Zeitschriftenartikel: „Invertebrate Endocrine Disruption“

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Layton, Scott, and Jason Belden. "Engaging Undergraduates in the Scientific Process: Exploring Invertebrate Endocrine Disruption." American Biology Teacher 78, no. 5 (2016): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2016.78.5.410.

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Engaging students in the process of science to increase learning and critical thinking has become a key emphasis in undergraduate education. Introducing environmental topics, such as the effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, into undergraduate courses offers a new means to increase student engagement. Daphnia magna can serve as a model organism for endocrine disruption, and its ease of handling, rapid reproduction rate, and clearly defined endpoints make it useful in short-term, student research projects. The concept of endocrine disruption can be tested through a 21-day reproductive study of D. magna exposed to varying concentrations of the pesticide fenoxycarb. Students will observe an altered reproduction rate and increased production of males under conditions that would typically result only in the production of female offspring. This research system allows students to formulate hypotheses, set up experiments, analyze data, and present results, leading to a greater appreciation of and interest in science.

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Langston, W. J. "Endocrine disruption and altered sexual development in aquatic organisms: an invertebrate perspective." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 100, no. 4 (2020): 495–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315420000533.

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AbstractContaminants causing sex-altering, endocrine disrupting-like (ED) effects, or otherwise influencing reproduction, have been of growing concern to humans for more than 50 years. They have also been a perturbing, though less well-studied, phenomenon in marine organisms, following the recognition of tributyltin (TBT)-induced imposex and population extinctions in (neo)gastropods in the 1970s. Whilst ED impacts in mammals and fish are characterized by mimicry or antagonism of endogenous hormones by environmental contaminants (acting through Nuclear Receptors which are present in all metazoans) much less is known regarding pathways to effects in invertebrates. Despite the absence of a defined steroidal/mechanistic component, the extent, severity and widespread nature of ED-like manifestations and altered sexual characteristics observed in marine invertebrates gives rise to comparable concerns, and have been a long-term component of the MBA's research remit. The manifestations seen in sensitive taxa such as molluscs and crustaceans confirm they are valuable indicators of environmental quality, and should be exploited in this capacity whilst we seek to understand the pervasiveness and underlying mechanisms. In so doing, invertebrate indicators address aims of organizations, such as the EEA, OECD, UNEP and WHO, charged with management and monitoring of chemicals and ensuring that adverse effects on humans and the environment are minimized (Bergman et al., 2013). In view of the recent general declines in marine biodiversity, and the potential contribution of ED-like phenomena, safeguarding against deleterious effects through increased research which links pollutant exposure with reproductive dysfunction among invertebrates, is seen as a high priority.

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Keay, June, and Joseph W. Thornton. "Hormone-Activated Estrogen Receptors in Annelid Invertebrates: Implications for Evolution and Endocrine Disruption." Endocrinology 150, no. 4 (2008): 1731–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-1338.

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As the primary mediators of estrogen signaling in vertebrates, estrogen receptors (ERs) play crucial roles in reproduction, development, and behavior. They are also the major mediators of endocrine disruption by xenobiotic pollutants that mimic or block estrogen action. ERs that are sensitive to estrogen and endocrine disrupters have long been thought to be restricted to vertebrates: although there is evidence for estrogen signaling in invertebrates, the only ERs studied to date, from mollusks and cephalochordates, have been insensitive to estrogen and therefore incapable of mediating estrogen signaling or disruption. To determine whether estrogen sensitivity is ancestral or a unique characteristic of vertebrate ERs, we isolated and characterized ERs from two annelids, Platynereis dumerilii and Capitella capitata, because annelids are the sister phylum to mollusks and have been shown to produce and respond to estrogens. Functional assays show that annelid ERs specifically activate transcription in response to low estrogen concentrations and bind estrogen with high affinity. Furthermore, numerous known endocrine-disrupting chemicals activate or antagonize the annelid ER. This is the first report of a hormone-activated invertebrate ER. Our results indicate that estrogen signaling via the ER is as ancient as the ancestral bilaterian animal and corroborate the estrogen sensitivity of the ancestral steroid receptor. They suggest that the taxonomic scope of endocrine disruption by xenoestrogens may be very broad and reveal how functional diversity evolved in a gene family central to animal endocrinology.

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Sainath, S. B., A. André, L. Filipe C. Castro, and M. M. Santos. "The evolutionary road to invertebrate thyroid hormone signaling: Perspectives for endocrine disruption processes." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 223 (September 2019): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.05.014.

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5

Puinean, Alin-Mirel, and Jeanette M. Rotchell. "Vitellogenin gene expression as a biomarker of endocrine disruption in the invertebrate, Mytilus edulis." Marine Environmental Research 62 (January 2006): S211—S214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.04.035.

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6

Langston, W. J., G. R. Burt, B. S. Chesman, and C. H. Vane. "Partitioning, bioavailability and effects of oestrogens and xeno-oestrogens in the aquatic environment." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, no. 1 (2005): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405010787h.

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This review provides insights into the distribution and impact of oestrogens and xeno-oestrogens in the aquatic environment and highlights some significant knowledge gaps in our understanding of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Key areas of uncertainty in the assessment of risk include the role of estuarine sediments in mediating the fate and bioavailability of environmental (xeno)oestrogens (notably their transfer to benthic organisms and estuarine food chains), together with evidence for endocrine disruption in invertebrate populations.Emphasis is placed on using published information to interpret the behaviour and effects of a small number of ‘model compounds’ thought to contribute to oestrogenic effects in nature; namely, the natural steroid 17β-oestradiol (E2) and the synthetic hormone 17α-ethinyloestradiol (EE2), together with the alkylphenols octyl- and nonyl-phenol (OP, NP) as oestrogen mimics. Individual sections of the review are devoted to sources and concentrations of (xeno)oestrogens in waterways, sediment partitioning and persistence, bioaccumulation rates and routes, assays and biomarkers of oestrogenicity, and, finally, a synopsis of reproductive and ecological effects in aquatic species.

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Castro, L. Filipe C., and Miguel M. Santos. "To Bind or Not To Bind: The Taxonomic Scope of Nuclear Receptor Mediated Endocrine Disruption in Invertebrate Phyla." Environmental Science & Technology 48, no. 10 (2014): 5361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501697b.

