Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Ionic Liquid interaction“

Electrostatic interactions between charged species play a prominent role in determining structures and states of physical system, leading to important technological and biological applications. In coarse-grained simulations, accurate description of electrostatic interactions is crucial in addressing physical phenomena at larger spatial and longer temporal scales. In this thesis, we implement ENUF method, an abbreviation for Ewald summation based on non-uniform fast Fourier transform technique, into dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) scheme. With determined suitable parameters, the computational complexity of ENUF-DPD method is approximately described as O(N logN). The ENUF-DPD method is further validated by investigating dependence of polyelectrolyte conformations on charge fraction of polyelectrolyte and counterion valency of added salts, and studying of specific binding structures of dendrimers on amphiphilic membranes. In coarse-grained simulations, electrostatic interactions are either explicitly calculated with suitable methods, or implicitly included in effective potentials. The effect of treatment fashion of electrostatic interactions on phase behavior of [BMIM][PF6] ionic liquid (IL) is systematically investigated. Our systematic analyses show that electrostatic interactions should be incorporated explicitly in development of effective potentials, as well as in coarse-grained simulations to improve reliability of simulation results. Detailed image of microscopic structures and orientations of [BMIM][PF6] at graphene and vacuum interfaces are investigated by using atomistic simulations. Imidazolium rings and alkyl side chains of [BMIM] lie preferentially flat on graphene surface. At IL-vacuum interface, ionic groups pack closely together to form polar domains, leaving alkyl side chains populated at interface and imparting hydrophobic character. With the increase of IL filmthickness, orientations of [BMIM] change gradually from dominant flat distributions along graphene surface to orientations where imidazolium rings are either parallel or perpendicular to IL-vacuum interface with tilted angles. The interfacial spatial ionic structural heterogeneity formed by ionic groups also contributes to heterogeneous dynamics in interfacial regions.

L'un des principaux domaines de recherche en chimie et en ingénierie chimique implique l'utilisation de liquides ioniques et de nanomatériaux comme alternatives à de nombreux produits chimiques et processus chimiques, comme ce dernier étant actuellement considérés comme non respectueux de l'environnement. Leur utilisation potentiel comme nouveaux fluides de transfert de chaleur et matériaux de stockage de chaleur, qui peuvent obéir à la plupart des principes de la chimie verte, nécessite l'étude expérimentale et théorique des mécanismes de transfert de chaleur dans les fluides complexes comme les ionanofluides. Le but de cette thèse était d'étudier les ionanofluides, qui consistent en la dispersion de nanomatériaux dans un liquide ionique.Le premier objectif de ce travail était de mesurer les propriétés thermophysiques des liquides ioniques et ionanofluides, à savoir la conductivité thermique, la viscosité, la densité et la capacité thermique dans une gamme de température comprise entre -10 et 150 ºC et à pression atmosphérique. Dans ce sens, les propriétés thermophysiques d'un ensemble considérable de liquides ioniques et d'ionanofluides ont été mesurées, avec un accent particulier sur la conductivité thermique des fluides. Les liquides ioniques étudiés étaient [C2mim][EtSO4], [C4mim][(CF3SO2)2N], [C2mim][N(CN)2], [C4mim][N(CN)2], [C4mpyr][N(CN)2], [C2mim][SCN], [C4mim][SCN], [C2mim][C(CN)3], [C4mim][C(CN)3], [P66614][N(CN)2], [P66614][Br] et leurs suspensions avec 0.5% et 1% w/w de nanotubes de carbone multi-parois (MWCNTs - de l'anglais multi-walled carbon nanotubes). Les résultats obtenus montrent qu'il y a une augmentation substantielle de la conductivité thermique du fluide de base due à la suspension du nanomatériau, en considérant les deux fractions massiques. Cependant, l'amélioration varie de manière significative lorsqu'on considère différents liquides ioniques de base, avec une gamme comprise entre 2 et 30%, avec une température croissante. Ce fait rend plus difficile l'unification des informations obtenues afin d'obtenir un modèle permettant de prédire l'amélioration de la conductivité thermique. Les modèles actuellement utilisé pour calculer la conductivité thermique des nanofluides présentent des valeurs considérablement sous-estimées par rapport aux valeurs expérimentales, en partie à cause des considérations sur le rôle de l'interface solide-liquide sur le transport de la chaleur.En ce qui concerne la densité, l'impact de l'ajout de MWCNTs sur la densité du fluide de base