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Meng, Yanqin, Libin Yang, Qing Xu, Yafei Guo, and Tianlong Deng. "Mean Activity Coefficients of NaNO3 and the Mixing Ion-Interaction Parameters in the Ternary System (NaNO3 + CsNO3 + H2O) at 298.15 K by EMF Method." Journal of Chemistry 2022 (March 26, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9385577.
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Ion-selective electrodes directly respond to the activity of target ions without destroying the existing form of the original electrolyte, so ion-selective electrodes have been widely used in various fields. Mean activity coefficient of NaNO3 in the ternary system (NaNO3 + CsNO3 + H2O) at 298.15 K was measured by electromotive force (EMF) with the cell: Na+ ion-selective electrode (Na-ISE)|NaNO3 (mA), CsNO3 (mB)|NO3- ion-selective electrode (NO3-ISE) with total ionic strengths from 0.01 to 4.5 mol·kg-1 at different ionic strength fractions (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8). The results showed that the Na-ISE and NO3-ISE have a good Nernst response, and the mean activity coefficients of NaNO3 are obtained via the Nernst equation. Based on the data of mean activity coefficients of NaNO3, the relationship diagrams of activity coefficients of NaNO3 against ion strengths in the ternary system were demonstrated, and the Pitzer mixing ion-interaction parameters θ Na , Cs and ψ Na , Cs , N O 3 were obtained.
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Thomas, J. D. R. "Devices for ion-sensing and pX measurements." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 1 (2001): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173010031.
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Thirty years of ion-selective electrode (ISE) researches at the University of Wales, Cardiff are outlined. They summarize developments of PVC membrane ISEs, first for calcium and then of other systems, including the improved calcium dioctyl-phenyl-phosphate sensor for calcium and those of ion-exchangers, polyalkoxylates, and cyclic and acyclic polyethers for various anions and cations. Electrodes based on polyalkoxylates have interesting properties toward the polyethers themselves. Some ISE failure causes are discussed. Attention is given to applications, including analysis of wash liquors and nonionic surfactants, biomedical roles, and studies of sulfate-reducing bacteria activity. Coated-wire ISEs and ion-selective field effect transistors (ISFETs) are mentioned, as are other modes of ISE deployment. The review concludes with some fundamental features of PVC electrode membranes as determined by radiotracer, applied potential, and potentiostatic approaches.
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Saefurohman, Asep, Buchari, and Indra Noviandri. "La(III) Ion Selective Electrode with PTFE Membrane Containing Tributyl Phosphate Ionophore." Key Engineering Materials 874 (January 2021): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.874.50.
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Methods for the quantitative determination of lanthanum that have been developed are generally spectroscopic methods such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, which has relatively high operational costs. The feasibility of the potentiometric method using ion selective electrode (ISE) as an alternative method for lanthanum (III) determination needs to be studied because it is simple, easy to use, and has high sensitivity and selectivity. In this study, we developed ion selective electrode using PTFE membrane impregnated with tributyl phosphate (TBP) as ionophore. TBP is commonly used as a complexing agent for rare-earth ions in supported liquid membrane (SLM) separation process. We found that the compound can be used as an ionophore for ISE. This study aims to make a lanthanum ion selective electrode (III) (La-ISE) which has a Nernstian response. The parameters studied in the construction of this electrode were the effects of PTFE membrane immersion ionophore solution, ionic strength adjuster (ISA), and the inner solution composition. The performance parameters studied for the La-ISE were linear range, response time, detection limit, selectivity, and the lifetime of the electrode. Construction of the electrode begins with the preparation of the PTFE membrane as the main component. PTFE membrane was impregnated for 12 hours in the TBP solution having a concentration of 0.25 M or 0.50 M in kerosene. After it was dried, the membrane was attached to the end of the electrode tube with adhesive. Then, the electrode was filled with an internal solution containing a mixture of KCl 10-3 M with La (III) 10-3 M. The internal reference electrode was Ag/AgCl electrode. Before it was used, the electrode was soaked in a solution of La (III) 10-3 M for 12 hours.The effect of TBP concentration on the electrode performance was studied using two concentrations of TBP: 0.25 M and 0.50 M. The calibration curves obtained using both electrodes have good linearity. Nernst factor obtained from both electrodes is similar, although the Nernst factor obtained with an electrode having 0.50 M TBP closer to the theoretical value.ISA used in the measurement was KNO3. The effect of ISA on the performance of the electrode was studied using electrodes containing TBP with the concentration of 0.25 M or 0.50 M. The concentration of KNO3 used in this study was 0.01 M and 0.10 M. The Nernst factors obtained with electrodes containing 0.25 M TBP, in general, higher than those obtained with electrodes containing 0.50 M TBP in the same ISA. Electrode containing 0.50 M TBP resulted in the Nernst factor close to theoretical value when a measurement was conducted in 0.10 M KNO3.
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Urbanowicz, Marcin, Kamila Sadowska, Dorota G. Pijanowska, Radosław Pomećko, and Maria Bocheńska. "Potentiometric Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrode for Determination of Thiocyanate in Human Saliva." Sensors 20, no. 10 (2020): 2817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102817.
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A new solid-contact potentiometric ion-selective electrode for the determination of SCN− (SCN-ISE) has been described. Synthesized phosphonium derivative of calix[4]arene was used as a charged ionophore. The research included selection of the ion-selective membrane composition, determination of the ISEs metrological parameters and SCN-ISE application for thiocyanate determination in human saliva. Preparation of the ISEs included selection of a plasticizer for the ion-selective membrane composition and type of the electrode material. The study was carried out using ISE with liquid internal electrolyte (LE-ISE) and solid-contact electrodes made of glassy carbon (GC-ISE) and gold rods (Au-ISE). The best parameters were found for GC sensors for which the ion-selective membrane contained chloroparaffin as a plasticizer (S = 59.9 mV/dec, LOD = 1.6 × 10−6 M). The study of potentiometric selectivity coefficients has shown that the thiocyanate-selective sensor could be applied in biomedical research for determination of SCN− concentration in human saliva. The accuracy of the SCN− determination was verified by testing 59 samples of volunteers’ saliva by potentiometric sensors and UV-Vis spectrophotometry as a reference technique. Moreover, SCN− concentrations in the smokers’ and non-smokers’ saliva were compared. In order to investigate the influence of various factors (sex, health status, taken medications) on the thiocyanate level in the saliva, more extensive studies on a group of 100 volunteers were carried out. Additionally, for a group of 18 volunteers, individual profiles of SCN− concentration in saliva measured on a daily basis for over a month were collected.
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Wu, Rongrong, Xue-Gang Chen, Chunhui Tao, et al. "An All-Solid-State Silicate Ion-Selective Electrode Using PbSiO3 as a Sensitive Membrane." Sensors 19, no. 3 (2019): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030525.
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Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) is an emerging technology for in situ monitoring of the chemical concentrations of an aqueous environment. In this work, we reported a novel all-solid-state silicate ISE, using an Ag/Pb/PbSiO3 electrode. This electrode responded to aqueous SiO32− with a reasonable slope of −31.34 mV/decade and a good reproductivity. The linear range covered from 10−5 M to 10−1 M, for the Na2SiO3 solutions and the response time was generally less than 5 s. Its potentiometric response to pH and silicate indicated that the prepared electrode was sensitive to silicate, rather than pH. Compared to the traditional liquid ISE, our all-solid-state silicate electrode was resistant to high pressure and could be used in situ, in deep water. In addition, the miniaturized electrodes (diameter of 0.4 mm and a length of 2–3 cm) could be easily integrated into a multi-modal sensor, which could simultaneously determine multiple parameters. Our prepared silicate ISE could potentially be used to determine the presence of silicate in a low-chloride aqueous environment, where the ISE exhibited better selectivity for silicate, over interfering ions such as, SO42−, NO3−, CH3COO−, CO32−, and PO43−.
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Zhang, Chuqing, Yang He, Jianbo Wu, et al. "Fabrication of an All-Solid-State Carbonate Ion-Selective Electrode with Carbon Film as Transducer and Its Preliminary Application in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Field Exploration." Chemosensors 9, no. 8 (2021): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9080236.
