Zeitschriftenartikel: „IRDP“

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K, ABDULKAREEM, und JARAMAIAHA K.M. „PARTICIPATION OF BENEFICIARIES IN INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME“. Madras Agricultural Journal 85, January (1998): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00679.

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A study was conducted in Kannur district of Kerala on the participation of beneficiaries in the planning and implementation of Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP). The study revealed that the participation of beneficiaries was in general poor. The participation of recepients of milch cattle was significantly superior to those assisted under all other schemes studied. Programme awareness and entrepreneurial ability emerged as the most important factors influencing beneficiary participation in IRDP.

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R, VELUSAMY, und NETAJI SEETHARAMAN R. „Extent of participation of beneficiaries in various trads of IRDP“. Madras Agricultural Journal 89, March (2002): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00197.

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The study was conducted to know the significant difference in the extent of participation of beneficiaries according to their trade activities in Integrated Rural Development Programmes (IRDP). The study was conducted among 450 IRDP beneficiaries covering six different trades. in Namakkal and Sivaganga districts of Tamil Nadu. The study revealed that more percentage of beneficiaries had low level of participation and there was significant difference in extent of participation according to their trade activities.

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Yusuf, Darmawan, Agusmidah Agusmidah, Aloysius Uwiyono und Ningrum Natsya Sirait. „CASE STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS DISPUTE RESOLUTION FOR FOREIGN WORKERS IN FOREIGN EMBASSIES: TOWARDS AN IDEAL LEGAL CERTAINTY“. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 12, Nr. 2 (08.02.2024): e3139. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v12i2.3139.

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Background: The resolution of Industrial Relations Disputes (IRDP) involving Foreign Workers (FW) and Foreign Missions in Indonesia is particularly unique and warrants further examination. This is due to its involvement with complex international law, particularly concerning diplomatic immunity and state immunity, making achieving an ideal resolution for foreign workers and providing legal certainty challenging. The issue revolves around determining the ideal IRDP resolution to offer legal certainty to Foreign Workers employed in Foreign Missions. Methods: This legal study analyzes relevant laws, concepts, and cases to identify an ideal resolution. Sources include international law, Indonesian national law, and foreign case studies. Results: The ideal resolution of Industrial Relations Disputes (IRDP) between FW and Foreign Missions in Indonesia must consider various aspects to ensure legal certainty. In the context of UNCJIS ratification, the Indonesian Government needs careful consideration before deciding to enact this convention. Conclusion: The Indonesian Government, not having enacted UNCJIS 2004 into its national law, would find it challenging to provide legal certainty to FW working in Foreign Missions in Indonesia, particularly those dismissed without being granted their normative rights. This is because executing legally binding court decisions becomes challenging. Therefore, the Indonesian Government could establish Bilateral Agreements between nations falling under its jurisdiction to ensure legal certainty for FW working in Foreign Missions in Indonesia.

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Babu, M. Devendra. „Revival of Rural Artisans: Can IRDP Do It?“ SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management & Extension Journal): A worldwide window on MSME Studies 14, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1987): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0970846419870403.

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Bansal, P. C. „Rural Development in Mizoram-A Study of IRDP“. Indian Journal of Public Administration 51, Nr. 1 (Januar 2005): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556120050116.

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Panigrahi, Priyabrata, Manas Sule, Avinash Ghanate, Sureshkumar Ramasamy und C. G. Suresh. „Engineering Proteins for Thermostability with iRDP Web Server“. PLOS ONE 10, Nr. 10 (05.10.2015): e0139486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139486.

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7

Shenoy, G. V., und K. V. Raju. „Management and Effectiveness of Cattle Insurance under IRDP“. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 15, Nr. 2 (April 1990): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919900204.

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The cattle insurance scheme has emerged as a saviour over the years for landless, small and marginal farmers, and for those whose major occupation is dairying. Cattle insurance has become compulsory under the Integrated Rural Development Programme. Shenoy and Raju analyse various aspects of the scheme and suggest some measures for improving the working of the scheme such as education of the beneficiaries about the benefits of insurance, introduction of group insurance, measures for quick settlement of claims, and efforts to expand insurance coverage.

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Kehinde, Oyinlade A., Emmanuel N. Anyika und Isaac Abah. „Drug utilization patterns of antidepressants in Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital Lagos, Nigeria“. Journal of Hospital Administration 6, Nr. 5 (23.08.2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v6n5p12.

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Backgroud: The paucity of information on prescribing patterns and use of antidepressants in accordance with practice guidelines necessitated this study in Nigeria.Objective: To assess the prescribing patterns of antidepressants, average cost of prescriptions and the index of rational drug prescribing (IRDP) in a Nigerian tertiary care hospital.Methods: A retrospective study which involved the assessment of 683 prescriptions and case records of patients who received antidepressants from 1st January 2013 to 31st December 2014 was conducted. Information on diagnosis, patients’ demographics, prescribing patterns and cost of medications was obtained therefrom. Compliance to the World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators and Nigerian Standard Treatment Guidelines (STG) was assessed. The IRDP for antdepressants was determined using a validated mathematical model. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.Results: Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) were the most commonly prescribed drug group (61.3%), followed by selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) with a total of 38.7%. On the average, three drugs were prescribed per prescription, while 60.3% and 38.3% of the drugs were prescribed from National Essential Medicine List (NEML) and STG respectively. The IRDP was 3.96 over 5 points. The average cost of drugs per prescription was 4.2 USD. The cost of drugs in the prescriptions written according to STG was lower compared to that in prescriptions not compliant with the STG (p < .001).Conclusions: TCAs are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants due to their affordability. The generic prescribing, medicines prescribed from the NEML and in compliance with the STG were less than the WHO standard. The rational drug use is suboptimal. Better prescribing habits, affordability and use of newer antidepressants should be encouraged by the hospital management.

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Salunke, Prof K. A., S. S. Pulate, S. V. Shinde, A. V. Waghchaure und Y. S. Shankhpal. „Case Study on National Highway Construction Using Bot“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, Nr. 5 (31.05.2022): 3421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43161.

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Abstract: The public-private partnership (PPP) models that have been used in procuring the National Highways projects include Build- Operate-Transfer (BOT) (Toll) and BOT (Annuity) models.... This paper focuses on the various approaches that have been used for financing of PPP road projects in India. To assess the risks involved in BOT PROJECT by studying a specific case of Implementation of integrated road development program me (IRDP) in the city on built, operate & transport (BOT) basis. To Study the individualistic approach of the involved parties. BOT has been one of the recent innovations in project finance. The Build-Operate Transfer (BOT) scheme is a limited recourse financing technique. Many have adopted this approach as an alternative to traditional public financing for infrastructure development projects. This study examines the type of SOCIAL risk due to, force shutdown of toll booths due to public riots. This paper mainly representing the risk in BOT due to political & public pressure. A case study of IRDP project implemented in municipal corporation area through BOT is studied in details. Keywords: BOT, Public private partnership, lumpsum, concessionaire's

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Aziz, Abdul, P. Tippaiah und M. Devendra Babu. „Beyond IRDP: Making Entrepreneurs Out of the Rural Poor“. SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management & Extension Journal): A worldwide window on MSME Studies 13, Nr. 3 (September 1986): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0970846419860301.

