Dissertationen zum Thema „Inventors“

Utilizzando un campione di 415 inventori che hanno vinto il “R&D 100 award” tra il 2005 e il 2014 per la più importante innovazione radicale, questa tesi analizza empiricamente tre temi riguardanti le relazioni tra premi, invenzioni, ed innovazioni. La tesi si compone di tre saggi. Il primo saggio illustrerà i risultati di un'indagine statistica condotta sui vincitori del “R&D awards”: “The R&D 100 award inventor survey”. In questo saggio forniremo informazioni sulle caratteristiche degli inventori in termini di demografia e istruzione, il contesto in cui si è verificata la loro attività innovativa, e il valore delle loro innovazioni. Il confronto di alcuni dei nostri risultati con quelli di precedenti ed analoghe indagini ci permetterà di trarre interessanti conclusioni riguardanti le caratteristiche variabili degli inventori, l'evoluzione nel tempo della loro attività innovativa, le loro motivazioni, e i contesti industriali ed organizzativi in cui hanno operato. Nel secondo saggio prenderemo in considerazione un campione di importanti invenzioni premiate e stimeremo la probabilità che l'invenzione sia brevettata (o no) in funzione delle sue caratteristiche, delle caratteristiche dell'inventore, e delle caratteristiche dell'organizzazione. Sosterremo che un'analisi delle innovazioni che hanno vinto un premio importante (il “R&D 100 Awards”) ci permetterà di valutare le determinanti delle innovazioni che si verificano all'interno e all'esterno del sistema dei brevetti. Per eseguire l'analisi, utilizzeremo una serie di regressioni. In termini di propensione brevettuale, i nostri risultati mostreranno che la precedente esperienza brevettuale degli inventori, il contesto dell'organizzazione in cui lavorano e nella dimensione del team cui appartengono influiscono positivamente sulla probabilità di brevettare. Forniremo ulteriori prove sulle determinanti del valore e del valore di quelle invenzioni che sono state brevettate utilizzando gli indicatori tradizionali basati sulle citazioni del brevetto e gli indicatori alternativi tratti dal ‘The R&D 100 award inventor survey’. Un confronto tra il nostro campione di invenzioni premiate e brevettate ed un campione di controllo di innovazioni simili e brevettate (ma on premiate) suggerirà che le invenzioni brevettate vincitrici del premio sono di maggiore valore. Infine, il terzo saggio esplorerà la mobilità degli inventori pluripremiati (ovvero coloro che hanno vinto più volte il “R&D 100 award”). Utilizzeremo informazioni dettagliate riguardo l'eventuale spostamento dell'inventore dopo aver ricevuto il premio durante il periodo 2005- 2014 e costruiremo indicatori di esperienza diversi dal lavoro al momento del premio e indicatori occupazionali al momento del premio. Dapprima, utilizzeremo l'analisi non parametrica di Kaplan-Meier per evidenziare le differenze sistematiche tra diversi tipi di inventori in termini di mobilità. In seguito, utilizzando un modello complementary-log- logistic, studieremo le determinanti della probabilità che inventori pluripremiati siano più mobili ovvero si trasferiscano in un'altra organizzazione dopo aver vinto il premio. I risultati indicheranno che le prestazioni precedenti e attuali degli inventori con riferimento ai brevetti e alle pubblicazioni non hanno alcuna influenza sulla mobilità. I risultati forniranno invece prove che essere un imprenditore al momento del ricevimento dei premi è associato positivamente alla mobilità degli inventori.
Drawing on a sample of 415 inventors who have won the ‘R&D 100 award’ for the most important breakthrough inventions between 2005 and 2014, this dissertation proposes empirical research on three topics within the field of inventors, invention and innovation. The work consists of three essays. The first essay will present the summary results of a comprehensive survey of R&D awards recipients: ‘The R&D 100 award inventor survey’. In this essay, we will provide information on the characteristics of the inventors in terms of demography and education, the context in which their innovative activity occurred, and the value of their innovations. Comparison of some of our findings with those of prior surveys will allow us to draw interesting conclusions concerning the changing characteristics of inventors and their inventive activity over time and across industrial and organizational contexts. In the second essay we will consider a sample of important awarded inventions from our survey and estimate the probability for the invention to be patented (or not) as a function of its characteristics, the characteristics of the inventor, and the characteristics of the organization. We will argue that by taking innovations that won an important prize (i.e. R&D 100 Awards) will allow us to evaluate the determinants of innovations occurring inside and outside the patent system. To perform the analysis, we will employ a logit regression. In terms of patent propensity our findings will show that inventors’ prior experience in patenting, the organization context they work in (i.e. firms) and the team size they belong to positively affect the probability to patent. We will further provide evidence on the determinants of the value and the quality of those inventions that are patented by employing traditional indicators based on forward patent citations as well as alternative indicators taken from ‘The R&D 100 award inventor survey’. Results will suggest that patented award-winning inventions are more valuable when matched to inventions in the same technological class that have been patented but not awarded. Finally, the third essay will explore the mobility of inventors that have won the ‘R&D 100 award’ for the most important breakthrough inventions multiple times. We will use detailed information concerning whether the inventor move or not after receiving the award during the 2005-2014 period, and construct indicators of experience other than job at the time of the award and indicators of job tenure at the time of the award. We will employ Kaplan-Meier non parametric analysis to highlight systematic differences across different type of inventors in terms of mobility. We will then investigate the probability of multi-award winners to move after being awarded the innovation prize by means of a complementary-log-logistic model. Results will indicate that inventors’ previous and current performance with reference to patents and publications have no influence on mobility. Results will instead provide evidence that being an entrepreneur at the time of the awards is positively associated with inventors’ mobility.

"August 2000" Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-118) and index of inventors 1. Introduction, overview of years 1836-1886 -- 2. The Patent Act, no. 18, of 1859 -- 3. The Provisional Registration of Patents Act, no. 3, of 1875 -- 4. The Patent Act, no. 78, of 1877 -- 5. Numerical list of inventions

My research seeks to understand the behaviour of workers and firms and how their decisions affect labour market outcomes. My PhD dissertation consists of three separate Chapters that use detailed historical, census and administrative data to gain insights into the mechanisms at play when incentives for production and location decisions change. Chapter 1 asks whether financial incentives can induce inventors to innovate more. I exploit a large reduction in the patent fee in the United Kingdom in 1884 to distinguish between its effect on increased efforts to invent, and a decrease in patent quality due to a lower quality threshold. For this analysis I create a detailed new dataset of 54,000 British inventors with renewal information for each patent. In the longer run high-quality patenting increases by over 100 percent, and the share of new patents due to greater effort accounts for three quarters of the pre-reform share of high-quality patents. To test for the presence of credit constraints I generate two wealth proxies from inventor names and addresses, and find a larger innovation response for inventors with lower wealth. These results indicate efficiency gains from decreasing the cost of inventing and in addition, from relaxing credit constraints. In Chapter 2 we assess the effects of changes in ethnic neighbourhood composition in England and Wales. A change in social housing allocations in the 1990s serves as instrument for changes in the local ethnic composition. For the analysis we create a dataset of highly disaggregated census geographies for 1991-2011. The results imply that an exogenous increase in social housing minority share by 10 percentage points raises the minority share in private housing by 1.2 percentage points initially. This sorting effect is larger for privately rented than for privately owned housing. We further show that an increase in the minority share leads to higher local population growth and a small decrease in house prices in the longer run. Chapter 3 proposes a new approach for analysing responses to comprehensive labour market reforms. Using detailed micro data we evaluate the German Hartz reforms that aimed at reducing unemployment. The timing of the reforms affects the model parameters, which are estimated using matched data on 430,000 workers in 340,000 firms. Contrary to previous findings, our analysis shows that the reforms marginally reduced unemployment at the cost of a pronounced decline in wages. Low-skilled workers suffered the largest wage losses. Furthermore, we decompose the contribution of each reform wave on employment and wages, and document a structural shift in the factors that govern overall wage dispersion.

