Thematische Bibliographien / Irrigation efficiency

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Irrigation efficiency“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 29. Juli 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Irrigation efficiency"

Kassaye, Kassu Tadesse, Wubengeda Admasu Yilma, Mehiret Hone Fisha und Dawit Habte Haile. „Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Potato under Alternate Furrows and Deficit Irrigation“. International Journal of Agronomy 2020 (24.11.2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8869098.

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The benefits of water-saving techniques such as alternate furrow and deficit irrigations need to be explored to ensure food security for the ever-increasing population within the context of declining availability of irrigation water. In this regard, field experiments were conducted for 2 consecutive dry seasons in the semiarid region of southwestern Ethiopia and investigated the influence of alternate furrow irrigation method with different irrigation levels on the yield, yield components, water use efficiency, and profitability of potato production. The experiment comprised of 3 irrigation methods: (i) conventional furrow irrigation (CFI), (ii) alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), and (iii) fixed furrow irrigation (FFI) combined factorially with 3 irrigation regimes: (i) 100%, (ii) 75%, and (iii) 50% of the potato water requirement (ETC). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design replicated thrice. Results revealed that seasonal irrigation water applied in alternate furrows was nearly half (170 mm) of the amount supplied in every furrow (331 mm). Despite the half reduction in the total amount of water, tuber (35.68 t ha−1) and total biomass (44.37 t ha−1) yields of potato in AFI did not significantly differ from CFI (34.84 and 45.35 t ha−1, respectively). Thus, AFI improved WUE by 49% compared to CFI. Irrigating potato using 75% of ETC produced tuber yield of 35.01 t ha−1, which was equivalent with 100% of ETC (35.18 t ha−1). Irrigating alternate furrows using 25% less ETC provided the highest net return of US$74.72 for every unit investment on labor for irrigating potato. In conclusion, irrigating alternate furrows using up to 25% less ETC saved water, provided comparable yield, and enhanced WUE and economic benefit. Therefore, farmers and experts are recommended to make change to AFI with 25% deficit irrigation in the study area and other regions with limited water for potato production to improve economic, environmental, and social performance of their irrigated systems.

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Chandel, Divya. „A PV Powered Solar Water Pumping System Using Microcontroller“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, Nr. 3 (31.03.2022): 526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40666.

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Abstract: The efficiency of the irrigation is predicated on the system uses, there are several different forms of irrigation system everywhere the planet however manual irrigations mistreatment motor pump are encountering several issues. Water resource distribution may be an important challenge to enhance crop productions. Tiny scale farmers are in want of an affordable and reliable system to irrigate crops and increase production. Presents PV battery-powered solar water pumping system for irrigationin developing countries. To design a water pumping system for irrigation that uses solar power for its operation. To style a pumping system that minimizes human interventions. To style a facility system that produces irrigation a lot of economical, since it’s planning to be operated by mobile phones. Solar battery-powered irrigation system is acceptable different for farmers in gift state of energy disaster automatic system. Planned wet detector primarily based star battery-powered system offers required waterto crop, water is used in good manner, through star panels, and electrical power downside isn't any a lot of. Keywords: Automated irrigation’s mobile, humidity sensor, Solar Panel

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Kruse, E. Gordon, James E. Ells und Ann E. McSay. „Scheduling Irrigations for Carrots“. HortScience 25, Nr. 6 (Juni 1990): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.6.641.

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A 3-year irrigation scheduling study on carrots (Daucus carota L.) was conducted at the Colorado State Univ. Horticulture Research Center near Fort Collins to determine the irrigation schedule that produced the best combination of high water use efficiency and marketable yields with the least amount of water and fewest irrigations. This study used an irrigation scheduling program developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service with crop coefficients calculated for carrots. Maximum carrot production and water use efficiency were obtained when the scheduling program simulated a 30-cm rooting depth at planting, increasing linearly to 60 cm in 75 days. Best yields and water use efficiency were attained by irrigating whenever 40% of the available water in the root zone had been depleted. The computer program for irrigation scheduling is available on diskette from the authors.

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Shah, Kiran R., und PROF A. I. Lalani PROF.A.I.Lalani. „Optimization of the Irrigation water Efficiency“. Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, Nr. 11 (01.10.2011): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/aug2012/18.

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Lankford, Bruce. „Localising irrigation efficiency“. Irrigation and Drainage 55, Nr. 4 (2006): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.270.

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Jensen, Marvin E. „Beyond irrigation efficiency“. Irrigation Science 25, Nr. 3 (06.02.2007): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00271-007-0060-5.

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Liakos, V., W. Porter, X. Liang, M. A. Tucker, A. McLendon und G. Vellidis. „Dynamic Variable Rate Irrigation – A Tool for Greatly Improving Water Use Efficiency“. Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, Nr. 2 (01.06.2017): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017000711.

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This paper will present a dynamic Variable Rate Irrigation System developed by the University of Georgia. The system consists of the EZZone management zone delineation tool, the UGA Smart Sensor Array (UGA SSA) and an irrigation scheduling decision support tool. An experiment was conducted in 2015 and 2016 in two different peanut fields to evaluate the performance of using the UGA SSA to dynamically schedule Variable Rate Irrigation (VRI). For comparison reasons strips were designed within the fields. These strips were irrigated according to either UGA SSA or Irrigator Pro recommendations. The results showed that Irrigator Pro is a conservative irrigation method which results in high yields. On the other hand the UGA SSA recommendations worked very well with the VRI system and in both years it recommended an average of 25% less irrigation water than the Irrigator Pro.