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Khanna, Inderjit. „IRDP Credit for the Poor: What is the Evidence?“ Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 13, Nr. 2 (April 1988): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919880208.

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Among schemes for alleviating poverty, the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) is unparalleled in its size and spread. Its evaluation, therefore, has to take account of its size and the fact that it has been in operation for less than eight years. What is disturbing is that the qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the Programme are at variance. Based on action research and careful analysis, Anil Gupta and Manu Shroff ("Rural Credit: How do the Poor See It?" Vikalpa October-December 1987) argued that the plight of the poor had not changed much because the Programme did not reflect an adequate understanding of the nature of poverty. Commenting on that article, Inderjit Khanna counters their conclusion to provide figures on credit flows as well as official survey findings to show that beneficiaries have expressed satisfaction. Detailed research and analysis on both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the Programme at various levels are called for to reconcile these differences to identify the problems and devise better ways to reduce poverty

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R, VELUSAMY, und NETAJI SEETHARAMAN R. „Socio economic impact of IRDP programme on dairy farmers“. Madras Agricultural Journal 89, september (2002): 420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00239.

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The study was conducted to know the impact of poverty alleviation programme on dairy farmers. The study revealed that slight changes were noticed in food habits, income, extent of employment and personal changes among the 16 socio-economic dimensions studied. There was not much impact in other dimensions studied.

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K, ABDUL KAREEM, und JAYARAMAIAH K.M. „PROBLEMS PERCEIVED BY THE STAFF IN THE PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME“. Madras Agricultural Journal 84, July (1997): 354–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00885.

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A study was conducted in Kerala to ascertain the problems perceived by the Block Development Officers (BDOs) and Village Extension Officers (VEOs) in the planning and implementation of Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP). Both the BDOS and the VEOs perceived that 'misutilisation of assets by beneficiaries', 'beneficiaries lack managerial ability to take care of the assets", and 'block officials lack adequate transportation to reach beneficiaries efficiently" are the three most important problems encountered.

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Copestake, James G. „The Resilience of IRDP: Reform and Perpetuation of an Indian Myth“. Development Policy Review 14, Nr. 1 (März 1996): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.1996.tb00410.x.

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15

Martinovic, John, und Guntram Scheithauer. „Characterizing IRDP-instances of the skiving stock problem by means of polyhedral theory“. Optimization 67, Nr. 10 (10.07.2018): 1797–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02331934.2018.1494171.

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M, Dr Rangaswamy. „Administrative structure and functioning of IRDP in Himachal Pradesh: A case study of Solan district“. International Journal of Political Science and Governance 1, Nr. 1 (01.01.2019): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26646021.2019.v1.i1a.75.

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Rasmussen, Poul Erik. „The mass educational programme of the IRDP/DANIDA project, Noakhali, Bangladesh: A success story so far“. International Journal of Educational Development 5, Nr. 1 (Januar 1985): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0738-0593(85)90038-0.

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S. Palaniammal und B. Kalins. „Isolate restrained domination in graphs“. Malaya Journal of Matematik 9, Nr. 01 (25.03.2021): 1221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26637/mjm0901/0211.

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A dominating set $D$ of a graph $G$ is said to be a restrained dominating set (RDS) of $G$ if every vertex of $V-D$ has a neighbor in $V-D$. A RDS is said to be an isolate restrained dominating set(IRDS) if $<D>$ has at least one isolated vertex. The minimum cardinality of a minimal IRDS of $G$ is called the isolate restrained domination number(IRDN), denoted by $\gamma_{r,0}(G)$. This paper contains basic properties of IRDS and gives the IRDN for the families of graphs such as paths, cycles, complete $k$-partite graphs and some other graphs.

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Waheed, Ajmal, und Rana Rashid Rehman. „Sociology of Decision-making: A Case Study of Integrated Rural Development Programme in Pakistan“. South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases 1, Nr. 2 (Dezember 2012): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277977912459442.

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This study deals with describing and analyzing the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) in Pakistan.1 Its main objective is to elucidate some of the subtle obstacles that hindered the project from reaching its full potential. In this regard, formulation, implementation and evaluation of different development programmes at gross-root level are discussed. Therein, certain managerial issues, such as participation at gross-root level, coordination, cooperation, motivation, commitment, self-help, delivery of services at rural areas, political intervention and bureaucratic hurdles, are brought at forefront by citing few examples in which challenges have been faced more prominently and which can be used for classroom discussion. One of the critical obstacles relevant to the understanding of this programme, as many others, involves a focus on the sociology of decision-making. It is hoped that the case study would facilitate the readers to have an understanding of the rural development process in Pakistan at a micro level.

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Mishra., Abhisek. „SELF-EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMES IN INDIA: A JOURNEY FROM INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (IRDP) TO NATIONAL RURAL LIVELIHOOD MISSION (NRLM).“ International Journal of Advanced Research 5, Nr. 7 (31.07.2017): 2036–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/4939.

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Meera, Yalla, Dipak Kumar Bose, Syed H. Mazhar und Jahanara Jahanara. „CONSTRAINTS FACED BY THE RESPONDENTS IN AVAILING THE BENEFITS OF DWCRA IN SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH“. International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 8, Nr. 9 (30.09.2021): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i9.017.

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Women and Children constitute 67.7 per cent of the country’s total population as per the census 2001. Women exclusively accounted for million constituting 48.3 percent of the country’s population. By virtue of these figures, they shall be considered as an important target group. Hence, it becomes an essentiality to empower women economically and socially for promoting national development. Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) was launched as sub scheme of IRDP. It was initially started as pilot project in 50 selected districts in all states during 1982- 1983. During, the IX plan almost all state governments started implementing DWCRA activities in rural areas. The objectives of this programme are to organize women into socio-economic activity groups with the dual purpose of providing self- employment opportunities and social strength to them. Besides, providing financial support for income generating activities, DWCRA also increases women’s access to basic services of health, education, children’s nutrition, safe drinking water, sanitation and environment. Though there are many achievements to its credit, still there is wider space to accommodate many innovative ideas elicited through the participation of women over the years for improving the programme periphery.

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Brar, Jasjit Kaur, Sumita Roy und Geeta Goyal. „Effectiveness of sources of information on IRDP loan-assisted income generating activities for women beneficiaries in the Kandi area of Punjab“. Social Change 33, Nr. 1 (März 2003): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004908570303300107.

