Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Intestinal brain microbiota axis“

Breast cancer has been studied relating it to the intestinal microbiota and its own microbiota. Giving a primary role to the dysbiosis that occurs in both the mammary gland and the intestine. Likewise, metabolic processes and immunological eventualities have been considered as determining factors; By the way, many of them are determined by the intestinal microbiota itself, which is given the deserved name of endocrine gland, because it acts at a distance, and it is not only the super-organ or the new organ, but the multiple studies have generated this honorable new consideration. We break down breast cancer, in order to determine the usefulness of the Intestinal Microbiota Transplant and we observe the importance of Resilience in the Intestinal Microbiota. The clinical significance of Dysbiosis, both breast and intestinal, in the genesis of the condition is emphasized and the importance, which it has, is given to Apoptosis. Generally, the pattern of the breast microbiota, in descending order, is: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. The breast microbiota can be used as a potential biomarker. The importance of the different axes that influence the process are analyzed, such as the Gut-microbiota-brain Axis, the breast-brain axis, the cancer-microbiome-gut axis and the cancer-microbiota-immunity axis. It is pointed out how chemo and radiotherapy affect the intestinal microbiota and breast cancer, as well as antibiotics. Finally, the effect of biotics and Fecal Microbiota Transplant are determined.

Modulating the gut microbiome and its influence on human health is the subject of intense research. The gut microbiota could be associated not only with gastroenterological diseases but also with psychiatric disorders. The importance of factors such as stress, mode of delivery, the role of probiotics, circadian clock system, diet, and occupational and environmental exposure in the relationship between the gut microbiota and brain function through bidirectional communication, described as “the microbiome–gut–brain axis”, is especially underlined. In this review, we discuss the link between the intestinal microbiome and the brain and host response involving different pathways between the intestinal microbiota and the nervous system (e.g., neurotransmitters, endocrine system, immunological mechanisms, or bacterial metabolites). We review the microbiota alterations and their results in the development of psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

There is an increasing interest in the intestinal microbiota as a critical regulator of the development and function of the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems. Experimental work in animal models has provided the foundation for clinical studies to investigate associations between microbiota composition and function and human disease, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Initial work done using an animal model of brain inflammation, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), suggests the existence of a microbiota–gut–brain axis connection in the context of MS, and microbiome sequence analyses reveal increases and decreases of microbial taxa in MS intestines. In this review, we discuss the impact of the intestinal microbiota on the immune system and the role of the microbiome–gut–brain axis in the neuroinflammatory disease MS. We also discuss experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that modulating the intestinal microbiota through genetically modified probiotics may provide immunomodulatory and protective effects as a novel therapeutic approach to treat this devastating disease.

The aim of the study was to investigate the intestinal microbiome in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The study was observational, cohort, comparative. All the patients included in it were divided into 2 groups. The first (comparison group main) group (n=43) consisted of children preschool aged of 1 and 2 health groups; the second (n=38, main group) children with an established diagnosis of ASD. It was stated that children with ASD are characterized by the most frequent (p=0.001) detection of intestinal dysbiosis; the detection of significant disorders in the form of intestinal dysbiosis of 3-4 degrees (p=0.001); a significant decrease in the total bacterial mass of the intestinal microbiota (γ=0.29, p=0.006); a decrease in the representation of the main representatives of the philometabolic nucleus of the microbiota: Lactobacillus (p<0.05); Bifidobacterium (p<0.05); Bacteroides (p<0.05) and a number of individual producers of polyunsaturated fatty acids (0.001<p≤0.050). A negative relationship was found between the integral indicator of autism severity and the representation of typical E.coli (R=0.57; F=4.17; p<0.045). In that way Autism spectrum disorders in preschool children are associated with changes in intestinal biocenosis. The structure of microbiome differed significantly from that typical for healthy children. There is a relationship between the severity of dysbiotic disorders and the severity of cognitive disorders in absent-minded.

