Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Intramural burial“

The church burials of Room-94 and Church-79 as well as the Tower 35-Tomb were excavated within the ancient Byzantine settlement in Khirbet es-Samrā, North Jordan. They were initially dated between the 7th and 9th centuries AD. The report provides the results of macroscopic analyses of the obtained human skeletal remains. These include demographic, anthropometric, epigenetic, and pathologic features. The available biological and archaeological evidence tend to suggest that the five adults and child buried in Room-94 tomb were related males, possibly of one local and highly positioned family that was associated with the adjacent Church 95. The six were successively buried in the “private” tomb in Room-94 of Church-95 and not in the “public” cemetery just outside the settlement. The two probable cases of brucellar lesions on the cervical vertebrae of two adults could be indicative of an animal breeding family and that dairy products were part of the local diet. The report also suggests a possible relatedness between Room-94 tomb burials and the 7th century AD senile female burial in Church-79, which was previously assumed to be a male church-functionary burial. Despite being marked by a cross-engraved stone and a probably lethal arrow injury, the available evidence lead to conclude that the male Tower burial, previously identified as of the 9th century AD, was in fact a medieval burial and that it is neither related to the ancient settlement nor to its ancient population. Also presented are some rarely reported biological features, e.g. the “en bloc” manifestation of the transverse foramen division on the cervical vertebrae C5 to C7. Keywords: Jordan - Byzantine Period - Church Burial – Anthropometry - Epigenetics- Paleopathology.

AbstractThe burial customs practised at Neolithic Çatalhöyük have raised a substantial amount of interest, due to factors such as a tradition of intramural inhumation, elaborate grave goods including organic remains in an excellent state of preservation, and a posited link to scenes in wall paintings supposedly showing vultures pecking at humanoid figures. In consequence, numerous publications have discussed the burial practices of the site, and the systematic study of the burial data is one of the aims of the present excavation project at the site. Given the attention the burials of Çatalhöyük have received, it is surprising that almost no hard data have been published on the hundreds of burials excavated in the 1960s. In this paper a systematic inventory of the 1960s burial data and their drawbacks will be presented. The data for this study were obtained from the notes made by Dr Angel and Dr Ferembach, the two physical anthropologists who analysed the skeletons excavated by Mellaart and his team. The inventory presented in this paper will allow us to study the burial practices at Çatalhöyük in a more systematic manner, and will provide an interesting background for the evaluation of the data forthcoming from the new excavation project at Çatalhöyük.

This article makes use of recently published graves to offer the first synthetic analysis of the typology and topography of Spartan burials that is founded on archaeological evidence. Our knowledge of Spartan burial practices has long been based almost entirely on textual sources – excavations conducted in Sparta between 1906 and 1994 uncovered fewer than 20 pre-Roman graves. The absence of pre-Roman cemeteries led scholars to conclude that, as long as the Lycurgan customs were in effect, all burials in Sparta were intracommunal and that few tombs had been found because they had been destroyed by later building activity. Burial practices have, as a result, been seen as one of many ways in which Sparta was an outlier. The aforementioned recently published graves offer a different picture of Spartan burial practices. It is now clear that there was at least one extracommunal cemetery in the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods. What would normally be described as extramural burials did, therefore, take place, but intracommunal burials of adults continued to be made in Sparta throughout the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods. Those burials were concentrated along important roads and on the slopes of hills. The emergent understanding of Spartan burial practices takes on added significance when placed in a wider context. Burial practices in Sparta align closely with those found in Argos and Corinth. Indeed, burial practices in Sparta, rather than being exceptional, are notably similar to those of its most important Peloponnesian neighbours; a key issue is that in all three poleis intracommunal burials continued to take place through the Hellenistic period. The finding that adults were buried both extracommunally and intracommunally in Sparta, Argos and Corinth after the Geometric period calls into question the standard narrative of the development of Greek burial practices in the post-Mycenaean period.