Life Scientists working both at Universities and private institutions are very mobile. This fact is reflected both in their tendency to move globally, from city to city, as well as from institution to institution. This thesis addresses several questions regarding the mobility patterns of these scientists and tests possible determinants for their relocation choice. We develop a novel dataset tracking the mobility of 3.7 million scientists across 9,745 cities over two decades. We show that mobility is marked by national borders and shared languages and that the mobility network is dominated by a small set of “global cities”. We also find that only a few countries clearly benefit from international exchange. Moreover, we find that young and prolific researchers gravitate towards these “global cities”. We use the mobility data to show how state and federal Stem Cell funding restrictions in the US have affected the spatial distribution of scientists as well as their propensity to leave the country. In fact we find that differential state and federal approaches to Stem Cell research has had the overall effect of geographically concentrating scientists and averting an exodus of these researchers. Finally, we analyze the impact of M&As in the Pharmaceutical Sector to establish if these shocks cause a higher than average turnover. High turnover of R&D personnel in this R&D intensive sector is an undesirable outcome. We do in fact find that turnover is higher following an acquisition. However, as noted elsewhere, acquired companies experience often financial distress before the event and so defection starts even before the deal takes place.

The purpose of this thesis is to identify patents invented by researchers at Lund University, to describe the university inventors, and to understand the main factors that influence their patenting activities. The analysis focuses on inventors in relation to their environment. A number of factors influence scientists’ decisions to patent. Internal factors related to individuals such as solving the research puzzle, demonstrating the quality and novelty of the research, and enhancing professional reputation are the main internal factors that trigger researchers to patent. Although external factors such as TTOs and the Third Task are relatively more important for some inventors, internal factors are still the predominant factors. The thesis has also suggested a typology of inventors to show the differences in the level of patenting and in the way they applied for patent and commercialized. This nuanced heterogeneity among inventors emphasizes the need for caution in generalizations, especially regarding the roles and influences of patent legislation and TTOs in university patenting. Adaptive and flexible institutions and organizations may enable scientists to patent by providing them with the necessary resources and skills they may need for patenting rather than applying standard solutions to different cases. This study has made empirical and theoretical contributions to the literature by developing a focus on individual inventors and by emphasizing the characteristics of these inventors and of their external environments. Hence, this dissertation may provide both theoretical insights and empirical evidence to scholars investigating university patenting and inventors. It may also provide insights to policy makers and university administrators on the appropriate roles of institutions and organizations in promoting and assisting patenting activities of university researchers.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1985.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.
Bibliography: leaves 203-207.
by Beatrice Esther Lewis.
Ph.D.

The development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has expanded the ways that people communicate and share information with one another. In the context of disaster, this has disrupted and reshaped the nature of the communication of emergency information and public participation in the emergency response process itself. Members of the public have been much quicker at adapting and improvising solutions in this new communication ecology than emergency response organizations. This difference in adoption reflects key differences in the formal constraints and responsibilities faced by emergency responders in comparison to the ability in the public sphere to improvise and organize more fluidly. My research focuses on the design and ongoing development of sociotechnical solutions within a community of emergency responders interested in integrating social media into emergency response practices. I look at both the solutions emerging across this community and the sociotechnical arrangements that support ongoing communication and the evolution of new ideas in a continual process of invention. My research spans four years, starting with an initial case study and progressing over time into a collaborative role that leverages my skills and knowledge of crisis informatics in the joint exploration of data analysis strategies and communication strategies.

This study examines the relationship between an inventor’s motives and creativity, invention commercialization, and collaboration pattern. Special emphasis is placed on the educational background of inventors when examining the effect of inventor motive on invention commercialization. The data are based in a unique survey of patent inventors in the United States, and archival data. The GT/RIETI 2007 Inventor Survey includes information on commercialization for patented inventions and measures of inventor motives. Archival data based on Lai et al. (2011) was the basis for the collection of creativity measures based on U.S. patent technology subclasses. The results indicate that inventors’ motives differentiate the outcome of innovative activities. We found a firm motive has a positive effect on creating new combinations, commercialization of patents, and collaboration with coworkers. The results also suggest that the recognition motive negatively affects the creation of new combinations, and that there is no effect on the commercialization of the patent. As for collaboration pattern, the results show that individual differences in motives are associated with different patterns in collaboration. For example, task-oriented inventors are less likely to collaborate with others outside of the firm entity, whereas inventors with recognition motives are more likely to have a larger collaborative network with other professionals in the same field. This paper suggests that policy-makers should consider individual heterogeneity in innovative performance, knowledge creation, and patterns of collaboration. Based on the findings, future research and policy implications are discussed.

Thesis (MASc)--University of Waterloo, 2004.
"A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Management Sciences." Includes bibliographical references.

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FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
O trabalho se baseia na Função de Produção de Conhecimento (FPC) para investigar o papel das ligações entre inventores na produção tecnológica das microrregiões brasileiras, controlando-se tanto para outros insumos da invenção (com proxies para P&D industrial, universitário e grau de escolaridade de trabalhadores) quanto para características econômicas regionais, que são capazes de influenciar a criação de invenções. Para isso, utilizam-se, principalmente, informações fornecidas pelo Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI) e pela Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) que permitiram construir um uma base de dados longitudinal para as microrregiões brasileiras no período 2001-2011, que foram analisados por meio de técnicas econométricas baseadas em um painel espacial. Os principais resultados mostram que o número de ligações entre inventores (coinvenções) é positivamente associado à produção tecnológica regional. As ligações externas parecem não exercer influência sobre o desempenho tecnológico regional, o que pode indicar que a concentração do patenteamento privilegie as ligações internas, dado que estas são mais importantes que as ligações externas na geração de novo conhecimento para o Brasil. A densidade da rede apresentou-se prejudicial à atividade tecnológica.
Based on the Knowledge Production Function (KPF), this article is aimed at investigating the role of inventor links over technological production of Brazilian microregions, controlling for both other invention inputs (with proxies for manufacturing and academic R&D, and workers´schooling) and regional economic characteristics, which are able to influence the creation of inventions. To do so, we use a Brazilian patent database stemming from Brazilian Patent Office (INPI) and the Brazilian Labor Ministry (RAIS/MTE) in order to construct a spatial panel data model over the period 2000-2011. The database was analyzed by means of econometric techniques based on spatial panel data models. The main findings show that the amount of inventor links (coinventions) is positively associated to regional technological production, whereas the network density might be harmful to technological activity. External links do not seem to influence the regional technological performance, which may indicate that the concentration of patenting favors internal links, as these are more important than the external links to generate new knowledge for Brazil. The density of the network had to be detrimental to technological activity.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo investigar o contexto de geração de patentes, obtidas em processos de cooperação entre universidade-empresa, visando identificar eventuais impactos da pesquisa tecnológica na produção científica dos inventores da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Parte do pressuposto que a análise das inovações patenteadas, no âmbito das atividades de cooperação universidade-empresa (U-E), pode fornecer indícios sobre a emergência de um novo modelo de inovação e identificar impactos paralelos da produção tecnológica na produção científica abrindo caminhos para a identificação de novos critérios para avaliação dos impactos da relação produção científica-produção tecnológica. Caracteriza-se como pesquisa exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, onde duas categorias principais de dados foram coletados: dados sobre a tecnologia reivindicada e dados sobre os autores/inventores, por meio de consulta aos arquivos da Agência USP de Inovação, através do banco de patentes do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI) e do banco de dados de currículos da Plataforma Lattes, mantida pelo Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas (CNPq). Foram identificados 36 pedidos de depósito de patente USP em co-titularidade com empresa, sendo a amostra constituída por 23 pedidos fora do período de sigilo, com a participação de 75 inventores e 24 empresas, além de 01 agência de fomento e 01 universidade que não a própria USP. As atividades entre U-E analisadas permitem concluir sobre a existência desse novo modelo, no qual a universidade é peça chave no processo de inovação. A participação das empresas advém de quatro principais contextos: Pesquisa Contratada, Pesquisa Tecnológica, Orientação Acadêmica, Consultoria. Conclui-se que a atividade inventiva tem impactos positivos sobre a produção científica, propiciando produções qualificadas para publicação em periódicos e impactos quantitativamente positivos no desenvolvimento das atividades acadêmicas dos docentes envolvidos, bem como na ampliação das atividades de formação de novos pesquisadores.
This study aims to investigate the generation context of patents obtained in the cooperation process between the university-industry, to identify potential impacts of technological research in the scientific production of the inventors of the University of São Paulo (USP). It assumes that the analysis of patented innovations within the activities of university-industry cooperation, may provide clues about the emergence of a new innovation model and identify parallel impacts of technological production in the scientific production opening ways for the identification of new criteria for evaluation the impacts relationship of scientific-technological production. It is characterized as exploratory, qualitative approach, where two main categories of data were collected: data on the claimed technology and data about the authors / inventors, by consulting the archives of the USP Innovation Agency, through the patent database National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) and the database of resumes of the Lattes Platform, maintained by the National Research Council (CNPq). We identified 36 patent applications being filed in USP co-ownership with the company, and the sample consisted of 23 applications out of the secrecy period, with the participation of 22 companies and 75 inventors, and 01 development agency and 01 non-university their own USP. Activities between the university-industry analyzed to conclude on the existence of this new model, in which the university is a key part in the innovation process. The involvement of business comes from four main contexts: \"Contract Research\", \"Technology Research\", Academic Orientation, and Consultancy. It is concluded that the inventive activity has a positive impact on scientific output, providing qualified productions for publication in journals quantitatively and positive development impacts of the academic activities of the teachers involved, as well as expanding activities in the training of new researchers.