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KUMAR, JITENDER, AMARJEET NIBHORIA, PARMOD KUMAR YADAV, SATYAJEET, MUKESH JAT und SUNDEEP KUMAR ANTIL. „Relative performance of drip irrigation in comparison to conventional methods of irrigation in Indian mustard (<i>Brassica juncea</i>) in south-west Haryana“. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 93, Nr. 12 (19.12.2023): 1320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v93i12.123417.

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Application of water directly to the root zone through micro-irrigation system can reduce the water, fertilizer and labour requirements by improving their availability and use-efficiency. An experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 2019–20 and 2020–21 at the research farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bawal, Haryana to study the relative performance of drip irrigation in comparison to conventional methods of irrigation in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.]. The experiment consisted 7 treatments, viz. two irrigations through flooding (as per state recommendation) at flowering and siliqua formation stage; two irrigations through sprinkler at flowering and siliqua formation stage; three irrigations through sprinkler at flowering, siliqua formation and seed development stage; and 6, 8, 10 and 12 split irrigations were applied from 30 days after sowing (DAS) through drip at 12, 9, 7 and 6 days interval, respectively. Volume of irrigation water under each treatment was same as under recommended practice of two flood irrigations (120 mm). Irrigation applied through drip at 6 days interval in 12 splits and at 7 days interval in 10 splits produced statistically similar seed yield to each other (22.51 and 21.94 q/ha, respectively) and significantly higher than recommended irrigation practice (18.92 q/ha) and sprinkler method of irrigation (18.62 and 19.32 q/ha) during 2019–20. The irrigation through drip in 12 splits (10 mm each) at an interval of 6 days between 30 to100 days after sowing also recorded the highest irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) (188 and 181 kg/ha-cm in 2019–20 and 2020–21, respectively). Based on these findings, it can be suggested to apply irrigation in Indian mustard through drip in 12 splits (10 mm depth each) at an interval of 6 days between 30 to100 DAS to get higher yield and water use efficiency.

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GURJAR, D. S., R. KAUR und K. P. SINGH. „Irrigation requirement, water use efficiency and bulb productivity of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa) under varied wastewater-groundwater irrigation regimes“. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, Nr. 12 (11.12.2018): 1893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i12.85442.

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A field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of wastewater irrigation on bulb productivity and water use efficiency in tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) under varied wastewater-groundwater irrigation regimes at Water Technology Centre (WTC) farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during three consecutive years (2013-16). The experiment comprised varied wastewater irrigation schedules [at 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 irrigation depth (ID)/cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) ratios], conjunctive use of ground and municipal wastewaters (at ID/CPE of 1.0) and only groundwater irrigations (at ID/CPE of 1.0) were laid-out in randomized block design with three replications. Results indicated that maximum irrigations (32 nos.) were applied in the plots where wastewater irrigations applied at 1.4 ID/CPE, whereas minimum irrigations (14 nos.) were applied in the treatment of wastewater irrigations at 0.6 ID/CPE. Irrigation requirement of tuberose was appreciable which increased from 700 mm to 1600mm with increasing ID/CPE. The data on bulb parameters such as number of bulblets (bulbs having diameter less than 20 mm), number of bulbs (bulbs having diameter more than 20 mm), bulb diameter, bulb length, weight of bulblets, weight of bulbs, and total bulb yield/plant were significantly not altered under application of wastewater irrigation at different ID/CPE, whereas appreciably higher values were observed in the treatment where wastewater irrigations were applied at 1.2 ID/CPE.

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Karam, Nabila S., und Alexander X. Niemiera. „INTERMITTENT SPRINKLER IRRIGATION INCREASES IRRIGATION APPLICATION EFFICIENCY“. HortScience 28, Nr. 5 (Mai 1993): 561g—562. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.561g.

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Experiments were conducted to determine if applying a container-grown plant's daily water allotment in multiple applications (intermittently) increased application efficiency relative to the allotment applied in a single application (continuous). Water was applied (simulated overhead sprinkler system) to marigold plants in a pine bark substrate. Time interval between intermittent applications and water movement in the substrate were investigated. Application efficiency was greater when the water allotment was applied intermittently compared to a single application. Efficiency was also greater when the interval between applications was increased from one to two h. Sectioning substrate into top, middle, and bottom thirds showed that the bottom layer of the intermittent treatment contained more water than the bottom layer for the continuous treatment. There were no differences in water content in the top and middle layers between the two treatments.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Irrigation efficiency"

Young, Lauren. „Irrigation Methods and Their Effects on Irrigation Water Efficiency in High Tunnels“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1609101/.

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Improving water efficiency is and will continue to be a top concern to meet the world food production demands for a growing population. By having a clear understanding of water efficiencies, communities will be able to address these concerns from an economic standpoint and use more productive methods to grow food and limit water consumption. This study examines the water efficiencies of three irrigation methods over a single growing season in southeastern Oklahoma. Two crops, tomatoes and cucumbers, were grown using drip irrigation, a self-wicking container, and a non-circulating hydroponics barrel. Results at the end of the season showed the drip irrigation method had the highest water efficiency in terms of yield of product over water applied for both crops. The drip irrigation method also had the lowest associated set up costs and second lowest time requirements after the hydroponics method. These results were found to be consistent with other studies that compared drip irrigation to other irrigation methods and showed drip to have the highest water efficiencies.