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8

Oehlmann, J., and U. Schulte-Oehlmann. "Endocrine disruption in invertebrates." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 11-12 (2003): 2207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112207.

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Recent reports have shown that a number of xenobiotics in the environment are capable of interfering with the normal endocrine function in a variety of animals. The overwhelming majority of the studies on the effects of hormone-mimetic industrial chemicals were focused on findings in vertebrates. More detailed information about the effects on and mechanisms of action in invertebrates has only been obtained from a few cases, although invertebrates represent more than 95 % of the known species in the animal kingdom and are extremely important with regard to ecosystem structure and function. The limited number of examples for endocrine disruption (ED) in invertebrates is partially due to the fact that their hormonal systems are rather poorly understood in comparison with vertebrates. Deleterious endocrine changes following an exposure to certain compounds may easily be missed or simply be unmeasurable at present, even though a number of studies show that endocrine disruption has probably occurred. The well-documented case studies of tributyltin effects in mollusks and of insect growth regulators, the latter as purposely synthesized endocrine disruptors, are explained to support this view. According to our present knowledge, there is no reason to suppose that such far-reaching changes are in any sense unique. The additional existing evidence for ED in invertebrates from laboratory and field studies are summarized as an update and amendment of the EDIETA report from 1998. Finally, conclusions about the scale and implications of the observed effects are drawn and further research needs are defined.

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Ziani, Khaled, Corina-Bianca Ioniță-Mîndrican, Magdalena Mititelu, et al. "Microplastics: A Real Global Threat for Environment and Food Safety: A State of the Art Review." Nutrients 15, no. 3 (2023): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030617.

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Microplastics are small plastic particles that come from the degradation of plastics, ubiquitous in nature and therefore affect both wildlife and humans. They have been detected in many marine species, but also in drinking water and in numerous foods, such as salt, honey and marine organisms. Exposure to microplastics can also occur through inhaled air. Data from animal studies have shown that once absorbed, plastic micro- and nanoparticles can distribute to the liver, spleen, heart, lungs, thymus, reproductive organs, kidneys and even the brain (crosses the blood–brain barrier). In addition, microplastics are transport operators of persistent organic pollutants or heavy metals from invertebrate organisms to other higher trophic levels. After ingestion, the additives and monomers in their composition can interfere with important biological processes in the human body and can cause disruption of the endocrine, immune system; can have a negative impact on mobility, reproduction and development; and can cause carcinogenesis. The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has affected not only human health and national economies but also the environment, due to the large volume of waste in the form of discarded personal protective equipment. The remarkable increase in global use of face masks, which mainly contain polypropylene, and poor waste management have led to worsening microplastic pollution, and the long-term consequences can be extremely devastating if urgent action is not taken.

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Lewis, S. E., A. Yokofich, M. Mohr, C. Kurth, R. Giuliani, and M. G. Baldridge. "Exposure to bisphenol A modulates hormone concentrations in Gammarus pseudolimnaeus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, no. 12 (2012): 1414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2012-0178.

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Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting compound that can enter aquatic systems through landfill leachate or wastewater effluent. Although impacts of BPA on vertebrates are well documented, its effects on invertebrates are less clear. Amphipods such as Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield, 1958 are often prevalent invertebrates in freshwater ecosystems and can provide a powerful invertebrate model system to investigate the endocrine-disruptive capabilities of BPA. However, techniques to assay hormone concentrations in amphipods, especially vertebrate-like steroid sex hormones, are not widespread. In this study, we (i) quantified estrogen concentrations in juveniles and in adult female amphipods; (ii) quantified testosterone concentrations in juveniles and in adult male amphipods; and (iii) delineated changes to estrogen and testosterone concentrations of adults and juveniles following a 9-day exposure to BPA at four levels: 0 (control), 10, 50, and 100 µg/L BPA. Tissue extracts from homogenized samples were analyzed for estrogen or testosterone concentrations via radioimmunoassay for each reproductive class of amphipod. Low concentrations of BPA significantly increased estrogen concentrations in adult females and in juveniles. Moderate and high concentrations of BPA significantly increased testosterone concentrations in adult males, and low and moderate concentrations of BPA significantly increased testosterone concentrations of juveniles.

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Chesman, B. S., and W. J. Langston. "Intersex in the clam Scrobicularia plana : a sign of endocrine disruption in estuaries?" Biology Letters 2, no. 3 (2006): 420–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0482.

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The phenomenon of endocrine disruption is currently a source of growing concern. Feminization of male fish in UK rivers has been shown to occur extensively and has been linked with exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds present in the environment. Much less is known of the extent and scale of endocrine disruption in estuarine and marine ecosystems, particularly in invertebrates. We present evidence that intersex, in the form of ovotestis, is occurring in the common estuarine bivalve Scrobicularia plana , which is considered to be inherently gonochoristic. We report varying degrees in the severity of ovotestis in male S. plana , and have adopted and developed a grading method to assess the extent of this intersex condition. These findings indicate that S. plana offers potential for widespread screening and investigation of endocrine disruption, helping to focus remediatory strategy.

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Depledge, M. H., and Z. Billinghurst. "Ecological Significance of Endocrine Disruption in Marine Invertebrates." Marine Pollution Bulletin 39, no. 1-12 (1999): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(99)00115-0.

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Thornton, J. W. "Nonmammalian nuclear receptors: Evolution and endocrine disruption." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 11-12 (2003): 1827–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375111827.

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Most research to identify endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their impacts has relied on mammalian models or in vitro systems derived from them. But nuclear receptors (NRs), the proteins that transduce hydrophobic hormonal signals and are major mediators of endocrine disruption, emerged early in animal evolution and now play biologically essential roles throughout the Metazoa. Nonmammalian vertebrates and invertebrates, many of which are of considerable ecological, economic, and cultural importance, are therefore potentially subject to endocrine disruption by synthetic environmental pollutants. Are methods that rely solely on mammalian models adequate to predict or detect all chemicals that may disrupt NR signaling? Regulation of NRs by small hydrophobic molecules is ancient and evolutionarily labile. Within and across genomes, the NR superfamily is very diverse, due to many lineage-specific gene and genome duplications followed by independent divergence. Receptors in nonmammalian species have in many cases evolved unique molecular and organismal functions that cannot be predicted from those of their mammalian orthologs. Endocrine disruption is therefore likely to occur throughout the metazoan kingdom, and a significant number of the thousands of synthetic chemicals now in production may disrupt NR signaling in one or more nonmammalian taxa. Many of these endocrine disruptors will not be detected by current regulatory/scientific protocols, which should be reformulated to take account of the diversity and complexity of the NR gene family.

