework, its characteristic definition of price stability with a hard 2 per cent ceiling, functioned as a key shock absorber in the relatively high-inflation years prior to the crisis, but offered a softer defence in the face of the disinflationary forces that hit the euro area in its aftermath. The imperative to halt persistent disinflation in the post-crisis era therefore called for a radical, unprecedented policy response, comprising negative policy rates, enhanced forms of forward guidance, a large asset purchase programme and targeted long-term loans to banks. We study the multidimensional interactions among these four instruments and quantify their impact on inflation and the macroeconomy.
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Kenyon, Ian R. Quantum 20/20. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808350.001.0001.
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This text reviews fundametals and incorporates key themes of quantum physics. One theme contrasts boson condensation and fermion exclusivity. Bose–Einstein condensation is basic to superconductivity, superfluidity and gaseous BEC. Fermion exclusivity leads to compact stars and to atomic structure, and thence to the band structure of metals and semiconductors with applications in material science, modern optics and electronics. A second theme is that a wavefunction at a point, and in particular its phase is unique (ignoring a global phase change). If there are symmetries, conservation laws follow and quantum states which are eigenfunctions of the conserved quantities. By contrast with no particular symmetry topological effects occur such as the Bohm–Aharonov effect: also stable vortex formation in superfluids, superconductors and BEC, all these having quantized circulation of some sort. The quantum Hall effect and quantum spin Hall effect are ab initio topological. A third theme is entanglement: a feature that distinguishes the quantum world from the classical world. This property led Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen to the view that quantum mechanics is an incomplete physical theory. Bell proposed the way that any underlying local hidden variable theory could be, and was experimentally rejected. Powerful tools in quantum optics, including near-term secure communications, rely on entanglement. It was exploited in the the measurement of CP violation in the decay of beauty mesons. A fourth theme is the limitations on measurement precision set by quantum mechanics. These can be circumvented by quantum non-demolition techniques and by squeezing phase space so that the uncertainty is moved to a variable conjugate to that being measured. The boundaries of precision are explored in the measurement of g-2 for the electron, and in the detection of gravitational waves by LIGO; the latter achievement has opened a new window on the Universe. The fifth and last theme is quantum field theory. This is based on local conservation of charges. It reaches its most impressive form in the quantum gauge theories of the strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions, culminating in the discovery of the Higgs. Where particle physics has particles condensed matter has a galaxy of pseudoparticles that exist only in matter and are always in some sense special to particular states of matter. Emergent phenomena in matter are successfully modelled and analysed using quasiparticles and quantum theory. Lessons learned in that way on spontaneous symmetry breaking in superconductivity were the key to constructing a consistent quantum gauge theory of electroweak processes in particle physics.
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Guerrero, Alexander A. Defense and Ignorance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922542.003.0016.
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This chapter has a negative thesis and a positive thesis. The negative thesis is that, at least in the arena of national security, electoral representative democracy is incompatible with popular sovereignty, a prerequisite of political legitimacy. The incompatibility arises due to five distinct but interrelated factors. First, confidentiality: strategic requirements of confidentiality and secrecy undermine meaningful political accountability. Second, ignorance: national security policy is technical and complicated to an extent that the average voter lacks the information and competence required to hold elected political officials meaningfully accountable for enacting responsive policy. Third, voter psychology: national security policy is an area in which low information leads to easy psychological distortion. Fourth, electoral pathology: national security policy is an area where elected officials have dramatically and inappropriately circumscribed policy options, given the electoral repercussions of appearing :weak” on security and given that many of the most significant costs of ineffective policy are borne by others—either people in other countries or future generations of Americans. Fifth, money: national security policy is a policy arena where there is a lot of money to be made by a relatively small number of individuals and corporations, making lobbying and electioneering for certain political outcomes a very high-value proposition for those entities. These five factors work together and overlap in complex ways. The end result is that national security policy created by elected officials (and their appointees) is (1) largely unresponsive to the core beliefs, values, and preferences of those in whose name it is enacted; and (2) bad policy for those in whose name it is enacted. Thus, in the arena of national security policy, we have at most nominal popular sovereignty, not real popular sovereignty. The positive thesis of this chapter is that there may be institutional reforms that could be made which would help us reclaim popular sovereignty in the arena of national security policy. In particular, we should consider the use of lottocratic institutions, which employ randomly selected citizens in policymaking roles. The chapter introduces and briefly defends these institutions as a possible solution to the problem of popular sovereignty in the national defense context.
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Essential facts about Covid-19: the disease, the responses, and an uncertain future. For South African learners, teachers, and the general public. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2021/0072.
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The first cases of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) were identified toward the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China. Over the following months, this virus spread to everywhere in the world. By now no country has been spared the devastation from the loss of lives from the disease (Covid-19) and the economic and social impacts of responses to mitigate the impact of the virus. Our lives in South Africa have been turned upside down as we try to make the best of this bad situation. The 2020 school year was disrupted with closure and then reopening in a phased approach, as stipulated by the Department of Education. This booklet is a collective effort by academics who are Members of the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf) and other invited scholars to help you appreciate some of the basic scientific facts that you need to know in order to understand the present crisis and the various options available to respond to it. We emphasise that the threat of infectious diseases is not an entirely new phenomenon that has sprung onto the stage out of nowhere. Infectious diseases and pandemics have been with us for centuries, in fact much longer. Scientists have warned us for years of the need to prepare for the next pandemic. Progress in medicine in the course of the 20th century has been formidable. Childhood mortality has greatly decreased almost everywhere in the world, thanks mainly, but not only, to the many vaccines that have been developed. Effective drugs now exist for many deadly diseases for which there were once no cures. For many of us, this progress has generated a false sense of security. It has caused us to believe that the likes of the 1918 ‘Spanish flu’ pandemic, which caused some 50 million deaths around the world within a span of a few months, could not be repeated in some form in today’s modern world. The Covid-19 pandemic reminds us that as new cures for old diseases are discovered, new diseases come along for which we are unprepared. And every hundred or so years one of these diseases wreaks havoc on the world and interferes severely with our usual ways of going about our lives. Today’s world has become increasingly interconnected and interdependent, through trade, migrations, and rapid air travel. This globalisation makes it easier for epidemics to spread, somewhat offsetting the power of modern medicine. In this booklet we have endeavoured to provide an historical perspective, and to enrich your knowledge with some of the basics of medicine, viruses, and epidemiology. Beyond the immediate Covid-19 crisis, South Africa faces a number of other major health challenges: highly unequal access to quality healthcare, widespread tuberculosis, HIV infection causing AIDS, a high prevalence of mental illness, and a low life expectancy, compared to what is possible with today’s medicine. It is essential that you, as young people, also learn about the nature of these new challenges, so that you may contribute to finding future solutions.