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Sedibe, Moosa Mahmood. „Optimising water use efficiency for crop production“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53541.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Poor water management and poor water use efficiency (WUE) have been identified as one of the major problems experienced by vegetable growers in most of the developing countries, including South Africa. This poor management and poor utilization of water have led to a drastic decline in the quality and quantity of available water. In South Africa agriculture uses about 50% of available water. Increasing water demand for domestic, industrial and mining uses, may decrease agriculture's share to less than the current 50%, henceforth, better utilization of this resource is imperative. Selection of a good irrigation system can limit water loss considerably. Some irrigation systems have a potential to save more water than others do. Since irrigation systems affect the WUE of crops, care should be taken when selecting an irrigation system under conditions of limited water quantity. Ebb-and- Flood watering systems have been introduced for effective sub-irrigation and nutrient delivery within closed systems. Such a system was adapted in South Africa, to develop a vegetable production unit for use by families in rural communities, while saving substantial amounts of water. A need to further improve the WUE of this system was subsequently identified. Two studies were conducted at the experimental farm of the University of Stellenbosch (Department of Agronomy). The first trial was conducted under controlled conditions in a glasshouse, and the second under open field conditions. In the first trial, Beta vulgaris (Swiss chard) and Amaranthus spp. ('Imbuya') were grown in two root media; gravel and pumice. In addition, an 'Ebb-and-Flood' and a 'Constant level' system were used with nutrient solutions at two electrical (EC) conductivity levels 1.80 and 3.60 mS cm-I. The results of this (2x2x2x2) factorial experiment indicated that a combination of the 'Ebb-and-Flood' system with gravel as a root medium produced the best results at a low EC, when 'imbuya' was used. A high total WUE was found with 'imbuya', (7.35 g L-I) at EC 1.80 mS cmicompared to a relatively low WUE of 5. 90 g L-I when the 3.60 mS cm-I nutrient solution was used. In the second trial, 'Imbuya's' foliage dry mass, leaf area and WUE was evaluated under field conditions at the Stellenbosch University experimental farm, during the summer of2002. The experimental farm (33°55'S, 18°52'E) is situated in the cooler coastal wine grape-producing region of South Africa with a relatively high annual winter rainfall. This trial was conducted on an alluvial soil, with clay content of 25% and a pH of 5.9 (KC!). A closed 'Ebb-and-Flood' system was compared with two open field irrigation systems ('Drip' and 'Flood') using nutrient solutions at two electrical conductivity levels (1.80 and 3.60 mS cm-i) in all three cases. Foliage dry mass, leaf area as well as WUE was best with 'Drip' irrigation, when a nutrient solution with an electrical conductivity of 3.60 mS cm-i was used. In spite of the fact that additional ground water was available for the soil grown 'Drip' and 'Flood' treatments, the 'Ebb-and-Flood' system outperformed the 'Flood' treatment, especially when the nutrient solution with an EC of 3.6 mS cm-i was used. Insufficient root aeration in the flooded soil could have been a contributing factor. The fact that the 'Ebb-and-Flood' and 'Drip' systems gave the best results when the high EC solution was used to fertigate the plants, may indicate that the plants could have hardened due to the mild EC stress, better preparing them to adapt to the extreme heat that was experienced in the field.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Swak: bestuur van water en 'n swak: water-gebruik-doeltreffendheid (WOD) is as een van die belangrikste probleme geïdentifiseer wat deur groente produsente in die meeste ontwikkelende lande, insluitend Suid-Afrika, ervaar word. Hierdie swak bestuur en benutting van water het daartoe bygedra dat 'n drastiese afname in die kwaliteit asook in die kwantiteit van beskikbare water ervaar word. In Suid-Afrika gebruik die landbou-sektor ongeveer 50% van die beskikbare water. Toenemende water behoeftes vir huisgebruik, industrieë en die mynbou mag hierdie 50% aandeel van die landbou sektor laat krimp. Beter benutting van hierdie skaars hulpbron is dus noodsaaklik. Die keuse van goeie besproeiingsisteme mag waterverliese merkbaar beperk aangesien sekere sisteme se water-besparingspotensiaal beter as ander is. Aangesien besproeiingstelsels die WOD van gewasse beïnvloed, is spesiale sorg nodig waar 'n besproeiingstelsel onder hierdie toestande van beperkte waterbronne gekies moet word. 'Ebb-en-Vloed' sisteme kan aangewend word om water en voedingselemente van onder in 'n wortelmedium te laat opstoot en in 'n geslote sisteem te laat terugdreineer. So 'n sisteem is in Suid-Afrika ontwikkel waarmee groente vir families in landelike gebiede geproduseer kan word terwyl water bespaar word. 'n Behoefte om die WOD van hierdie produksiesisteem verder te verbeter is egter geïdentifiseer. Twee ondersoeke is by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch se proefplaas (Departement Agronomie) gedoen. Die eerste proef is onder beheerde omgewingstoestande in 'n glashuis uitgevoer en die tweede onder veld toestande. In die eerste proef is Beta vulgaris (Snybeet) en Amaranthus spp. ('Imbuya') in twee tipes wortelmedia; gruis en puimsteen verbou. 'n 'Ebb-en-Vloed' asoook 'n 'Konstante vlak' besproeiingsisteem is gebruik terwyl voedingsoplossings ook by twee peile van elektriese geleiding (EC) teen 1.80 en 3.60 mS cm-I toegedien is. Die resultate van hierdie (2x2x2x2) fakroriaal eksperiment het aangetoon dat 'n kombinasie van die 'Ebb-en-Vloed' sisteem met gruis as 'n wortelmedium die beste resultate teen 'n lae EC lewer waar 'imbuya' gebruik is. Die WOD met 'imbuya' was hoog (7.35 g L-1) by 'n EC van 1.80 mS cm-I, vergeleke met 'n relatief lae WOD van 5. 90 g L-1 waar die 3.60 mS cm-I voedingsoplossing gebruik is. In die tweede proef is 'Imbuya' se droë blaarmassa, blaar oppervlakte en WOD onder veldtoestande op die Universiteit van Stellenbsoch se proefplaas in die somer van 2002 ge-evalueer. Die proefplaas (33°55'S, 18°52'E) is in die koeler kusstreke van die wyndruif produksiegebied in die winterreëngebied van Suid-Afrika geleë. Hierdie proef is op alluviale grond met 25% klei en 'n pH van 5.9 (KCi) uitgevoer. 'n Geslote 'Ebb-en-Vloed' sisteem is met twee veld-besproeiingsisteme vergelyk ('Drup' en 'Vloed') terwyl voedingsoplossings teen twee peile van elektriese geleiding (1.80 en 3.60 mS cm-I) in al drie gevalle gebruik is. Blaar droëmassa, blaaroppervlakte asook die WGD was die beste met 'Drup' besproeiing waar die EC van die voedingsoplossing 3.60 mS cm-I was. Ten spyte van die feit dat ekstra grondwater vir die 'Drup' and 'Vloed' behandelings beskikbaar was, het die 'Ebben- Vloed' stelsel beter as die 'Vloed' behandeling gedoen veral waar die voedingsoplossing se EC 3.6 mS cm-I was. Swak wortelbelugting was waarskynlik die rede waarom vloedbesproeiing swak produksie gelewer het. Die feit dat die 'Drup' en die 'Ebb-en-Vloed' behandelings in die veldproef die beste gedoen het waar die EC hoog was, mag moontlik met die gehardheid van die plante verband hou wat aan ekstreem warm en dor toestande blootgestel was.