La thèse vise à étudier l’impact des réseaux interpersonnels sur la capacité à innover (innovativeness) des inventeurs. Les contributions académiques soulignent qu’il existe une forte relation entre les réseaux interpersonnels et la coopération interindividuelle. Le comportement coopératif apparaît comme le meilleur moyen de mener à bien un projet innovant, un projet complexe. Nous énonçons donc l’hypothèse selon laquelle les collaborations répétées au sein d’un réseau d’inventeurs ont une influence sur leur innovativeness. Nous avons choisi d’étudier plus particulièrement la capacité à innover des inventeurs fortement productifs en mobilisant des données sur les co-inventeurs de brevets. Une étude empirique portant sur 1157 inventeurs prolifiques français qui ont obtenu 30477 brevets sur la période 1975-2002 a donc été menée. Les résultats de la régression logistique corroborent notre hypothèse et montrent un impact significatif des collaborations répétées sur la capacité à innover des inventeurs prolifiques
This thesis aims at studying the impact of interpersonal networks on the innovativeness of inventors. The academic literature underlined the strong relation between interpersonal networks and interpersonal cooperation. The cooperative behaviour appears as the best way to success in an innovative project, a complex project. We make here the hypothesis according to which repeated collaborations in a network of inventors have an influence on their innovativeness. We chose to study more particularly the capacity to innovate of strongly productive inventors by mobilizing data on the co-inventors of patents. We run an empirical study concerning 1157 French prolific inventors who obtained 30477 patents over the period 1975-2002. The results of the logistic regression confirm our hypothesis and show a significant impact of repeated collaborations on the capacity of prolific inventors to innovate

Les travailleurs hautement qualifiés - scientifiques et ingénieurs en particulier - sont un atout important pour le développement d’un pays car ils sont des facteurs majeurs dans la production de connaissances. C'est ce qui justifie les efforts compétitifs déployés par plusieurs pays afin d'attirer ces travailleurs. Les pays de destination sont en général décrits comme étant les grands gagnants des migrations des travailleurs hautement qualifiés. Ce qui n'est pas le cas des pays d'origine où ces migrations sont perçues comme une perte en capital humain. Cependant, ce phénomène serait beaucoup plus complexe qu'il n'y parait. En effet, il existe d'autres facteurs inhérents à la dynamique des migrations des travailleurs hautement qualifiés qui restent soit partiellement ou totalement inexplorés dans la littérature. Ces facteurs sont liés à des éléments résultant de ces migrations et pouvant créer des retombées positives vers les pays d'origine tout en contribuant ainsi à l'innovation dans ces pays. Afin d'explorer plus en profondeur cette question, il serait nécessaire de conduire une analyse approfondie autour de la question sur la nature des liens entre migrants hautement qualifiés résidant à l'étranger d'une part et celle des liens qui lient ces migrants à leurs pays d'origine d'autre part. A travers cette analyse, nous nous proposons de contribuer au débat sur le « brain gain » en investiguant les dynamiques de diffusion des connaissances à l'intérieur du réseau des migrants hautement qualifiés dans les pays de destination, mais également vers les pays d'origine
Highly skilled workers – scientists and engineers in particular – are an important asset for a nation in so far that they enter in the production of knowledge as highly valuable human capital. That is why many countries have been competing for attracting. Receiving countries are in general pictured as the biggest winners from highly skilled migration. While the latter is perceived as a loss for sending countries. However, the situation might not be as simplistic as it seems. Indeed, we believe there are several unexplored factors underpinning the dynamics of highly skilled migration which contribute to some positive feedback to the sending countries in terms of knowledge and innovation while spurring innovation in the destination countries. And for a better understanding of these factors, one needs to look further into the nature of the ties linking highly skilled migrants abroad on one hand and to their home countries on the other hand. With our research we intend to contribute to the brain drain – brain gain trade-off debate by investigating the dynamics of knowledge diffusion within migrants’ networks in receiving countries and more importantly to sending countries

With my thesis work I question the evidence of history and how this evidence is read. I examine the theory of fractured history and alternate history, two examples of how perception of the past is completely altered when the science of reality is merged with imagination and mystery. As a vehicle for this examination, I use my own family history, something I am familiar with on many levels but also completely foreign to. As a curator of the story of my own history, I ask, "How can we know what is real?" and "If I say it is real, does that make it so?"

Inventors face three key problems when attempting to uncover new product inventions: vast design spaces, interconnected product elements, and uncertainty as to the payoff to a proposed product design. In order to make vast design spaces tractable, inventors rely on search heuristics. The primary objective of this thesis is to enhance our understanding of the role that search heuristics play in the inventive process for physical products. The central metaphor underlying this study is that product invention can be considered as a complex adaptive system. Invention is conceptualised as a search process, on a landscape of product possibilities, by a population of profit-seeking inventors. It is argued that a substantial component of the inventive process can be captured in an evolutionary algorithm, wherein product inventions are continually created, tested in the marketplace, and ultimately displaced by subsequent inventions. A simulation model of the process of product invention is developed using a novel synthesis of two general frameworks drawn from the literature of complex adaptive systems, Kauffman's NK model and Holland's genetic algorithm. The simulation model is used to test a series of hypotheses which examine the sensitivity of the product invention process to the search heuristics used by inventors, under varying levels of product element interconnection, and under varying levels of uncertainty regarding payoffs to proposed product inventions. The key finding of the simulation experiments is that if search heuristics are confined to those which are rooted in past experience, or to heuristics which merely generate variety, successful product invention does not occur. Successful invention only occurs when inventor's expectations as to the relative fitness of potential product inventions are incorporated into the model of invention. The simulations also demonstrate that the effectiveness of the search heuristics of inventors is robust with respect to noisy expectations as to the worth of a potential invention, and is robust with respect to conditions of technical uncertainty. The simulation results underscore the importance of formal product / project evaluation procedures in organisations, and the importance of market information when inventing new products.