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Real-time measurements of carbonate ion concentrations in the ocean are critical to advancing marine environmental monitoring and research into deep-sea hydrothermal activity. Herein, we report the first example of deep-sea hydrothermal field exploration using a carbonate ion-selective electrode (ISE). The novel carbonate ISE was composed of a Ni wire as substrate, carbon film as transducers and carbonate-selective membrane layers. This paper describes the preparation process of the electrode and characterises its performance via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical analysis. The detection limit of the electrode for CO32− is 2.821 × 10−6 mol/L, the linear response range is 1.0 × 10−5–1.0 × 10−1 mol/L and the Nernst slope was −30.4 mV/decade. In April 2021, the carbonate ISE was mounted on multi-parameter sensors with pH and Eh (redox) electrodes for the search of hydrothermal activity at the Southwest Indian Ridge. The simultaneous potential anomalies appeared at this carbonate electrode with the pH and Eh electrodes when passing through the hydrothermal field. The study of the hydrothermal field was supported by the in situ camera video and the sulphide samples. Additionally, the carbonate electrode provides enhanced information of water chemistry for the study of the hydrothermal field.
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Dr., Hajar Naser Nasser, Elham Munir Baddour Dr., and Mossab Brakat Khalel Dr. "Preparing a Copper(II) Ion Selective PVC Membrane Electrode based on Complex of 3-(4-Nitrophenylazo)-pentane-2,4-dione (LP) with Copper(II) as Ionophore." Chemistry Research Journal 4, no. 4 (2019): 41–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13323323.
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3-(4-nitrophenylazo)-pentane-2,4-dione as ionophore was synthesized and used as ion carrier to prepare copper(II) ion selective PVC membrane electrodes. The best performance was obtained by a membrane electrode with the composition: PVC as matrix (32%), (LP) as ionophore (3%), <em>DBP</em> as plasticizer (64%) and NaTBP as anionic additive (1%). This electrode showed a linear potential response to copper(II) was within this range 1.0 × 10<sup>−6</sup>–1.0 × 10<sup>-1</sup>M, with Nernstian slope of 28.23 mV/decade and detection limit down to 7 × 10<sup>−7</sup>M. It is suitable for copper(II) determination within pH between 3 and 6, and performs well over a period of 2 months. The electrode is selective for copper for a large number of metal ions. Described membrane electrode can be used in analytical measurements by direct potentiometry to determine Cu<sup>+2</sup> in standard and real sample solutions.
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Delmo, Naela, Zekra Mousavi, Tomasz Sokalski, and Johan Bobacka. "Novel Experimental Setup for Coulometric Signal Transduction of Ion-Selective Electrodes." Membranes 12, no. 12 (2022): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121221.
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In this work, a novel and versatile experimental setup for coulometric signal transduction of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) is introduced and studied. It is based on a constant potential coulometric measurement carried out using a one-compartment three-electrode electrochemical cell. In the setup, a potassium ion-selective electrode (K+- ISE) is connected as the reference electrode (RE). A poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)-based electrode with a dummy membrane (DM) and a glassy carbon (GC) rod are connected as the working electrode (WE) and counter electrode (CE), respectively. Adding a non-selective dummy membrane to the structure of the WE facilitates the regulation of the measured signal and response time. The results from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements carried out on the WE showed that the time constant is profoundly influenced by the dummy membrane thickness. In addition, the redox capacitance of the PEDOT:PSS film shows a better correlation with the electrode area than the film thickness. Sequential addition/dilution experiments showed the improvement of current and cumulated charge signals in the new setup studied in this work compared to the setup used in the original coulometric signal transduction method. Both conventional ISEs and solid-contact ISEs (SCISEs) were used in this work. The results showed that the coulometric response was independent of the type of ISE used as RE, confirming the versatility of the novel set-up.
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Kościelniak, Paweł, Marek Dębosz, Marcin Wieczorek, et al. "The Use of an Acylhydrazone-Based Metal-Organic Framework in Solid-Contact Potassium-Selective Electrode for Water Analysis." Materials 15, no. 2 (2022): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020579.
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A solid-contact ion-selective electrode was developed for detecting potassium in environmental water. Two versions of a stable cadmium acylhydrazone-based metal organic framework, i.e., JUK-13 and JUK-13_H2O, were used for the construction of the mediation layer. The potentiometric and electrochemical characterizations of the proposed electrodes were carried out. The implementation of the JUK-13_H2O interlayer is shown to improve the potentiometric response and stability of measured potential. The electrode exhibits a good Nernstian slope (56.30 mV/decade) in the concentration range from 10−5 to 10−1 mol L−1 with a detection limit of 2.1 µmol L−1. The long-term potential stability shows a small drift of 0.32 mV h−1 over 67 h. The electrode displays a good selectivity comparable to ion-selective electrodes with the same membrane. The K-JUK-13_H2O-ISE was successfully applied for the determination of potassium in three certified reference materials of environmental water with great precision (RSD < 3.00%) and accuracy (RE < 3.00%).
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Hassan, Eldin, Amr, Al-Omar, Kamel, and Khalifa. "Improved Solid-Contact Nitrate Ion Selective Electrodes Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an Ion-to-Electron Transducer." Sensors 19, no. 18 (2019): 3891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183891.
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Possible improvement of the performance characteristics, reliability and selectivity of solid-contact nitrate ion-selective electrodes (ISE) (SC/NO3−-ISE) is attained by the application of a nitron-nitrate (Nit+/NO3−) ion association complex and inserting multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an ion-to-electron transducer between the ion sensing membrane (ISM) and the electronic conductor glassy carbon (GC) substrate. The potentiometric performance of the proposed electrode revealed a Nernstian slope −55.1 ± 2.1 (r² = 0.997) mV/decade in the range from 8.0 × 10−8–1 × 10−2 M with a detection limit of 2.8 × 10−8 (1.7 ng/mL). Selectivity, repeatability and reproducibility of the proposed sensors were considerably improved as compared to the coated disc electrode (GC/NO3−-ISE) without insertion of a MWCNT layer. Short-term potential stability and capacitance of the proposed sensors were tested using a current-reversal chronopotentiometric technique. The potential drift in presence of a MWCNT layer decreased from 167 μVs−1 (i.e., in absence of MWCNTs) to 16.6 μVs−1. In addition, the capacitance was enhanced from 5.99 μF (in absence of MWCNTs) to 60.3 μF (in the presence of MWCNTs). The presented electrodes were successfully applied for nitrate determination in real samples with good accuracy.
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Tatara, Ryoichi, Kenta Ishihara, Motohiro Kosugi, et al. "Application of Potassium Ion Conducting KTiOPO4 as Effective Inner Solid-Contact Layer in All-Solid-State Potassium Ion-Selective Electrode." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 170, no. 2 (2023): 027507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acb4bd.
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Solid electrolytes used in all-solid-state batteries electronically separate the positive and negative electrodes in the battery and only allow the carrier ions to pass through. KTiOPO4 (KTP), a potassium ion-conducting solid electrolyte, was first applied as the inner solid contact layer of an all-solid-state potassium ion-selective electrode (ISE) to stabilize the membrane potential. Application of the KTP layer improved the long-term potential stability of the ISE by stabilizing the membrane potential. This can be further improved by adding acetylene black (AB) to the KTP layer which reduced the electrode resistance owing to its high double-layer capacitance.
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Yao, Yao, Yibin Ying, and Jianfeng Ping. "Development of a Graphene Paper-Based Flexible Solid-Contact Lead Ion-Selective Electrode and its Application in Water." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 2 (2019): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12906.