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Karlberg, Louise. „Irrigation with saline water using low-cost drip-irrigation systems in sub-Saharan Africa“. Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209.

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Stevens, Joseph Benjamin. „Adoption of irrigation scheduling methods in South Africa“. Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05162007-173724.

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Nickerson, Joel. „The Role of Knowledge and Attitude in Residential Irrigation Efficiency“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149645/.

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Residential irrigation efficiency is a long-term concern for any community that faces water supply stress. When ability to raise water prices is constrained, public education and conservation programs can produce reduced water usage. Understanding the factors behind residential irrigation efficiency allows the design of more effective conservation campaigns. Combining site-specific water budgets with usage data for four hundred homes in North Texas enables quantifying efficient irrigation behavior. A survey of homeowners tests for the presence of conservation-positive attitudes and the knowledge required to implement those attitudes. The influence of neighbors’ watering habits is investigated using spatial clustering tools. Findings are analyzed in the context of an attitude, knowledge, and habit model of conservation behavior. The presence of automatic irrigation systems, small irrigated areas, and having knowledge of the amount that one waters one’s lawn are found to contribute to more intensive irrigation. Mixed evidence for small-scale clustering in irrigation intensity is presented.

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Lacey, Timothy R. „Improving irrigation efficiency : raingun performance in field scale vegetable production“. Thesis, Cranfield University, 2006. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11407.

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In England and Wales, rising demands on water resources and competition between sectors is leading to increased pressure on field vegetable growers to irrigate more efficiently. Approximately 40,000ha of field scale vegetables are irrigated in England and Wales in a dry year. Between 60% and 90% of this area is estimated to be irrigated using hose-reels fitted with rainguns. However, despite their popularity, these systems are inherently non-uniform in water distribution, particularly in windy conditions. Improving their application uniformity has therefore been identified as one of the most practical solutions to increasing irrigation efficiency for field vegetable growers. This thesis develops an integrated approach to model the spatial and temporal impacts of irrigation non-uniformity on the yield and quality of a vegetable crop grown in the UK. The research used carrots as a representative crop because of their sensitivity to irrigation and high importance within the field vegetable sector. The impacts of a range of raingun equipment and management strategies (field orientation, lane spacing, sector angle, night versus day irrigation) have been evaluated. Two models were used to simulate raingun irrigation. TRAVGUN was first used to generate a database of wind affected wetted pattems for a typical raingun system. 'TRAVELLER' then simulated raingun movement down and across a field, applying these pattems according to ambient wind conditions and a pre-defined range of equipment and management strategies. Carrot yield response to spatially variable irrigation was simulated using the model Carrot Calculator". A spreadsheet model was also developed to quantify the impacts of irrigation non-uniformity on carrot quality. The models were calibrated and validated using data collected during 2003 and 2004 from field sites on commercial farms in East Anglia. The outputs from the research include new information, datasets and detailed maps showing the spatial and temporal pattems of irrigation application and their consequent impacts on crop yield and quality. The findings demonstrated that the raingun equipment and management strategies employed by growers can have a considerable impact on application uniformity, and hence on crop production. Of particular importance were the closely linked variables of lane spacing and sector angle. The I analyses suggested that the highest application uniformity occurred using a lane spacing of 70 m and a sector angle of 210° where wind speeds were < 2 m s". At higher wind speeds, narrowing the lane spacing to 60 m and using a sector angle of 180° (or 210Â ° where the wind speed was greater than 3 m s`l) provided maximum uniformity. If the lane spacing cannot be altered from 70 m, increasing the sector angle to 240° at higher wind speeds improved uniformity. The industry recommended lane spacing of 72 m may therefore be marginally too wide, particularly under windy conditions. The research also confirms that orientating fields/travel lanes perpendicularly to the prevailing wind direction and irrigating at night when wind speeds are typically lower can help reduce application non-uniformity. These findings have helped to substantiate many of the measures being widely discussed for improving irrigation efficiency. The integrated approach has also enabled the combination of various equipment and management strategies to be more thoroughly evaluated than was previously possible. Irrigation uniformity was found to have a considerable impact on carrot crop yield and, in particular, quality. For example, in a typical dry year, simulated non-uniform irrigation resulted in a total yield loss of 4%, a marketable yield loss of 8% and a premium root yield loss of 11%. This could have resulted in an income loss of approximately .E288-585 ha" (4-8%). Importantly, and contrary to grower perceptions, this research demonstrated that a small but appreciable crop loss (up to 1%) may occur due to just a single non-uniform irrigation during critical crop growth periods. This research has provided useful insight and new information in support of developing recommendations to assist growers not only in improving their crop production but also in demonstrating efficient irrigation both for meeting grower protocol requirements and at abstraction licence renewal. I addition, the findings will help inform the regulatory authorities on the complexities and difficulties of achieving efficient irrigation. The research approach could also be readily utilised by manufacturers to assist in designing and improving raingun equipment. Although the modelling approach was developed for raingun irrigated carrots, the methodology could be readily extended to other crops and overhead irrigation systems to provide tools for growers and the crop services industry to evaluate system performance and the impacts for crop production.