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KUMAR, M. KAMAL, und L. SUDERSHAN REDDY. „INVERSE ROMAN DOMINATION IN GRAPHS“. Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications 05, Nr. 03 (September 2013): 1350011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793830913500110.

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Motivated by the article in Scientific American [7], Michael A Henning and Stephen T Hedetniemi explored the strategy of defending the Roman Empire. Cockayne defined Roman dominating function (RDF) on a Graph G = (V, E) to be a function f : V → {0, 1, 2} satisfying the condition that every vertex u for which f(u) = 0 is adjacent to at least one vertex v for which f(v) = 2. For a real valued function f : V → R the weight of f is w(f) = ∑v∈V f(v). The Roman domination number (RDN) denoted by γR(G) is the minimum weight among all RDF in G. If V – D contains a roman dominating function f1 : V → {0, 1, 2}. "D" is the set of vertices v for which f(v) > 0. Then f1 is called Inverse Roman Dominating function (IRDF) on a graph G w.r.t. f. The inverse roman domination number (IRDN) denoted by [Formula: see text] is the minimum weight among all IRDF in G. In this paper we find few results of IRDN.

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Waheedi, Seemi. „Analysis of Issues on Micro Credit—The Case of Two Villages in Punjab“. Pakistan Development Review 40, Nr. 4II (01.12.2001): 723–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.723-750.

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The phenomenon of poverty was felt and observed more during the decade of 1990s, as the overall growth slowed down. While the slowed economic growth and recessionary trends contributed to poverty, the trickle “down effect” once thought, to improve living conditions, did not reach the lowest level owing largely to lack of accessibility of institutions, unjust and non-poor policies. For these reasons, in Pakistan during the decades of 60s and 80s, when the country experienced high growth rates of 6-7 percent, 34 percent of people still lived below the poverty line. Socio-economic development, improving the quality of life in general and of rural poor in particular, welfare have been the prime stated goals of government. Therefore, rural development programmes, such as, Village-Aid, Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Peoples Works Programme, Tameer-e-watan Programme, Prime Minister’s Five Points Programme etc. were introduced to improve farm productivity, which would consequently improve incomes and quality of life of rural poor. This was done through the Department of Local Government and Rural Development. Little impact on the life of the rural poor, however, was observed partly because these were administered through closed, immutable and cloistered institutions of government which are not accessible and responsive to the needs of poor. Also, the lack of focus on community participation and need for it was evident. As these programmes were managed through government departments these lacked flexibility and out-reach. The approach of administering was fixed, rigid and lacked professionalism.

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Saikia, Hiteswar, Mustakim Ahmed, Anju Saikia und Daisy Phukan. „Psychotropic Drugs Used in Psychiatry Outpatient Department: A Cross-Sectional Drug Utilization Research“. Sciences of Pharmacy 2, Nr. 3 (06.07.2023): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.58920/sciphar02030042.

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Mental and behavioral disorders are common around the world. Pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and psychosocial rehabilitation are three treatment components for these disorders. Drug therapy is an essential part of the comprehensive treatment of these diseases. Their use pattern in psychiatric practice has changed dramatically in recent years. Mental disorders require long-term treatment. Therefore, it is crucial to study the prescribing practices of these groups of drugs. This study aims to assess drug use patterns using the WHO/INRUD Core Prescribing Indicators. Patients of both genders and ages with mental illness and prescription psychiatric drugs were evaluated from the outpatient department of the Psychiatry Unit (OPD). The prescription data were collected and analyzed using the indicators recommended by the WHO/INRUD. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel-2007. The percentage and average values of the variables were compared. A total of 655 prescriptions were analyzed. Male patients (54.96%) were more than women (45.04%). The morbidity profile included schizophrenia (37.86%), alcohol use disorder (18.78%), major depressive disorder (11.30%), anxiety disorder (10.23%), bipolar disorder (4.88%), and others (16.95%). The newer antipsychotic were the most commonly prescribed drugs (particularly olanzapine), along with a central anticholinergic (trihexyphenidyl) and a benzodiazepine (lorazepam). The percentage of drugs prescribed with generic names was 39.80%, and that of drugs prescribed by NLEM was 48.49%. The average number of drugs prescribed per prescription was 2.58. This study's Index of Rational Prescribing (IRDP) was 3.87, whereas the optimal score was 5. Prescriptions were complete, and principles of rational prescribing were followed, except for a low generic prescribing rate.

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Shah, Iqtidar Ali. „People's Participation in Rural Development Projects in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan: A Comparative Review and Analysis of Sarhad Rural Support Programme (SRSP) and Integrated Rural Development Project (IRDP)“. African and Asian Studies 8, Nr. 1-2 (2009): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921009x413207.

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Miyamoto, Makoto, Masami Aoki, Shinji Sugimoto, Kazuya Kawasaki und Ryoetsu Imai. „IRD1 and IRD2 Mice, Naturally Occurring Models of Hereditary Retinal Dysfunction, Show Late-Onset and Progressive Retinal Degeneration“. Current Eye Research 35, Nr. 2 (Februar 2010): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02713680903447900.

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Kupfer, Maria Cristina Machado, und Leda Mariza Fischer Bernardino. „IRDI“. Estilos da Clinica 23, Nr. 1 (30.04.2018): 62–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1981-1624.v23i1p62-82.

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Este artigo relata a história da proposta e da validação do instrumento Indicadores de Risco para Desenvolvimento Infantil (IRDI), composto de 31 indicadores clínicos de referência para o acompanhamento de problemas ou entraves no desenvolvimento psíquico de crianças de zero a dezoito meses. Aborda as discussões geradas no interior do campo psicanalítico em torno da criação daquele instrumento e da promulgação da Lei nº 13.438, examinando criticamente as objeções a esta levantadas por psicanalistas e técnicos do Ministério da Saúde. Finaliza com propostas de reformulação de alguns pressupostos do IRDI e de manutenção de outros, passados quase vinte anos desde sua criação.

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Wallis, Michelle G., Miles F. Lankford und Susanna R. Keller. „Vasopressin is a physiological substrate for the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase IRAP“. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 293, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2007): E1092—E1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00440.2007.