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Ford, Alex T., and Gerald A. LeBlanc. "Endocrine Disruption in Invertebrates: A Survey of Research Progress." Environmental Science & Technology 54, no. 21 (2020): 13365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c04226.

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André, A., R. Ruivo, M. Gesto, L. Filipe C. Castro, and M. M. Santos. "Retinoid metabolism in invertebrates: When evolution meets endocrine disruption." General and Comparative Endocrinology 208 (November 2014): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.08.005.

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Iguchi, Taisen, Hajime Watanabe, and Yoshinao Katsu. "Application of Ecotoxicogenomics for Studying Endocrine Disruption in Vertebrates and Invertebrates." Environmental Health Perspectives 114, Suppl 1 (2006): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8061.

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Katsiadaki, Ioanna. "Are marine invertebrates really at risk from endocrine-disrupting chemicals?" Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 11 (October 2019): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2019.06.005.

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Janer, Gemma, and Cinta Porte. "Sex steroids and potential mechanisms of non-genomic endocrine disruption in invertebrates." Ecotoxicology 16, no. 1 (2007): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-006-0110-4.

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Barata, Carlos, Cinta Porte, and Donald J. Baird. "Experimental Designs to Assess Endocrine Disrupting Effects in Invertebrates A Review." Ecotoxicology 13, no. 6 (2004): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:ectx.0000037188.09072.de.

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deFur, P. L. "Use and Role of Invertebrate Models in Endocrine Disruptor Research and Testing." ILAR Journal 45, no. 4 (2004): 484–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar.45.4.484.

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Parrott, Joanne, Michael Wade, Gary Timm, and Scott Brown. "An Overview of Testing Procedures and Approaches for Identifying Endocrine Disrupting Substances." Water Quality Research Journal 36, no. 2 (2001): 273–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2001.016.

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Abstract Concern over the potential effects of exposure to endocrine disrupting substances (EDS) has resulted in recommendations for the development of specific endocrine and reproductive tests for assessment and regulation of industrial chemicals and effluents. This document consolidates and summarizes the current approaches taken by international agencies and scientific organizations for testing and screening EDS in mammals and wildlife. The material has been gathered from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development meeting reports, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee and Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program reports, and summaries of various meetings prepared by Canadian and U.S. representatives. There are commonalties between programs of individual countries and the international scientific groups in which they participate. In general, these international scientific organizations have envisioned tiered groups of tests. The first tier is composed of less complex tests and short-term assays (acute exposures) that are very responsive to EDS (and have a low 'false-negative' rate). Higher tiers contain longer tests encompassing partial and full lifecycles of organisms with assessment of functional reproductive and developmental endpoints. Compounds are less expensively screened in the first tier, and move on to more complex and expensive higher-tier tests only if necessary. We document the proposed EDS tests in mammals and wildlife (birds, fish, amphibians and invertebrates) and overview the European Union's approach to EDS research, monitoring and risk assessment. We conclude with a summary of the main recommendations from Canada's interagency workshop to develop priorities and proposed actions for EDS.

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Alvarado-Flores, Jesús, and Roberto Rico-Martínez. "Effects of waterborne luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone on reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus (Monogononta: Brachionidae)." Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 55 (2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/2019008.

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This study used freshwater rotifers to evaluate the effects of two endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which can be considered emergent contaminants in urban and rural wastewater and are of ecotoxicological importance. LH stimulates the synthesis of testosterone, whereas FSH promotes the maturation of follicles and sperm in vertebrates and invertebrates. However, in rotifers, there are no reports of the effects of chronic exposure to these hormones when added to reconstituted culture medium, as a way to study potential adverse effects that might occur in the environment. Therefore, we studied the reproductive effects of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas 1766 using a 4-day reproductive assay. Our results indicate that LH has a significant effect in increasing the production of females, males, and cysts, while FSH had no significant effect compared to control treatment. Additionally, our results indicate that LH exposure resulted in 0.33% of organisms being deformed, whereas FSH exposure resulted in 1.09% of organisms being deformed. Deformations included: (a) abnormal growth of lorica, (b) joined foot-head, (c) deformed anterior spine, and (d) deformed parthenogenetic eggs. The organisms with LH-induced deformations did not reproduce and only lived 48 h after 4 days of exposure, while those with FSH-induced deformities survived 15 days and produced 105 cysts with a hatching percentage of 58.10%. Our goal was to contribute to the knowledge of endocrine systems and endocrine hormones of rotifers, to explain the potential mechanism of endocrine disruption that results in adverse effects in freshwater rotifers.

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Lye, CM, MG Bentley, AS Clare, and EM Sefton. "Endocrine disruption in the shore crab Carcinus maenasa biomarker for benthic marine invertebrates?" Marine Ecology Progress Series 288 (2005): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps288221.

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Kwak, Jin Il, and Youn-Joo An. "Assessing potential indicator of endocrine-disrupting property of chemicals using soil invertebrates." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 245 (July 2021): 109036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109036.

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Park, Kirsty J., Carsten T. Müller, Shai Markman, Olivia Swinscow-Hall, David Pascoe, and Katherine L. Buchanan. "Detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals in aerial invertebrates at sewage treatment works." Chemosphere 77, no. 11 (2009): 1459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.063.

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da Silva, Ricardo Correia, Mariana Pires Teixeira, Luciana Souza de Paiva, and Leandro Miranda-Alves. "Environmental Health and Toxicology: Immunomodulation Promoted by Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Tributyltin." Toxics 11, no. 8 (2023): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080696.