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Alazba, Abdulrahman Ali. „Efficiency of irrigation borders as affected by inflow hydrograph shape“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186677.

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The objective of this study was to determine how border irrigation performance is affected by inflow hydrograph shape. Sloping borders with open end boundary condition were selected for the study. A computer program called SRFR was used for simulations with the choice of zero inertia model as the mathematical model describing the movement of water along the border run. Five inflow hydrograph shapes were chosen from over fifteen shapes for evaluation. They are named as follows: constant (CON), cutback (CB), cablegation (CG), modified cutback (MCB), and modified cablegation (MCG). Different ranges of the input parameters were used to cover a wide spectrum of field conditions. Input parameters ranges and values are four infiltration families, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0; three slopes, 0.001, 0.0025, and 0.005; two field lengths, 650 ft and 1300 ft; three Manning's roughnesses, 0.04, 0.15, and 0.25; and three volumes, low, med., and high, which reflect 2, 4, and 6 inches of required depth. It has been found that the inflow hydrograph shape has a substantial influence on the maximum application efficiency, maximum Eₐ. Values of maximum Eₐ range from 61 percent to 80 percent. While CG gives the lowest average value of maximum Eₐ, 61 percent, CB and MCB give the highest average maximum Eₐ at 80 percent. CON gives an average value equal to 71 percent. MCG has an average value close to those given by CB and MCB and equal to 78 percent. The maximum Eₐ values range from low of zero to as high as 95 percent. Fortunately, more than 90 percent of the 216 values for each inflow hydrograph are above 70 percent for all shapes except CG. Most values fall between 70 to 80 percent for CON, 75 to 90 percent for CB, 80 to 95 for MCB, and 75 to 85 for MCG. CG has a much wider range with most maximum Eₐ values falling between 40 and 85 percent. CB and MCB are more sensitive to changes in the input parameters than CON and MCC, but far less than CG, which is the most sensitive.

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Eustice, Tarryn. „Efficiency of irrigation practices for table grapes in the Hex River Valley“. Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/835.

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Mohamed, Nahla Abdel-Fattah Hemdan. „Irrigation systems“. Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16977.

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In der Wintersaison 2005-2006 wurde ein Split-Split Plot-Design Feldversuch mit drei Wiederholungen für jede Behandlung von Kartoffeln, als Indikatorpflanze, unter den ariden Bedingungen der Kharga Oasis in der Westlichen Wüste von Ägypten durchgeführt. Drei Bewässerungslevel (100 %, 80 %, und 60 % of ETc) mit Tröpfchenbewässerung, zwei Mulchvarianten (Zuckerrübenabfall ohne und mit 24 ton ha-1) und 4 Kompostraten (0, 12, 24, und 36 ton ha-1) wurden getestet. Generell und als Ergebnis einer Regressionsanalyse der Versuchsvarianten ohne Kompost war die beste Variante die Tröpfchenbewässerung bei 80% ETc unabhängig ob gemulcht oder nicht gemulcht wurde. Andererseits die Variante mit 36 t Kompost und mit 24 t Mulch ergab die besten Ergebnisse bei 60% of ETc sowohl beim Ertrag und den Ertragskomponenten, bei den hydrophysikalischen Eigenschaften, bei der Bodenwasserretention, beim Wasserverbrauch, bei den Pflanzenkoeffizienten, der Wassernutzungseffizienz, der Düngernutzungseffizienz sowie beim Nettogewinn. Wird die Rate der Kompostgabe aber auf 24 ton ha-1 reduziert, die höchsten Nettogewinne bei der lokalen Vermarktung als auch signifikant beim Kartoffelexport werden erreicht.
Under the arid condition of Kharga Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt, split-split plot design field experiment with three replications for each treatment using potato as an indicator plant was carried out during the winter season 2005-2006. Three irrigation levels of water regime (100 %, 80 %, and 60 % of ETc) using drip irrigation system, two treatments of soil covering (sugar cane wastes at the rate of 0 and 24 ton /ha) and compost rates (0, 12, 24, and 36 ton ha-1) were tested. In general and as a result of the triple interaction among the studied treatments, using drip irrigation either with soil mulching or not, 80 % of ETc as a water regime was the best. On the other hand, reducing drip irrigation water level at 60% of ETc in mulched soil that was treated with 36 ton ha-1 of compost recorded the highest values yield and yield components, soil hydrophysical properties, soil water retention, water consumption, crop coefficients, water economy water use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, net profit. But reducing the compost rate to 24 ton ha-1 attained the highest net profit for local potato consumption and achieved the best significant net profit for exportation.

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Munyinda, Kalaluka. „Efficiency of water and nitrogen use by wheat and legumes in Zambia“. Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75446.