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Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a membrane aminopeptidase and is homologous to the placental leucine aminopeptidase, P-LAP. IRAP has a wide distribution but has been best characterized in adipocytes and myocytes. In these cells, IRAP colocalizes with the glucose transporter GLUT4 to intracellular vesicles and, like GLUT4, translocates from these vesicles to the cell surface in response to insulin. Earlier studies demonstrated that purified IRAP cleaves several peptide hormones and that, concomitant with the appearance of IRAP at the surface of insulin-stimulated adipocytes, aminopeptidase activity toward extracellular substrates increases. In the present study, to identify in vivo substrates for IRAP, we tested potential substrates for cleavage by IRAP-deficient (IRAP−/−) and control mice. We found that vasopressin and oxytocin were not processed from the NH2 terminus by isolated IRAP−/− adipocytes and skeletal muscles. Vasopressin was not cleaved from the NH2 terminus after injection into IRAP−/− mice and exhibited a threefold increased half-life in the circulation of IRAP−/− mice. Consistent with this finding, endogenous plasma vasopressin levels were elevated twofold in IRAP−/− mice, and vasopressin levels in IRAP−/− brains, where plasma vasopressin originates, showed a compensatory decrease. We further established that insulin increased the clearance of vasopressin from control but not from IRAP−/− mice. In conclusion, we have identified vasopressin as the first physiological substrate for IRAP. Changes in plasma and brain vasopressin levels in IRAP−/− mice suggest a significant role for IRAP in regulating vasopressin. We have also uncovered a novel IRAP-dependent insulin effect: to acutely modify vasopressin.

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Jiang, Wei, Olga Prokopenko, Lawrence Wong, Masayori Inouye und Oleg Mirochnitchenko. „IRIP, a New Ischemia/Reperfusion-Inducible Protein That Participates in the Regulation of Transporter Activity“. Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, Nr. 15 (01.08.2005): 6496–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.15.6496-6508.2005.

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ABSTRACT We report the identification and characterization of a new ischemia/reperfusion-inducible protein (IRIP), which belongs to the SUA5/YrdC/YciO protein family. IRIP cDNA was isolated in a differential display analysis of an ischemia/reperfusion-treated kidney RNA sample. Mouse IRIP mRNA was expressed in all tissues tested, the highest level being in the testis, secretory, and endocrine organs. Besides ischemia/reperfusion, endotoxemia also activated the expression of IRIP in the liver, lung, and spleen. The transporter regulator RS1 was identified as an IRIP-interacting protein in yeast two-hybrid screening. The interaction between IRIP and RS1 was further confirmed in coimmunoprecipitation assays. A possible role of IRIP in regulating transporter activity was subsequently investigated. IRIP overexpression inhibited endogenous 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) uptake activity in HeLa cells. The activities of exogenous organic cation transporters (OCT2 and OCT3), organic anion transporter (OAT1), and monoamine transporters were also inhibited by IRIP. Conversely, inhibition of IRIP expression by small interfering RNA or antisense RNA increased MPP+ uptake. We measured transport kinetics of OCT2-mediated uptake and demonstrated that IRIP overexpression significantly decreased V max but did not affect Km . On the basis of these results, we propose that IRIP regulates the activity of a variety of transporters under normal and pathological conditions.

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Jordens, Ingrid, Dorothee Molle, Wenyong Xiong, Susanna R. Keller und Timothy E. McGraw. „Insulin-regulated Aminopeptidase Is a Key Regulator of GLUT4 Trafficking by Controlling the Sorting of GLUT4 from Endosomes to Specialized Insulin-regulated Vesicles“. Molecular Biology of the Cell 21, Nr. 12 (15.06.2010): 2034–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e10-02-0158.

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Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by regulating translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane. In the absence of insulin GLUT4 is actively sequestered away from the general endosomes into GLUT4-specialized compartments, thereby controlling the amount of GLUT4 at the plasma membrane. Here, we investigated the role of the aminopeptidase IRAP in GLUT4 trafficking. In unstimulated IRAP knockdown adipocytes, plasma membrane GLUT4 levels are elevated because of increased exocytosis, demonstrating an essential role of IRAP in GLUT4 retention. Current evidence supports the model that AS160 RabGAP, which is required for basal GLUT4 retention, is recruited to GLUT4 compartments via an interaction with IRAP. However, here we show that AS160 recruitment to GLUT4 compartments and AS160 regulation of GLUT4 trafficking were unaffected by IRAP knockdown. These results demonstrate that AS160 is recruited to membranes by an IRAP-independent mechanism. Consistent with a role independent of AS160, we showed that IRAP functions in GLUT4 sorting from endosomes to GLUT4-specialized compartments. This is revealed by the relocalization of GLUT4 to endosomes in IRAP knockdown cells. Although IRAP knockdown has profound effects on GLUT4 traffic, GLUT4 knockdown does not affect IRAP trafficking, demonstrating that IRAP traffics independent of GLUT4. In sum, we show that IRAP is both cargo and a key regulator of the insulin-regulated pathway.

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Walton, Sarah L., Katrina M. Mirabito Colafella, Aneesa Ansari, Siew Yeen Chai und Kate M. Denton. „Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase deficiency impairs cardiovascular adaptations and placental development during pregnancy“. Clinical Science 134, Nr. 23 (Dezember 2020): 3213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20201233.

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Abstract Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), an enzyme that cleaves vasoactive peptides including oxytocin and vasopressin, is suggested to play a role in pregnancy and the onset of preeclampsia. Our aim was to examine the contribution of IRAP to arterial pressure regulation and placental development during pregnancy in mice. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were measured via radiotelemetry in 12-week-old female wild-type and IRAP knockout mice. Females were time-mated with males of the same genotype. Placentae were collected at embryonic day 18.5 for histological analysis. Basal heart rate was ∼40 bpm lower in IRAP knockout females compared with wild-type females. The increase in heart rate across gestation was greater in IRAP knockout females than wild-type females. Neither basal nor gestational mean arterial pressure was different between wildtype and IRAP knockout females. Urine output and water intake of IRAP knockout mice were ∼45% less than wild-type mice at late gestation. IRAP deficiency had no effect on fetal weight. Morphological assessment of placentae revealed that IRAP deficiency was associated with reduced labyrinth surface area and accumulation of glycogen in the junctional zone. Our data demonstrate that IRAP deficiency alters maternal fluid handling and impairs placental labyrinth expansion at late gestation, indicating that IRAP contributes to the normal adaptions to pregnancy.

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Deligiorgi, Maria V., und Dimitrios T. Trafalis. „A Concerted Vision to Advance the Knowledge of Diabetes Mellitus Related to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, Nr. 8 (21.04.2023): 7630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087630.

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The rubric of immune-related (ir) diabetes mellitus (DM) (irDM) encompasses various hyperglycemic disorders related to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPis). Beyond sharing similarities with conventional DM, irDM is a distinct, yet important, entity. The present narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature regarding irDM published in major databases from January 2018 until January 2023. Initially considered rare, irDM is increasingly being reported. To advance the knowledge of irDM, the present review suggests a concerted vision comprising two intertwined aspects: a scientific-centered and a patient-centered view. The scientific-centered aspect addresses the pathophysiology of irDM, integrating: (i) ICPi-induced pancreatic islet autoimmunity in genetically predisposed patients; (ii) altered gut microbiome; (iii) involvement of exocrine pancreas; (iv) immune-related acquired generalized lipodystrophy. The patient-centered aspect is both nurtured by and nurturing the four pillars of the scientific-centered aspect: awareness, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of irDM. The path forward is a multidisciplinary initiative towards: (i) improved characterization of the epidemiological, clinical, and immunological profile of irDM; (ii) standardization of reporting, management, and surveillance protocols for irDM leveraging global registries; (iii) patient stratification according to personalized risk for irDM; (iv) new treatments for irDM; and (v) uncoupling ICPi efficacy from immunotoxicity.