Bien que la créativité soit au cœur du processus d’innovation, peu d’attention a été accordée à la dimension individuelle dans l’analyse de l’activité d’innovation. L’objet de cette thèse est d’étudier le rôle des inventeurs individuels, particulièrement des inventeurs prolifiques, dans la construction des capacités dynamiques des firmes et dans la direction de spécialisation technologique des pays. L’analyse empirique qui sous tend ce travail fait référence aux systèmes d’innovation français et britannique et aux caractéristiques des inventeurs prolifiques de ces deux pays. Nous procédons en premier lieu à une étude statistique des principales caractéristiques des inventeurs français et britanniques. Celle-ci révèle une forte hétérogénéité des inventeurs qui ne se réduit pas à leur productivité en termes de brevets seulement mais se généralise à leur mobilité inter-firmes et à la densité de leur réseau de collaboration. Concernant les sources de cette hétérogénéité, du moins dans sa dimension relative à la production de brevets, notre travail, tout en confirmant les principaux résultats de la littérature sur les déterminants de la productivité des inventeurs, montre de plus que la diversification technologique et la cohérence de la base de connaissances des inventeurs sont parmi les facteurs qui expliquent la différence de productivité des inventeurs tant français que britanniques. Après avoir mis en évidence l’hétérogénéité de la dimension individuelle de l’activité d’innovation, nous étudions la relation entre cette dimension individuelle et le niveau firme et le niveau pays. Notre travail met en évidence, à cet égard, une influence significative de la présence d’inventeurs prolifiques sur la direction de spécialisation technologique des deux pays appréhendée à travers leurs avantages technologiques révélés sectoriels. Par ailleurs, les données de brevets tant de la France que de la Grande Bretagne font apparaitre une relation significative entre le degré de prolificité des inventeurs dans le champ technologique dominant d’une firme et la formation par cette dernière de capacités dynamiques lui permettant de faire face aux évolutions de son environnement technologique. Finalement, en établissant l’hétérogénéité des inventeurs individuels d’une part, et d’autre part, en mettant en évidence une articulation entre la dimension individuelle et les niveaux firmes et pays dans le processus d’innovation, notre travail fournit les éléments d’une représentation qui considère la dimension individuelle comme une composante constitutive des systèmes nationaux d’innovation
Although creativity is at the heart of the innovation process, little attention has been paid to the individual dimension in the analysis of innovation activity. The purpose of this thesis is to study the role of individual inventors, particularly prolific inventors in building dynamic capabilities of firms and in the direction of technological specialization of countries. The empirical analysis that underlies this work refers to the French and British systems of innovation and to the characteristics of prolific inventors of these two countries. We perform, first, a statistical study of the main characteristics of French and British inventors. The study shows a strong heterogeneity of inventors. This heterogeneity cannot be reduced to their productivity in terms of patents but can be generalized to the inter-firm mobility of inventors and to the density of their collaboration network. Regarding the sources of this heterogeneity, in its dimension relative to the production of patents, our work, while confirming the main findings of the literature on the determinants of the productivity of inventors, shows that technological diversification and coherence of the knowledge base of inventors are also among the factors that explain the difference in the productivity of both French and British inventors. Having highlighted the heterogeneity of the individual dimension of innovation activity, we study the dependence between the individual dimension and the firm and country level of the innovation process. Our work demonstrates, in this regard, a significant effect of the presence of prolific inventors on the direction of technological specialization of both countries in terms of their sectorial revealed technological advantages. Furthermore, patent data of France and the UK reveal a strong relationship between the degree of prolificness in the dominant technological field of firms and their dynamic capabilities.Finally, by establishing the heterogeneity of individual inventors on the one hand and by highlighting a link between the individual dimension and firms and country levels in the innovative process on the other hand, our work provides some elements of a representation which considers individual dimension as a constitutive component of national innovation systems

Orientador: Léa Maria Leme Strini Velho
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: O acesso da academia ao sistema de patentes remete ao início do século XX, quando algumas universidades dos EUA realizaram suas primeiras atividades de patenteamento. Entretanto, a observação desse processo como objeto de análise é bem mais recente e a grande maioria das pesquisas realizadas sobre o tema tem se concentrado em avaliar os aspectos institucionais das universidades e empresas, sendo raros os estudos sobre os inventores acadêmicos. A partir desse contexto, este trabalho tem o objetivo geral de ampliar a compreensão a respeito das atividades de proteção e comercialização dos resultados das pesquisas acadêmicas. Mais especificamente, a tese busca identificar se o processo de proteção e comercialização dos resultados da pesquisa conduzida pela universidade pública brasileira gera impactos sobre as tradicionais atividades acadêmicas. Nesse sentido, são discutidas as transformações internas vividas pela universidade, identificando os argumentos que ajudam a entender os eventuais impactos do processo de proteção e comercialização dos resultados da pesquisa conduzida pela universidade. A partir de dados coletados na base de patentes do Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI) e junto aos Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica (NITs) verificou-se que enquanto a atividade de patenteamento acadêmico no Brasil era praticamente inexistente antes de 1980, no período mais recente, entre 2002 e 2007, houve um crescimento expressivo, alcançando em 2007 níveis próximos de 350 depósitos de patentes acadêmicas. A tese se aprofunda nos casos das universidades públicas paulistas e amplia a perspectiva de estudo introduzindo uma análise sobre o perfil dos inventores enquanto agentes ativos do processo de patenteamento acadêmico. O trabalho se completa com uma pesquisa qualitativa que, conduzida por meio de entrevistas realizadas com 14 inventores das universidades públicas paulistas, identifica as principais motivações, expectativas e percepções desses inventores associadas às atividades de patenteamento e comercialização dos resultados da pesquisa acadêmica. Os principais resultados mostram que o maior envolvimento dos pesquisadores brasileiros com o mundo das patentes ocorre a partir da década de 90, e mais pronunciadamente a partir do ano 2000, na condição de pesquisadores formalmente contratados pelas suas instituições acadêmicas. Na avaliação dos pesquisadores entrevistados, o envolvimento com o processo de patenteamento e comercialização da pesquisa acadêmica deve ser considerado como uma experiência claramente positiva, com contribuições significativas para o nível de aprendizado dos próprios pesquisadores e de seus alunos
Abstract: Access from the academy to the patent system dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century when some universities in the USA took out their first patents. However, observing this process as a means of analysis is much more recent and most research carried out on this subject has focused on evaluating institutional aspects of universities and companies. Moreover, there is a lack of literature concerning academic inventors. Taking this into account, the main aim of this work is to broaden the understanding related to protection and commercialization activities based on results from academic research. More specifically, this thesis attempts to identify if the protection and commercialization process from the results of research conducted by Brazilian state universities has an impact on traditional academic activities. Considering this, internal transformations experienced by universities are discussed, identifying the arguments which help to understand the possible impacts of the protection and commercialization process taken from results of research conducted at universities. Based on data collected from the patent base at the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) and the Technology Transfer Office (TTO), it can be observed that while academic patenting in Brazil was practically non-existent before 1980, from 2002 to 2007 there was a significant increase, reaching 350 academic patents in 2007. The thesis describes case studies in-depth at state universities in the State of São Paulo and provides a broad perspective of the study introducing an analysis on the profile of the inventors as active members of the academic patent process. The work concludes with qualitative research conducted using interviews with 14 inventors from state universities in the State of São Paulo. The study identifies the main motivations, expectations and observations of these inventors associated to patenting and commercialization based on results from the academic research. The main results show that most Brazilian researchers were engaged in patenting from the 1990s, and more significantly from 2000, when researchers were formally contracted by the academic institutions. After having evaluated the interviewed researchers, it could be observed that the involvement with the patenting and commercialization process of academic research should be considered as a clearly positive experience. Furthermore, there are significant contributions in terms of the learning process from the researchers and their students themselves
Doutorado
Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica
Doutor em Política Científica e Tecnológica