est très faible, variant entre 0.25% et 0.5% pour 0.5% w/w et 1% w/w MWCNTs, respectivement. Cela était assez attendu et est dû à la différence considérable de densité entre les deux types de matériaux. Cependant, la viscosité était la propriété pour laquelle les valeurs les plus élevées d' augmentation ont été vérifiées, allant de 28 à 245% pour les deux fractions massiques de MWCNT. La capacité calorifique était la seule des quatre propriétés mentionnées ci-dessus à ne pas être étudiée dans ce travail en raison de problèmes techniques avec le calorimètre à utiliser. Néanmoins, la quantité de données recueillies sur les propriétés thermophysiques restantes était extensif. On pense que ce dernier contribue de manière significative à une base de données croissante des propriétés des liquides ioniques et des ionanofluides, tandis que en fournissant un aperçu de la variation des propriétés obtenues à partir de la suspension de MWCNTs dans des liquides ioniques.(...)
One of the main areas of research in chemistry and chemical engineering involves the use of ionic liquids and nanomaterials as alternatives to many chemical products and chemical processes, as the latter are currently considered to be environmentally non-friendly. Their possible use as new heat transfer fluids and heat storage materials, which can obey to most principles of green chemistry or green processing, requires the experimental and theoretical study of the heat transfer mechanisms in complex fluids, like the ionanofluids. It was the purpose of this dissertation to study ionanofluids, which consist on the dispersion of nanomaterials in an ionic liquid.The first objective of this work was to measure thermophysical properties of ionic liquids and ionanofluids, namely thermal conductivity, viscosity, density and heat capacity in a temperature range between -10 e 150 ºC and at atmospherical pressure. In this sense, the thermophysical properties of a considerable set of ionic liquids and ionanofluids were measured, with particular emphasis on the thermal conductivity of the fluids. The ionic liquids studied were [C2mim][EtSO4], [C4mim][(CF3SO2)2N], [C2mim][N(CN)2], [C4mim][N(CN)2], [C4mpyr][N(CN)2], [C2mim][SCN], [C4mim][SCN], [C2mim][C(CN)3], [C4mim][C(CN)3], [P66614][N(CN)2], [P66614][Br] and their suspensions with 0.5% and 1% w/w of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The results obtained show that there is a substantial enhancement of the thermal conductivity of the base fluid due to the suspension of the nanomaterial, considering both mass fractions. However, the enhancement varies significantly when considering different base ionic liquids, with a range between 2 to 30%, with increasing temperature. This fact makes it more difficult to unify the obtained information in order to obtain a model that allows predicting the enhancement of the thermal conductivity. Current models used to calculate the thermal conductivity of nanofluids present values that are considerably underestimated when compared to the experimental ones, somewhat due to the considerations on the role of the solid-liquid interface on heat transport.Considering density, the impact from the addition of MWCNTs on the base fluid’s density is very low, ranging between 0.25% and 0.5% for 0.5% w/w and 1% w/w MWCNTs, respectively. This was fairly expected and is due to the considerable difference in density between both types of materials. However, viscosity was the property for which the highest values of enhancement were verified, ranging between 28 and 245% in both mass fractions of MWCNTs. The heat capacity was the only of the four properties mentioned above not to be studied in this work due to technical issues with the calorimeter to be used. Nevertheless, the amount of data collected on the remainder thermophysical properties was extensive. It is believed that the latter contributes meaningfully to a growing database of ionic liquids and ionanofluids’ properties, while providing insight on the variation of said properties obtained from the suspension of MWCNTs in ionic liquids.The second objective of this work consisted on the development of molecular interaction models between ionic liquids and highly conductive nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene sheets. These models were constructed based on quantum calculations of the interaction energy between the ions and a cluster, providing interaction potentials. Once these models were obtained, a second stage on this computational approach entailed to simulate, by Molecular Dynamics methods, the interface nanomaterial/ionic liquid, in order to understand the specific interparticle/molecular interactions and their contribution to the heat transfer. This would allow to study both structural properties, such as the ordering of the ionic fluid at the interface, and dynamic ones, such as residence times and diffusion. (...)