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Husin, Hasanuddin, Novriaman Pakpahan, Ria Erfika Pertiwi, Roza Rahma Aulia und Nurul Hidayanti. „Ketidaksesuaian Cara Produksi Pangan yang Baik di Industri Rumah Tangga (CPPB-IRT) (Studi Kasus IRT di Kota Meulaboh)“. Agrokompleks 23, Nr. 1 (02.02.2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.51978/japp.v23i1.504.

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Sebagian besar produk pangan yang beredar di Indonesia diproduksi dari industri mikro atau industri rumah tangga sehingga cara produksi pangan industri rumah tangga berperan besar terhadap mutu pangan olahan yang beredar di masyarakat. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menilai penerapan cara produksi pangan yang baik industri rumah tangga (CPPB-IRT) di Kota Meulaboh. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Penelitian dilakukan di empat industri rumah tangga pangan yang telah memiliki nomor PIRT (IRTP A, B, C, dan D). Penilaian terhadap empat IRTP ditemukan bahwa IRTP A telah sesuai CPPB-IRT, sedangkan IRTP B, IRTP C, dan IRTP D belum sesuai CPPB-IRT. Bentuk penyimpangan yang ditemukan pada IRTP meliputi tidak ada penanggungjawab higiene karyawan dan karyawan belum menggunakan pakaian kerja yang lengkap (penutup kepala, masker, sarung tangan), tata letak peralatan tidak sesuai urutan produksi, dan sarana pembersihan tidak terawat. Adapun rekomendasi yang dapat diusulkan yaitu IRTP perlu pelatihan tentang manajemen mutu, IRTP perlu meningkatkan kesadaran pekerja ataupun mempekerjakan karyawan yang memiliki komitmen terhadap keamanan pangan dan pengawas pangan perlu memberikan pembinaan dan tindakan terhadap IRTP yang tidak memiliki komitmen terhadap penerapan CPPB-IRT.

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Krzesicki, R. F., C. A. Hatfield, M. J. Bienkowski, J. C. McGuire, G. E. Winterrowd, D. L. Chapman, A. E. Berger, R. N. McEwan, D. B. Carter und J. G. Chosay. „Regulation of expression of IL-1 receptor antagonist protein in human synovial and dermal fibroblasts.“ Journal of Immunology 150, Nr. 9 (01.05.1993): 4008–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.150.9.4008.

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Abstract The IL-1R antagonist protein (IRAP) is a competitive inhibitor of IL-1, which is predominantly synthesized by monocytes. We show that this molecule is also expressed in human synovial fibroblasts and dermal fibroblasts (CRL 1445). IRAP mRNA was regulated in a time- and dose-dependent manner by IL-1 alpha, TNF-alpha, LPS, and PMA. Maximal induction of IRAP mRNA was observed between 8 and 16 h after stimulation with IL-1 alpha (1 U/ml), TNF-alpha (10 U/ml), LPS (50 ng/ml), and PMA (10 ng/ml). Their relative efficacy was as follows: PMA > LPS > IL-1 alpha > TNF-alpha. Potentiation was observed when fibroblasts were treated with IL-1 alpha plus basic fibroblast growth factor and IL-1 alpha plus platelet-derived growth factor-BB homodimer. Although LPS and PMA were the best inducers of IRAP mRNA, quantitation of the IRAP protein revealed that its synthesis and release were differentially regulated. Immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE of culture supernatant from LPS-treated cells and cell lysates of fibroblasts treated with LPS or PMA showed a single IRAP band with a molecular mass of approximately 22 kDa. Very little IRAP was detected in culture supernatants of cells treated with PMA. Quantitation of IRAP revealed that LPS induced the synthesis of secreted IRAP that was released, whereas the majority of the protein induced by PMA remained cell-associated. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplification demonstrated that although LPS and PMA induced both transcripts, LPS preferentially induced secreted IRAP, whereas PMA differentially induced intracellular IRAP mRNA. Fibroblasts synthesize at least two different forms of IRAP depending on the inducing signal, and may regulate the inflammatory response by dampening the proinflammatory effects of IL-1 via a negative feedback mechanism with IRAP. The relative importance of fibroblast sIRAP vs intracellular IRAP in regulating the inflammatory response by the connective tissue remains to be determined.

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Grajewski, Rafael S., Phyllis B. Silver, Rajeev K. Agarwal, Shao-Bo Su, Chi-Chao Chan, Gregory I. Liou und Rachel R. Caspi. „Endogenous IRBP can be dispensable for generation of natural CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells that protect from IRBP-induced retinal autoimmunity“. Journal of Experimental Medicine 203, Nr. 4 (03.04.2006): 851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20050429.

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Susceptibility to experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), a model for human uveitis induced in mice with the retinal antigen interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), is controlled by “natural” CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (T reg) cells. To examine whether endogenous expression of IRBP is necessary to generate these T reg cells, we studied responses of IRBP knockout (KO) versus wild-type (WT) mice. Unexpectedly, not only WT but also IRBP KO mice immunized with a uveitogenic regimen of IRBP in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) exhibited CD25+ regulatory cells that could be depleted by PC61 treatment, which suppressed development of uveitogenic effector T cells and decreased immunological responses to IRBP. These EAU-relevant T reg cells were not IRBP specific, as their activity was not present in IRBP KO mice immunized with IRBP in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), lacking mycobacteria (whereas the same mice exhibited normal T reg cell activity to retinal arrestin in IFA). We propose that mycobacterial components in CFA activate T reg cells of other specificities to inhibit generation of IRBP-specific effector T cells in a bystander fashion, indicating that effective T reg cells can be antigen nonspecific. Our data also provide the first evidence that generation of specific T reg cells to a native autoantigen in a mouse with a diverse T cell repertoire requires a cognate interaction.

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Loyens, Ellen, Dimitri De Bundel, Heidi Demaegdt, Siew Yeen Chai, Patrick Vanderheyden, Yvette Michotte, Paul Gard und Ilse Smolders. „Antidepressant-like effects of oxytocin in mice are dependent on the presence of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase“. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 16, Nr. 5 (01.06.2013): 1153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1461145712001149.

