Zeitschriftenartikel: „Iron incorporation“

1

Schneider, H., und H. Rager. „Iron incorporation in mullite“. Ceramics International 12, Nr. 3 (Januar 1986): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-8842(86)90034-9.

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Doherty, Conor P., Sharon E. Cox, Antony J. Fulford, Steven Austin, David C. Hilmers, Steven A. Abrams und Andrew M. Prentice. „Iron Incorporation and Post-Malaria Anaemia“. PLoS ONE 3, Nr. 5 (07.05.2008): e2133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002133.

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3

Borigato, Eliana V. M., und Francisco E. Martinez. „Iron incorporation in Brazilian infant diets cooked in iron utensils“. Nutrition Research 12, Nr. 9 (September 1992): 1065–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80495-6.

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4

Laulhère, J. P., A. M. Labouré und J. F. Briat. „Photoreduction and incorporation of iron into ferritins“. Biochemical Journal 269, Nr. 1 (01.07.1990): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2690079.

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Pea seed ferritin is able to incorporate ferrous iron into the mineral core. Fe2+ may be formed by reduction of exogenous Fe3+ with ascorbate or by photoreduction by ferritin and by ferric citrate. In our experimental conditions the bulk of the photoreduction is carried out by ferritin, which is able to photoreduce its endogenous iron. Citrate does not enhance the photoreduction capacity of ferritin, and exogenous ferric citrate improves the yield of the reaction by about 30%. The mineral core of the ferritin is shown to photoreduce actively, and the protein shell does not participate directly in the photoreduction. Low light intensities and low concentration of reducing agents do not allow a release of iron from ferritins, but induce a ‘redox mill’ of photoreduction and simultaneous ferroxidase-mediated incorporation. High ascorbate concentrations induce the release of ferritin iron. These reactions are accompanied by the correlated occurrence of damage caused by radicals arising from Fenton reactions, leading to specific cleavages in the 28 kDa phytoferritin subunit. This damage caused by radicals occurs during the oxidative incorporation into the mineral core and is prevented by o-phenanthroline or by keeping the samples in the dark.

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Prentice, Andrew M., Conor P. Doherty, Steven A. Abrams, Sharon E. Cox, Sarah H. Atkinson, Hans Verhoef, Andrew E. Armitage und Hal Drakesmith. „Hepcidin is the major predictor of erythrocyte iron incorporation in anemic African children“. Blood 119, Nr. 8 (23.02.2012): 1922–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-11-391219.

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AbstractIron supplementation strategies in the developing world remain controversial because of fears of exacerbating prevalent infectious diseases. Understanding the conditions in which iron will be absorbed and incorporated into erythrocytes is therefore important. We studied Gambian children with either postmalarial or nonmalarial anemia, who were given oral iron supplements daily for 30 days. Supplements administered on days 1 and 15 contained the stable iron isotopes 57Fe and 58Fe, respectively, and erythrocyte incorporation was measured in blood samples drawn 14 days later. We investigated how the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin and other inflammatory/iron-related indices, all measured on the day of isotope administration, correlated with erythrocyte iron incorporation. In univariate analyses, hepcidin, ferritin, C-reactive protein, and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) strongly predicted incorporation of 57Fe given on day 1, while hepcidin, ferritin, and sTfR/log ferritin correlated with 58Fe incorporation. In a final multivariate model, the most consistent predictor of erythrocyte isotope incorporation was hepcidin. We conclude that under conditions of competing signals (anemia, iron deficiency, and infection), hepcidin powerfully controls use of dietary iron. We suggest that low-cost point-of-care hepcidin assays would aid iron supplementation programs in the developing world.

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McBriarty, Martin E., Sebastien Kerisit, Eric J. Bylaska, Samuel Shaw, Katherine Morris und Eugene S. Ilton. „Iron Vacancies Accommodate Uranyl Incorporation into Hematite“. Environmental Science & Technology 52, Nr. 11 (14.05.2018): 6282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00297.

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7

Bauminger, E. R., P. M. Harrison, D. Hechel, I. Nowik und A. Treffry. „Mössbauer studies of iron incorporation into ferritins“. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 190, Nr. 2 (März 1995): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02039998.

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Davidsson, Lena, Ekhard E. Ziegler, Peter Kastenmayer und Richard F. Hurrell. „Erythrocyte incorporation of iron by infants: iron bioavailability from a low-iron infant formula and an evaluation of the usefulness of correcting erythrocyte incorporation values, using a reference dose or plasma ferritin concentrations“. British Journal of Nutrition 84, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2000): 847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500002464.

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Bioavailability of iron (Fe) from a low-Fe infant formula was determined by erythrocyte incorporation of58Fe 14 d after administration in ten healthy, non-Fe-deficient infants. Two feeding protocols were compared, with each infant acting as his/her own control. At 140 and 154 d of age, infants were fed 1000 g of58Fe-labelled formula (1·44 mg total Fe/1000 g) as six feeds over 24 h (Protocol A) or as two feeds/day on three consecutive days (Protocol B). A water solution with57Fe and ascorbic acid was given separately as a reference dose in both study protocols. Erythrocyte incorporation of58Fe and57Fe was determined by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. Geometric mean58Fe incorporation was 7·6 % (range 3·3–13·5 %) with Protocol A as compared to 10·6 % (range 6·7–18·6 %) with Protocol B (P=0·05); pairedttest. Inter-individual variability of58Fe was not reduced by correcting for the incorporation of57Fe from the reference dose, or by correcting for plasma ferritin concentration. Fractional erythrocyte incorporation of Fe from low-Fe infant formula was in the same range as our earlier published data on erythrocyte incorporation of Fe from human milk extrinsically labelled with58Fe (). The methodological evaluations included in this study clearly indicate the importance of using standardised study protocols when evaluating Fe bioavailability in infants. Corrections of erythrocyte incorporation data based on plasma ferritin or erythrocyte incorporation of Fe from a reference dose were not found to be useful.

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Latta, Drew E., Christopher A. Gorski und Michelle M. Scherer. „Influence of Fe2+-catalysed iron oxide recrystallization on metal cycling“. Biochemical Society Transactions 40, Nr. 6 (21.11.2012): 1191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20120161.