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Abstract. A graphene paper-based flexible solid-contact ion-selective electrode (SC-ISE) was developed to detect lead ion sensitively. Graphene paper obtained via a simple vacuum filtration method was used as the electrode substrate for direct coating of an ion-selective membrane. The Nernstian slope of the prepared paper-based potentiometric sensor toward lead ion detection was demonstrated as 29.4 mV per decade. A detection limit as low as 2.5 × 10-7 mol L-1 was achieved. Reversed chronopotentiometry and water layer test revealed that the graphene paper-based SC-ISE possessed excellent potential stability because of the hydrophobicity of graphene paper. Furthermore, reliable data were obtained from the detection of lead ion levels in real water samples using the graphene paper-based potentiometric sensor, which shows great potential in practical application. Keywords: Graphene paper, Heavy metal, Ion-selective electrode, Potentiometry, Water sample.
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Brackett, J., B. Durley, R. Janczak, et al. "Centrifugal ion-selective electrode system for potassium in whole blood." Clinical Chemistry 36, no. 12 (1990): 2126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.12.2126.
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Abstract We describe a novel ion-selective electrode (ISE) system that can be used in the Abbott Vision analyzer. A reusable sensor pack and a disposable test pack have been miniaturized to approximately the size and weight of a conventional Vision test pack, thus eliminating the need for a separate ISE module. The sensor pack contains a fluid path, battery-powered electronics, and screw-in electrodes. The test pack contains separate chambers and fluid channels for a blood specimen and two aqueous calibrators. During a run, plasma is separated from blood cells and is moved sequentially, along with the two calibrators, into and out of the sensor pack by centrifugal force. Each run includes checks for electromechanical integrity, fluid contamination, calibration slope and intercept, and specimen hemolysis. The system operates with CVs of less than 2% and gives results that correlate well with those by flame photometry and direct ISE methods. Either skin-puncture or venipuncture whole blood can be assayed, as well as serum or plasma.
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Gehan, A. Zaki, and M. E. Hassouna Mohammed. "Potentiometric Determination of Prednisolone in Pharmaceutical Formulations." Journal of Advanced Chemical Sciences 7, no. 3 (2021): 742–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30799/jacs.240.21070302.
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In this present work, a prednisolone ion selective electrode (PRED-ISE) has been developed. The electrode shows linear response towards prednisolone in the range 3.0×10−6 – 8.6×10−3 M with a detection limit of 2.5×10−6. PRED-ISE was used as an indicator electrode for the potentiometric titration of different concentrations of standard prednisolone against standardized sodium tetraphenyl borate solution and in tablets. The electrode manifests advantages of low resistance, fast response and, most importantly, good selective relativity to a variety of other cations.
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Hu, Shihui, Rong Zhang, and Yunfang Jia. "Porous Graphene Oxide Decorated Ion Selective Electrode for Observing Across-Cytomembrane Ion Transport." Sensors 20, no. 12 (2020): 3500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123500.
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The technology for measuring cytomembrane ion transport is one of the necessities in modern biomedical research due to its significance in the cellular physiology, the requirements for the non-invasive and easy-to-operate devices have driven lots of efforts to explore the potential electrochemical sensors. Herein, we would like to evidence the exploitation of the porous graphene oxide (PGO) decorated ion selective electrode (ISE) as a detector to capture the signal of cytomembrane ion transport. The tumor cells (MDAMB231, A549 and HeLa) treated by iodide uptake operation, with and without the sodium-iodide-symporter (NIS) expression, are used as proofs of concept. It is found that under the same optimized experimental conditions, the changed output voltages of ISEs before and after the cells’ immobilization are in close relation with the NIS related ion’s across-membrane transportation, including I−, Na+ and Cl−. The explanation for the measured results is proposed by clarifying the function of the PGO scaffold interfacial micro-environment (IME), that is, in this spongy-like micro-space, the NIS related minor ionic fluctuations can be accumulated and amplified for ISE to probe. In conclusion, we believe the integration of the microporous graphene derivatives-based IME and ISE may pave a new way for observing the cytomembrane ionic activities.
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Liao, Chunxian, Lijie Zhong, Yitian Tang, et al. "Solid-Contact Potentiometric Anion Sensing Based on Classic Silver/Silver Insoluble Salts Electrodes without Ion-Selective Membrane." Membranes 11, no. 12 (2021): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11120959.
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Current solid potentiometric ion sensors mostly rely on polymeric-membrane-based, solid-contact, ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs). However, anion sensing has been a challenge with respect to cations due to the rareness of anion ionophores. Classic metal/metal insoluble salt electrodes (such as Ag/AgCl) without an ion-selective membrane (ISM) offer an alternative. In this work, we first compared the two types of SC-ISEs of Cl− with/without the ISM. It is found that the ISM-free Ag/AgCl electrode discloses a comparable selectivity regarding organic chloride ionophores. Additionally, the electrode exhibits better comprehensive performances (stability, reproducibility, and anti-interference ability) than the ISM-based SC-ISE. In addition to Cl−, other Ag/AgX electrodes also work toward single and multi-valent anions sensing. Finally, a flexible Cl− sensor was fabricated for on-body monitoring the concentration of sweat Cl− to illustrate a proof-of-concept application in wearable anion sensors. This work re-emphasizes the ISM-free SC-ISEs for solid anion sensing.
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Nyachhyon, Armila Rajbhandari, Krishna Manandhar, and Raja Ram Pradhananga. "Electrochemical Characterization of Laboratory Fabricated Bromide Ion Selective Electrode." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (2016): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v21i1.16054.
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Bromide ion selective electrode (Br-ISE) have been successfully fabricated in the laboratory. The polycrystalline Ag2S-AgBr membrane material of Br-ISE was prepared by co-precipitation of silver sulphide and silver bromide from aqueous solution and was characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD). XRD results showed that material is in mixed phase state having Ag3SBr, Ag2S and AgBr. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to study the texture of the surface. The potentiometric response has been investigated by 2 electrode system whereas 3 electrode systems have been used for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrode was found to behave well up to the bromide concentration of 1x10-5M with a Nernstian slope of 58 mV per decade change in bromide ion concentration. The selectivity coefficient of electrode containing bromide ion in the presence of I- and Cl- ions was found to be 3.98 and 8x10-2, respectively indicating that I- and Cl- ions interfere in the response of bromide electrode to bromide ion. The EIS studies shows that the charge transfer process is the key mechanism that is going on at the electrode/ electrolyte interface and electrode/ back contact interface.Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVol. 21, No. 1, 2016, page: 76-81
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Bertholf, R. L., M. G. Savory, K. H. Winborne, J. C. Hundley, G. M. Plummer, and J. Savory. "Lithium determined in serum with an ion-selective electrode." Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 7 (1988): 1500–1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.7.1500.
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Abstract We evaluated the performance of the lithium ion-selective electrode (ISE) in the Du Pont Na/K/Li analyzer. Lithium concentrations in 106 serum samples from patients being treated with lithium were measured in duplicate with the ISE and by flame photometry. The slope of the regression line for the two methods was 1.004 with a standard error of the estimate of 0.049 mmol/L (x = flame photometry, y = ISE). Lithium measurements by the ISE method in serum or aqueous standards were linear to greater than 2.0 mmol/L. Within-run CVs for low (0.31 mmol/L) and high (1.15 mmol/L) lithium controls were 5.9% and 1.7%, respectively (n = 20). Day-to-day CVs for the same controls were 9.8% and 3.3%, respectively (n = 20). There was no significant interference when the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium were varied, nor did intervening urinary lithium analyses affect the measurement of serum lithium. Results for lithium measurement in four serum-based survey materials compared well with results by isotope dilution/mass spectrometry.
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McGaughy, Kyle, Jay P. Wilhelm, and M. Toufiq Reza. "Ion Selective Electrodes for Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater Monitoring: Effects of Ionic Strength on Selective Ions." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (2019): 3085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153085.
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Ion selective electrodes (ISE) were evaluated for use in a flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater monitoring system. Calcium, chloride, nitrate, and nitrite ISE’s were calibrated in a broad range of concentrations that were designed to model an actual FGD wastewater sample that was obtained from an industrial partner. Ideal Nernst, Modified Nernst, and a multiparameter regression analysis was performed for each electrode and evaluated on general fit and sensitivity at anticipated operating conditions. The Ideal Nernst equation, even with correction for ionic strength, was not able to properly model actual electrode performance. The multiparameter regression was able to model the electrode performance with relative errors of 10–25% when ionic strengths were below 0.1 M. Through the evaluation of real-time sensor usage at real conditions, a methodology of washing and sampling rate is suggested to minimize error in the readings.