The large-scale accumulation of goods is a widely recognized, but little studied, feature of early urbanization in Mesopotamia. Current research links the mobilization of goods in early cities to the expansion of cross-regional trade routes. A related aspect of urban growth is the virtual disappearance of intramural burials from the archaeological record. This contrasts with earlier phases where burials were incorporated into the routines of domestic life. Adapting Max Weber's insights regarding the origins of modern capitalist accumulation in changing forms of religious practice, this paper will trace the changing moral context of economic behaviour by examining long-term patterns of burial in the transition from village to urban life. The momentous social changes that accompanied the urban revolution transformed relationships between the living, the dead and the world of goods. Trajectories of accumulation reinforced by the provisioning of the deceased were reversed at the onset of urbanization, as the dead were expelled from the context of the living. The flow of commodities was now regulated by emerging forms of religious institution that fostered a culture of capital accumulation in rapidly developing urban centres.

Macaws and parrots were important birds in prehistoric Mimbres-area communities by A.D. 1000. Scarlet macaws (Ara macao) apparently were imported into the area from the tropical lowlands in Mexico, but one other species each of macaw (Ara militaris) and parrot (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha) probably could have been obtained from much closer natural ranges. Macaws in particular evidently were of special, perhaps ceremonial, importance as indicated by consistent age at death, probably reflecting sacrifice in the spring, and by deliberate intramural burial, often in special rooms in the community. The sacrificing of macaws and the season in which it occurred were consistent in Mimbres and contemporaneous sites and began a pattern that continued in the Southwest perhaps until historic times.

The aim of this paper is to describe and assess the intramural burials from the Lefkandi Settlement (Xeropolis). In all 20 individuals were inhumed within the walls, comprising 3 adult males, 2 adult females, one possible adolescent female and 14 children. The last ranged in age from birth to 9 years. Routine matters such as child mortality, adult stature, pathology and oral hygiene are discussed, with special reference to both the Settlement burials and to the inhumed material scattered throughout the Cemeteries.

The present study explores the possible interpretation of the terracotta cylindrical models found in Late Minoan to Early Iron Age contexts (generally known as “(circular) hut models”) as reduced-scale models of tholos tombs. Theoretical issues concerning the relationship of an ‘architectural model’ with the archaeological context in which it is found are examined in order to support the above-mentioned suggestion. Archaeological data concerning the morphology, chronology, distribution, use and significance of the Late Minoan and Early Iron Age tholos tombs are explored in order to contribute to the discussion. The possible connection between the presence of the LM III tomb models in domestic contexts and the absence of contemporary intramural burials allows us to expand on the possible significance of these artefacts for our knowledge of LM mortuary practices and beliefs, especially those concerning the possible practice of ‘ancestor worship’. The presence of terracotta figurines of the ‘Minoan Goddess with Upraised Arms’ type attached in the interior of two examples (from SM Knossos and PG B Archanes) is considered as a late development within the tradition of these models and linked with the practice of placing MGUA figures in Early Iron Age tholos tombs (Rhotasi, Kourtes).