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Tributyltin (TBT) is an environmental contaminant present on all continents, including Antarctica, with a potent biocidal action. Its use began to be intensified during the 1960s. It was effectively banned in 2003 but remains in the environment to this day due to several factors that increase its half-life and its misuse despite the bans. In addition to the endocrine-disrupting effect of TBT, which may lead to imposex induction in some invertebrate species, there are several studies that demonstrate that TBT also has an immunotoxic effect. The immunotoxic effects that have been observed experimentally in vertebrates using in vitro and in vivo models involve different mechanisms; mainly, there are alterations in the expression and/or secretion of cytokines. In this review, we summarize and update the literature on the impacts of TBT on the immune system, and we discuss issues that still need to be explored to fill the knowledge gaps regarding the impact of this endocrine-disrupting chemical on immune system homeostasis.

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Weltje, Lennart, and Ulrike Schulte-Oehlmann. "The seven year itch—progress in research on endocrine disruption in aquatic invertebrates since 1999." Ecotoxicology 16, no. 1 (2007): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-006-0116-y.

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Segner, H., K. Caroll, M. Fenske, et al. "Identification of endocrine-disrupting effects in aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates: report from the European IDEA project." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 54, no. 3 (2003): 302–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0147-6513(02)00039-8.

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Honda, Masato, and Nobuo Suzuki. "Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Aquatic Animals." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (2020): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041363.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds that are widely distributed in the air, water, and soil. Recently, the amount of PAHs derived from fuels and from incomplete combustion processes is increasing. In the aquatic environment, oil spills directly cause PAH pollution and affect marine organisms. Oil spills correlate very well with the major shipping routes. Furthermore, accidental oil spills can seriously impact the marine environment toxicologically. Here, we describe PAH toxicities and related bioaccumulation properties in aquatic animals, including invertebrates. Recent studies have revealed the toxicity of PAHs, including endocrine disruption and tissue-specific toxicity, although researchers have mainly focused on the carcinogenic toxicity of PAHs. We summarize the toxicity of PAHs regarding these aspects. Additionally, the bioaccumulation properties of PAHs for organisms, including invertebrates, are important factors when considering PAH toxicity. In this review, we describe the bioaccumulation properties of PAHs in aquatic animals. Recently, microplastics have been the most concerning environmental problem in the aquatic ecosystem, and the vector effect of microplastics for lipophilic compounds is an emerging environmental issue. Here, we describe the correlation between PAHs and microplastics. Thus, we concluded that PAHs have a toxicity for aquatic animals, indicating that we should emphasize the prevention of aquatic PAH pollution.

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Işıldar, Gamze Yücel, A. Çağlan Günal, Duygu Şahin, Burcu Kocak Memmi, and Aylin Sepici Dinçel. "How potential endocrine disruptor deltamethrin effects antioxidant enzyme levels and total antioxidant status on model organisms." Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 45, no. 4 (2020): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2019-0382.

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AbstractObjectiveDeltamethrin, synthetic pyrethroid, is a suspected endocrine disruptor contaminating ecosystems as toxic pollutant via agricultural activities and vector controls. The objective of the study is to determine the possible effects on human by evaluating antioxidant enzyme levels and total antioxidant status (TAS) of invertebrate model organism crayfish exposure to sublethal deltamethrin.Materials and methodsCrayfish were exposed to 0.05 μg/L deltamethrin for 48 h and 7 days. Hemolymph samples were taken for TAS and total haemocyte counts (THCs). Gill, hepatopancreas and muscle tissues were examined for superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathion peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities.ResultsTHCs were decreased (p < 0.05) and hemolymph TAS levels were increased according to control groups. Gill SOD, CAT and GPx enzyme activities were significantly rised. Hepatopancreas SOD activities unchanged. Hepatopancreas CAT activities were increased significantly after 48 h (p < 0.05), but returned back to controls after 7 days. Hepatopancreas GPx and muscle SOD activities were rised (p < 0.05), while muscle CAT and GPx values did not affect from deltametrin.ConclusionDeterioration of ecosystems are directly affect the humans. The toxic effects of deltamethrin for different stages of organisms on the food web will provide basic data to understand and estimate the effects on the human beings.

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Gray, L. E., and P. M. D. Foster. "Significance of experimental studies for assessing adverse effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 11-12 (2003): 2125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112125.

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is developing an endocrine disruptor screening and testing program to detect chemicals that alter hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) function, estrogen, androgen, and thyroid (EAT) hormone synthesis or metabolism and induce androgen (AR) and estrogen (ER) receptor-mediated effects in mammals and other animals. The utility of this approach is based upon the knowledge that mechanisms of endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) action are highly conserved at the cellular and molecular levels among vertebrates. Some EDC mechanisms also are shared with invertebrates. High-priority chemicals would be evaluated in a Tier 1 screening (T1S) battery, and chemicals that are positive in T1S would then be tested in Tier 2 (T2). T1S includes in vitro ER and AR receptor binding and/or gene expression, an assessment of steroidogenesis and mammalian (rat) and nonmammalian (fish) in vivo assays. In vivo, the uterotropic assay detects estrogens and antiestrogens, while steroidogenesis, antithyroid activity, antiestrogenicity, and HPG function are assessed in a pubertal female assay. Antiandrogens are detected in the Hershberger assay (weight of androgen-dependent tissues in castrate-immature-male rats). Fish and amphibian assays are also being developed to identify EDCs. Several alternative mammalian in vivo assays have been proposed. Of these, a short-term pubertal male rat assay appears most promising. T1S is designed to be sensitive to EAT activities, but many of the effects detected at the screening level would not be considered adverse, the dosage levels may be high, and the route of administration used may not be the most relevant. However, issues of adversity, dose response, and route(s) of exposure would be resolved in the testing phase. In addition to using an enhanced multigenerational test for Tier 2, an in utero-lactational screening protocol is also being evaluated by USEPA for use in T2 or T1S. For T2, the numbers of endocrine-sensitive end-points and offspring (F1) examined in multigenerational tests need to be expanded for EDCs in a thoughtful manner, based in part upon the results of T1S. In addition, for some chemicals histological examination of 10 adult F1 per sex in only the control and high-dose groups provides inadequate statistical power to detect low-dose lesions induced during development. In these cases, we propose that all the offspring be examined after puberty for gross and histological reproductive abnormalities. Since EDCs, like the phthalates and AR-antagonists, produce characteristic profiles, or syndromes, of adverse effects, data need to be reported in a manner that clearly identifies the proportion of animals displaying one or more of the abnormalities in a syndrome. Consideration should be given to tailoring T2, based on the results of T1S to assure that all of the effects in such chemically induced developmental syndromes are included in the study.