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WANG, JIAN, RICHARD E. FARRELL, and A. DUNCAN SCOTT. "COMPARISON OF ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE METHODS FOR DETERMINING POTASSIUM Q/I RELATIONSHIPS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 70, no. 4 (1990): 693–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss90-071.
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Methods of characterizing the K + status of soils in terms of quantity-intensity (Q/I) relationships usually entail lengthy equilibration periods, filtrations, and multiple analyses of the filtrates. It has been established, however, that simpler and less time-consuming methods of determining Q/I parameters can be devised with ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). To this end, different ISE methods were developed and evaluated with suspensions of three Iowa soils and a successive-additions method of varying the added K+. The ISE methods, which were categorized on the basis of the electrochemical cell involved, were tested for their applicability to soil suspensions. Specifically, single-ISE (K- and Ca-ISEs vs. a double-junction reference electrode assembly with a 10 M LiOAc salt bridge), dual-ISE (K-ISE vs. Ca-ISE), and triple-ISE (K- and Ca-ISEs vs. Cl-ISE) methods were compared to ascertain the best means of determining the ΔK (gain or loss of dissolved K) and CR [concentration ratio: CK/(CCa+Mg)1/2] terms of the Q/I relationships. The Q/I curves for the three soils and the specific parameters of Q/I relationships were also determined with the different ISE methods. It was concluded that the combined approach of using the triple-ISE method with soil suspensions offers the best means of carrying out simple, rapid, and liquid junction free determinations of potassium Q/I relationships. Key words: Electrochemical cell, liquid junction, concentration ratio, potential buffering capacity
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Zhang, Wenpin, Shuangquan Wang, Dugang Kang, et al. "Integrated Microfluidic Chip Technology for Copper Ion Detection Using an All-Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrode." Micromachines 15, no. 1 (2024): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15010160.
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This study involved the preparation of an all-solid-state ion-selective electrode (ASS-ISE) with copper and a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT/PSS) conversion layer through electrode deposition. The morphology of the PEDOT/PSS film was characterized, and the performance of the copper ion-selective film was optimized. Additionally, a microfluidic chip for the ASS-ISE with copper was designed and prepared. An integrated microfluidic chip test system with an ASS-ISE was developed using a self-constructed potential detection device. The accuracy of the system was validated through comparison testing with atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The experimental findings indicate that the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the integrated ASS-ISE with the copper microfluidic chip test system is 4.54%, as compared to the industry standard method. This value complies with the stipulated requirement of an RSD ≤ 5% in DL/T 955-2016.
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Sukru Kalayci, Sukru Kalayci. "High Sensitivity Sulphite Membrane Selective Electrode and its Application." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 43, no. 4 (2021): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000590/jcsp/43.04.2021.
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In this study, the new sulphite sensitive ion-selective electrode (ISE) was prepared. The ISE was prepared from a combination of 5% perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), 40% PVC and 55% dibutylphthalate (DBF).The sensitivity of the ISE to 1.0x10- 7-1.0x10-1 M sulphite concentration was 58 and#177; 4 mV. Electrode sensitivity was characterized. The response time of this electrode is short and 30 s. The lifetime of ISE was approximately 210 days when used five times a day. It was determined that it can work at any pH value. It is not sensitive to anions and cations that may be present in the determination medium. The detection limit of the electrode against the sulfide concentration was measured as 1.2x10-8 M. The amount of sulfites in dried apricots in Turkey, was measured with electrodes. Sulfite amount in dried apricot was determined as 2.328 and#177; 0.2417 mg / kg according to the average of 5 experiments and 95% confidence interval. The same sample was measured with DPP as 2.521 and#177; 0.2785.The validation of the obtained results in each case was proved by statistical “t” and “F” tests.
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Sukru Kalayci, Sukru Kalayci. "High Sensitivity Sulphite Membrane Selective Electrode and its Application." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 43, no. 4 (2021): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000590.
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In this study, the new sulphite sensitive ion-selective electrode (ISE) was prepared. The ISE was prepared from a combination of 5% perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), 40% PVC and 55% dibutylphthalate (DBF).The sensitivity of the ISE to 1.0x10- 7-1.0x10-1 M sulphite concentration was 58 and#177; 4 mV. Electrode sensitivity was characterized. The response time of this electrode is short and 30 s. The lifetime of ISE was approximately 210 days when used five times a day. It was determined that it can work at any pH value. It is not sensitive to anions and cations that may be present in the determination medium. The detection limit of the electrode against the sulfide concentration was measured as 1.2x10-8 M. The amount of sulfites in dried apricots in Turkey, was measured with electrodes. Sulfite amount in dried apricot was determined as 2.328 and#177; 0.2417 mg / kg according to the average of 5 experiments and 95% confidence interval. The same sample was measured with DPP as 2.521 and#177; 0.2785.The validation of the obtained results in each case was proved by statistical “t” and “F” tests.
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Pradhananga, Raja Ram, A. Nyachhyon, A. P. Yadav, Lok Kumar Shrestha, and S. Tandukar. "Fabrication and Applications of Silver Sulphide Based Ion Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 117 (June 2010): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.117.7.
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An electrochemical sensor based on the silver sulphide precipitate was fabricated in the laboratory and characterized by x-ray diffraction, SEM equipped with EDAX, and electrochemical techniques. Ion selective electrode (ISE) was found to be sensitive enough to sense the sulphide ion concentration from 10-1 to 10-5 M in alkaline medium. The change in electrode potential per decade change in sulphide ion concentration was found to be 31.5 mV at laboratory temperature indicating adherence of the ion selective electrode to Nernst’s equation. The sensor have been successfully used for the quantitative determination of thiamine in pharmaceutical preparations, hydrogen sulphide in cigarette smoke and determination of solubility products of sparingly soluble silver salts. A trace amount of hydrogen sulphide, a toxic gas, is present in the cigarette smoke. The quantitative estimation of hydrogen sulphide in cigarette smoke is a challenging task to analytical chemist. Hydrogen sulphide in cigarette smoke had been determined by absorbing the cigarette smoke in 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and the resulting solution was analyzed using silver sulphide based ion sensor by standard addition technique using modified Gran plot. The average amounts of hydrogen sulphide produced by a stick of cigarette in 8 different brands of Nepalese cigarette ware found to range from 0.0332 mg to 0.0766 mg. The sensitivity and reliability of these home made ion sensors were excellent and in par with commercial electrodes. For developing countries like Nepal, who can not afford to procure high cost commercial ion selective electrodes, these home made ion sensors are especially appealing since the sensor can be fabricated with ease from the materials that are readily available in the chemistry laboratory and the sensor is quite sensitive and gives reproducible results which are sufficiently accurate for the analysis with ion selective electrodes.
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Alva, Sagir, Robi Suherman, Vivi Friliandita, Deni Shidqi Khaerudini, Edy Herianto Majlan, and Aiman Sajidah Abd Aziz. "Preliminary Study of Poly(Tetrahydrofurfuryl Acrylate) Thin Film as a Potential Material of Ion Selective Electrodes: The Case of Nitrate Ion-Selective Electrode." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 20, no. 3 (2020): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.44478.
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A preliminary study on the use of a photocurable poly-tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (pTHFA) has been successfully performed as an alternative membrane for application in the Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) sensors such as Nitrate-ISE. The pTHFA membrane was synthesized using photopolymerization technique and further optimized by varying the concentration of the photo-initiator. The pTHFA photopolymer was characterized by C-NMR, H-NMR, FTIR, and DSC. The best sensing formulation comprising pTHFA photopolymer was obtained from composition II with Tg of -17.3 °C. In the Nitrate-ISE fabrication process, initially, the tetraoctylammonium nitrate (TOAN) ionophore was optimized. The optimum TOAN concentration of 4.2 mg was then immobilized onto composition II as a sensing matrix. Results showed that the pTHFA based ISE sensor exhibited a slope near the Nernstian number with a good linear response for detecting nitrate ion concentration between 10–1 to 10–4 M (r2 = 0.9994) and limit of detection as low as 3.47 × 10–5 M. Furthermore, the selectivity behavior of pTHFA based nitrate-ISE sensor was determined in various types of interfering ions such as SO42–, H2PO4–, HPO42–, Cl– and I–. The sensor has demonstrated selectivity coefficient of -2.27 ± 0.2, -2.49 ± 0.6, -2.18 ± 0.8, -1.31 ± 0.1 and 0.41 ± 0.2, respectively. The fabricated pTHFA ISE-Nitrate sensor was further tested in the fish ponds, soils, and also rivers. The sensors have shown excellent performance and is comparable to the standard method.