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Recent work has indicated that iron (oxyhydr-)oxides are capable of structurally incorporating and releasing metals and nutrients as a result of Fe2+-induced iron oxide recrystallization. In the present paper, we briefly review the current literature examining the mechanisms by which iron oxides recrystallize and summarize how recrystallization affects metal incorporation and release. We also provide new experimental evidence for the Fe2+-induced release of structural manganese from manganese-doped goethite. Currently, the exact mechanism(s) for Fe2+-induced recrystallization remain elusive, although they are likely to be both oxide-and metal-dependent. We conclude by discussing some future research directions for Fe2+-catalysed iron oxide recrystallization.

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Fomon, Samuel J., Morteza Janghorbani, Bill T. G. Ting, Ekhard E. Ziegler, Ronald R. Rogers, Steven E. Nelson, Lynda S. Ostedgaard und Barbara B. Edwards. „Erythrocyte Incorporation of Ingested 58-Iron by Infants“. Pediatric Research 24, Nr. 1 (Juli 1988): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198807000-00006.

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Siramanont, Jirawan, Brennan J. Walder, Lyndon Emsley und Paul Bowen. „Iron incorporation in synthetic precipitated calcium silicate hydrates“. Cement and Concrete Research 142 (April 2021): 106365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106365.

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12

Chauhan, E. S., und Sarita . „Development of Gluten-Free Food Products Incorporated by Germinated and Popped Finger and Pearl Millets“. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 55, Nr. 3 (05.07.2018): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.21048/ijnd.2018.55.3.18666.

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Recently, celiac disease is a prominent syndrome in developing countries and there is a growing demand for gluten-free foods. Availability of millets is easy and provides many opportunities for developing gluten-free foods. In this study food processing such as germination and popping were carried out to improve nutrients in millets and gluten-free food products were developed incorporating them at 10, 20 and 30%. Germinated Finger Millet Flour (GFMF) had ash (2.7 g/100g), fat (2.0 g/ 100g), crude fiber (4.5 g/100g), protein (8.7 g/100g), carbohydrate (69.2 g/100g), calcium (359.6 mg/100g) and iron (4.5 mg/100g). Popped pearl millet flour (PPMF) contained ash (2.2 g/100g), fat (5.9 g/100g), crude fiber (2.8 g/100g), protein (14.4 g/100g), carbohydrate (64.7 g/100g), calcium (51.2 mg/100g) and iron (8.9 mg/100g). Popping also enhanced ash, protein, carbohydrate, iron and phosphorus content in millets. Two products named fortified sweet pancake and millet dense halwa were prepared by incorporating GFMF and GPMF. Choco phirni and fritter snacks were developed by incorporating PFMF and PPMF. Sensory scores of the products revealed that 10% incorporation of all developed food products were best accepted. Thus incorporation of processed finger and pearl millets in developed food products helped in improving the nutrient contents and thus is a good alternative for celiac patients.

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SANTAMBROGIO, Paolo, Sonia LEVI, Anna COZZI, Barbara CORSI und Paolo AROSIO. „Evidence that the specificity of iron incorporation into homopolymers of human ferritin L- and H-chains is conferred by the nucleation and ferroxidase centres“. Biochemical Journal 314, Nr. 1 (15.02.1996): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3140139.

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Mammalian ferritins are iron-storage proteins made of 24 subunits of two types: the H- and L-chains. L-chains, in contrast with H-chains, lack detectable ferroxidase activity. When ferritins were subjected to iron loading in vitro with increments near the saturation limit of 4000 Fe atoms per molecule, the homopolymers of human H-chains formed insoluble aggregates, caused by non-specific iron hydrolysis, whereas the homopolymers of L-chains remained soluble and incorporated most of the available iron. To analyse the molecular reasons for the difference, Glu-57 and Glu-60, which are conserved and exposed on the cavity of L-chains, were substituted with His, as in H-chains. The double substitution made the L-homopolymers as sensitive as the H-homopolymers to the iron-induced aggregation, whereas the opposite substitution in the H-chain increased homopolymer resistance to the aggregation only marginally. Millimolar concentrations of citrate and phosphate increased iron incorporation in H-homopolymers by reducing non-specific iron hydrolysis, but inhibited that in L-homopolymers by sequestering available iron. The data indicate that the specific iron incorporation into L-homopolymers is mainly due to the iron-nucleation capacity of Glu-57, Glu-60 and other carboxyl groups exposed on the cavity; in contrast, the specificity of iron incorporation into H-homopolymers is related to its ferroxidase activity, which determines rapid Fe(III) accumulation inside the cavity. The finding that ferroxidase centres are essential for the incorporation of iron in the presence of likely candidates of cellular iron transport, such as phosphate and citrate, confirms their importance in ferritin function in vivo.

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Kang, Wanhui, Nathaniel Baer, Mahdi Ramsan, Francoise Vermeylen, Rebecca J. Stoltzfus und Kimberly O. O'Brien. „Iron supplementation in anemic Zanzibari toddlers is associated with greater loss in erythrocyte iron isotope enrichment“. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 114, Nr. 1 (07.04.2021): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab044.

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ABSTRACT Background Heavy parasitic loads increase the risk of iron (Fe) deficiency anemia, which remains prevalent globally. Where parasites are common, understanding the influence of parasitic infections on Fe incorporation and erythropoiesis in toddlers is especially important. Objectives The aim of this study was to identify the impacts of malarial and helminth infections on red blood cell (RBC) Fe incorporation and subsequent changes in RBC Fe isotope enrichment for 84 days postdosing in toddlers at high risk for parasitic infections. Methods Fe incorporation was measured in a group of Zanzibari toddlers (n = 71; 16–25 months) using a stable Fe isotopic method. At study entry, an oral stable Fe isotope was administered. Blood was collected 14 (D14) and 84 (D84) days postdosing for the assessment of Fe status indicators and RBC isotopic enrichment. Blood and stool samples were collected and screened for malaria and helminth parasites. Factors associated with changes in RBC Fe isotope enrichment were identified using regression models. Results Toddlers who had larger weight-for-age z-scores, lower total body Fe, and helminth infections (n = 26) exhibited higher RBC Fe incorporation. RBC Fe isotope enrichment decreased from D14 to D84 by -2.75 percentage points (P < 0.0001; n = 66). Greater loss in RBC Fe isotope enrichment from D14 to D84 was observed in those who received Fe supplementation, those with either helminths or both malarial and helminth infections, and in those with greater RBC Fe incorporation on D14. Conclusions Toddlers who received Fe supplementation exhibited significantly greater losses of RBC Fe isotope enrichment over time. We speculate this greater loss of RBC Fe enrichment is indicative of increased erythropoiesis due to the provision of Fe among anemic or helminth-infected toddlers.