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Maximum wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields in Zambia were obtained with weekly irrigation at 85% of class A pan evaporation during the whole irrigation interval and split application of urea N of which the initial portion of the fertilizer was either broadcast and incorporated or broadcast after the crop had established itself. This corresponded with maximum utilization of fertilizer N. The proportion of N derived from fertilizer was independent of fertilizer placement at various water regimes and N utilization was primarily a function of water availability.
Two nonnodulating soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars, Clark RJ1 and N77, or in their absence Pearl millet (Panicum glaucum L.) were judged to be appropriate reference crops for estimating N$ sb2$ fixation by soybeans using $ sp{15}{ rm N}$ isotope dilution techniques. A local soybean cultivar, Magoye, was rated highest among three cultivars tested for its ability to support N$ sb2$ fixation by Bradyrhizobium japonicum and contributed biologically fixed N$ sb2$ to a subsequent wheat crop.

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Bücher zum Thema "Irrigation efficiency"

Sagebiel, Julian, Christian Kimmich, Malte Müller, Markus Hanisch und Vivek Gilani. Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Irrigation. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22515-9.

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Bowman, Jean A. Irrigation practices in Illinois. Champaign, Ill. (2204 Griffith Dr., Champaign 61820-7495): State of Illinois, Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources, Board of Natural Resources and Conservation, State Water Survey Division, 1991.

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Hillel, Daniel. The efficient use of water in irrigation: Principles and practices for improving irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions. USA: World Bank, 1987.

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Dukes, Michael Dale. Residential irrigation efficiency assessment: Final report. [Palatka, Fla.]: St. Johns River Water Management District, 2004.

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Dukes, Michael Dale. Residential irrigation efficiency assessment: Final report. [Palatka, Fla.]: St. Johns River Water Management District, 2004.

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Dukes, Michael Dale. Residential irrigation efficiency assessment: Final report. [Palatka, Fla.]: St. Johns River Water Management District, 2004.

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D, Dhawan B. Studies in Indian irrigation. New Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers, 1999.

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Victoria. Office of the Auditor-General. Supporting changes in farming practices: Sustainable irrigation. Melbourne, Vic: Victorian Government Printer, 2011.

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Australia, Irrigation Association of, und Queensland. Dept. of Natural Resources., Hrsg. 1998 national conference and exhibition: Proceedings : Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre, water is gold, 19-21 May 1998. Brisbane: Dept. of Natural Resources, 1998.

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Saleh, Abul Fazal M. Opportunities of water saving and cost reduction in irrigated boro rice at farmers' level: Final report. [Dhaka]: Institute of Water and Flood Management, BUET in collaboration with Institute of Water Modelling, 2009.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Irrigation efficiency"

Glassman, Gary, und Karine Charara. „Apical Negative Pressure: Safety, Efficacy and Efficiency“. In Endodontic Irrigation, 157–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16456-4_9.

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Letey, J., G. E. Cardon und Iddo Kan. „Irrigation Efficiency and Uniformity“. In Irrigation of Agricultural Crops, 117–32. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr30.2ed.c4.

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Whitmore, J. S. „Irrigation Systems and Efficiency“. In Drought Management on Farmland, 208–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9562-9_21.

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Keller, Jack, und Ron D. Bliesner. „Set Sprinkler Uniformity and Efficiency“. In Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation, 86–122. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1425-8_6.

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Hamada, Youssef M. „Efficiency Use of Irrigation Water“. In The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, its Impact on Egyptian Agriculture and the Potential for Alleviating Water Scarcity, 151–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54439-7_10.

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Alves Marques, Patricia Angélica, Verônica Gaspar Martins Leite de Melo, José Antônio Frizzone und Antonio Pires de Camargo. „Irrigation Assessment: Efficiency and Uniformity“. In Handbook of Irrigation Hydrology and Management, 13–29. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429290152-3.

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Perrier, E. R., und A. B. Salkini. „Water Quality, Irrigation Measurement and Efficiency“. In Supplemental Irrigation in the Near East and North Africa, 177–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3766-9_12.

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Mukherjee, Prasun, Subhasish Das und Asis Mazumdar. „Micro-irrigation: An Unsustainable Race to Achieve Higher Irrigation Efficiency“. In Sustainable Environmental Engineering and Sciences, 11–17. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0823-3_2.

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Khodke, U. M. „Water use efficiency of sorghum under drip irrigation“. In Micro Irrigation Scheduling and Practices, 185–94. Other titles: Innovations and challenges in micro irrigation ; [v. 7] Description: Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2017. | Series: Innovations and challenges in micro irrigation ; [volume 7]: Apple Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315207384-10.

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Gupta, R. „Water use efficiency for sugarcane under drip irrigation“. In Micro Irrigation Scheduling and Practices, 173–83. Other titles: Innovations and challenges in micro irrigation ; [v. 7] Description: Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2017. | Series: Innovations and challenges in micro irrigation ; [volume 7]: Apple Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315207384-9.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Irrigation efficiency"

Taylor, P., und E. Harris. „The contribution of water accounting to irrigation efficiency“. In SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/si060341.

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Klein, K. K., S. N. Kulshreshtha, M. K. Ali und R. Bewer. „Improving water use efficiency in southern Alberta irrigated agriculture: choice of criterion“. In SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION 2010. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/si100181.

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Hanson, B., und D. May. „Evapotranspiration, yield, crop coefficients, and water use efficiency of drip and furrow irrigated processing tomatoes“. In SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/si060041.

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Katerji, N., M. Mastrorilli, M. M. Nachit, J. W. van Hoorn, A. Hamdy, T. Oweis, O. Abdalla und S. Grando. „Salt tolerance classification of winter cereal varieties according to grain yield performance and water use efficiency“. In SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/si080111.