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Ye, Xiangyi, Peng Qi, Yan Sun, Dun Zhang, and Yan Zeng. "A high flexibility all-solid contact sulfide selective electrode using a graphene transducer." Analytical Methods 12, no. 24 (2020): 3151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ay00420k.
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In this paper, a novel high flexibility all-solid contact ion selective electrode (ASC-ISE) based on reduced graphene sheets (RGSs) as the ion-to-electron transducer was developed for rapid detection of sulfide.
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Hermanto, D., D. Siswanta, M. Mudasir, M. Muhali, and N. Ismillayli. "Design and Synthesis of the Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) Membrane for Fe(III) Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) Based on Ester Modified Humic Acid (EHA) as an Ionophore." Journal of Applied Research and Technology 20, no. 6 (2022): 630–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2022.20.6.955.
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Design and synthesis of the poly vinyl chloride (PVC) membrane as Fe(III) ion selective electrode (ISE) sensor based on EHA ionophore as an excellent sensory molecule for monitoring Fe(III) in the sample solution had been done. Simple and efficient EHA was made by condensation of carboxylic acid HA with ethanol and sulfuric acid as catalist. PVC membrane was prepared by mixed all component such as PVC powder, EHA, plasticizer (o-NPOE and DOP) and anion lipophilic (Sodium-TPB and oleic acid) with a total weight of 100 mg and dissolved in 1 mL of dry THF. The electrode membrane responses showed that the electrodes were highly selective to ion Fe3+ at pH 3 with response time of ±50 seconds. The dynamic range of the membrane ISE sensor was 10-1–10-7 M with the value of Nernst factor was ±19 mV per decade. The membrane electrode can be used for at least 5 weeks. The analytical results of Fe(III) measurement showed good confirmity with reference method (AAS), suggesting that the developed analytical tool could be used to measure and monitor Fe(III) in the real water samples.
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Azam, Naheed, Seema I. Habib, and Muzdan Abdul Wahab Madoo. "Fabrication and Characterization of Novel Pb(II) and Cr(III) Ion Selective and Sensitive Electrodes." European Journal of Advanced Chemistry Research 3, no. 4 (2022): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejchem.2022.3.4.119.
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The Lead - Ion Selective Electrode (Pb-ISE) and Chromium-Ion electrode (Cr-ISE) is a method for the analytical determination of Pb(II) and Cr(III) in natural matrices. The ISEs are very sensitive, selective, and inexpensive analytical tools that can be applied to determine Pb(II) and Cr(III) in soil samples due to relatively high limits of detection. In the present work, we examined the possibility of using solid contact ISEs in soil analysis, combined with a simplified extraction method based on dilute HNO3 that can be carried out at the field site. The Ionic strength of lead and Chromium is measured by using The Pb-ISE and Cr-ISE were fabricated and their characteristics were studied separately and the Ionic strength of Pb(II) and Cr(III) was measured by using them, the results were found to be quite satisfactory.
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Мантров, Геннадий Иванович, Мариана Александровна Феофанова, and Егор Максимович Грачев. "ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE FOR DETERMINATION OF METFORMIN IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Химия, no. 3(41) (November 10, 2020): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtchem2020.3.13.
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Описана конструкция и электроаналитические характеристики ионселективного электрода (ИСЭ) для количественного определения метформина. В качестве электродноактивных соединений в ИСЭ были использованы ионные ассоциаты метформина с фосфорновольфрамовой(ФВК), фосфорномолибденовой(ФМК) и кремний вольфрамовой кислотами (КВК). Проведено потенциометрическое определение метформина в фармацевтических препаратах. The construction and electroanalytical characteristics of ion-selective electrode (ISE) for metformin are described. Ion pair of metformin with heteropolyacids were tested as electroactive materials for ionometric sensor controls. The ISE was used for direct potentiometry of metformin.
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Wardak, Cecylia, Klaudia Morawska, Beata Paczosa-Bator, and Malgorzata Grabarczyk. "Improved Lead Sensing Using a Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrode with Polymeric Membrane Modified with Carbon Nanofibers and Ionic Liquid Nanocomposite." Materials 16, no. 3 (2023): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031003.
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A new solid-contact ion-selective electrode (ISE) sensitive to lead (II) ions, obtained by modifying a polymer membrane with a nanocomposite of carbon nanofibers and an ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, is presented. Electrodes with a different amount of nanocomposite in the membrane (0–9% w/w), in which a platinum wire or a glassy carbon electrode was used as an internal electrode, were tested. Potentiometric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were carried out to determine the effect of the ion-sensitive membrane modification on the analytical and electrical parameters of the ion-selective electrode. It was found that the addition of the nanocomposite causes beneficial changes in the properties of the membrane, i.e., a decrease in resistance and an increase in capacitance and hydrophobicity. As a result, the electrodes with the modified membrane were characterized by a lower limit of detection, a wider measuring range and better selectivity compared to the unmodified electrode. Moreover, a significant improvement in the stability and reversibility of the electrode potential was observed, and additionally, they were resistant to changes in the redox potential of the sample. The best parameters were shown by the electrode obtained with the use of a platinum wire as the inner electrode with a membrane containing 6% of the nanocomposite. The electrode exhibited a Nernstian response to lead ions over a wide concentration range, 1.0 × 10−8–1.0 × 10−2 mol L−1, with a slope of 31.5 mV/decade and detection limit of 6.0 × 10−9 mol L−1. In addition, the proposed sensor showed very good long term stability and worked properly 4 months after its preparation without essential changes in the E0 or slope values. It was used to analyze a real sample and correct results of lead content determination were obtained.
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Chen, Li-Da, Wei-Jhen Wang, and Gou-Jen Wang. "Electrochemical Detection of Electrolytes Using a Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrode of Single-Piece Type Membrane." Biosensors 11, no. 4 (2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11040109.
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This study aimed to develop simple electrochemical electrodes for the fast detection of chloride, sodium and potassium ions in human serum. A flat thin-film gold electrode was used as the detection electrode for chloride ions; a single-piece type membrane based solid-state ion-selective electrode (ISE), which was formed by covering a flat thin-film gold electrode with a mixture of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and ion-selective membrane (ISM), was developed for sodium and potassium ions detection. Through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV), the detection data can be obtained within two minutes. The linear detection ranges in the standard samples of chloride, sodium, and potassium ions were 25–200 mM, 50–200 mM, and 2–10 mM, with the average relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.79%, 1.65%, and 0.47% and the average recovery rates of 101%, 100% and 96%, respectively. Interference experiments with Na+, K+, Cl−, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions demonstrated that the proposed detection electrodes have good selectivity. Moreover, the proposed detection electrodes have characteristics such as the ability to be prepared under relatively simple process conditions, excellent detection sensitivity, and low RSD, and the detection linear range is suitable for the Cl−, Na+ and K+ concentrations in human serum.
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Gettler, Ryan, Matthias Young, Shima Mehregan, and Henry D. Koenig. "Non-Equilibrium Nitrate Detection in Ionophore-Based Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 62 (2023): 2915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02622915mtgabs.