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Abstract Oxytocin is a neuromodulator with antidepressant-like effects. In vitro, oxytocin is rapidly cleaved by insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). Oxytocin metabolites are known to exert strong central activities that are different from the effects of the parent molecule. Our goal is to investigate in vivo whether IRAP deletion modifies the antidepressant-like effects of oxytocin. Male and female C57Bl/6 mice, IRAP wild-type (IRAP+/+) and knock-out (IRAP−/−) mice were injected subcutaneously with saline, oxytocin or oxytocin combined with angiotensin IV. One hour after injection, immobility was timed during a 5 min forced swim that was preceded by an open field to study locomotor behaviour. Oxytocin induced antidepressant-like effects in male (0.25 mg/kg oxytocin) and female (0.15 mg/kg oxytocin) C57Bl/6 mice subjected to the forced swim test. Oxytocin did not influence locomotor behaviour in mice, as shown with the open field. These findings were reproduced in transgenic male (aged 3–6 months) and female (aged 12–18 months) IRAP+/+ mice. However, the major findings of our study were that the antidepressant-like effect was reversed in angiotensin IV treated IRAP+/+ mice and was completely absent in age- and gender-matched IRAP−/− mice. The lack of an antidepressant-like effect of oxytocin in young male and middle-aged female IRAP−/− mice attributes an important role to IRAP in mediating this effect.

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Luthfi, Muhammad, und Dwi Ratna Indri Hapsari. „Assistance in obtaining the marketing authorization for the home food industry of Omah Kripik Mbote“. Community Empowerment 9, Nr. 2 (29.02.2024): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ce.10844.

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Omah Kripik Mbote, one of the household food industry (IRTP), encounters challenges in acquiring distribution permits, a crucial step in initiating an IRTP business. One major hurdle is the lack of comprehension and knowledge regarding the permit processing procedures. To address this issue, assistance was provided to facilitate the acquisition of an IRTP marketing authorization for Omah Kripik Mbote. This assistance aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of the procedures involved in obtaining an IRTP marketing authorization and processing a Home Industry Food Production Certificate (SPP-IRT) for Omah Kripik Mbote. The approach utilized in this assistance includes both classical and individualized methods, focusing on: a) disseminating information about the procedures for obtaining IRTP marketing authorization; b) aiding in identifying the requirements for acquiring IRTP marketing authorization; and c) guiding through the process of obtaining IRTP marketing authorization. As a result of this assistance, Omah Kripik Mbote has gained a better grasp of the procedures for obtaining IRTP marketing authorization, along with the issuance of SPP-IRT with PIRT numbers.

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Temponeras, Ioannis, Lykourgos Chiniadis, Athanasios Papakyriakou und Efstratios Stratikos. „Discovery of Selective Inhibitor Leads by Targeting an Allosteric Site in Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase“. Pharmaceuticals 14, Nr. 6 (18.06.2021): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14060584.

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Insulin-Regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a zinc-dependent aminopeptidase with several important biological functions and is an emerging pharmaceutical target for cognitive enhancement and immune system regulation. Aiming to discover lead-like IRAP inhibitors with enhanced selectivity versus homologous enzymes, we targeted an allosteric site at the C-terminal domain pocket of IRAP. We compiled a library of 2.5 million commercially available compounds from the ZINC database, and performed molecular docking at the target pocket of IRAP and the corresponding pocket of the homologous endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1). Of the top compounds that showed high selectivity, 305 were further analyzed by molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations, leading to the selection of 33 compounds for in vitro evaluation. Two orthogonal functional assays were employed: one using a small fluorogenic substrate and one following the degradation of oxytocin, a natural peptidic substrate of IRAP. In vitro evaluation suggested that several of the compounds tested can inhibit IRAP, but the inhibition profile was dependent on substrate size, consistent with the allosteric nature of the targeted site. Overall, our results describe several novel leads as IRAP inhibitors and suggest that the C-terminal domain pocket of IRAP is a promising target for developing highly selective IRAP inhibitors.

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Saleh, Basel. „Genetic Diversity in Ficus Sycomorus L. Species (Moraceae) Using Rapd and Irap Markers“. Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 59, Nr. 3 (01.09.2013): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agri-2013-0011.

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Abstract This study was conducted in order to assess accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility of the RAPD and IRAP techniques for determining the genetic variability in 10 Ficus sycomorus L. genotypes grown in the coastal regions of Syria. Thirty-six RAPD primers applied gave 352 discernible loci, of which 252 (71.59%) were polymorphic. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with 36 RAPD primers gave an average of 9.778 selected markers/primers, with a maximum of 21 (OPA18) and a minimum of five (OPG11, OPK12 and OPT18). The amplification with 22 IRAP primers (single or combination) generated 178 bands, of which 151 (84.83%) were polymorphic, with an average of 11.125 selected markers/ primer, with a maximum of 17 (IRAP-TDK11F) and a minimum of seven (BREP1F+BREP1R, IRAP-TDK1F+IRAP- TDK1R and IRAP-TDK2F+IRAP-TDK2R). In the present investigation, the IRAP marker was more efficient than the RAPD assay, where the latter exhibited a lower marker index (MI) average (1.629) compared with the IRAP technique (2.941). Otherwise, F. sycomor4 genotype showed the highest dissimilarity compared with other genotypes studied in this investigation. Based upon the estimated percent disagreement values (PDV), we can suggest that there are three subspecies present among the 10 samples tested.

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Rajendran, R. R., E. E. Van Niel, D. L. Stenkamp, L. L. Cunningham, P. A. Raymond und F. Gonzalez-Fernandez. „Zebrafish interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein: differential circadian expression among cone subtypes.“ Journal of Experimental Biology 199, Nr. 12 (01.12.1996): 2775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.12.2775.

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Retinoid trafficking between the photoreceptors and pigmented epithelium is probably mediated by interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), a 124-145 kDa glycolipoprotein in mammals and amphibians. In these animals, IRBP is composed of four homologous regions (modules) 300 amino acids in length. We have determined the primary structure of zebrafish IRBP and its expression pattern by northern analysis, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization under a variety of lighting conditions. Zebrafish IRBP is half the size (66.3 kDa) of mammalian IRBP because it is composed of only two modules, similar to goldfish IRBP. The first half of the zebrafish protein is most similar to the first module of mammalian IRBP and the second half to the fourth module of mammalian IRBP. This suggests that during the evolution of the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii), the middle two modules were lost. Each of the modules contains conserved hydrophobic domains which may form the ligand-binding pocket. The expression of zebrafish IRBP mRNA is sevenfold higher in the middle of the light period (at mid-light) than in the middle of the dark period (at mid-dark). This rhythm persists for 2 days under conditions of constant light or constant darkness, then dampens to an intermediate level by 8 days of constant conditions. At mid-light, IRBP mRNA is expressed by all cone types and to a lesser extent by the rods. At mid-dark, the mRNA is restricted to the ultraviolet-sensitive short single cones. These data suggest that IRBP expression is regulated by circadian and light-driven mechanisms that act differentially on the various photoreceptor subtypes in the zebrafish retina.