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„Effect of Irrigation Technique on the Efficiency of Furrow Irrigation“. In International Conference on Chemical, Environmental and Biological Sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c0315068.

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Nkgapele, R. J., und M. S. Mphosi. „Effect of irrigation frequency and NPK level on yield efficiency, resource use and harvest index of indigenous wild cucumberCucumis africanus“. In SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/si120331.

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Glovatskii, O., A. Dzhurabekov, U. Sadiev, Sh Rustamov, J. Rashidov und A. Saparov. „Improving the efficiency of irrigation pumps“. In THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE CONSTRUCTION MECHANICS, HYDRAULICS AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING (CONMECHYDRO 2021 AS). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0113295.

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Tsvetanov, Filip, und Kiril Kuzmanov. „Communication Challenges in Smart Irrigation Systems“. In 2024 9th International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Agricultural Engineering (EE&AE). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eeae60309.2024.10600603.

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Melissa C. Baum, Michael D. Dukes und Grady L. Miller. „Residential Irrigation Uniformity and Efficiency in Florida“. In 2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.9377.

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Nilsson, Torbjorn M., William E. Vargas und Gunnar A. Niklasson. „Pigmented foils for radiative cooling and condensation irrigation“. In Optical Materials Technology for Energy Efficiency and Solar Energy Conversion XIII, herausgegeben von Volker Wittwer, Claes G. Granqvist und Carl M. Lampert. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.185370.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Irrigation efficiency"

Wilfert, G. L., und B. J. Harrer. Energy efficiency of Pacific Northwest agriculture irrigation pumping systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), März 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6620053.

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Lonsdale, Whitney R., Wyatt F. Cross, Charles E. Dalby, Sara E. Meloy und Ann C. Schwend. Evaluating Irrigation Efficiency: Toward a Sustainable Water Future for Montana. The Montana University System Water Center, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/mwc202011.

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Water is our most valuable natural resource, and is used to support the demands of industry, agriculture, hydroelectric power generation, and municipalities. Water also sustains Montana’s booming recreation and tourism economy and maintains the diverse freshwater ecosystems that provide natural goods and services and promote human well-being. As our population continues to grow, and the collective demand for water increases, it is imperative that we carefully assess how our water is used, as well as how changes in water distribution, management, and governance are likely to influence its availability in the future. This is especially important in the context of a changing climate.

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Makombe, G. A comparative analysis of the technical efficiency of rain-fed and smallholder irrigation in Ethiopia. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2011.202.

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Miyamoto, Seiichi, und Rami Keren. Improving Efficiency of Reclamation of Sodium-Affected Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, Dezember 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570569.bard.

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Sodium affected soils, along with salt-affected soils, are distributed widely in irrigated areas of the arid and semi-arid region of the world. Some of these soils can and must be reclaimed to meet the increasing demand for food, and existing irrigated lands must be managed to reduce salinization and alkalization associated with deteriorating irrigation water quality. This project was conducted for examining ways to reduce the use of chemical amendments and large quantities of leaching water for reclaiming sodic soils or for preventing soil sodification, We hypothesized that sodicity of calcareous soils irrigated with moderately sodic irrigation water can be controlled by maximizing dissolution of soil CaCO3. The work performed in Israel has shown that dissolution of CaCO3 can be enhanced by elevating the CO2 partial pressure in soils, and by increasing pore water velocity. The concentration of Ca in pore water was at an order of 1.5 mmolc L-1 at a CO2 partial pressure of 5 kPa, which is sufficient to maintain SAR below 4 at salinity of irrigation water of 0.5 dS m-1 or less. Incorporation of crop residue at a flesh weight of 100 Mg ha-1 reduced the exchangeable Na percentage from 19 to 5%, while it remained 14% without crop residue application These findings indicate a possibility of preventing soil sodification with appropriate crop rotation and residue management without chemical amendments, provided that soils remain permeable. In the case of highly sodic soils, dissolution of CaCO3 alone is usually insufficient to maintain soil permeability during initial leaching. We examined the effect of salinity and sodicity on water infiltration, then developed a way to estimate the amendments required on the basis of water infiltration and drainage characteristics, rather than the traditional idea of reducing the exchangeable Na percentage to a pre-fixed value. Initial indications from soil column and lysimeter study are that the proposed method provides realistic estimates of amendment requirements. We further hypothesized that cultivation of salt-tolerant plants with water of elevated salinity can enhance reclamation of severely Na-affected soils primarily through improved water infiltration and increased dissolution of CaCO3 through respiration. An outdoor lysimeter experiment using two saline sodic Entisols sodded with saltgrass for two seasons did not necessarily support this hypothesis. While there was an evidence of increased removal of the exchangeable Na originally present in the soils, the final salinity and sodicity measured were lowest without sod, and highest when sodded. High transpiration rates, coupled with low permeability and/or inadequate leaching seemed to have offset the potential benefits of increased CaCO3 dissolution and subsequent removal of exchangeable Na. Although vegetative means of reclaiming sodic soils had been reported to be effective in sandy soils with sufficient permeability, additional study is needed for its use in saline sodic soils under the high evaporative demand. The use of cool season grass after initial salt leaching with CaCl2 should be explored. Results obtained from this project have several potential applications, which include the use of crop residues for maintaining sodium balance, the use of CaCl2 for initial leaching of poorly permeable clayey sodic soils, and appraisal of sodicity effects, and appropriate rates and types of amendments required for reclamation

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Harrer, B. J., und G. L. Wilfert. Potential conservation opportunities from fittings redesign, mainline modification, and pump efficiency improvement in irrigation systems of the Pacific Northwest. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Januar 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6190157.