The potential applications of ionic liquids and related analogues are diverse. However, for large-scale industrial applications low cost ionic liquids are required. Moreover, for the full potential of ionic liquids to be realised, a fundamental link between molecular level interactions, structuring and the bulk phase properties must be established. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and protic ionic liquids have been identified as candidates for the potential application of chalcopyrite leaching. The choline chloride – urea DES and 1- butylimidazolium hydrogensulphate protic ionic liquid were selected as systems of primary interest. Local structuring within the selected systems has been investigated, with an emphasis on the hydrogen bonding interactions. The choline chloride – urea mixture is a prototypical example of a DES. Using DFT, the pairwise interactions between the constituent components, and within clusters composed of n.urea.choline-chloride (n = 1-3), have been evaluated. Many different types of hydrogen bond have been identified, exhibiting flexibility in both strength and number. The formation of the commonly proposed [2urea⋅Cl]– complexed anion has been scrutinised and found to be energetically competitive with other interactions. Moreover, contrary to existing proposals, the negative charge is found to remain localised on chloride. The cation-anion and anion-anion interactions within [C4Him][HSO4] and related systems have been compared and contrasted;; ion pairs were evaluated using DFT and the bulk systems modelled using classical MD. Local structuring within [C4Him][HSO4] exhibits features of both the aprotic analogue and alkylammonium protic ionic liquids. [HSO4]–⋅⋅⋅[HSO4]– interactions have been considered and found to be a notable feature of the [HSO4]– ionic liquids studied. It is anticipated that the formation of [HSO4]– aggregates influences the properties of the bulk systems. A QM/MM method for the study of ionic liquids is introduced. Preliminary analysis suggests that this is a viable approach for the investigation of local structuring within ionic liquids.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are a novel class of ionic solvents, which are being used more and more often in chemical systems based on nanoparticles (NP) for several industrial and technological applications. However, at present we are unable to master the state of dispersion or aggregation of NP in these solvents, and the classic theories applied to colloidal stability, such as the DLVO, cannot be applied. In particular, the difficulty is found in the description of the electrostatic interactions in these ionic media. In this work, we try to better understand colloidal interactions in ILs through two systems that have been thoroughly characterized separately: magnetic maghemite nanoparticles, whose surface is well controlled in water, and the ionic liquid ethylammonium nitrate (EAN), known for its resemblance to water. These two systems are finally mixed together and studied at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. We perform characterizations through several techniques: flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, optical microscopy under magnetic field, scattering methods (neutrons, X-rays and light), magneto-optic birefringence. We discover the importance of having a charged NP surface in order to obtain stable maghemite dispersions in EAN. In particular, the best colloidal stability is reached by adsorbing citrate molecules on the NP surface. We further investigate the effect of the NP's size and concentration, of the cationic counterion used to compensate the charge of citrate, of water content. Finally, we transfer our acquired knowledge to the realization of dispersions in biocompatible ILs.

This thesis presents an investigation into the interactions between IL surfaces and gases through studying the kinetics of absorption, adsorption and desorption. A model for absorption is presented in which a gaseous molecule that impacts the surface first enters a physisorbed state, from which it can either desorb or be absorbed into the bulk IL.