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Rochester, Johanna R., Ashley L. Bolden, Katherine E. Pelch, and Carol F. Kwiatkowski. "Potential Developmental and Reproductive Impacts of Triclocarban: A Scoping Review." Journal of Toxicology 2017 (2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9679738.

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Triclocarban (TCC) is an antimicrobial agent used in personal care products. Although frequently studied with another antimicrobial, triclosan, it is not as well researched, and there are very few reviews of the biological activity of TCC. TCC has been shown to be a possible endocrine disruptor, acting by enhancing the activity of endogenous hormones. TCC has been banned in the US for certain applications; however, many human populations, in and outside the US, exhibit exposure to TCC. Because of the concern of the health effects of TCC, we conducted a scoping review in order to map the current body of literature on the endocrine, reproductive, and developmental effects of TCC. The aim of this scoping review was to identify possible endpoints for future systematic review and to make recommendations for future research. A search of the literature until August 2017 yielded 32 relevant studies in humans, rodents, fish, invertebrates, and in vitro. Based on the robustness of the literature in all three evidence streams (human, animal, and in vitro), we identified three endpoints for possible systematic review: estrogenic activity, androgenic activity, and offspring growth. In this review, we describe the body of evidence and make recommendations for future research.

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Jung Collard, Hyo-rin, Kyunghee Ji, Sangwoo Lee, et al. "Toxicity and endocrine disruption in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and two freshwater invertebrates (Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa) after chronic exposure to mefenamic acid." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 94 (August 2013): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.04.027.

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Atli, Emel, and Erkut Tamtürk. "Investigation of developmental and reproductive effects of resveratrol in Drosophila melanogaster." Toxicology Research 11, no. 1 (2021): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfab123.

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Abstract Resveratrol is a chemical that attracts attention due to its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and estrogenic/antiestrogenic properties. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate developmental and reproductive effects (developmental periods, average numbers of offspring, sex ratios) of resveratrol in Drosophila melanogaster. Their larvae were exposed to 50, 100, and 200 μM of resveratrol. Resveratrol treatments did not affect pupation and maturation rate (P ˃ 0.05) statistically. But the pupation and maturation times were significantly extended at all doses (P ˂ 0.05). Also, 100 and 200 μM resveratrol treatments resulted in a significant decrease in the number of offspring (P ˂ 0.05). The results reveal that resveratrol, which is generally known for its positive effects, may have negative effects on the development and reproduction of invertebrates. The results of this study support the idea that resveratrol may act as an endocrine disruptor, as it is a phytoestrogen.

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Zuščíková, Lucia, Denis Bažány, Hana Greifová, et al. "Screening of Toxic Effects of Neonicotinoid Insecticides with a Focus on Acetamiprid: A Review." Toxics 11, no. 7 (2023): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11070598.

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Recently, neonicotinoids have become the fastest-growing class of insecticides in conventional crop protection, with extensive usage against a wide range of sucking and chewing pests. Neonicotinoids are widely used due to their high toxicity to invertebrates, simplicity, flexibility with which they may be applied, and lengthy persistence, and their systemic nature ensures that they spread to all sections of the target crop. However, these properties raise the risk of environmental contaminations and potential toxicity to non-target organisms. Acetamiprid is a new generation insecticide, which is a safer alternative for controlling insect pests because of its low toxicity to honeybees. Acetamiprid is intended to target nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in insects, but its widespread usage has resulted in negative impacts on non-target animals such as mammals. This review summarizes in vivo and in vitro animal studies that investigated the toxicity of specific neonicotinoids. With summarized data, it can be presumed that certain concentrations of neonicotinoids in the reproductive system cause oxidative stress in the testis; spermatogenesis disruption; spermatozoa degradation; interruptions to endocrine function and Sertoli and Leydig cell function. In the female reproductive system, acetamiprid evokes pathomorphological alterations in follicles, along with metabolic changes in the ovaries.

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Lawrence, A. J., and J. M. Soame. "The endocrine control of reproduction in Nereidae: a new multi-hormonal model with implications for their functional role in a changing environment." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1534 (2009): 3363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0127.

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Nereidae are vital to the functioning of estuarine ecosystems and are major components in the diets of over-wintering birds and commercial fish. They use environmental cues to synchronize reproduction. Photoperiod is the proximate cue, initiating vitellogenesis in a temperature-compensated process. The prevailing paradigm in Nereidae is of a single ‘juvenile’ hormone controlling growth and reproduction. However, a new multi-hormone model is presented here that integrates the environmental and endocrine control of reproduction. This is supported by evidence from in vitro bioassays. The juvenile hormone is shown to be heat stable and cross reactive between species. In addition, a second neuro-hormone, identified here as a gonadotrophic hormone, is shown to be present in mature females and is found to promote oocyte growth. Furthermore, dopamine and melatonin appear to switch off the juvenile hormone while serotonin and oxytocin promote oocyte growth. Global warming is likely to uncouple the phase relationship between temperature and photoperiod, with significant consequences for Nereidae that use photoperiod to cue reproduction during the winter in northern latitudes. Genotypic adaptation of the photoperiodic response may be possible, but significant impacts on fecundity, spawning success and recruitment are likely in response to short-term extreme events. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals may also impact on putative steroid hormone pathways in Nereidae with similar consequences. These impacts may have significant implications for the functional role of Nereidae and highlight the importance of comparative endocrinology studies in these and other invertebrates.

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Kidd, Karen A., Michael J. Paterson, Michael D. Rennie, et al. "Direct and indirect responses of a freshwater food web to a potent synthetic oestrogen." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1656 (2014): 20130578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0578.