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STEFANINI, Simonetta, Stefano CAVALLO, Benedetta MONTAGNINI und Emilia CHIANCONE. „Incorporation of iron by the unusual dodecameric ferritin from Listeria innocua“. Biochemical Journal 338, Nr. 1 (08.02.1999): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3380071.

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The polypeptide chain that assembles into the unusual dodecameric shell of Listeria innocua apoferritin lacks the ferroxidase centre characteristic of H-type mammalian chains, but is able to catalyse both Fe(II) oxidation and nucleation of the iron core. A cluster of five carboxylate residues, which correspond in part to the site of iron core nucleation typical of L-type mammalian ferritins, has been proposed to be involved in both functions. The features of the iron uptake kinetics and of Fe(II) autoxidation in the presence of citrate followed spectrophotometrically confirm this assignment. In Listeria the kinetics of iron uptake is hyperbolic at low Fe(II)-to-dodecamer ratios and becomes sigmoidal when iron exceeds 150 Fe(II) atoms per dodecamer, namely when a fast crystal growth phase follows a slow initial nucleation step. Iron autoxidation in the presence of citrate displays a similar behaviour. Thus the time course is sigmoidal at low citrate-to-Fe ratios at which Fe(III) polymerization is predominant, but is hyperbolic at ligand concentrations high enough to prevent polymerization. The marked inhibitory effect of Tb(III) on the kinetics of iron incorporation confirms that carboxylates provide the iron ligands in L. innocua apoferritin. Iron uptake followed in steady-state fluorescence experiments allows one to distinguish Fe(II) binding and oxidation from the subsequent movement of Fe(III) into the apoferritin cavity as in mammalian ferritins despite the different localization of the tryptophan residues.

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Nathanson, M. H., A. Muir und G. D. McLaren. „Iron absorption in normal and iron-deficient beagle dogs: mucosal iron kinetics“. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 249, Nr. 4 (01.10.1985): G439—G448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1985.249.4.g439.

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Absorption of dietary iron requires uptake of iron by the brush border of the intestinal epithelial cells, intracellular transport, and transfer to the systemic circulation. In iron-deficiency anemia, iron absorption is greatly increased, but the individual steps responsible for this increase have not been identified. We have developed a method to evaluate the rate constants for each of these steps, and we report here our results in beagle dogs a) under normal conditions and b) after phlebotomy to produce iron-deficiency anemia. Simultaneous administration of oral 59Fe3+-citrate and intravenous 55Fe-transferrin was used to investigate the kinetics of mucosal iron transport. Plasma levels of both isotopes and the whole-body excretion pattern of 59Fe were monitored sequentially, and the fractional mucosal transport rates were estimated by nonlinear least-squares fit of a physiologically based mathematical model to these data. Under normal conditions the fractional rate of mucosal iron uptake from the intestinal lumen was rate limiting, being less than 1% of the fractional rate of either iron incorporation into the mucosal storage pool or transfer of iron from the mucosa to the plasma. After induction of iron-deficiency anemia, the fractional mucosal iron uptake rate increased sixfold (P less than 0.005), while the rate of incorporation into the mucosal storage pool decreased ninefold (P less than 0.02); in contrast, the fractional rate of iron transfer to the plasma did not change. These results indicate that the enhanced iron absorption in iron-deficiency anemia is attributable to an increase in mucosal iron available for transfer to the plasma, leading in turn to a net increase in iron absorption, despite a normal fractional transfer rate.

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Xu, Piao, Ming Chen, Cui Lai, Guangming Zeng, Danlian Huang, Han Wang, Xiaomin Gong et al. „Effects of typical engineered nanomaterials on 4-nonylphenol degradation in river sediment: based on bacterial community and function analysis“. Environmental Science: Nano 6, Nr. 7 (2019): 2171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9en00371a.

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Iron oxide nanoparticles incorporation promoted 4-nonylphenol degradation, taking advantage of their good biocompatibility and stimulation in iron reducing microbes and expression of iron-regulated proteins.

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Silva, Nuno João O., Angel Millan, Vitor S. Amaral, Fernando Palacio, Lianshe Fu, Luís D. Carlos und V. de Zea Bermudez. „Iron Oxide and Oxide-Hydroxide Nanoparticles in Organic-Inorganic Matrices“. Materials Science Forum 514-516 (Mai 2006): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.142.

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Nanometric ferrihydrite, maghemite and magnetite particles formed within an organicinorganic hybrid matrix were obtained by the sol-gel process. In contrast to precipitation techniques, sol-gel process appears as suitable way to achieve size-controlled nanoscopic magnetic particles anchored in a hybrid structure. The hybrid matrix here reported, named di-ureasil, is composed of poly(oxyethylene) chains grafted to siloxane groups by means of urea cross-linkages. The formation of ferrihydrite particles was achieved incorporating iron nitrate during the sol-gel process, at low pH. The formation of maghemite takes place after the incorporation of a mixture of Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions and treatment with an ammonia solution, after the sol-gel process. Magnetite nanoparticles are formed after the incorporation of Fe2+ ions and treatment with ammonia at 80°C. The AC magnetic susceptibility shows thermal irreversibility with a blocking temperature TB≈13K and ≈25K depending on frequency for the ferrihydrite and maghemite particles, respectively. The magnetite nanoparticles are blocked at room temperature. Above the irreversibility the magnetization of ferrihydrite and maghemite follows a Langevin function modified with a linear term, as found in antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic particles.

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Ponka, P., und HM Schulman. „Regulation of heme synthesis in erythroid cells: hemin inhibits transferrin iron utilization but not protoporphyrin synthesis“. Blood 65, Nr. 4 (01.04.1985): 850–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v65.4.850.850.