It has been proposed that patients with hematologic malignancy and autoimmune diseases receiving anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy are particularly at risk of severe Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) because the profound and long-lasting B-cell depletion induced by anti-CD20 mAb may impair virus clearance and may also contribute to reactivation of latent viruses, especially hepatitis B and JC viruses. As of July 20, 2020, the total number of COVID-19 cases reported by the Italian authorities reached 245,000. The north of the country was mostly hit, and Milan and Brescia were among the Italian provinces that registered the highest number of COVID-19 cases. Consistent with this, a high number of COVID-19 patients affected with multiple types of hematological disorders (n. 137) and with multiple sclerosis (MS, n. 114) were referred to ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed in 70 patients with hematological disease, and in few patients with MS. Among these, 10 patients (7 with hematologic disease and 3 with MS) had received treatment with rituximab or ocrelizumab, two anti-CD20 mAbs, within 3 months prior to COVID-19 onset. Clinical indication to CD20-depleting treatment for patients with hematological disorders included Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) or Follicular Non Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL). Anti-spike protein (anti-S) and anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed during the acute phase of infection and up to 3 months since the onset of symptoms by quantitative measurements of plasma or serum antibodies with luciferase immune precipitation assay systems (LIPS). With this technique, production of anti-S and anti-N antibodies has been demonstrated between day 8 and day 14 after onset of symptoms in immunocompetent individuals, whereas specific antibody production was delayed by few days in immunocompromised patients (Burbelo PD et al, medRxiv. 2020 Apr 24:2020.04.20.20071423). All 10 patients remained seronegative to SARS-CoV-2 for the first 20 days since onset of symptoms. One patient with DLBCL secondary to Follicular NHL had detectable anti-S and anti-N antibodies at day +25, and one patient with MS developed anti-N antibodies by day +23. Two patients, one with DLBCL secondary to Follicular NHL and one with Follicular NHL were still seronegative for both anti-S and anti-N antibodies at 133 and 74 days since onset of symptoms. Two MS patients were seronegative at the last examination, and one other MS patient was anti-S seronegative at day +74. Three of the 10 patients have died; all three were SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR+ and seronegative at the time of death. While it has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 is cleared without significant problems by the majority of people with MS or other autoimmune diseases on immunotherapy, these data indicate that treatment with anti-CD20 mAb may significantly alter humoral responses to the virus. Until a vaccine to SARS-CoV-2 is available, the risk-benefit ratio of anti-CD20 mAb therapy in areas with high rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection should be carefully weighed. Moreover, for patients with B-cell malignancies or autoimmune diseases, transient discontinuation of this therapy, or use of alternative therapeutic approaches, should be considered once an efficacious vaccine becomes available. This study was performed according to protocol NP-4000 (Comitato Etico Provinciale), and supported by Regione Lombardia and by the Division of Intramural Research, NIAID. Figure 1 Disclosures Imberti: Biogen: Honoraria; Genzyme-Sanofi: Honoraria; Meck-Serono: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Biogen: Other: Advisory board; FISM (Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla): Research Funding; Regione Lombardia: Research Funding. Capra:Biogen: Other: travel grants, Speakers Bureau; Roche: Other: travel grants, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Other: travel grants, Speakers Bureau; Merck: Other: travel grants, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Other: travel grants, Speakers Bureau. Rossi:Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen: Honoraria; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Sanofi: Honoraria; Abbvie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Jazz: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Alexion: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Other: Advisory board; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy, Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Astellas: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Notarangelo:NIAID, NIH: Research Funding. Cohen:NIAID, NIH: Research Funding.

Abstract Abstract 1534 Poster Board I-557 Background Low bone mass density affects more than 65% of adult sickle cell disease patients and correlates with lower hemoglobin and higher ferritin concentrations (1). Increased iron supply promotes osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption (2). Proinflammatory cytokines also promote bone resorption (3). Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRACP-5b) is produced only by activated osteoclasts and therefore serves as a marker of bone resorption (4). Sickle cell disease is a condition of chronic inflammation and patients often suffer from transfusional iron overload as well. In this study we aimed to determine the predictors of bone resorption in patients with sickle cell disease by measuring circulating levels of TRACP-5b. Methods Fifty-nine adult sickle cell disease patients and 22 apparently healthy controls were recruited at Howard University Hospital. Patients were at steady state with no crisis, hospitalization or blood transfusion in the last 3 weeks. Clinical and laboratory information was collected at the time of recruitment and TRACP-5b was measured in non-fasting serum samples using an enzyme immuno assay kit (Quidel, San Diego, CA). Serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors were measured by Multiplex assay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA).. Results Sickle cell disease patients had elevated concentrations of TRACP-5b compared to controls (median values of 4.4 vs. 2.4 U/l, P < 0.0001). Among the patients, TRACP-5b concentrations correlated positively with number of blood transfusions (r = 0.19) and serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (r=0.46), endothelin-1 (r=0.39), interleukin-8 (r= 0.38), and interleukin-6 (r=0.25). TRACP-5b correlated negatively with RANTES (r = -0.42) and PDGF (r = -0.31). It did not correlate significantly with serum ferritin (r = -0.03), LDH (r = 0.13) or hemoglobin concentration (r = 0.11). Interestingly, TRACP-5b correlated positively with tricuspid regurgitation velocity, which reflects systolic pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.30). Conclusion Sickle cell patients have elevated steady-state osteoclast activity as reflected in serum TRACP-5b concentrations. Multiple blood transfusions and inflammation are associated findings. Among patients, higher TRACP-5b concentrations are associated with lower concentrations of RANTES and PDGF-BB, factors that influence function of osteoblasts. Further studies are needed to investigate whether common pathways may be involved in osteoclast activation and pulmonary changes in sickle cell disease. Supported by grants number 2 R25 HL003679-08 and 1 R01 HL079912-02 and 1U54HL090508-01 from NHLBI, by Howard University GCRC grant no 2MOI RR10284-10 from NCRR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, and by the intramural research program of the National Institutes of Health. Disclosures Gordeuk: Biomarin: Research Funding; TRF Pharma: Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Novartis: Speakers Bureau.