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Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in municipal effluents directly affect the sexual development and reproductive success of fishes, but indirect effects on invertebrate prey or fish predators through reduced predation or prey availability, respectively, are unknown. At the Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario, Canada, a long-term, whole-lake experiment was conducted using a before-after-control-impact design to determine both direct and indirect effects of the synthetic oestrogen used in the birth control pill, 17α-ethynyloestradiol (EE2). Algal, microbial, zooplankton and benthic invertebrate communities showed no declines in abundance during three summers of EE2 additions (5–6 ng l −1 ), indicating no direct toxic effects. Recruitment of fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas ) failed, leading to a near-extirpation of this species both 2 years during (young-of-year, YOY) and 2 years following (adults and YOY) EE2 additions. Body condition of male lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) and male and female white sucker ( Catostomus commersonii ) declined before changes in prey abundance, suggesting direct effects of EE2 on this endpoint. Evidence of indirect effects of EE2 was also observed. Increases in zooplankton, Chaoborus , and emerging insects were observed after 2 or 3 years of EE2 additions, strongly suggesting indirect effects mediated through the reduced abundance of several small-bodied fishes. Biomass of top predator lake trout declined by 23–42% during and after EE2 additions, most probably an indirect effect from the loss of its prey species, the fathead minnow and slimy sculpin ( Cottus cognatus ). Our results demonstrate that small-scale studies focusing solely on direct effects are likely to underestimate the true environmental impacts of oestrogens in municipal wastewaters and provide further evidence of the value of whole-ecosystem experiments for understanding indirect effects of EDCs and other aquatic stressors.

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Sanjay Kalra. "Differences of sexual differentiation: A place under the sun." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 73, no. 11 (2023): 2152. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.23-92.

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Binary rubrics are used to differentiate between living and non-living, animal and plant, vertebrate and invertebrate, mammalian and non-mammalian, as well as male and female organisms. While this approach helps in classifying the vast majority of the target population, we must remember that these frameworks are man-made. Many human beings may be born with phenotypic, karyotypic, gonadal and/or genital characteristics that “do not fit typical binary notion of male or female bodies”.1 Such births may as frequently as once in every 50 births, though 1 and 2 per 1,000 live births require, and/or receive “corrective” genital surgery.2 Intersex conditions are defined in various ways. Ambiguous genitalia and atypical genitalia occur if genetic and hormonal development are disturbed, and genital differentiation is hampered. A more inclusive term, difference of sexual development (DSD) uses karyotyping to classify such conditions. Types of DSDS include 46XX and 46XY sex chromosome DSD, XX and XY sex reversal, and ovotesticular disorders.3 Though frequently confused with transgender persons, and those with non-heterosexual orientation, persons with DSD are different from these. Hence, distinct advocacy for DSD needs to be carried out. As United Nations Human Rights states, “intersex children and adults are often stigmatized and subjected to multiple human rights violations, including violations of their rights to health and physical integrity, to be free from torture and ill-treatment, and to equality and non-discrimination.” 1 While South Asian countries have progressive legislation for transgender rights, awareness about the unique challenges faced by intersex people is lacking.4 Considering the near ubiquitous presence of endocrine disruptor chemicals in our environment, it may be prudent to expect, and prepare for, and increase in the incidence of differences of sexual differentiation.5 The case of persistent Mullerian duct syndrome, published6 in the current issue of the Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, should serve as a stimulus to enhance awareness and advocacy of this, as well as other DSD. Apart from ensuring accurate and appropriate diagnosis, one must focus on person sensitive communication, psychological support and social modulation.7 We commend the authors6 for their work in the field of DSD. Much more needs to be done, however. Policy makers, planners, members of the public, and persons living with DSD should work collectively to ensure that persons living with DSD should get their rightful place under the sun. Continues...

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de la Fuente, Mercedes, Raquel Martín Folgar, Pedro Martínez-Paz, Estrella Cortés, José Luis Martínez-Guitarte, and Mónica Morales. "Effect of environmental stressors on the mRNA expression of ecdysone cascade genes in Chironomus riparius." Environmental Science and Pollution Research, September 13, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16339-3.

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Abstract Chemical compounds produced by humans are continuously reaching the environment. In this work, we characterised the expression patterns of important endocrine-related genes involved in the ecdysone pathway in the fourth larval instar of the model species Chironomus riparius after exposure to three chemicals: ethinyl oestradiol (EE), nonylphenol (NP) and bis(tributyltin) oxide (TBTO). We used real-time PCR to analyse the gene expression levels of ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (usp), two genes that encode the dimerising partners of the functional ecdysone receptor; the orphan receptor ERR (oestrogen-related receptor), with an unknown function in invertebrates; and E74, an early response gene induced by ecdysteroids. We estimated the bioaccumulation potential, bioavailability and physicochemical properties of these chemicals, together with a number of other exogenous agents known to interfere with the hormonal system. We also provide a review of previous transcriptional studies showing the effect of all these chemicals on ecdysone cascade genes. This analysis provides useful data for future ecotoxicological studies involving invertebrate species. Capsule Changes in transcriptional activities of EcR, E74, usp and ERR genes after exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals would be useful as molecular bioindicators of endocrine disruption in Chironomus riparius.

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Pennati, Roberta. "EFFETTI DEGLI INTERFERENTI ENDOCRINI SULLE COMUNITÀ DI INVERTEBRATI MARINI." Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere • Incontri di Studio, December 29, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/incontri.2022.803.

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Organic pollutants with disrupting activity on the endocrine system are known as endocrine disrupting compounds (ECDs) and are broadly diffuse on the Planet. By different pathways, they reach the marine environment that is the ultimate collector of these substances. Several researches pointed out acute and chronic effects of these pollutants on the reproduction and development of fish and marine mammals. Fewer studies have been dedicated to explore the effects of ECDs on marine invertebrates though these represent most of marine biodiversity. Researches are hampered by limited knowledge of endocrinology and physiology of several animal groups, which has been studied only for few phyla such as mollusks, annelids and arthropods. The clearest example of endocrine disruption by a chemical compound in marine environment is the pseudo-hermaphroditism caused in females of prosobranch mollusks by the exposure to tributyltin, an antifouling agent used in the paints for ships. This molecule has an adverse effect also on crustaceans in which it inhibits the signaling pathway of the molting hormone. Several studies evidenced that lot of marine invertebrate species are sensible to the action of estrogenic compounds (xeno-estrogens) such as Bisphenol A and Nonylphenol that are used in the manufacturing of the plastic materials. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms responsible for the observed effects are still uncertain. In my laboratory, we demonstrated that tunicates, that do not have estrogen receptors, are sensible to the action of xeno-estrogens that act by binding to a different group of receptors, the Estrogen Related Receptors. Since these receptors are present also in mammals, our studies could help to clarify pathogenic mechanisms shared with humans.