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Abstract The inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase activity by heme is commonly thought to regulate the overall rate of heme synthesis in erythroid cells. However, since heme inhibits erythroid cell uptake of iron from transferrin, we have tested the hypothesis that in reticulocytes heme regulates its own synthesis by controlling the cellular acquisition of iron from transferrin rather than by controlling the synthesis of ALA. We found that hemin added to reticulocytes in vitro inhibits not only the total cell incorporation of 59Fe from transferrin but also the incorporation of [2–14C]-glycine and transferrin-bound 59Fe into heme. However, hemin did not inhibit [2 –14C]-glycine incorporation into protoporphyrin. Furthermore, cycloheximide, which increases the level of non-hemoglobin heme in reticulocytes, also inhibited [2–14C]-glycine into heme but not into protoporphyrin. With high concentrations of ferric pyridoxal benzoylhydrazone (Fe-PBH), which, independent of transferrin and transferrin receptors, can be used as a source of iron for heme synthesis in reticulocytes, significantly more iron is incorporated into heme than from saturating concentrations of Fe-transferrin. This suggests that some step (or steps) in the pathway of iron from extracellular transferrin to protoporphyrin limits the overall rate of heme synthesis in reticulocytes. In addition, hemin in concentrations that inhibit the utilization of transferrin-bound iron for heme synthesis has no effect on the incorporation of iron from Fe-PBH into heme. Our results indicate that in reticulocytes heme inhibits and controls the utilization of iron from transferrin but has no effect on the enzymes of porphyrin biosynthesis and ferrochelatase. This mode of regulation of heme synthesis may be a specific characteristic of the hemoglobin biosynthetic pathway.

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Ponka, P., und HM Schulman. „Regulation of heme synthesis in erythroid cells: hemin inhibits transferrin iron utilization but not protoporphyrin synthesis“. Blood 65, Nr. 4 (01.04.1985): 850–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v65.4.850.bloodjournal654850.

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The inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase activity by heme is commonly thought to regulate the overall rate of heme synthesis in erythroid cells. However, since heme inhibits erythroid cell uptake of iron from transferrin, we have tested the hypothesis that in reticulocytes heme regulates its own synthesis by controlling the cellular acquisition of iron from transferrin rather than by controlling the synthesis of ALA. We found that hemin added to reticulocytes in vitro inhibits not only the total cell incorporation of 59Fe from transferrin but also the incorporation of [2–14C]-glycine and transferrin-bound 59Fe into heme. However, hemin did not inhibit [2 –14C]-glycine incorporation into protoporphyrin. Furthermore, cycloheximide, which increases the level of non-hemoglobin heme in reticulocytes, also inhibited [2–14C]-glycine into heme but not into protoporphyrin. With high concentrations of ferric pyridoxal benzoylhydrazone (Fe-PBH), which, independent of transferrin and transferrin receptors, can be used as a source of iron for heme synthesis in reticulocytes, significantly more iron is incorporated into heme than from saturating concentrations of Fe-transferrin. This suggests that some step (or steps) in the pathway of iron from extracellular transferrin to protoporphyrin limits the overall rate of heme synthesis in reticulocytes. In addition, hemin in concentrations that inhibit the utilization of transferrin-bound iron for heme synthesis has no effect on the incorporation of iron from Fe-PBH into heme. Our results indicate that in reticulocytes heme inhibits and controls the utilization of iron from transferrin but has no effect on the enzymes of porphyrin biosynthesis and ferrochelatase. This mode of regulation of heme synthesis may be a specific characteristic of the hemoglobin biosynthetic pathway.

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Kerisit, Sebastien, Andrew R. Felmy und Eugene S. Ilton. „Atomistic Simulations of Uranium Incorporation into Iron (Hydr)Oxides“. Environmental Science & Technology 45, Nr. 7 (April 2011): 2770–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1037639.

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Solti, Ádám, Krisztina Kovács, Brigitta Basa, Attila Vértes, Éva Sárvári und Ferenc Fodor. „Uptake and incorporation of iron in sugar beet chloroplasts“. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 52 (März 2012): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.11.010.

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Robinson, Ian, Yang Yang, Fucai Zhang, Christophe Lynch, Mohammed Yusuf und Peter Cloetens. „Nuclear incorporation of iron during the eukaryotic cell cycle“. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 23, Nr. 6 (18.10.2016): 1490–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577516012807.

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Scanning X-ray fluorescence microscopy has been used to probe the distribution of S, P and Fe within cell nuclei. Nuclei, which may have originated at different phases of the cell cycle, are found to show very different levels of Fe present with a strongly inhomogeneous distribution. P and S signals, presumably from DNA and associated nucleosomes, are high and relatively uniform across all the nuclei; these agree with X-ray phase contrast projection microscopy images of the same samples. Possible reasons for the Fe incorporation are discussed.

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Janghorbani, Morteza, Bill T. G. Ting und Samuel J. Fomon. „Erythrocyte incorporation of ingested stable isotope of iron (58Fe)“. American Journal of Hematology 21, Nr. 3 (März 1986): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajh.2830210307.

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Seidler, A., K. Jaschkowitz und M. Wollenberg. „Incorporation of iron-sulphur clusters in membrane-bound proteins“. Biochemical Society Transactions 29, Nr. 4 (01.08.2001): 418–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0290418.

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The completely sequenced genome of the cyano-bacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 contains several open reading frames, of which the deduced amino acid sequences show similarities to proteins known to be involved in FeS cluster synthesis of nitrogenase (Nif proteins) and other FeS proteins (Isc proteins). In this article, the results of our studies on these proteins are summarized and discussed with respect to their relevance in FeS cluster incorporation in chloroplasts. In cyanobacteria, there appears to exist several pathways for FeS cluster synthesis.

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Seidler, A., K. Jaschkowitz und M. Wollenberg. „Incorporation of iron-sulphur clusters into membrane-bound proteins“. Biochemical Society Transactions 29, Nr. 3 (01.06.2001): A51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst029a051a.

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Brown, B. E., A. W. Tudhope, M. D. A. Le Tissier und T. P. Scoffin. „A novel mechanism for iron incorporation into coral skeletons“. Coral Reefs 10, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1991): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00336776.

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Ponka, P., H. M. Schulman und J. Martinez-Medellin. „Haem inhibits iron uptake subsequent to endocytosis of transferrin in reticulocytes“. Biochemical Journal 251, Nr. 1 (01.04.1988): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2510105.

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Haem controls the rate of haem synthesis in erythroid cells by inhibiting iron incorporation from transferrin. The present results indicate that haem primarily inhibits the release of iron from transferrin subsequent to transferrin endocytosis and that the inhibition of transferrin endocytosis caused by relatively high concentrations of haem is a secondary effect. Low concentrations of haem (10-25 microM) significantly inhibit reticulocyte iron uptake and to a greater extent its incorporation into haem, but do not inhibit either the initial rate of transferrin uptake or its internalization by the cells.