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Ion-selective electrodes (ISE’s) have benefits for solution-phase detection and quantification of ions, such as ease of operation, low cost, and high throughput compared to, e.g., ion chromatography or mass spectrometry methods. ISE devices are traditionally operated under zero-current conditions, where analyte ions passively exchange across a selective membrane barrier, yielding a Nernstian response after equilibration of Coulombic and chemical driving forces across the membrane. However, this passive mode of operation can require long equilibration times and lead to drift, for example due to electrolyte leakage and pH impacting the membrane and reference electrode. In recent years, non-equilibrium detection techniques have been of growing interest, where the ISE signal is obtained under applied electrical signal. However, the majority of this work has been devoted to cation sensing, with relatively few studies examining anion ISEs under active electrical actuation. Agricultural expansion and the corresponding uptick in application of supplemental nitrogen to soil has led to an increased demand for technologies to measure anions like nitrate – both from a production and regulation standpoint. In this work, we employ galvanostatic polarization of solid-contact ISEs as a non-equilibrium nitrate detection method. Our investigation involves coating electrodes with a redox-active charged polymer to act as a transduction layer to convert ionic to electronic signal, followed by solvent casting of a polymeric ion-selective membrane. We examine the impact of repeated rapid charging and discharging ISE electrode stacks on measurement time and stability. We compare the metrics derived from this technique to conventional open-circuit measurements using the same device. We identify benefits for this mode of operation using established nitrate membrane materials (e.g. nitrate ionophore VI membrane cocktail) that address some of the typical limitations of these conventional materials and we discuss opportunities for further refinement.
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Sun, Ai-Li. "A potentiometric immunosensor for enterovirus 71 based on bis-MPA-COOH dendrimer-doped AgCl nanospheres with a silver ion-selective electrode." Analyst 143, no. 2 (2018): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7an01305a.
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Deng, Yi, Nurul Asyikeen Ab Mutalib, An-Ju Hsueh, Jian Xiong, Hiroaki Suzuki, and Seiya Tsujimura. "Potential Control for Bipolar Electrochemical Systems By Closed Circuits Including Ion-Selective Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 54 (2024): 3657. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02543657mtgabs.
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Introduction Bipolar electrode (BPE) is an independent conductor immersed in the electrolyte and without directly connected to the external electronic circuit. Compared with the traditional three-electrode system, a BPE has unique advantages including a simple electrode structure, flexible sensing design, as well as the wireless driving (1). Therefore, in promoting multiplexed electrochemical detection, bipolar electrochemistery provides an effective solution for integrated design. However, given the absence external electronic circuit connection, precise control of the interfacial potential for a single BPE has been an issue in realizing reliable quantitative sensing (2). To solve this problem, we reported a new strategy for highly sensitive potential control of bipolar systems. An ion-selective electrode (ISE) which maintain a stable potential in ISE/solution interface with different ionic strengths coupled with BPE. An electrochemical closed circuit forms by Ag/AgCl electrode bridged BPE and ISE cells. The potential at the BPE/solution interface was controlled based on the potential of ISE and the position of the closed circuit. This technique enables single BPE on a highly array device to achieve sensitive potential control, which promotes the identification of informative biomarkers in large scale and real-time clinical studies. Experiment method Fig. 1 (A) shows the schematic of the closed bipolar system used for illustrating the potential control. The BPEs, ISE, and driving electrodes (Pt) are consolidated on a glass substrate. BPE (Ⅱ) branched out an arm electrode in the middle and modified with Na+ ion-selective membrane (ISM) at the terminal. BPE (Ⅰ) was employed as a control group without potential control unit. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) was introduced as a powerful biosensing technique for BPE. Adopting the concept of closed BPE, signaling reaction (chemiluminescence) at anode as a reporter for sample reduction at cathode of BPE that can be triggered by electrical potential. These two reactions took place in separate chambers that were only connected through a BPE. In the anodic chamber (red in Fig. 1A), 5 mM tripropylamine (TPA) and 1 mM [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in 100 mM phosphate buffer (PBS) (pH 6.9) was used for ECL reaction. The cathodic chamber was filled with 100 mM PBS (pH 6.9) containing 1 mM KCl (green in Fig. 1A). The ISE chamber (blue in Fig. 1A) was filled with NaCl solution of predetermined concentrations. Given the isolated chambers of BPE, two cases are explored, the ISE chamber and anodic chamber or cathodic chamber are bridged with a silver electrode with AgCl growing at both ends. When a constant voltage is applied into BPE chambers, [Ru(bpy)3]2+/TPA are oxidized on the anodes accompanied by photon emitting. These ECL signals are observed by CCD camera correspond to the reduction of O2 at the cathode due to the current flow through BPE. The different of ECL intensity reveals the situation of potential different at the BPE/solution interface. Results and discussion The closed bipolar system was first characterized with O2 reduction in the cathodic chamber, the curve for ECL intensity with driving voltage moved significantly depending on the location of the Ag/AgCl (Fig. 1 (B)). The peak of ECL was observed under larger driving voltage when the Ag/AgCl coupled the cathodic and control chamber. The effect of using the ISE was also examined by changing the concentration of NaCl in the control chamber. ECL intensity of BPE (Ⅱ) was decreased with the concentration of NaCl when Ag/AgCl connected anodic chamber (Fig. 1 (C)), in converse, ECL increased with NaCl when Ag/AgCl connected cathodic chamber. (Fig. 1 (D)). The results can be explained considering that the interfacial potential differences at both the anodic and cathodic poles shift in a more positive direction under the rate-limiting condition for the anodic pole. Fosdick, S. E., Knust, K. N., Scida, K., & Crooks, R. M., Angewandte Chemie, 52, 40(2013). A. A. Mutalib, Y. Deng, A. Hsueh, K. Kariya,T. Kurihara,H. Suzuki, Electroanalysis, 13, 10(2021). Figure 1
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Gao, Zhaoli, and Kan Kan Yeung. "Gradient Porous Graphene-Based Ion-Selective Electrode for Real-Time Monitoring of Sweat Electrolyte." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 63 (2023): 2962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02632962mtgabs.
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Human sweat, a biomarker-rich physiological fluid, is an ideal candidate for non-invasive and real-time health monitoring. State-of-the-art electrochemical sweat sensors, that detect concentrations of analytes, such as electrolytes, through ion-selective membranes (ISM) in ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), show great potential for monitoring bodily conditions with high selectivity and affordability. Ion detection can be accomplished by utilizing the electrochemical potential gradient across an ISM within the solid-contact ISE. The solid-contact interface, located between the sensing membrane and electron-conducting substrate, plays a crucial role in ion-to-electron transduction. This critical layer serves to minimize the formation of the water layer, enabling stable potential responses and maintaining long-term stability. This work focuses on the use of chemical vapor deposition-grown, hydrophobic, gradient porous graphene (3D-G) material as the solid-contact layer in the ISE, offering a wider detection range, enhanced sensitivity, and improved long-term stability. The highly porous structure promotes ion recognition, diffusion, and adsorption onto the enhanced electrode surface, resulting in long-term stability, rapid analyte diffusion, and enhanced ion-to-electron transduction for sweat electrolyte sensing. A three-dimensionally interconnected porous electrode design can significantly enlarge the sensing areas in comparison to a 2D planar electrode, thereby improving the overall sensing performance of the sweat sensor. Owing to their large interface area, coupled with large double-layer capacitance in all-solid-state ISEs, hydrophobic nanostructured materials have been demonstrated to facilitate the ion-to-electron transduction process. Employing the 3D-G ISEs for health assessment has been exemplified through an on-body sweat sensing experiment, wherein the obtained results exhibit notable similarity with those generated by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Figure 1
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "A New method for ISE construction for methyl orange dyes and using for indirect determination of Amitriptyline Hydrochloried drug." Baghdad Science Journal 12, no. 1 (2015): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.12.1.188-196.
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A new method for construction ion-selective electrode (ISE) by heating reaction of methyl orange with ammonium reineckate using PVC as plasticizer for determination methyl orange and determination Amitriptyline Hydrochloried drug by formation ion-pair on electrode surface . The characteristics of the electrode and it response as following : internal solution 10-4M , pH (2.5-5) ,temperature (20-30) and response time 2 sec. Calibration response for methyl orange over the concentrationrange 10-3 -10-9 M with R=0.9989 , RSD%=0.1052, D.O.L=0.315X10-9 MEre%=(-0.877- -2.76) , Rec%.=(97.230 -101.711) .