La recerca que he desenvolupat a la meva tesi doctoral està centrada en la comprensió del paper que desenvolupa el innovative performance per influir en la presa de decisions estratègiques a nivell individual i d’organitzacions, en un context intensiu de coneixement. La meva tesi doctoral s’articula en tres capítols principals, que corresponen a tres articles d’investigació de la meva línia de treball actual. Basant-me en la investigació prèvia sobre els nivells d’aspiració i presa de decisions a nivell de gerència, en el primer article s’examinaran les condicions en què les empreses farmacèutiques canvien el seu partnering behavior a través del temps. En línia amb el pensament actual en Behavioral Theory and Evolutionary Theory of the firm, sostenim que qualsevol canvi en partnering behavior és considerat de risc, i es posa en marxa per la diferència (o el gap existent) entre el rendiment actual i el rendiment desitjat. Hem estudiat una mostra de 988 empreses farmacèutiques entre 1990 i 2006 –els resultats confirmen la idea central del treball- que suggereixen que el tipus de performance (financer o innovador) té una marcada influencia en el associated feedback loop amb les subseqüents conseqüències a nivell organitzatiu de l’empresa. Quan la performance financera s’allunya de les expectatives (tan per sobre com per sota) les empreses farmacèutiques disminueixen la magnitud dels canvis en partnering behavior. Per contra, quan la innovative performance s’allunya de les expectatives (tan per sobre com per sota) les empreses farmacèutiques augmenten la magnitud de canvi en partnering behavior. El segon article, a partir d’investigacions anteriors i actuals de la mobilitat dels treballador, és un intent exploratori que busca construir sobre la Behavioral and Prospect theory més concretament sobre la literatura de managerial risk taking amb l’objectiu d’explorar les influències “motivacionals” sobre la mobilitat individual a través de les empreses de la industria farmacèutica –específicament com les desviacions del rendiment des de punts de referència específics expliquen la probabilitat de la mobilitat (una acció amb risc). En línia amb les teories del coneixement mencionades prèviament, els nostres resultats suggereixen que: quan un inventor performs per sobre del seu nivell d’aspiració/expectativa (tan històrica com social), trobem un recolzament pels arguments d’aversió de risc quan un inventor performs per sota les seves expectatives està més predisposat a participar en la mobilitat entre organitzacions, considerada com a acció arriscada, però només quan es compara la seva actuació amb les aspiracions socials (per exemple, considerant el risc del perfil). Finalment, en el tercer article s’intenta donar llum a les preguntes “per què els inventors es mouen?” Estudis recents proposen respostes a aquesta pregunta fonamental centrant-se principalment o bé en l’estructura d’incentius en els contractes d’inventors (mercat, és a dir laboral intern) o bé en les oportunitats externes del mercat laboral. Nosaltres creiem que aquestes teories econòmiques suposen una explicació parcial de per què els treballadors amb talent participen en la mobilitat entre organitzacions. De fet, no tenim una idea clara sobre els fonaments sociològics que caracteritzen la mobilitat, concretament desconeixem les raons que porten l’inventor a assumir aquests riscs/ que hi ha darrera de la inclinació dels inventors a assumir aquests riscs. Per tant, el present article és un intent d’oferir un model més comprensible per explicar els antecedents de mobilitat entre organitzacions. Prenent com a base la Behavioral and Prospect theories i més concretament, la literatura sobre managerial risk taking el document té com a objectiu principal el d’explorar i subratllar les influencies motivacionals sobre la mobilitat individual a través de les empreses de la industria farmacèutica –específicament es centra en com la desviació del “rendiment” respecte punts de referència específics (aspiracions socials) explica la probabilitat (la inclinació a la) mobilitat (una acció arriscada). Els resultats de la nostra investigació confirmen i amplien els estudis anteriors sobre la mobilitat; juntament amb l’estructura d’incentius d’empresa per retenir els empleats i inventors amb talent, el mercat laboral explica la inclinació a la mobilitat, la desviació en la performance dels inventors des de social aspiration levels i també pot predir a tendència a la mobilitat dels inventors. En conclusió, a la meva tesi doctoral intento millorar la comprensió, i per tant oferir a la comunitat acadèmica de managment, de com organitzacions i individus aprenen de les seves accions en el passat i prenen (decisions basades en la subseqüent strategic decision-making) com a resposta a la interpretació de la performance necessària per millorar la performance i aconseguir competitivitat exitosa.
La investigación que he desarrollado durante mi tesis doctoral se centra en la comprensión del papel que desempeña el rendimiento innovador para influir en las decisiones estratégicas a nivel organizacional e individual en contextos intensivos en conocimiento. Mi tesis doctoral se articula en tres capítulos principales, que representan tres papeles de trabajo actuales. Basándose en la investigación previa sobre los niveles de aspiración y toma de decisiones gerenciales, en el primer documento de trabajo se examinará las condiciones en que las empresas farmacéuticas cambian su partnering behavior a través del tiempo. Usando fundamentos de Behavioral Theory y Evolutionary Theory of the firm, sostenemos que cualquier cambio en el partnering behavior se considera riesgoso, y es accionado por la brecha entre el rendimiento real y el rendimiento de aspiración. Prueba de una muestra de 988 empresas farmacéuticas a partir de 1990 a 2006, nuestros resultados confirman la idea central del trabajo - que el tipo de desempeño (financiero o innovador) tiene una fuerte influencia en el circuito de retorno correspondiente y la acción organizativa posterior: cualquier desvío de desempeño financiero de aspiraciones predice risk aversión behavior (i.e. menos cambio en partnering behavior) mientras cualquier desvío de desempeño innovador de aspiraciones predice risktaking behavior (i.e. mas cambio en partnering behavior). El segundo documento de trabajo, a partir de investigaciones anteriores y actuales de la movilidad de los empleados, es un intento exploratorio que busca construir sobre Behavioral Theory y la perspectiva, sobre todo, en la literatura de managerial risk taking con el fin de explorar las influencias motivacionales sobre la movilidad individual a través de las empresas de la industria farmacéutica - específicamente cómo las desviaciones del rendimiento desde los puntos de referencia específicos (aspiraciones) explican la probabilidad de movilidad (una acción arriesgada). De acuerdo con las tradiciones teóricas mencionadas anteriormente, nuestros resultados sugieren que: cuando un inventor realiza por encima de su nivel de aspiración (tanto histórica como social), encontramos apoyo para los argumentos de aversión al riesgo (es decir, menos propensos a cambiar de empleador), cuando un inventor realiza a continuación sus niveles de aspiración es más probable que participen en la movilidad entre organizaciones, como la acción arriesgada, pero sólo cuando se compara su desempeño con las aspiraciones sociales (es decir, teniendo riesgo de perfil). Finalmente, en el tercer documento de trabajo se intenta responder a las preguntas "¿por qué los inventores se mueven?" Estudios recientes que proponen respuesta a esta pregunta fundamental se centran principalmente en la estructura de incentivos en los contratos de inventor (es decir, mercado laboral interno) o oportunidades externas del mercado laboral. Nosotros creemos que estas tradiciones económicas teóricas presentar una representación parcial de por qué los empleados talentosos participan en la movilidad entre organizaciones. De hecho, no tenemos una idea clara sobre los fundamentos sociológicos que caracterizan a la movilidad, en particular, las razones motivacionales del inventor detrás de la participación en tal toma de riesgo (es decir, movilidad). Por lo tanto, el presente articulo es un intento que busca ofrecer un modelo más amplio para explicar los antecedentes de la movilidad entre organizaciones. Sobre la base de Behavioral Theory y tomando la perspectiva, sobre todo, de la literatura managerial risk taking, el documento tiene como objetivo principal de explorar y llamar la atención a las influencias motivacionales sobre la movilidad individual a través de las empresas de la industria farmacéutica - específicamente cómo las desviaciones de rendimiento de los puntos de referencia específicos (aspiraciones sociales) explican la probabilidad de movilidad (una acción arriesgada). Los resultados de nuestra investigación confirman y amplían los estudios anteriores sobre la movilidad: junto con la estructura de incentivos de la empresa para retener a los empleados talentosos y a las dinámicas de mercado de laboral externo que explican los inventores la posibilidad de la movilidad, las desviaciones del inventor de su rendimiento desde los niveles de aspiración sociales también predicen la probabilidad de inventor de la movilidad. En conclusión, en mi tesis doctoral intento de comprender mejor, y por lo tanto ofrecer a la comunidad académica de administración de empresa, como las organizaciones y los individuos aprenden de sus acciones pasadas y deciden posteriores tomas de decisiones estratégicas como respuesta a la interpretación del rendimiento, necesario para mejorar el rendimiento y reunir el éxito competitivo.
The research I developed during my doctoral dissertation focuses on the understanding of the role that innovative performance plays in influencing strategic decision-making at the organizational and individual level in knowledge intensive contexts. My doctoral dissertation is articulated in three main chapters, which represent three current working papers. Building on the prior research on aspiration levels and managerial decision making, in the first working paper we examine the conditions under which pharmaceutical firms change their partnering behavior across time. Using insights drawn from behavioral theory and evolutionary theory of the firm, we argue that any change in partnering behavior is considered risky, and is triggered by the gap between actual performance and aspirational performance. Testing a sample of 988 pharmaceutical firms from 1990 to 2006, our results confirm the central idea of the paper - that the type of performance (financial or innovative) has a strong influence on the associated feedback loop and subsequent organizational action: any deviation of financial performance from aspirations predicts risk aversion behavior (i.e. less change in partnering behavior) while any deviation of innovative performance from aspirations predicts risk taking behavior (i.e. more change in partnering behavior). The second working paper, building on previous and current research of employees’ mobility, is an exploratory attempt that seeks to build on behavioral and prospect theory, particularly, on the literature of managerial risk taking in order to explore the motivational influences on individual mobility across firms in the pharmaceutical industry - specifically how performance deviations from specific reference points (aspirations) explain the likelihood of mobility (a risky action). In line with the theoretical traditions mentioned above, our results suggest that: when an inventor performs above her aspiration level (both historical and social), we found support for risk adversity arguments (i.e. less likely to change employer); when an inventor performs below her aspiration levels is more likely to engage in inter-organizational mobility, such as risky action, but only when comparing her performance to the social aspirations (i.e. risk taking profile). Finally, in the third working paper we attempt to answer to the questions “why do inventors move?” Recent studies propose answer to this fundamental question focusing mainly either on incentives structure in inventor’s contracts (i.e. internal labor market) or external labor market opportunities. We believe that these theoretical economic traditions present a partial representation of why talented employees engage in inter-organizational mobility. In fact, we do not have a clear understanding on the sociological underpinnings characterizing mobility, in particular about the inventor’s motivational rationales behind the engagement in such risky decision. Building on behavioral and prospect theory, particularly, on the literature of managerial risk taking, the paper mainly aims to explore and to bring attention to the motivational influences on individual mobility across firms in the pharmaceutical industry - specifically how performance deviations from specific reference points (social aspirations) explain the likelihood of mobility (a risky action). The results of our research confirm and extend previous studies on mobility: along with firm’s incentive structure to retain talented employees and inventors’ labor market explain the likelihood of mobility, inventor’s performance deviations from social aspiration levels also predict inventor’s likelihood of mobility. In conclusions, in my doctoral dissertation I attempt to better understand, and therefore offer to the academic management community, how organizations and individuals learn from their past actions and decide on subsequent strategic decision-making as a response to performance interpretation necessary to improve performance and gather competitive success.

Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2003.
Thesis advisor(s): Robert A. Koyak, Samuel L. Buttrey. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-68). Also available online.

Inventory management in the agriculture industry involves many sources of risk in terms of demand uncertainty as well as uncertain margins. Divulging an optimal inventory strategy can prove cumbersome to logistics managers. In this thesis, inventory is viewed as a real option on the ability to operate. Contingent claims inventory (CCI) analysis, paired with stochastic binomial real option valuation, provides a model which values the real option embedded in holding inventory and iterates the purchasing strategy until expected profit is maximized. This framework is applied to three industry cases pertaining to: wheat flour milling, fertilizer merchandising, and bulk shipments via primary rail contracts.

Cette thèse présente trois essais sur les réseaux de collaboration des inventeurs et leur capacité d'invention. La thèse vise à tester empiriquement l'un des résultats théoriques fondamentaux de l'analyse des réseaux sociaux suggérant que les caractéristiques structurelles des réseaux de collaboration des inventeurs ont un impact sur les les capacités d'invention (taux d'inventions, nouveauté et utilisation de leur production). L'une des contributions de ce travail consiste d'isoler les effets de la structure du réseau sur la l'intensité et la diversité des connaissances partagées par les membres du réseau des d'autres effets tels que l'influence des inventeurs après des membres. Les études empiriques des trois essais se concentre sur l'analyse la variation temporelle intra-sujet à partir de données de panel d'inventeurs français extraites de la base de données PATSTAT produite par le bureau européen des brevets.Le premier essai analyse dans quelle mesure la capacité d'invention individuelle est influencée par les caractéristiques structurelles et relationnelles des réseaux de collaboration. Ce chapitre élabore un cadre théorique qui relie quatre aspects du réseau d'un inventeurs - le nombre de collaborateurs et d'inventeurs indirectement connectés, l'intensité des collaborations et la faiblesse de l'intensité des connexions entre les collaborateurs d'un inventeur (brokerage) - à la performance de l'inventeur. Le deuxième essai étudie comment l'accès à des connaissances hétérogènes affecte la relation entre le brokerage et la nouveauté de la production des inventeurs. Il fait la distinction entre les avantages structurels apportés par le brokerage et les opportunités qui l'accompagnent en termes de connaissances. Il analyse leurs effets sur le niveau de nouveauté des inventions des membres du réseau. Le dernier essai étudie la relation entre le brokerage et l'utilisation de la production des inventeurs. L'objectif de ce chapitre est double. D'une part, il vise à identifier l'influence du brokerage sur l'utilisation de la production de l'inventeur par les membres localisés du réseau. D'autre part, il étudie l'effet modérateur de la proximité cognitive sur la relation entre le brokerage et l'utilisation des inventions du broker au sein de la configuration du réseau local.Les résultats des études longitudinales soulignent qu'il n'y a pas de réponse simple et universelle sur la façon de concevoir le réseau optimal pour les multiples facettes de la performance. La thèse démontre que les collaborateurs indirectement connectés n'exercent aucune influence sur les performances de l'inventeurs et que seuls les collaborateurs proches (c-à-d., ceux situés à une distance à l'inventeur maximale de deux) sont bénéfiques à l'inventeur focal. La structure optimale du réseau de collaborations d'un inventeur est celle dans laquelle l'inventeur est fortement connecté à des ensembles d'inventeurs déconnectés. Cependant, l'étude démontre que l'influence de la structure sur la nouveauté et l'utilisation des idées créées dépendent d'autres caractéristiques des réseaux de collaboration. Pour ce faire, elle distingue les avantages structurels apportés par la structure brokered et la représentation qui l'accompagne de l'arbitrage des connaissances et de la proximité cognitive. Les résultats suggèrent que le fait d'être un broker centre d'une structure de réseau et d'une clique de connaissances spécialisées est positivement associé à la probabilité de réutilisation des idées des brokers. Identifier le mécanisme par la manière dont la structure du réseau de collaboration affecte les performances des inventeurs a des implications importantes. Cela informera les inventeurs sur la façon d'optimiser ou d'adapter leurs réseaux collaboratifs pour répondre aux attentes, ainsi que d'aider les décideurs à concevoir des programmes d'incitation qui maximiseraient la performance organisationnelle
This dissertation presents three essays on inventors' collaboration networks and their inventive performance. The thesis intends to empirically test the relation between the structural characteristics of inventors' collaboration networks and inventors' performance (i.e., rate of inventions, novelty, and reuse of their output), one of most agreed result in the literature. . In doing so, it provides answers to a fundamental question from the innovation and social network literature and brings a new perspective to empirical analyses of network characteristics by disentangling the intensity and the diversity of shared knowledge and their structure. The empirical tests of the three essays rely on panel data of French inventors extracted from the PATSTAT database provided by the European Patent Office are used to examine the within- subject variation over time.The first essay analyses the extent to which individual inventive performance is influenced by the structural and relational characteristics of collaboration networks. The chapter elaborates a theoretical framework that relates four aspects of an inventor's network - the number of collaborators and indirectly connected inventors, the strength of collaborations, and brokered network structure (i.e., disconnections between an inventor's collaborators)- to the inventor's output. The second essay investigates how access to heterogeneous knowledge affects the relationship between the brokerage and the novelty of inventors' output. It distinguishes between structural advantages brought by the brokerage and accompanying opportunities in terms of knowledge and scrutinizes their effects on the level of novelty embedded in inventors' output. The last essay investigates the relationship between the brokerage and the reuse of inventors' output. The objective of this chapter is twofold. First, it aims to identify the influence of brokerage on the reuse of the broker's output by localized network members. Second, it investigates the moderating effect of cognitive proximity on the relationship between brokerage and reuse within the local network setup.Results from the longitudinal studies highlight that there is no simple, universal answer on how to design optimal networks for multiple facets of inventive performance. The thesis demonstrates that indirectly connected collaborators, in general, are found to have no influence on inventors' performance. Only close collaborators (i.e., collaborators