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Chensue, S. W., M. Bienkowski, T. E. Eessalu, K. S. Warmington, S. D. Hershey, N. W. Lukacs und S. L. Kunkel. „Endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) regulates schistosome egg granuloma formation and the regional lymphoid response.“ Journal of Immunology 151, Nr. 7 (01.10.1993): 3654–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.151.7.3654.

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Abstract This study examined the role of IL-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) in the regulation of the immune/inflammatory response to schistosome eggs. Initial screening for IRAP-specific mRNA transcripts by reverse transcriptase and primer-directed polymerase chain reactions suggested significant endogenous IRAP synthesis in lungs with Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced hypersensitivity granulomas but not in normal lungs or lungs with non-immune bead granulomas. Direct detection using mIRAP-specific antibodies corroborated the RNA studies. Both ELISA and immunohistochemical studies revealed significant spontaneous IRAP production in cultures of isolated egg granulomas and regional reactive lymphoid tissue that could be localized largely but not exclusively to macrophages. Synchronously developing secondary schistosome egg granulomas showed accelerated and augmented IRAP production compared with primary lesions, paralleling granuloma cellularity and growth kinetics. Nonimmune T cell-independent bead lesions produced the least amounts of IRAP. In draining lymphoid tissue the onset of IRAP production corresponded with local cell proliferation in both primary and secondary egg responses. Next, the in vivo role of IRAP was tested by administration of anti-IRAP antisera which caused 40-50% increases in egg granuloma area. Moreover, treatment increased (50-100%) IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-gamma production in the primary response and all but IFN in secondary response lymph node cultures. Our results suggest that IRAP is an endogenous regulatory protein and may limit the activity of IL-1 during the Ag-specific granulomatous response to schistosome eggs. Furthermore, our findings provide in vivo support for the notion that Ag-elicited lymphocyte-derived products probably augment IRAP production and block the action of IL-1.

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Боронникова, С. В., Т. Н. Светлакова und И. В. Бобошина. „Изучение генетического полиморфизма Populus tremula L. с использованием ISSR и IRAP маркеров“. Аграрная Россия, Nr. 2 (25.04.2009): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1999-5636-2009-2-20-22.

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Проведен анализ генетического полиморфизма P. tremula с использованием ISSR и IRAP методов; проанализировано 71 ISSR и 95 IRAP маркеров. Уровень полиморфизма ДНК составил при IRAP анализе 89,47 %, а при ISSR - 64,78 %. Определены основные показатели генетического разнообразия P. tremula. IRAP и ISSR маркеры являются высоко полиморфными, четко воспроизводимыми и стабильными, поэтому они рекомендуются нами для изучения генома P. tremula.

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PASQUI, VALDO. „IMAGE REFERENCE DATABASE IN TELERADIOLOGY: MIGRATING TO WWW“. International Journal of Modern Physics C 05, Nr. 05 (Oktober 1994): 887–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183194001021.

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The paper presents a multimedia Image Reference Data Base (IRDB) used in Teleradiology. The application was developed at the University of Florence in the framework of the European Community TELEMED Project. TELEMED overall goals and IRDB requirements are outlined and the resulting architecture is described. IRDB is a multisite database containing radiological images, selected because their scientific interest, and their related information. The architecture consists of a set of IRDB Installations which are accessed from Viewing Stations (VS) located at different medical sites. The interaction between VS and IRDB Installations follows the client-server paradigm and uses an OSI level-7 protocol, named Telemed Communication Language. After reviewing Florence prototype implementation and experimentation, IRDB migration to World Wide Web (WWW) is discussed. A possible scenery to implement IRDB on the basis of WWW model is depicted in order to exploit WWW servers and browsers capabilities. Finally, the advantages of this conversion are outlined.

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HAO, Qiang, Willy J. PEUMANS und Els J. M. van DAMME. „Type-1 ribosome-inactivating protein from iris (Iris hollandica var. Professor Blaauw) binds specific genomic DNA fragments“. Biochemical Journal 357, Nr. 3 (25.07.2001): 875–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3570875.

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The capacity of IRIP, a type-1 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) isolated from the bulbs of Iris hollandica, to bind specific DNA sequences from a mixture of approx. 200bp (average length) fragments of total genomic DNA from Iris genome was studied. Fragments that were preferentially bound by IRIP were enriched by several cycles of affinity binding and PCR, and were cloned and sequenced. The selected DNA fragments do not share conserved sequences, indicating that IRIP does not bind DNA fragments in a strictly sequence-specific manner. According to sequence analysis, most IRIP-bound fragments contain one or more possible free energy-stable hairpin structure(s) in their secondary structure, which may be the basis for recognition between IRIP and these DNA fragments. Some, but not all, DNA fragments moderately lower the RNA N-glycosidase activity of IRIP towards rabbit reticulocyte lysate ribosomes. IRIP does not remove adenines from the binding fragments, which implies that it does not act as a polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase towards these DNA fragments. The selective binding of IRIP to conspecific DNA fragments is also discussed in view of the novel concept that RIPs may act as DNA-binding proteins with a regulatory activity on gene expression.

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Fox, G. M., T. M. Redmond, B. Wiggert, T. Kuwabara, G. J. Chader und I. Gery. „Dissociation between lymphocyte activation for proliferation and for the capacity to adoptively transfer uveoretinitis.“ Journal of Immunology 138, Nr. 10 (15.05.1987): 3242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.138.10.3242.

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Abstract We have shown previously that immunization with bovine interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) induces in rats severe eye disease, experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). This study examined the uveitogenic capacity of IRBP of another species, the monkey, and tested the cross-antigenicity between these two proteins by a battery of immunological assays. Monkey IRBP was found to be approximately 20 times less uveitogenic in Lewis rats than bovine IRBP. High levels of cross-reactivity between bovine and monkey IRBP were demonstrated by antibodies as measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and by the radiometric ear test of delayed-type hypersensitivity, by using rats immunized with either one of the IRBP. On the other hand, lymphocytes from these rats failed to detect the cross-reactivity between the two IRBP by the proliferation response in culture. Yet, such lymphocytes did recognize the nonimmunizing IRBP when activated in culture for acquiring the capacity to adoptively transfer EAU into naive recipients. The data are discussed with regard to the limited usefulness of the lymphocyte proliferation assay for detection of immunopathogenic processes and the role of cross-reacting antigens in initiation of autoimmune responses.