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Ameen, Suham T., Ali I. Khalil, and Asmaa A. Mohammed. "A New method for ISE construction for methyl orange dyes and using for indirect determination of Amitriptyline Hydrochloried drug." Baghdad Science Journal 12, no. 1 (2015): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2015.12.1.188-196.
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A new method for construction ion-selective electrode (ISE) by heating reaction of methyl orange with ammonium reineckate using PVC as plasticizer for determination methyl orange and determination Amitriptyline Hydrochloried drug by formation ion-pair on electrode surface . The characteristics of the electrode and it response as following : internal solution 10-4M , pH (2.5-5) ,temperature (20-30) and response time 2 sec. Calibration response for methyl orange over the concentrationrange 10-3 -10-9 M with R=0.9989 , RSD%=0.1052, D.O.L=0.315X10-9 MEre%=(-0.877- -2.76) , Rec%.=(97.230 -101.711) .
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Zhang, Wenpin, Shuangquan Wang, Zhi Xiong, et al. "Research on self-made zinc ion microfluidic chip detection system based on all solid state ion selective electrodetrode." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2740, no. 1 (2024): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2740/1/012064.
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Abstract This paper first prepared and characterized an all solid zinc ion selective electrode using electrode deposition, and further established a microfluidic chip system integrating zinc ion ASS-ISE and a self-made potential detection device. The stability of the self-made potential detection device was verified by comparing it with traditional electrochemical workstations. The accuracy of the microfluidic chip detection system was verified through comparative testing with traditional atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The experimental results show that the accuracy and stability of the microfluidic chip system integrated with ASS-ISE and self-made potential detection device meet the requirements of on-site rapid detection.
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Tait, Tara N., Lisa M. Rabson, Rachael L. Diamond, Christopher A. Cooper, James C. McGeer, and D. Scott Smith. "Determination of cupric ion concentrations in marine waters: an improved procedure and comparison with other speciation methods." Environmental Chemistry 13, no. 1 (2016): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en14190.
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Environmental context A Cu ion-selective electrode is potentially an excellent tool for cupric ion measurements in salt water, but it is prone to poor reproducibility. We show that dramatic improvements can be obtained by using a Cu ion-selective electrode and a one-point calibration method that corrects for electrode fouling. The method shows promise to be used to collect data on toxic cupric ion concentrations in saltwater environments. Abstract Free Cu is often used as an indicator for potential Cu toxicity. Free ionic Cu2+ was measured using a flow-through ion-selective electrode (ISE). Four different marine samples were collected from various locations and analysed during a fixed-pH Cu titration using an external standard calibration ISE method. Free cupric determinations in the range 10–12 to 10–7molL–1 were consistent with published literature but replicate measures showed up to four orders of magnitude variability. To improve reproducibility, an internal calibration method was developed. The new method was validated using artificial seawater with added tryptophan as the model ligand. The free Cu measured using the improved method showed the same trends as the external calibration data but reproducibility increased to an order of magnitude or better. The potential applicability of this new method was also highlighted in that it matches, in the environmentally and regulatory significant range of total Cu, with a fluorescence quenching method applied to one of the four samples. The ISE data do not agree with free ion concentrations estimated from anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) though. This suggests that, at least for these samples, ASV responded to a larger fraction of total Cu than simply the inorganic complexes. Caution should be exercised when using ASV as a proxy for bioavailability because the trends in ASV-derived free Cu did not match the free Cu as estimated by ISE. This ability to more reliably measure free Cu is significant for predicting and measuring toxicity on Cu exposure.
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Zhuang, Wei, Yining Li, Jiabi Chen, Weihui Liu, and Hongyuan Huang. "Copper nanocluster-labeled hybridization chain reaction for potentiometric immunoassay of matrix metalloproteinase-7 in acute kidney injury and renal cancer." Analytical Methods 11, no. 19 (2019): 2597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ay00681h.
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A simple and portable potentiometric immunoassay was designed for the quantitative detection of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP7) in acute kidney injury and renal cancer on a copper ion-selective electrode (Cu-ISE).
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Malecha, Karol, Marek Dawgul, and Dorota G. Pijanowska. "Ion-selective electrode made with LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramics) technology." Microelectronics International 31, no. 3 (2014): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-11-2013-0072.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on development and electrical characterization of miniature ion-selective electrode (ISE) for application in micro total analysis system or lab-on-chip devices. The presented ISE is made using low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC). It shows possibility of integration chemically sensitive layers with structures fabricated using modern microelectronic technology. Design/methodology/approach – The presented ISEs were fabricated using LTCC microelectronic technology. The possibility of ISE fabrication on multilayer ceramic substrate made of two different LTCC material systems (CeramTec GC, Du Pont 951) with deposited thick-film silver pad is studied. Different configurations of LTCC/silver pad (surface, embedded) are taken into account. Electrical performance of all LTCC-based structures with integrated ISE was examined experimentally. Findings – The preliminary measurements made for ammonium ions have shown good repeatability and linear response with slope of about 30-35 mV/dec. Moreover, no significant impact of the LTCC material system and silver pad configuration on fabricated ISEs’ electrical properties was noticed. Research limitations/implications – The presented research is a preliminary work. The authors focused on ISE fabrication on LTCC substrates without any microfluidic structures. Therefore, further research work will be needed to evolve ion-selective membrane deposition inside microfluidic structures made in LTCC substrates. Practical implications – Development of the LTCC-based ISE makes the fabrication of detection units for integrated microfluidic systems possible. These devices can find practical applications in analytical diagnosis and continuous monitoring of various biochemical parameters. Originality/value – This paper shows design, fabrication and performance of the novel ISE fabrication using LTCC technology.
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de Namor, Angela F. Danil, Abdelaziz El Gamouz, Salman Alharthi, Nawal Al Hakawati, and John R. Varcoe. "A ditopic calix[4]pyrrole amide derivative: highlighting the importance of fundamental studies and the use of NaPh4B as additive in the design and applications of mercury(ii) ion selective electrodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 24 (2015): 13016–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta02215k.
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A ditopic calix[4]pyrrole amide based ion selective electrode and its applications are first reported. Sodium tetraphenylboron currently used as additive in Hg ISE is by itself a sensor for mercury(ii).
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Zheng, Min, Yong-Jin Cao, Wei-Hua Cai, Xi Shi, Mou-Feng Wang, and Yu-Jie Deng. "Phytic acid-based copper(ii) ion-selective electrode on graphene oxide for potentiometric immunoassay of breast cancer antigen 15-3." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 28 (2019): 11171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj01834d.
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A potentiometric immunoassay based on a copper(ii) ion-selective electrode (Cu-ISE) was designed for the quantitative determination of carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3; a tumor marker associated with breast cancer).
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Malla, Komal Prasad, Bishnu Prasad Neupane, Bindu Malla, Anil Gautam, and Dinesh Chaudhary. "Sulfide ion Selective Method of Analysis of Sulfurated Hydrogen in Alkaline Smoked Cigarette Solution." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences 5, no. 1 (2019): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37107/jhas.39.
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Sulfurated hydrogen commonly called hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a clear, colorless, extremely toxic gas that has a rotten egg smell at low concentration. The human nose can detect H2 S at concentrations below 100 parts per billion (ppb). It is found least amount in cigarette smoke that has been the subject of analysis for many analytical chemists. This gases is soluble in alkaline medium and gives free sulfide (S-2 ) ions. Sulfide ion concentration in cigarette smoke solution is found in the range of detection limit of lab made Silver- silver sulfide (Ag/Ag2 S) ion selective electrode (ISE).This project has designed to investigate the amount hydrogen sulfide as a free sulfide (S--)ion in cigarette smoke solution. Silver-silver sulfide ion selective electrode (Ag/ Ag2 S ISE) and Silver–silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode are prepared in the lab for determination. Detail protocol of standard addition method with modified Grant’s plot is applied for estimation. Different brand of cigarette samples were collected from different area of Pokhara valley and analyzed. The average amount of H2 S per stick of cigarette smoke is found to vary from 0.0453 mg to 0.0573 mg in different brands. Among them sample no SA-5 shows 0.0453mg per stick of cigarette. This result is minimum in compare to other brands. Similarly, sample no SA- 7 have found 0.0573mg per stick which is higher in compare to other brands.