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ZEM, Luciele Milani, Cristiane Vieira HELM, Henrique Soares KOEHLER und Katia Christina ZUFFELLATO-RIBAS. „Nutritional analysis of noodles with and without the additional of Pereskia aculeata“. Revista Eletrônica Científica da UERGS 5, Nr. 3 (10.12.2019): 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21674/2448-0479.53.280-288.

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Pereskia aculeata Mill. is a cactaceous, popularly known as ora-pro-nobis, considered a native and non-endemic vegetables besides being rich in protein, fiber, iron and calcium, among others. This work aimed to study the chemical composition of noodles prepared with the incorporation of dry leaves flour, stems and fresh leaves of Pereskia aculeata, to identify and quantify the nutrients and minerals present. Four recipes were tested: traditional noodles with flour; noodles with incorporating flour from dried leaves; noodles with leaves flour incorporation + stem; noodles with incorporation of fresh leaves. The following analyzes were carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications, and data expressed in percentage in wet and dry basis (g 100g-1): moisture, ash, protein, fiber, lipids, total carbohydrates, total caloric value and minerals. Among the tested recipes, it was concluded that the noodles with incorporating flour dried leaves of Pereskia aculeata showed the best moisture, ash, lipids, proteins, fibers and lower total caloric values. Furthermore, it showed the best results for all analyzed minerals, thus the better nutritional quality.

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Wang, Juanjuan, Yao Ma, Lin Di, Xiaoqing Qian und Guiliang Wang. „Straw Incorporation with Nitrogen Amendment Shapes Bacterial Community Structure in an Iron-Rich Paddy Soil by Altering Nitrogen Reserves“. Microorganisms 9, Nr. 5 (03.05.2021): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9050988.

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Incorporation of crop straw into the soil along with inorganic fertilization is a widespread agricultural practice and is essential in nutrient-scarce soils, such as iron-rich (ferruginous) paddy soils. The responses of soil bacterial communities to straw incorporation under different nitrogen inputs in iron-rich soils remain unclear. Therefore, 6000 kg ha−1 dry wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Zhengmai 12) straw was applied to a rice paddy with and without nitrogen amendment (0, 80, 300, and 450 kg ha−1 N as urea), to investigate its effects on soil fertility and bacterial community structure. Organic matter, total nitrogen, and water contents tended to decrease in straw-incorporated soils with different nitrogen inputs. Proteobacteria was the dominant bacterial phylum across all treatments (26.3–32.5% of total sequences), followed by Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, and Nitrospirae. Up to 18.0% of all the taxa in the bacterial communities were associated with iron cycling. Straw incorporation with nitrogen amendment increased the relative abundance of iron oxidizers, Gallionellaceae, while decreasing the relative abundance of iron reducers, Geobacteraceae. Bacterial community composition shifted in different treatments, with total nitrogen, water, and Fe(III) contents being the key drivers. Straw incorporation supplemented by 300 kg ha−1 N increased bacterial richness and enhanced all the predicted bacterial functions, so that it is recommended as the optimal nitrogen dosage in practice.

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Li, Qianqian, Rebecca E. Cooper, Carl-Eric Wegner, Martin Taubert, Nico Jehmlich, Martin von Bergen und Kirsten Küsel. „Insights into Autotrophic Activities and Carbon Flow in Iron-Rich Pelagic Aggregates (Iron Snow)“. Microorganisms 9, Nr. 7 (23.06.2021): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071368.

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Pelagic aggregates function as biological carbon pumps for transporting fixed organic carbon to sediments. In iron-rich (ferruginous) lakes, photoferrotrophic and chemolithoautotrophic bacteria contribute to CO2 fixation by oxidizing reduced iron, leading to the formation of iron-rich pelagic aggregates (iron snow). The significance of iron oxidizers in carbon fixation, their general role in iron snow functioning and the flow of carbon within iron snow is still unclear. Here, we combined a two-year metatranscriptome analysis of iron snow collected from an acidic lake with protein-based stable isotope probing to determine general metabolic activities and to trace 13CO2 incorporation in iron snow over time under oxic and anoxic conditions. mRNA-derived metatranscriptome of iron snow identified four key players (Leptospirillum, Ferrovum, Acidithrix, Acidiphilium) with relative abundances (59.6–85.7%) encoding ecologically relevant pathways, including carbon fixation and polysaccharide biosynthesis. No transcriptional activity for carbon fixation from archaea or eukaryotes was detected. 13CO2 incorporation studies identified active chemolithoautotroph Ferrovum under both conditions. Only 1.0–5.3% relative 13C abundances were found in heterotrophic Acidiphilium and Acidocella under oxic conditions. These data show that iron oxidizers play an important role in CO2 fixation, but the majority of fixed C will be directly transported to the sediment without feeding heterotrophs in the water column in acidic ferruginous lakes.

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Whittaker, Paul G., Jon F. R. Barrett und Tom Lind. „The erythrocyte incorporation of absorbed non-haem iron in pregnant women“. British Journal of Nutrition 86, Nr. 3 (September 2001): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2001390.

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Studies of Fe absorption in pregnancy often make unfounded assumptions of erythrocyte incorporation. Therefore, we measured the absorption and utilisation of Fe during early and late pregnancy by the erythrocyte incorporation of two stable isotopes. 8·5 mg57Fe (oral) and 0·5 mg58Fe (intravenous) were given to five non-pregnant women, to five women in early gestation (12 weeks) and five women in late gestation (36 weeks). The stable isotope ratios in whole blood 14 d later were measured by MS. Together with estimation of body Fe mass, this enabled the calculation of Fe absorption and erythrocyte incorporation. In non-pregnant women, Fe absorption averaged 20·3 (range 10·2–34·3) %. It was not significantly different in early pregnancy (11·8 (range, 4·4–24·8) %), but during late pregnancy Fe absorption increased to 59·0 (range 38·2–77·2) %. All non-pregnant and early-pregnancy subjects had normal Fe status, but two women in late pregnancy had evidence of Fe insufficiency. During early and late pregnancy, mean erythrocyte incorporation was 63·4 (SD 12·1) % AND 71·0 (sd 10·4) % respectively, significantly reduced (P=0·003) compared with non-pregnant subjects (90·1 (sd 6·0) %). Decreased erythrocyte incorporation of absorbed Fe in early pregnancy is compatible with reduced Fe demand and low oral absorption. However, during late pregnancy decreased erythrocyte incorporation associated with high absorption and Fe insufficiency is different from the high erythrocyte incorporation which occurs in non-pregnant Fe-deficient women. This suggests that part of the aetiology of Fe deficiency during pregnancy may be the reduction of Fe utilisation.