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Canesi, Laura, Angelica Miglioli, Teresa Balbi, and Elena Fabbri. "Physiological Roles of Serotonin in Bivalves: Possible Interference by Environmental Chemicals Resulting in Neuroendocrine Disruption." Frontiers in Endocrinology 13 (February 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.792589.

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Contaminants of Emerging Concerns (CECs) are defined as chemicals not commonly monitored in aquatic ecosystems, but with the potential to cause adverse effects on biota. CECs include Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) and Neuro-Endocrine disruptors (NEDs) of vertebrates. However, most invertebrates only rely on neuroendocrine systems to maintain homeostatic processes. Although conserved neuroendocrine components have been characterized in ecologically relevant groups, limited knowledge on invertebrate neuroendocrinology makes it difficult to define EDCs and NEDs in most species. The monoamine serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) acts both as a neurotransmitter and as a peripheral hormone in mammals. In molluscs, 5-HT is involved in multiple physiological roles and molecular components of the serotonergic system have been identified. This review is focused on the effects of CECs on the serotonergic system of bivalve molluscs. Bivalves are widespread in all aquatic environments, estuarine and coastal areas in particular, where they are exposed to a variety of chemicals. In bivalves, 5-HT is involved in gametogenesis and spawning, oocyte maturation and sperm motility, regulates heart function, gill ciliary beating, mantle/siphon function, the ‘‘catch’’ state of smooth muscle and immune responses. Components of 5-HT transduction (receptors and signaling pathways) are being identified in several bivalve species. Different CECs have been shown to affect bivalve serotonergic system. This particularly applies to antidepressants, among the most commonly detected human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. In particular, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are frequently detected in seawater and in bivalve tissues. Information available on the effects and mechanisms of action of SSRIs on the serotonergic system of adult bivalves is summarized. Data are also reported on the effects of CECs on development of neuroendocrine pathways of early larval stages, in particular on the effects of model EDCs in the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Overall, available data point at the serotonergic system as a sensitive target for neuroendocrine disruption in bivalves. The results contribute drawing Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) for model EDCs and SSRIs in larvae and adults. However, basic research on neuroendocrine signaling is still needed to evaluate the potential impact of neuroendocrine disruptors in key invertebrate groups of aquatic ecosystems.

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Crane, Mark, Steve Dungey, Adam Lillicrap, et al. "Commentary: Assessing the endocrine disrupting effects of chemicals on invertebrates in the European Union." Environmental Sciences Europe 34, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12302-022-00613-3.

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AbstractEvidence from both laboratory and field studies has shown that currently used synthetic and naturally occurring chemical substances may potentially disrupt invertebrate endocrine systems, although the extent of this in field populations remains unclear. Translating concerns about potential endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) into practical and effective regulatory action is currently hampered by the breadth of invertebrate endocrinology when compared to the better understood vertebrate systems, a lack of fundamental knowledge about the endocrinology of many invertebrate groups, and the resulting uncertainty when making regulatory decisions. This commentary (i) outlines the breadth of invertebrate endocrine pathways for which European Union regulation of potential EDCs may be relevant; (ii) reviews the extent to which current knowledge meets regulatory requirements for invertebrates, including an assessment of the suitability of current invertebrate test guidelines for detecting endocrine modes of action; and (iii) proposes a roadmap towards the regulation of potential EDCs with greater confidence, based on the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concept and a focus on identifying Molecular Initiating Events (MIEs) within AOPs. We conclude there are no validated tools to determine any invertebrate endocrine mode of action in vitro or in vivo. However, there are commonly used invertebrate toxicity tests which might capture adverse effects that could potentially result from an endocrine mode of action but would not identify the causal mechanisms. Therefore, EU regulatory requirements for the identification of EDCs cannot currently be satisfied for invertebrates, either in general or for the specific invertebrates used in standard ecotoxicological studies. We propose that the most important research need is compilation of a comprehensive list of endocrine-related MIEs across invertebrate taxa via use of high-throughput ‘omics in combination with bioinformatics reverse engineered analyses. Although tractable, such an approach would require significant resource investment for development and implementation.

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Fernandez, Marcos Antonio. "Editorial: Endocrine disruption in marine invertebrates." Frontiers in Endocrinology 13 (October 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1040939.

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Knigge, Thomas, Gerald A. LeBlanc, and Alex T. Ford. "A Crab Is Not a Fish: Unique Aspects of the Crustacean Endocrine System and Considerations for Endocrine Toxicology." Frontiers in Endocrinology 12 (March 2, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.587608.

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Crustaceans—and arthropods in general—exhibit many unique aspects to their physiology. These include the requirement to moult (ecdysis) in order to grow and reproduce, the ability to change color, and multiple strategies for sexual differentiation. Accordingly, the endocrine regulation of these processes involves hormones, receptors, and enzymes that differ from those utilized by vertebrates and other non-arthropod invertebrates. As a result, environmental chemicals known to disrupt endocrine processes in vertebrates are often not endocrine disruptors in crustaceans; while, chemicals that disrupt endocrine processes in crustaceans are often not endocrine disruptors in vertebrates. In this review, we present an overview of the evolution of the endocrine system of crustaceans, highlight endocrine endpoints known to be a target of disruption by chemicals, and identify other components of endocrine signaling that may prove to be targets of disruption. This review highlights that crustaceans need to be evaluated for endocrine disruption with consideration of their unique endocrine system and not with consideration of the endocrine system of vertebrates.

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Fernandez, Marcos Antonio. "Populations Collapses in Marine Invertebrates Due to Endocrine Disruption: A Cause for Concern?" Frontiers in Endocrinology 10 (October 29, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00721.

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Balbi, Teresa, Angelica Miglioli, Michele Montagna, et al. "The biocide triclosan as a potential developmental disruptor in Mytilus early larvae." Environmental Science and Pollution Research, September 20, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29854-2.