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Dasberg, Shmuel, Jan W. Hopmans, Larry J. Schwankl und Dani Or. Drip Irrigation Management by TDR Monitoring of Soil Water and Solute Distribution. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568095.bard.

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Drip irrigation has the potential of high water use efficiency, but actual water measurement is difficult because of the limited wetted volume. Two long-term experiments in orchards in Israel and in California and several field crop studies supported by this project have demonstrated the feasibility of precise monitoring of soil water distribution for drip irrigation in spite of the limited soil wetting. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) enables in situ measurement of soil water content of well defined small volumes. Several approaches were tried in monitoring the soil water balance in the field during drip irrigation. These also facilitated the estimation of water uptake: 1. The use of multilevel moisture probe TDR system. This approach proved to be of limited value because of the extremely small diameter of measurement. 2. The placement of 20 cm long TDR probes at predetermined distances from the drippers in citrus orchards. 3. Heavy instrumentation with neutron scattering access tubes and tensiometers of a single drip irrigated almond tree. 4. High resolution spatial and temporal measurements (0.1m x 0.1m grid) of water content by TDR in corn irrigated by surface and subsurface drip. The latter approach was accompanied by parametric modelling of water uptake intensity patterns by corn roots and superimposed with analytical solutions for water flow from point and line sources. All this lead to general and physically based suggestions for the placement of soil water sensors for scheduling drip irrigation.

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L. Samuelson. Control of Growth Efficiency in Young Plantation Loblolly Pine and Sweetgum through Irrigation and Fertigation Enhancement of Leaf Carbon Gain. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Juli 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/14934.

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Heitman, Joshua L., Alon Ben-Gal, Thomas J. Sauer, Nurit Agam und John Havlin. Separating Components of Evapotranspiration to Improve Efficiency in Vineyard Water Management. United States Department of Agriculture, März 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594386.bard.

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Vineyards are found on six of seven continents, producing a crop of high economic value with much historic and cultural significance. Because of the wide range of conditions under which grapes are grown, management approaches are highly varied and must be adapted to local climatic constraints. Research has been conducted in the traditionally prominent grape growing regions of Europe, Australia, and the western USA, but far less information is available to guide production under more extreme growing conditions. The overarching goal of this project was to improve understanding of vineyard water management related to the critical inter-row zone. Experiments were conducted in moist temperate (North Carolina, USA) and arid (Negev, Israel) regions in order to address inter-row water use under high and low water availability conditions. Specific objectives were to: i) calibrate and verify a modeling technique to identify components of evapotranspiration (ET) in temperate and semiarid vineyard systems, ii) evaluate and refine strategies for excess water removal in vineyards for moist temperate regions of the Southeastern USA, and iii) evaluate and refine strategies for water conservation in vineyards for semi-arid regions of Israel. Several new measurement and modeling techniques were adapted and assessed in order to partition ET between favorable transpiration by the grapes and potentially detrimental water use within the vineyard inter-row. A micro Bowen ratio measurement system was developed to quantify ET from inter-rows. The approach was successful at the NC site, providing strong correlation with standard measurement approaches and adding capability for continuous, non-destructive measurement within a relatively small footprint. The environmental conditions in the Negev site were found to limit the applicability of the technique. Technical issues are yet to be solved to make this technique sufficiently robust. The HYDRUS 2D/3D modeling package was also adapted using data obtained in a series of intense field campaigns at the Negev site. The adapted model was able to account for spatial variation in surface boundary conditions, created by diurnal canopy shading, in order to accurately calculate the contribution of interrow evaporation (E) as a component of system ET. Experiments evaluated common practices in the southeastern USA: inter-row cover crops purported to reduce water availability and thereby favorably reduce grapevine vegetative growth; and southern Israel: drip irrigation applied to produce a high value crop with maximum water use efficiency. Results from the NC site indicated that water use by the cover crop contributed a significant portion of vineyard ET (up to 93% in May), but that with ample rainfall typical to the region, cover crop water use did little to limit water availability for the grape vines. A potential consequence, however, was elevated below canopy humidity owing to the increased inter-row evapotranspiration associated with the cover crops. This creates increased potential for fungal disease occurrence, which is a common problem in the region. Analysis from the Negev site reveals that, on average, E accounts for about10% of the total vineyard ET in an isolated dripirrigated vineyard. The proportion of ET contributed by E increased from May until just before harvest in July, which could be explained primarily by changes in weather conditions. While non-productive water loss as E is relatively small, experiments indicate that further improvements in irrigation efficiency may be possible by considering diurnal shading effects on below canopy potential ET. Overall, research provided both scientific and practical outcomes including new measurement and modeling techniques, and new insights for humid and arid vineyard systems. Research techniques developed through the project will be useful for other agricultural systems, and the successful synergistic cooperation amongst the research team offers opportunity for future collaboration.

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Freitas, Carlos Otávio, Felipe de F. Silva und Mateus C. R. Neves. A Stochastic Frontier Approach Applied to Farms to Selected Andean Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003660.

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In this paper, we estimate a stochastic production function for Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru to investigate whether road infrastructure affects farm technical inefficiency. We use agricultural censuses of Colombia and Bolivia in 2013 and 2014, respectively; national agricultural surveys in 2017 of both Ecuador and Peru; and data on the road network and travel time to the nearest town with 50,000 inhabitants or more. Our main findings are that irrigation increases the value of production and road network decreases farm technical inefficiency, that is, road density (travel time) increases (decreases) farm technical efficiency.

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Chiappini, Roy N. Energy Efficient Irrigation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Januar 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/764592.

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