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CORSI, Barbara, Federica PERRONE, Monique BOURGEOIS, Carole BEAUMONT, C. Maria PANZERI, Anna COZZI, Romina SANGREGORIO et al. „Transient overexpression of human H- and L-ferritin chains in COS cells“. Biochemical Journal 330, Nr. 1 (15.02.1998): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3300315.

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The understanding of the in vitro mechanisms of ferritin iron incorporation has greatly increased in recent years with the studies of recombinant and mutant ferritins. However, little is known about how this protein functions in vivo, mainly because of the lack of cellular models in which ferritin expression can be modulated independently from iron. To this aim, primate fibroblastoid COS-7 cells were transiently transfected with cDNAs for human ferritin H- and L-chains under simian virus 40 promoter and analysed within 66 h. Ferritin accumulation reached levels 300-500-fold higher than background, with about 40% of the cells being transfected. Thus ferritin concentration in individual cells was increased up to 1000-fold over controls with no evident signs of toxicity. The exogenous ferritin subunits were correctly assembled into homopolymers, but did not affect either the size or the subunit composition of the endogenous heteropolymeric fraction of ferritin, which remained essentially unchanged in the transfected and non-transfected cells. After 18 h of incubation with [59Fe]ferric-nitrilotriacetate, cellular iron incorporation was similar in the transfected and non-transfected cells and most of the protein-bound radioactivity was associated with ferritin heteropolymers, while H- and L-homopolymers remained iron-free. Cell co-transfection with cDNAs for H- and L-chains produced ferritin heteropolymers that also did not increase cellular iron incorporation. It is concluded that transient transfection of COS cells induces a high level of expression of ferritin subunits that do not co-assemble with the endogenous ferritins and have no evident activity in iron incorporation/metabolism.

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Trotochaud, Lena, Samantha L. Young, James K. Ranney und Shannon W. Boettcher. „Nickel–Iron Oxyhydroxide Oxygen-Evolution Electrocatalysts: The Role of Intentional and Incidental Iron Incorporation“. Journal of the American Chemical Society 136, Nr. 18 (29.04.2014): 6744–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja502379c.

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Topham, R. W., C. E. Eads und B. F. Butler. „Alterations in the mucosal processing of iron in response to very-short-term dietary iron depletion and repletion“. Biochemical Journal 284, Nr. 3 (15.06.1992): 877–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2840877.

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The transfer of control rats to a low-iron diet for only 24 h resulted in a 2-fold increase in iron uptake by brush-border membrane vesicles. Extension of the low-iron feeding period to 72 h or 2 weeks resulted in only small additional increases in iron uptake by vesicle preparations. In contrast, the transfer of iron-deficient rats to a control diet resulted in a progressive decrease in iron uptake by vesicles that reached a level equivalent to that of control rats in 2 weeks. 59Fe labelling of detergent extracts of these vesicle preparations provided evidence for the presence of an iron-binding protein composed of subunits of 52,000 Da. The changes in the 59Fe labelling of this protein component were consistent with the changes observed in iron uptake by intact brush-border membrane vesicles. The 59Fe-labelling profiles of mucosal ferritin and transferrin from a test dose also were changed substantially in response to very-short-term alterations in dietary iron. Even though changes in dietary iron rapidly altered iron uptake by brush-border membrane vesicles and the incorporation of 59Fe from the test dose into mucosal transferrin, changes in the incorporation of 59Fe into mucosal ferritin best reflected the actual changes in the transfer of iron from dose to plasma.

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Ilari, Andrea, Giuliano Bellapadrona, Donatella Carbonera und Marilena Di Valentin. „Disclosing the Molecular Mechanism of Iron Incorporation in Listeria innocua Dps by EPR Spectroscopy“. Applied Magnetic Resonance 51, Nr. 11 (November 2020): 1543–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00723-020-01287-x.

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AbstractBacteria overexpress, under condition of starvation or oxidative stress, Dps (DNA-binding proteins from starved cells), hollow sphere formed by 12 identical subunits endowed with ferritin-like activity. The iron oxidation and incorporation in Dps take place using H2O2 produced under starvation as preferred iron oxidant, thereby protecting bacteria from oxidative damage. Even if the role of Dps is well known, the mechanism of iron oxidation and incorporation remain to be elucidated. Here, we have used the EPR technique to shed light on the Fe(II) binding and oxidation mechanism at the ferroxidase center using both the wild-type (wt) protein and mutants of the iron ligands (H31G, H43G and H31G-H43G-D58A). The EPR titration of wt Dps and the H31G mutant with Fe(II) upon H2O2 addition shows that Fe(II) is oxidized with the increase of the signal at g = 4.3, reaching a maximum for 12 Fe(II)/subunit. The EPR signal becomes negligible when the titration is carried out on the triple mutant. These experiments indicate that the iron firstly occupied the A site at the ferroxidase center and confirm that the residues H31, H43 and D58 have a key role in the iron oxidation and incorporation process. Moreover, the data indicate that the ferroxidase center, upon mutation of H31 or H43 to Gly, changes the mode of iron binding. Finally, we demonstrate here that, when the iron micelle forms, the EPR signal at g = 4.3 disappears indicating that iron leaves the ferroxidase center to reach the inner cavity.

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Joseph, Chris, John Patrick Shupp, Caitlyn R. Cobb und Michael J. Rose. „Construction of Synthetic Models for Nitrogenase-Relevant NifB Biogenesis Intermediates and Iron-Carbide-Sulfide Clusters“. Catalysts 10, Nr. 11 (13.11.2020): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10111317.

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The family of nitrogenase enzymes catalyzes the reduction of atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) to ammonia under remarkably benign conditions of temperature, pressure, and pH. Therefore, the development of synthetic complexes or materials that can similarly perform this reaction is of critical interest. The primary obstacle for obtaining realistic synthetic models of the active site iron-sulfur-carbide cluster (e.g., FeMoco) is the incorporation of a truly inorganic carbide. This review summarizes the present state of knowledge regarding biological and chemical (synthetic) incorporation of carbide into iron-sulfur clusters. This includes the Nif cluster of proteins and associated biochemistry involved in the endogenous biogenesis of FeMoco. We focus on the chemical (synthetic) incorporation portion of our own efforts to incorporate and modify C1 units in iron/sulfur clusters. We also highlight recent contributions from other research groups in the area toward C1 and/or inorganic carbide insertion.