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AbstractThe broadly utilized biocide triclosan (TCS) is continuously discharged in water compartments worldwide, where it is detected at concentrations of ng-µg/L. Given its lipophilicity and bioaccumulation, TCS is considered potentially harmful to human and environmental health and also as a potential endocrine disruptor (ED) in different species. In aquatic organisms, TCS can induce a variety of effects: however, little information is available on its possible impact on invertebrate development. Early larval stages of the marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis have been shown to be sensitive to environmental concentrations of a number of emerging contaminants, including EDs. In this work, the effects of TCS were first evaluated in the 48 h larval assay in a wide concentration range (0.001–1,000 μg/L). TCS significantly affected normal development of D-veligers (LOEC = 0.1 μg/L; EC50 = 236.1 μg/L). At selected concentrations, the mechanism of action of TCS was investigated. TCS modulated transcription of different genes involved in shell mineralization, endocrine signaling, ceramide metabolism, and biotransformation, depending on larval stage (24 and 48 h post-fertilization-hpf) and concentration (1 and 10 μg/L). At 48 hpf and 10 μg/L TCS, calcein staining revealed alterations in CaCO3 deposition, and polarized light microscopy showed the absence of shell birefringence due to the mineralized phase. Observations by scanning electron microscopy highlighted a variety of defects in shell formation from concentrations as low as 0.1 μg/L. The results indicate that TCS, at environmental exposure levels, can act as a developmental disruptor in early mussel larvae mainly by interfering with the processes of biomineralization.

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Jones, Austin, Lynell Martinez, and Lisa Garrido. "A comparison of the effects of melatonin and bisphenol A on the behavior of motile zooxanthellae." Journal of Student Research 11, no. 2 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v11i2.2578.

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Bisphenol A (BPA) is classified as an organic chemical pollutant and has received global concern due to its widespread presence in the world’s ocean at relevant environmental concentrations as well as its various negative toxicological and reproductive effects. Endocrine disruption suggests that BPA may compete with hormone receptors involved in cell communication. Melatonin is an indoleamine produced by many cnidarian species as well as some dinoflagellates. It is a natural neurotransmitter involved in processes such as movement, sexual maturation, metamorphosis, and reproduction. Research by Ann Tarrant and others suggest that both substances play a role in cell signaling and communication and could be influencing the symbiosis between corals and zooxanthellae. It also proposes that melatonin and BPA share a competitive relationship in vertebrates, with melatonin lowering rates of BPA-induced proliferation of breast cancer cells. This study aimed to examine the roles and relationships of BPA and melatonin in zooxanthellae, to better understand cell signaling and behavior in dinoflagellates, and explore the similarities and differences in these processes to other marine invertebrates as well as terrestrial vertebrates. It found negative behavior in zooxanthellae at 100 parts per million BPA and determined that the endocrine-like signal transduction in some dinoflagellates and vertebrates is alike because melatonin and BPA share a competitive relationship in both. It is possible that BPA could be interfering with inter- and intraspecies signaling in marine organisms. Because of these findings, the presence of BPA in high concentrations in the ocean could be devastating to the world’s coral reefs.

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Ibrahim, Amina M., Ali A. Al-Fanharawi, and Hebat-Allah A. Dokmak. "Ovicidal, immunotoxic and endocrine disrupting effects of saponin on Bulinus truncatus snails with special emphasize on the oxidative stress parameters, genotoxicological, and histopathological alterations." Environmental Science and Pollution Research, June 5, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27668-w.

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AbstractBulinus truncatus snail is one of the most medically important snails. The goal of this study was to evaluate the molluscicidal effect of saponin on these snails and study how it affects their biological functions. The present results showed that saponin had a molluscicidal activity against adult B. truncatus snails after 24h and 72h with LC50 (57.5 and 27.1 ppm, respectively) and had ovicidal acivity on the snails’ embryos. By studying the effect of the sublethal concentrations (LC10 48.63 ppm or LC25 52.83 ppm) exposure on B. truncatus snails, they resulted in significant decreases in the survivorship, egg-laying, and the reproductive rate compared to untreated snails. Both concentrations caused morphological changes to the snails’ hemocytes, where, after the exposure, granulocytes and hyalinocytes had irregular outer cell membrane and some cell formed pseudopodia. Granulocytes had large number of granules, vacuoles, while hyalinocytes’ nucleus was shrunken. Also, these concentrations resulted in significant increases in sex hormone levels (17β-estradiol and testosterone) in tissue homogenate of B. truncatus snails. It resulted in significant decrease in total antioxidant (TAO) activity, while, significantly increased lipid peroxidase (LPO) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitrogen oxide (NO), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) as compared to control group. Histopathological and genotoxicological damages occurred in snails’ tissue after exposure to these concentrations. Conclusion, saponin has a molluscicidal effect on B. truncatus snails and might be used for the control of schistosomiasis haematobium. Besides, these snails could be used as invertebrate models to reflect the toxic effects of saponin in the aquatic ecosystem. Graphical Abstract

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Prieto-Amador, Marina, Patricia Caballero, and José-Luis Martínez-Guitarte. "Analysis of the impact of three phthalates on the freshwater gastropod Physella acuta at the transcriptional level." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90934-9.

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AbstractPlastic pollution is one of the leading environmental problems. Phthalates are widely used plastic additives released into the environment. Although the effects of phthalates on vertebrates have been extensively studied, there is a knowledge gap regarding their effects on invertebrates. This work analyzes the impact of three phthalates, diethyl phthalate (DEP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), and bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), on the gastropod Physella acuta at the molecular level to establish the putative pathways involved in its response to them. By real-time PCR, we obtained the expression profile of 30 genes in animals exposed for 1 week to 0.1, 10, and 1000 μg/L of each phthalate. The genes cover DNA repair, detoxification, apoptosis, oxidative and stress responses, immunity, energy reserves, and lipid transport. The results show that while DEP and DEHP did not alter the mRNA levels, BBP modulated almost all the analyzed genes. It can be concluded that the impact of BBP is extensive at the molecular level. However, it cannot be dismissed that the increase in transcriptional activity is a general response due to this compound’s well-known role as an endocrine disruptor. Additional research is needed to elucidate the differences observed in the impact of these compounds on the gastropod P. acuta.

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