This thesis explores the phenomenon of intramural infant burial during Middle Helladic III–Late Helladic II during the Aegean Bronze Age. Intramural graves of children aged two years or less at Málthi and Ayios Stephanos, two settlements on the Greek mainland, are studied from a number of perspectives: the physical properties of the graves and the buried infants, the spatial and intramural context of the grave, and their relationship to their social and societal context. Some things found to be relevant in the analysis were the importance of kinship and group belonging, as well as shifting funerary practices in a time of large-scale socio-economic change in the region.
Denna kandidatuppsats utforskar fenomenet intramurala spädbarnsgravar under Mellanhelladisk III–Senhelladisk II under den egeiska bronsåldern. Intramurala gravar av barn som var två år gamla eller yngre vid Málthi och Ayios Stephanos, två boplatser på det grekiska fastlandet, studeras ur ett antal perspektiv: gravarna och de begravda spädbarnens fysiska egenskaper, gravens rumsliga och intramurala kontext, och dess relation till dess sociala och samhälleliga kontext. Några ting som visade sig vara relevanta i analysen var vikten av släktskap och grupptillhörighet, såväl som föränderliga begravningsskick under en tid med storskaliga socioekonomiska förändringar i regionen.

Living Above the Dead, is an historical analysis of the redevelopment of the intramural burial places of Launceston, Tasmania, Australia, between 1931 an 1963. The thesis draws on the multitude of historiography that has emerged over recent decades, addressing the changing cultural beliefs and practices relating to the disposal of the dead. The thesis attempts to explain the process by which, and the reasons why, the burial places within the city were so drastically erased during the stated period. There is a discussion of global trends relating to topic and similar activity in London, Sydney and Hobart. The manner in which the meaning, purpose and practicality of burial places altered over time is outlined by virtue of detailing the individual histories of the development of the six intramural burial grounds of Launceston. This is followed by a discussion of how cultural attitudes to death and burial places in general changed in Launceston and how they echoed wider global trends. Another chapter details how the redevelopments were executed, relating the methods and the motivation back to the aforementioned cultural trends. Considerable photographic material is provided using a comparative method in order to emphasize the cultural loss the redevelopment inflicted on the city over a short, thirty year period. Essentially the thesis is a modest attempt to move the debate on cultural attitudes and beliefs related to death and burial forward within an Australian context by using the city of Launceston as a case study.

Chapter 6 analyses published data from cemeteries in Britain, Egypt, Gaul, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, North Africa and Spain in order to explore infant mortality and the location of infant burials within or outside the communities of the living, and discusses the inclusivity of infant burials in communal cemeteries and the choice of inhumation or cremation for children of such a young age. It seeks to recognize differences, similarities, and tensions between regional burial traditions that might have survived the Roman conquest and the adoption of mainstream Roman funerary practices related to infancy and earliest childhood. It also explores intramural burial and practices such as exposure, infanticide, and potential child sacrifice.

This chapter discusses the Legislative Council of the Gold Coast Colony's enactment of a law designed to replace the practice of burying the dead within their houses with that of burying them in modern, Western-style cemeteries. It explains the advantages of cemetery burial, which was a landmark in the bureaucratization of death on the Gold Coast and the beginning of a fundamental shift in the dominion of the dead. The outlawing of intramural burial and the establishment of regulated public cemeteries can be seen to represent the same transition that scholars have identified in the history of death in the West: the moment when the dead's long-established cohabitation with the living in the space of human culture was ended by their forcible relocation to the edge of town. The chapter considers how this development played out on the late nineteenth-century Gold Coast with respect to a crucial element in Philippe Ariès's notion of 'modern' death and Thomas W. Laqueur's of a 'new regime' of the dead: the legally enforced disposal of mortal remains in ordered, purpose-built and communal cemeteries.