 Key words: Cigarette smoke, hydrogen sulfide, ion selective electrode, standard addition method, Grant’s plot method,
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Liu, Huixin, Zhen Gu, Yuan Liu, Xinxin Xiao, and Guangli Xiu. "Validation of the Application of Solid Contact Ion-Selective Electrode for Off-Body Sweat Ion Monitoring." Biosensors 12, no. 4 (2022): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12040229.
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The solid contact ion-selective electrode (ISE) is a promising skin-interfaced monitoring system for sweat ions. Despite a growing number of on-body usages of ISE with fancy new materials and device fabrications, there are very few reports attempting to validate ISE results with a gold standard technique. For this purpose, this work uses inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) as a reference technique to conduct a direct evaluation of the sweat sodium and potassium ion levels obtained by ISE in an off-body approach. Eight healthy male subjects were recruited to collect exercise-induced sweat. It was found that sweat sodium and potassium ions present a rather wide concentration range. The sweat sodium concentration did not vary greatly in an exercise period of half an hour, while the sweat potassium concentration typically decreased with exercise. Mineral drink intake had no clear impact on the sweat sodium level, but increased the sweat potassium level. A paired t-test and mean absolute relative difference (MARD) analysis, a method typically used for evaluating the performance of glucometers, was employed to compare the results of ISE and ICP-OES. The statistical analysis validated the feasibility of ISE for measuring sweat ions, although better accuracy is required. Our data suggests that overweight subjects are likely to possess a higher sweat sodium level.
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Мантров, Геннадий Иванович, Мариана Александровна Феофанова, Егор Максимович Грачев, Анатолий Анатольевич Крылов, and Михаил Игоревич Скобин. "CETIRIZINE SELECTIVE ELECTRODES BASED ON HETEROPOLY ACID DERIVATIVES AND THEIR ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Химия, no. 4(46) (December 27, 2021): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtchem2021.4.19.
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Описана конструкция и электроаналитические характеристики ионселективного электрода (ИСЭ) для количественного определения цетиризина. В качестве электродноактивных соединений в ИСЭ были использованы ионные ассоциаты цетиризина с фосфорновольфрамовой(ФВК), фосфорномолибденовой(ФМК) и кремний вольфрамовой кислотами (КВК). Проведено потенциометрическое определение цетиризина(Cet) в фармацевтических препаратах. The construction and electroanalytical characteristics of ion-selective electrode (ISE) for cetirizine are described. Ion pair of cetirizine with heteropoly acids were tested as electroactive materials for ionometric sensor controls. The ISE was used for direct potentiometry of cetirizine.
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Fujiwara, M. "Analysis of ion behavior and potentials in a Na+ ion-selective membrane containing methyl monensin." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 8 (1991): 1375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.8.1375.
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Abstract Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are widely used in clinical examinations. The mechanisms of ISEs have been studied to develop a disposable ISE for "dry chemistry" analyses. The behavior of Na+ and Ag+ in an ion-selective polymer liquid membrane (ISM) containing methyl monensin (MMO), which is selective for Na+, has been clarified by x-ray microanalysis and measurement of electrical potential. The results indicate that Na+ is not transported across the membrane because of a stability of the Na(+)-MMO complex, whereas Ag+ (from the Ag/AgCl electrode) is transported with Cl- across the membrane by diffusion. The difference in potential, which follows a Nernst gradient, is generated by the formation of a double layer of electrons at the interface between the ISM and the electrolyte solution. These results are explainable by the stability of the trap in the polymer liquid membrane. MMO acts as a stable trap of Na+ and as a metastable site of Ag+ for movement.
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Su, Yan, Ting Liu, Caiqiao Song, et al. "Using MoS2/Fe3O4 as Ion-Electron Transduction Layer to Manufacture All-Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrode for Determination of Serum Potassium." Chemosensors 9, no. 7 (2021): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9070155.
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As an essential electrolyte for the human body, the potassium ion (K+) plays many physiological roles in living cells, so the rapid and accurate determination of serum K+ is of great significance. In this work, we developed a solid-contact ion-selective electrode (SC-ISE) using MoS2/Fe3O4 composites as the ion-to-electron transducer to determine serum K+. The potential response measurement of MoS2/Fe3O4/K+-ISE shows a Nernst response by a slope of 55.2 ± 0.1 mV/decade and a low detection limit of 6.3 × 10−6 M. The proposed electrode exhibits outstanding resistance to the interference of O2, CO2, light, and water layer formation. Remarkably, it also presents a high performance in potential reproducibility and long-term stability.
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WANG, F. L., and P. M. HUANG. "ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE DETERMINATION OF SOLUTION K IN SOIL SUSPENSIONS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN KINETIC STUDIES." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 70, no. 3 (1990): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss90-041.
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The feasibility of using a K ion-selective electrode (K-ISE) to monitor changes in solution K concentration in soil suspensions with time, under shaking conditions, was investigated and its significance in kinetics studies of K adsorption was discussed. Factors that affect the efficiency of the K-ISE method include the response time of the electrode, influence of suspended soil particles, shaking speed, and ionic strength of the system. The response time of the K-ISE decreased with increasing K concentration. Moreover, for a system with a solution K concentration greater than 10 mg K L−1, errors resulting from response delays were negligible when, under shaking conditions, observation time intervals were greater than 30 s. The influence of suspended soil particles on the K-ISE method was negligible for soil suspensions with a solution/soil ratio of 50:1 (vol/wt). Shaking significantly influenced K-ISE determination of solution K concentration. The degree of the influence of shaking on the determination of solution K appeared to be related to ionic factors of the systems. Shaking had much less influence on the soil suspensions, the filtrates and mixed CaCl2-KCl solutions than on pure KCl solutions. Satisfactory results were obtained by taking into account the response time, suspended soil particle and shaking speed factors and by adjusting the ionic strength of the calibration system (KCl standard solution series). Key words: Potassium ion-selective PVC membrane electrode, batch technique, kinetics, calibration system, electrode response time, suspended soil particle, shaking speed, ionic strength
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Gohel, Mukesh, Jemil S. Makadia, and Chandan Chakrabarti. "Effect of Hypoproteinemia on Electrolyte Measurement by Direct and Indirect Ion Selective Electrode Methods." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 13, no. 02 (2021): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1730821.
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Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to see the effect of hypoproteinemia on electrolyte measurement by two different techniques, that is, direct ion selective electrode (ISE) and indirect ISE. Material and Method It was an observational study in which 90 serum samples with normal protein content (Group-1) were subjected to sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) measurements by direct and indirect ISE methods. In the same way, 90 serum samples with total protein < 5 g/dL (Group-2) were subjected to Na+ and K+ measurements by direct and indirect ISE methods. Result In samples from Group-1 patients, average Na+ was 138.1 ± 4.764 mmol/L by direct ISE method and 139.3 ± 3.887 mmol/L by indirect ISE method while average K+ was 4.41 ± 0.644 mmol/L by direct ISE method and 4.40 ± 0.592 mmol/L by indirect ISE method. There was no statistically significant difference in Na+ and K+ values measured by different methods. In samples from Group-2 patients, measured value of Na+ by direct ISE and indirect ISE was 134.57 ± 5.520 mmol/L and 138.64 ± 5.401 mmol/L, respectively. Difference between these two values was statistically significant with p-value of < 0.0001, but direct ISE and indirect ISE measured values of K+ was 4.146 ± 0.9639 mmol/L and 4.186 ± 0.8989, respectively, with no significant difference. Conclusion Direct and indirect ISE methods are not comparable and showing significantly different results for Na+ in case of hypoproteinemia. So, it is recommended that setups like intensive care unit or emergency department, where electrolyte values have significant treatment outcome, should follow direct ISE method and should compare its previous result with the same method. Both the methods should not be used interchangeably.