located at a maximum of two path length distances from the focal inventor) is positively related to the focal inventor's performance. The analysis shows that the optimal structure of an inventor's collaboration network results from an inventor strongly connected to disconnected sets of collaborators. However, the study further demonstrates the influence of structure on novelty and reuse of generated ideas is contingent upon other features of collaboration networks. To do so, it distinguishes between structural advantages brought by the bridging structure and its accompanying representation of knowledge arbitrage and cognitive proximity. Results suggest that being at the center of a brokered network structure and knowledge specialized clique is positively associated with the diffusion of the inventors' ideas. Pinning down the mechanism explaining how the structure of a collaboration network affects the inventors' performance has important implications. This will inform inventors on how to optimize or adapt their collaborative networks to meet their expectations (i.e., productivity, creativity and influence), as well as help decision-makers design incentive schemes of collaborations that would maximize individual and organizational performance

Turint įmonėje ar organizacijoje tam tikrus svarbius išteklius ar objektus, visuomet kyla poreikis juos inventorizuoti, sekti jų judėjimą, kaitą, būsenas ir kitą su jais susijusią informaciją. Įmonių veikloje turimas inventorius turi būti apskaitomas ne tik patogumui užtikrinti, bet yra būtinas tinkamam įmonės darbo organizavimui. Šio darbo tikslas – sukurti įmonės informacinės sistemos inventoriaus apskaitos, kiekvieno įrenginio migravimo sekimo ir atliktų darbų istorijos valdymo sistemą, kuri būtų nepriklausoma nuo operacinės sistemos ir galėtų būti valdoma mobiliuoju įrenginiu. Darbe išanalizuotos rinkoje esančios inventoriaus valdymo sistemos, nurodyti jų privalumai ir trūkumai. Aprašyti įrankių bei serverių pasirinkimo kriterijai. Taip pat pateikti įmonės informacinės sistemos inventoriaus valdymo sistemos projektavimo etapai: sistemos architektūra, duomenų srautai, duomenų bazė, sistemos paketai bei jų tarpusavio ryšiai, kurie remiasi atlikto tyrimo sistemos architektūros savybių pasirinkimui įvertinti rezultatais. Šio darbo metu sukurta sistema jau yra naudojama užsakovo įmonėje ir tenkina visus užsakovo iškeltus reikalavimus jos panaudojimui ir funkcionalumui. Tačiau ši sistema yra lanksti ir gali būti taikoma ir kitų įmonių informacinės sistemos inventoriaus valdymui.
With the company or organization in a number of important resources or objects, is always a need to inventory, track their movement, change, states and other related information. Business inventory is available to be accounted for not only convenience, but it is essential for the proper organization of the company's work. The aim of this work - to create enterprise information systems inventory accounting, tracking each device migration and done job history management system that is independent of the operating system and can be controlled by a mobile device. The paper analyzes the market for existing inventory management system and points out their advantages and disadvantages. There are also described the tools and servers selection criteria. It also provides enterprise IT management system design phases: architecture, data flows, data base, system packages and their mutual relations, which are based on a study of the characteristics of the system architecture choice results. The developed system is already being used in company client and client meets all the requirements raised by its use and functionality. However, this system is flexible and can be applied to other companies’ information systems inventory management.

La comparaison de l'innovation en France et en Angleterre au XVIIIe siècle est un thème classique de l'histoire économique. Si les historiens ont longtemps considéré que l’Angleterre était le phare de la révolution industrielle, on admet aujourd'hui, selon la formule de Jean Bouvier, que "toute nation est autre que ses voisines", ce qui n'exclut pas que le modèle anglais ait dominé l’Europe. En France, l'absolutisme et l'académisme ont tissé des liens étroits entre savoir et pouvoir, service et privilège, talent et réussite. C'est le sens de la déclaration royale de 1762 qui régularise l'octroi de privilèges exclusifs. En Angleterre, le lien entre savoir et pouvoir est tenu, limité aux intérêts de l'état (statut des monopoles de 1624). Les patents sont attribuées sans examen, mais contre finance. Cependant, dans les deux pays, s'émancipe le technicien, homme de métier et homme de génie, favorisé en Angleterre (society of arts), plus désorienté en France. L'affirmation du génie et du talent permet la formulation d'un droit naturel de l'inventeur, plus contestataire en France. Mais dans les deux pays, plus que la communion des arts et des sciences chère aux lumières, ce sont de nouvelles hiérarchies qui s'installent dans le monde de la technique. À la fin du siècle, de part et d'autre de la Manche, les inventions servent la croissance économique. Les grosses fortunes investies dans l'innovation sont des garanties pour le gouvernement français, qui se désengage de la procédure, à la manière anglaise. La création du brevet en 1791, imité des patents, est accompagnée de secours aux inventeurs indigents. Ainsi, le droit naturel vient-il buter sur l'écueil des inégalités
Studying innovation in XVIIIth-century Europe often means comparing France to England. For a long time, historians have considered that England was the schoolmaster of the industrial revolution, but it is assumed now that, as jean bouvier said, "each nation is different from its neighbours", wich is not contrary to English domination over Europe. In fFrance, absolutism and academism fastened ties between science and politics, public utility and privilege, talent and private succes. The 1762 royal declaration confirmed this when regularizing the issue of monopolies for invention. In England, the bond between science and politics was a stack one, except if the state interests were at stake (statute of monopolies, 1624). Patents were issued without examination, but if paying. Nevertheless, in both countries, the technician was a new man, a craftsman and a genius, more encouraged in england (society of arts), much confused in France. Genuis and talent meant the setting of a natural right for inventors, in a more disputed way in France. But in both countries, the enlightened reconciling of arts and sciences was shadowed by new hiearchies betwwen technicians. At the end of the century, all across the channel, economic growth was the sole end of inventions. Large investments in innovation became sufficient proof for French government, as it released form the laxw process, in the English way. The birth of the brevet in 1791, imitated from the patents, also meant the setting of relief funds for needy inventors. As a matter of fact, natural right had to cope with social disparities

Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1998.
"December 1998." Thesis advisor(s): Jane N. Feitler, Shu S. Liao. Includes bibliographical references (p. 177). Also available online.