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Sobrinho, Vicente de Paulo Ferreira Marques, José Roberto de Oliveira, Victor Bridi Telles, Felipe Fardin Grillo, Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório und Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa. „Recycling of Electric Arc Furnace Dust by Adding to Hot Metal“. Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1740–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1740.

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This research aims to study the process of incorporation of the metal iron contained in electric arc furnace dust (EAFD), by addition in hot metal at a temperature of 1,400 degrees Celsius altering experimental conditions such as how to add the EAFD (“as received” and in the form of briquettes), the percentage of EAFD to be added (10, 20 and 30% of initial weight of sample pig iron). The time of withdrawal of the sample of pig iron and slag (30 minutes after the addition of EAFD). Previously, the EAFD will be characterized using the following techniques: chemical analysis, particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) microanalysis. After characterization, the electric arc furnace dust to be added to the bath of liquid iron, will be divided into 2 types: the first order of addition will be in the form "as received" from the plant and the second is through the agglomeration of EAFD in the form of briquettes. The achievement of fusion experiments in laboratory scale will take place in a vertical tubular furnace with temperature control. The fusion experiments to assess the incorporation of the metal iron will use graphite crucibles. A flow of inert gas (argon) will be maintained inside the furnace during the experiments. It is expected that the results obtained at the end of the research allow the evaluation of the iron metal incorporation of electric arc furnace dust in pig iron bath.

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Davidsson, Lena, Pierre Adou, Christophe Zeder, Thomas Walczyk und Richard Hurrell. „The effect of retinyl palmitate added to iron-fortified maize porridge on erythrocyte incorporation of iron in African children with vitamin A deficiency“. British Journal of Nutrition 90, Nr. 2 (August 2003): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2003914.

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Retinyl palmitate added to Fe-fortified maize bread has been reported to enhance Fe absorption in adult Venezuelan subjects but not in Western Europeans. It is not known to what extent these results were influenced by differences in vitamin A status of the study subjects. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of retinyl palmitate added to Fe-fortified maize porridge on erythrocyte incorporation of Fe in children with vitamin A deficiency, before and after vitamin A supplementation. Erythrocyte incorporation of Fe-stable isotopes was measured 14 d after intake of maize porridge (2·0 mg Fe added as ferrous sulfate) with and without added retinyl palmitate (3·5 μmol; 3300 IU). The study was repeated 3 weeks after vitamin A supplementation (intake of a single dose of 210 μmol retinyl palmitate; ‘vitamin A capsule’). Vitamin A status was evaluated by the modified relative dose–response (MRDR) technique. Retinyl palmitate added to the test meal reduced the geometric mean erythrocyte incorporation of Fe at baseline from 4·0 to 2·6 % (P=0·008, n 13; paired t test). At 3 weeks after vitamin A supplementation, geometric mean erythrocyte incorporation was 1·9 and 2·3 % respectively from the test meal with and without added retinyl palmitate (P=0·283). Mean dehydroretinol:retinol molar ratios were 0·156 and 0·125 before and after intake of the single dose of 210 μmol retinyl palmitate; ‘vitamin A capsule’ (P=0·15). In conclusion, retinyl palmitate added to the labelled test meals significantly decreased erythrocyte incorporation of Fe in children with vitamin A deficiency at baseline but had no statistically significant effect 3 weeks after vitamin A supplementation. The difference in response to retinyl palmitate added to Fe-fortified maize porridge on erythrocyte incorporation of Fe before and after intake of the vitamin A capsule indicates, indirectly, changes in vitamin A status not measurable by the MRDR technique. The lack of conclusive data on the effect of retinyl palmitate on Fe absorption indicates the complexity of the interactions between vitamin A status, dietary vitamin A and Fe metabolism.

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Boissière, Michel, Joachim Allouche, Roberta Brayner, Corinne Chanéac, Jacques Livage und Thibaud Coradin. „Design of Iron Oxide/Silica/Alginate HYbrid MAgnetic Carriers (HYMAC)“. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, Nr. 12 (01.12.2007): 4649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.18118.

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A large number of natural and synthetic polymers have already been evaluated for the design of nanomaterials incorporating magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications. The possibility to use hybrid (bio)-organic/inorganic nano-carriers have been much less studied. Here we describe the design of Hybrid MAgnetic Carriers (HYMAC) consisting of alginate/silica nanocomposites incorporating magnetite nanoparticles, based on a spray-drying approach. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry confirm the successful incorporation of magnetic colloids within homogeneous hybrid capsules. X-ray diffraction data suggest that surface iron ions are partially desorbed by the spray-drying process, leading to the formation of lepidocrocite and of an iron silicate phase. Magnetic measurements show that the resulting nanocomposites exhibit a superparamagnetic behaviour with a blocking temperature close to 225 K. Comparison with un-silicified capsules indicate that the mineral phase enhances the thermal stability of the polymer network and do not modify of the amount of incorporated iron oxide nanoparticles. Moreover, evaluation of nanocomposite up-take by fibroblasts indicates their possible internalization. A selective intracellular alginate degradation is observed, suggesting that these HYMAC nanomaterials may exhibit interesting properties for the design of drug delivery devices.

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Kurtz, Armin, Robert Matter, Kai-Uwe Eckardt und Jürgen Zapf. „Erythropoiesis, serum erythropoietin, and serum IGF-I in rats during accelerated growth“. Acta Endocrinologica 122, Nr. 3 (März 1990): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1220323.

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Abstract In this study we have examined the correlation between activity of erythropoiesis and serum concentrations of erythropoietin and insulin-like growth factor I in male and female rats during accelerated growth (day 30-90). We found that fractional incorporation of iron into newly formed red blood cells was linearily correlated with body weight gain. Total iron incorporation into newly formed red blood cells reflecting total daily red cell formation increased almost linearily between day 25 and 80 after birth in both sexes. While serum erythropoietin concentrations decreased in the time interval investigated (25–120 days), serum IGF-I levels increased in both sexes between day 25 and 55. In this period, individual values of total iron incorporation into red blood cells and serum IGF-I concentrations were linearily correlated. Our observations support the concept that IGF-I rather than erythropoietin modulates erythropoiesis during accelerated growth and thus manages a proportional increase in body mass and oxygen transport capacity.