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Ruffault, Alexis, Marine Sorg, Simon Martin, Christine Hanon, Lison Jacquet, Evert Verhagen und Pascal Edouard. „Determinants of the adoption of injury risk reduction programmes in athletics (track and field): an online survey of 7715 French athletes“. British Journal of Sports Medicine 56, Nr. 9 (17.11.2021): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104593.

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ObjectivesTo identify individual characteristics associated with the adoption of injury risk reduction programmes (IRRP) and to investigate the variations in sociocognitive determinants (ie, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intentions) of IRRP adoption in athletics (track and field) athletes.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study using an online survey sent to athletes licensed with the French Federation of Athletics to investigate their habits and sociocognitive determinants of IRRP adoption. Sociodemographic characteristics, sports practice and history of previous injuries were also recorded. Logistic regression analyses and group comparisons were performed.ResultsThe final sample was composed of 7715 athletes. From the multivariable analysis, competing at the highest level was positively associated with IRRP adoption (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.66; 99.9% CI 1.39 to 1.99 and AOR=1.48; 99.9% CI 1.22 to 1.80) and presenting a low number of past injuries was negatively associated with IRRP adoption (AOR=0.48; 99.9% CI 0.35 to 0.65 and AOR=0.61; 99.9% CI 0.44 to 0.84), both during their lifetime and the current season, respectively. These results were supported by higher scores of sociocognitive determinants among athletes who reported IRRP adoption compared with other athletes.ConclusionSome characteristics of athletes seem to be associated with IRRP adoption either positively (competing at the highest level) or negatively (presenting a lower number of past injuries), whereas all the sociocognitive determinants tested appear to be linked to IRRP adoption. Since many athlete characteristics are difficult or impossible to change, IRRP promotion may be enhanced by targeting athletes’ beliefs and intentions to adopt an IRRP.

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Firestein, G. S., A. E. Berger, D. E. Tracey, J. G. Chosay, D. L. Chapman, M. M. Paine, C. Yu und N. J. Zvaifler. „IL-1 receptor antagonist protein production and gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis synovium.“ Journal of Immunology 149, Nr. 3 (01.08.1992): 1054–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.149.3.1054.

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Abstract IL-1 can participate in the perpetuation of arthritis through direct stimulation of synoviocytes and augmentation of matrix degradation. Hence, local production of the IL-1R antagonist protein (IRAP) might be an important negative feedback signal that regulates synovitis. We assessed synovial IRAP production in synovia from 30 individuals, by using a specific mAb and the immunoperoxidase staining method. IRAP was detected in 11 of 12 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissues (ST) and was located primarily in the sublining, particularly in perivascular regions enriched for macrophages. Some staining was observed in the intimal lining of the synovium, although this was significantly less than in the sublining (p less than 0.05). Nine of 12 osteoarthritis (OA) tissues were positive for IRAP. In contrast to RA, the staining was observed primarily in the synovial lining in OA, with only minimal sublining IRAP being detected. Synovia from four patients without arthritis were negative (three autopsy specimens and one post-traumatic sample). Of the other two patients with miscellaneous diagnoses, one sample was negative (tenosynovitis) and one was positive (seronegative inflammatory arthritis) (sublining). Studies of serial sections and double-immunostaining experiments indicated that macrophages are the major cells containing immunoreactive IRAP. IRAP gene expression in vivo was determined by performing in situ hybridization on ST from 17 arthritis patients. RNA sense IRAP probes did not hybridize to any tissues. Anti-sense IRAP probes bound to two of nine RA tissues, two of six OA tissues, one of one seronegative inflammatory arthropathy tissue, and none of one flexor tenosynovitis tissue. As with immunoreactive protein, IRAP mRNA was primarily localized to cells in the synovial lining in OA but was more prominent in perivascular lymphoid aggregates in RA and seronegative inflammatory arthropathy. Northern blot analysis was performed on RNA isolated from nine ST. The appropriately sized IRAP band was identified in six of nine samples (five of six RA and one of three OA). Supernatants from cultured RA and OA ST cells contained immunoreactive and biologically active IRAP. Hence, IRAP gene expression and protein production occur in RA and OA synovium, albeit in different distributions.

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Pan, Xiang, Anatoli Meriin, Guanrong Huang und Konstantin V. Kandror. „Insulin-responsive amino peptidase follows the Glut4 pathway but is dispensable for the formation and translocation of insulin-responsive vesicles“. Molecular Biology of the Cell 30, Nr. 12 (Juni 2019): 1536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0792.

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In fat and skeletal muscle cells, insulin-responsive amino peptidase (IRAP) along with glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) and sortilin, represents a major component protein of the insulin-responsive vesicles (IRVs). Here, we show that IRAP, similar to Glut4 and sortilin, is retrieved from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network by retromer. Unlike Glut4, retrograde transport of IRAP does not require sortilin, as retromer can directly bind to the cytoplasmic tail of IRAP. Ablation of IRAP in 3T3-L1 adipocytes shifts the endosomal pool of Glut4 to more acidic endosomes, but does not affect IRV targeting, stability, and insulin responsiveness of Glut4.

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Kim, Seong K., Byung C. Ahn, Randy A. Albrecht und Dennis J. O'Callaghan. „The Unique IR2 Protein of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Negatively Regulates Viral Gene Expression“. Journal of Virology 80, Nr. 10 (15.05.2006): 5041–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.80.10.5041-5049.2006.

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ABSTRACT The IR2 protein (IR2P) is a truncated form of the immediate-early protein (IEP) lacking the essential acidic transcriptional activation domain (TAD) and serine-rich tract and yet retaining binding domains for DNA and TFIIB and nuclear localization signal (NLS). Analysis of the IR2 promoter indicated that the IR2 promoter was upregulated by the EICP0P. The IR2P was first detected in the nucleus at 5 h postinfection in equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1)-infected HeLa and equine NBL6 cells. Transient-transfection assays revealed that (i) the IR2P by itself downregulated EHV-1 early promoters (EICP0, TK, EICP22, and EICP27) in a dose-dependent manner; (ii) the IR2P abrogated the IEP and the EICP27P (UL5) mediated transactivation of viral promoters in a dose-dependent manner; and (iii) the IR2P, like the IEP itself, also downregulated the IE promoter, indicating that the IEP TAD is not necessary to downregulate the IE promoter. In vitro interaction assays revealed that the IR2P interacts with TATA box-binding protein (TBP). The essential domain(s) of the IR2P that mediate negative regulation were mapped to amino acid residues 1 to 706, indicating that the DNA-binding domain and the NLS of the IR2P may be important for the downregulation. In transient-transfection and virus growth assays, the IR2P reduced EHV-1 production by 23-fold compared to virus titers achieved in cells transfected with the empty vector. Overall, these studies suggest that the IR2P downregulates viral gene expression by acting as a dominant-negative protein that blocks IEP-binding to viral promoters and/or squelching the limited supplies of TFIIB and TBP.

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