This thesis focus on short-term assets and their management. The theoretical part contains basic informations about the company's assets, short -- term assets, its characteristics and it describes in details the options valuation methods of assets and inventory management. Practical part contains analyzes of current assets management system in selected company, compare findings with the competition, it identifies potential deficiencies and recommends changes for improvement.

El presente proyecto de investigación tiene como finalidad el desarrollo de una propuesta basada en la mejora de la gestión de inventarios en una empresa de la industria de minería y construcción. Por ello se emplearán conceptos básicos de gestión de inventarios y pronósticos. Hoy en día, son muchas las empresas pertenecientes a diferentes industrias las cuales buscan conseguir mejorar en la administración de sus inventarios, entre ella se encuentran empresas mineras y de construcción. Las empresas tienen muy en claro que los inventarios son recursos financieros que en lugar de proporcionar algún beneficio se encuentran inmovilizados. Es por ello que gestionar de una mejor manera los inventarios es un tema de gran índole en la actualidad. La empresa en estudio se dedica a la venta de repuestos para maquinaria pesada dirigida hacia el sector de minería y construcción. A la vez, brinda servicios post venta de reparación y mantenimiento. Posee una gama de miles de productos enfocados en un máximo de 10 proveedores. Al encontrar problemas con el stock, se realizó el diagnóstico a la empresa encontrándose el problema de un nivel excesivamente elevado de inventarios. Para ello se propone mejoras en la gestión de inventarios comenzando con la técnica de priorización ABC para centrarse en aquellos productos que generan mayores ingresos. Luego se hará uso de pronósticos de demanda para determinar la cantidad que se va a ofertar para el siguiente periodo y por último se realiza el cálculo de la cantidad a pedir. Al finalizar la parte cuantitativa del proyecto se desarrolla y define los procesos que van a dar soporte a la gestión de inventarios. Además, también se determinó los costos asociados que se incurrirían al desarrollar el proyecto y su análisis de costo beneficio. Finalmente se presenta las conclusiones y recomendaciones que la empresa debe de tener en cuenta en caso de colocar en práctica el proyecto.
The purpose of this research project is to develop a proposal based on the improvement of inventory management in a company in the mining and construction industry. Therefore, basic concepts of inventory management and forecasts will be used. Today, there are many companies belonging to different industries which seek to improve the management of their inventories, including mining and construction companies. The companies are very clear that inventories are financial resources that instead of providing some benefit are immobilized. That is why managing inventories in a better way is a very important issue at present. The company under study is dedicated to the sale of spare parts for heavy machinery directed towards the mining and construction sector. At the same time, it provides post-sale repair and maintenance services. It has a range of thousands of products focused on a maximum of 10 suppliers. When finding problems with the stock, the diagnosis was made to the company finding the problem of an excessively high level of inventories. To do this, we propose improvements in the management of inventories starting with the ABC prioritization technique to focus on those products that generate the highest income. Then demand forecasts will be used to determine the amount that will be offered for the next period and finally the calculation of the amount to be ordered is made. At the end of the quantitative part of the project, the processes that will support the inventory management are developed and defined. In addition, the associated costs that would be incurred when developing the project and its cost-benefit analysis were also determined. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations that the company should take into account in case of putting the project into practice are presented.
Tesis

This study identifies the concepts of reliability, cost of downtime, cost of spare parts, and procurement lead time as the four key moderators of spare parts availability. These concepts are used to establish a model to manage spare parts inventories. Reliability was assessed in terms of developing failure predictions for major component categories. Cost of downtime was evaluated by identifying various methods for determining costs associated with downtime. Cost of spare parts was examined to find correlations with economic indicators. These correlations were used to predict future price movements. Yearly changes in lead time were identified and correlated with economic indexes to develop movement predictability.

Diploma thesis focuses on problematic of inventories from two points of views. First one is focused on Czech Accounting Legislation (CAL) whereas second one is focused on International Financial Accounting Standards (IFRS). Diploma thesis consists of many examples to acquaint readers with given topic. Attention is given to definitions, characteristics of inventories, inventories under CAL and IFRS, evidence of inventories and techniques of inventories valuation.

The thesis aims to build a business plan for the project of a unique devices Decibar. The first part is theoretical and describes various forms and structures of business plans. The second part is the actual business plan. It includes description of business opportunity, product description, market analysis, marketing strategy, financial plan, SWOT analysis and potential risks. Result of this work is to assess the feasibility of the business plan

The elimination of distribution inefficiencies, occurring due to the timing of customers' orders is an important reason for companies to introduce vendor managed inventory programs. By managing their customers' inventories, suppliers may be able to reduce demand variability and therefore distribution costs. We develop technology to measure the effectiveness of distribution strategies. We develop a methodology that allows the computation of tight lower bounds on the total mileage required to satisfy customer demand over a period of time. As a result, companies will be able to gain insight into the effectiveness of their distribution strategy. This technology can also be used to suggest desirable delivery patterns and to analyze tactical and strategic decisions. Secondly, we study the inventory routing problem with continuous moves (IRP-CM). The typical inventory routing problem deals with the repeated distribution of a single product, from a single facility, with an unlimited supply, to a set of customers that can all be reached with out-and-back trips. Unfortunately, this is not always the reality. We introduce the IRP-CM to study two important real-life complexities: limited product availabilities at facilities and customers that cannot be served using out-and-back tours. We need to design delivery tours spanning several days, covering huge geographic areas, and involving product pickups at different facilities. We develop a heuristic and an optimization algorithm to construct distribution plans. The heuristic is an innovative randomized greedy algorithm, which includes linear programming based postprocessing technology. To solve the IRP-CM to optimality, we give a time-discretized integer programming model and develop a branch-and-cut algorithm. As instances of time-discretized models tend to be large we discuss several possibilities for reducing the problem size. We introduce a set of valid inequalities, called delivery cover inequalities, in order to tighten the bounds given by the LP relaxation of the time-discretized model. We also introduce branching schemes exploiting the underlying structure of the IRP-CM. An extensive computational study demonstrates the effectiveness of the optimization algorithm. Finally, we present an integrated approach using heuristics and optimization algorithms providing effective and efficient technology for solving inventory problems with continuous moves.

In this master thesis study, new inventory control mechanisms are developed for the repairables in Nedtrain. There is a multi-item, multi echelon system with a continuous review and one for one replenishment policy and there are different demand supply options in each control mechanism. There is an aggregate mean waiting time constraint in each local warehouse and the objective is to minimize the total system cost. The base stock levels in each warehouse are determined with an approximation method. Then different demand supply options are compared with each other.