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Gu, Erxing, Wei Zhong und Xiaoming Liu. „Periodic mesoporous organosilicas functionalized with iron(iii) complexes: preparation, characterization and catalysis on direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol“. RSC Advances 6, Nr. 100 (2016): 98406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra20566f.

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Incorporation of iron(iii) complexes into hydrophobic periodic mesoporous organosilica prevents over-oxidation of phenol and hence significantly improves both the selectivity and yield of phenol compared with their corresponding homogeneous iron precursors.

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Suchan, Pavel, Daniel Vyoral, Jiří Petrák, Robert Šut'ák, Dominique Rasoloson, Eva Nohýnková, Pavel Doležal und Jan Tachezy. „Incorporation of iron into Tritrichomonas foetus cell compartments reveals ferredoxin as a major iron-binding protein in hydrogenosomes“. Microbiology 149, Nr. 7 (01.07.2003): 1911–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26122-0.

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The intracellular transport of iron and its incorporation into organelles are poorly understood processes in eukaryotes and virtually unknown in parasitic protists. The transport of iron is of particular interest in trichomonads, which possess hydrogenosomes instead of mitochondria. The metabolic functions of hydrogenosomes, which contain a specific set of FeS proteins, entirely depend on iron acquisition. In this work the incorporation of iron into the cattle parasite Tritrichomonas foetus was monitored. Iron was efficiently taken up from 59Fe-nitrilotriacetic acid and accumulated in the cytosol (88·9 %) and hydrogenosomes (4·7 % of the total radioactivity). Using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, an unusually high steady-state iron concentration in hydrogenosomes was determined [54·4±1·1 nmol Fe (mg protein)−1]. The concentration of iron in the cytosol was 13·4±0·5 nmol Fe (mg protein)−1. Qualitative analysis of incorporated iron was performed using native gradient PAGE. The majority of the 59Fe in the cytosol appeared as the labile-iron pool, which represents weakly bound iron associated with compounds of molecular mass ranging from 5000 to 30 000 Da. Ferritin was not observed in Tt. foetus, nor in two other anaerobic protists, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis. Analysis of Tt. foetus hydrogenosomes showed at least nine iron-binding compounds, which were absent in metronidazole-resistant mutants. The major iron-binding compound was identified as [2Fe–2S] ferredoxin of the adrenodoxin type.

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Barrett, J. F. R., P. G. Whittaker, J. G. Williams und T. Lind. „Absorption of non-haem iron in normal women measured by the incorporation of two stable isotopes into erythrocytes“. Clinical Science 83, Nr. 2 (01.08.1992): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0830213.

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1. Iron absorption has been quantitatively measured as the incorporation of physiological doses of stable iron isotopes into erythrocytes. Five milligrams of 57Fe (orally) and 250 μg of 58Fe (intravenously) were given to five healthy women on 2 consecutive days. Fourteen days later the changes in the 57Fe/56Fe and 58Fe/56Fe ratios in the erythrocytes of each subject were measured using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Isotope ratios were also measured in two subjects who were not given any enriched isotope. Concomitant measurements of plasma volume using a dye-dilution technique enabled the estimation of body iron mass and the calculation of iron absorption. 2. The mean coefficients of variation for the 57Fe/56Fe ratio and the 58Fe/56Fe ratio were 0.22% and 0.47%, respectively. This precision allowed enrichments of basal ratios to be reliably detected in all cases. The mean change in the 57Fe/56Fe ratio was 0.00116 (sd 0.00052, P<0.001) and the mean change in the 58Fe/56Fe ratio was 0.00035 (sd 0.00004, P<0.001). Control subjects showed no enrichment. 3. The calculated iron absorption ranged from 10% to 34%, and the amount of absorption was related to the iron stores of the subjects. Percentage iron absorption was identical when estimates of the plasma volume (derived from a body mass equation) were used instead of the plasma volume determined by dye-dilution measurements. Incorporation of intravenous iron into erythrocytes was on average 81% (range 68–93%). 4. The method is especially applicable to the study of iron absorption during pregnancy when incorporation into erythrocytes cannot be predicted.

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Spinacé, Estevam V., Dilson Cardoso und Ulf Schuchardt. „Incorporation of Iron(III) and Chromium(III) in SAPO-37“. Zeolites 19, Nr. 1 (Juli 1997): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-2449(97)00043-2.

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Kalpalathika, Mrudula, Arthur Mahoney, Paul Whittaker und Deloy Hendricks. „Incorporation of absorbed iron from different dietary sources into hemoglobin“. Nutrition Research 11, Nr. 2-3 (Februar 1991): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80118-6.

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Allen, Ronda M., Jon T. Roll, Priya Rangaraj, Vinod K. Shah, Gary P. Roberts und Paul W. Ludden. „Incorporation of Molybdenum into the Iron-Molybdenum Cofactor of Nitrogenase“. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, Nr. 22 (28.05.1999): 15869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.22.15869.

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Oka, H. „Incorporation of iron particles into carbon films derived from polyimide“. Solid State Ionics 121, Nr. 1-4 (Juni 1999): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(98)00542-6.

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Wang, Zhongwu, und T. Yagi. „Incorporation of ferric iron in CaSiO3 perovskite at high pressure“. Mineralogical Magazine 62, Nr. 5 (Oktober 1998): 719–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/002646198547963.

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AbstractSynthetic andradite (Ca3Fe2Si3O12) has been compressed to loading pressures >21 GPa and heated to ∼1000°C by a YAG laser in a Diamond Anvil Cell (DAC). After quenching to room temperature, X-ray diffraction of the sample, still held at 21 GPa, showed that andradite had transformed to a cubic perovskite type polymorph with a = 3.460(4) Å. Upon decompression the perovskite phase transformed into an amorphous phase. The density of the perovskite polymorph (Ca3Fe2Si3O12) is ∼13.6% greater than that of isochemical andradite at 21 GPa. Ferric iron replaces Ca2+ and Si4+ in the perovskite structure (Fe3+ + Fe3+ = Si4+ + Ca2+), giving a formula unit: (Ca,Fe3+)(Si,Fe3+)O3. The new Fe3+-rich Ca-perovskite may provide new insight into the controls on the electrical conductivity of the lower mantle.

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Fratello, V. J., S. J. Licht und M. P. Norelli. „Effect of melt composition on Bi incorporation in iron garnets“. Journal of Crystal Growth 97, Nr. 3-4 (Oktober 1989): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(89)90567-8.

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