The human microbiota is a variety of different microorganisms. The composition of microbiota varies from host to host, and it changes during the lifetime. It is known that microbiome may be changed because of a diet, bacteriophages and different processes for example, such as inflammation. Like all other areas of medicine, there is a continuous growth in the area of microbiology. Different microbes can reside in all sites of a human body, even in locations that were previously considered as sterile; for example, liver, pancreas, brain and adipose tissue. Presently one of the etiological factors for liver disease is considered to be pro-inflammatory changes in a host’s organism. There are lot of supporting data about intestinal dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability and its effect on development of liver disease pointing to the gut–liver axis. The gut–liver axis affects pathogenesis of many liver diseases, such as chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut microbiota has been implicated in the regulation of brain health, emphasizing the gut–brain axis. Also, experiments with mice showed that microorganisms have significant effects on the blood–brain barrier integrity. Microbiota can modulate a variety of mechanisms through the gut–liver axis and gut–brain axis. Normal intestinal flora impacts the health of a host in many positive ways, but there is now significant evidence that intestinal microbiota, especially altered, have the ability to impact the pathologies of many diseases through different inflammatory mechanisms. At this point, many of the pathophysiological reactions in case of microbial disbyosis are still unclear.

The brain-intestinal axis concept describes the communication between the intestinal microbiota as an ecosystem of a number of dynamic microorganisms and the brain. The composition of the microbial community of the human gut is important for human health by influencing the total metabolomic profile. In children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the composition of the fecal microbiota and their metabolic products has a different configuration of the healthy child. An imbalance in the metabolite derived from the microbiota in children with ASD affect brain development and social behavior. In this article, we review recent discoveries about intestinal metabolites derived from microbiota based on high-yield molecular studies in children with ASD as part of the "intestinal brain axis".

The purpose of the review was to study the effects of stress on the gut microbiota. Results and discussion. The gut microbiota forms a complex microbial community that has a significant impact on human health. The composition of the microbiota varies from person to person, and it changes throughout life. It is known that the microbiome can be altered due to diet, various processes, such as inflammation and/or stress. Like all other areas of medicine, microbiology is constantly growing. The gut microbiota lives in a symbiotic relationship with the human host. It is now believed to interact with almost all human organs, including the central nervous system, in the so-called «gut-brain-microbiome axis». Recently, a growing level of research is showing that microbes play a much bigger role in our lives than previously thought, and can have a myriad of effects on how we behave and think, and even on our mental health. The relationship between the brain and the microbiota is bidirectional and includes endocrine, neuronal, immune, and metabolic pathways. The microbiota interacts with the brain through various mechanisms and mediators, including cytokines, short-chain fatty acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters. According to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis imbalance theory, hormonal imbalances are closely related to psychiatric illness, anxiety, and stress disorders. Therefore, the gut microbiome is closely related to the development and functioning of this axis. The microbiota can influence neurotransmitter levels in a variety of ways, including the secretion of gamma-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, and can even regulate serotonin synthesis. These neurotransmitters can influence the hormonal status of the body, and the hormones themselves can influence the formation of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiota. Accordingly, a change in the composition of the intestinal microbiota may be responsible for modifying the hormonal levels of the human body. The endocrine environment in the gut can also be modulated through the neuro-enteroendocrine system. Conclusion. Today, it is known that microbiota changes can be associated with several disorders of the nervous system, such as neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory processes. Research in recent decades has shown that disorders of the nervous system and mood disorders are associated with changes in the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain. Therefore, understanding the role of microbiota in the development and functioning of the brain is of great importance

Dysbiosis of the nasopharyngeal microbiome attracts dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome and activation of the intestinal microbiome-brain axis. If the first sign of the disease is quickly intervened with the modulation of the activity of the microbiome, implicitly of the immune system (neuroimmunomodulation), the appearance of the disease is eliminated. There is the microbiome: buccal, nasal, intestinal, cardiac, cutaneous and even the microbiome in the brain with which Covid-19 interacts. When the evolution is complicated, it is necessary to intervene with drug treatment to support the affected organs. Although there is also renal impairment, no coronaviruses or traces were found in the patients' urine. Knowing that the infection also causes digestive symptoms, coronaviruses have been shown in faeces. It is said that in 1-2% of cases Covid-19 reaches the bloodstream. The microbiome is essential for promoting immune function to prevent and combat disease. Specifically, with regard to viral infections, there must be an adequate immune response to protect the body. The intestinal microbiota with low diversity will consequently lead to a deficient immune function. The microbiota, the intestine and the brain communicate through the microbiota-intestine-brain axis in a bidirectional way. We assume that the Covid-19 virus creates a dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome. A healthy gut microbiome is crucial in creating an adequate response to coronavirus. A diverse microbiome is a healthy microbiome, which contains many different species that each play a role in immunity and health. The motivation of the project is the study of the influence of the intestinal microbiota in terms of health and the appearance of symptoms in Covid-19 infection. With the help of Deniplant brand natural remedies, the authors have developed several products for autoimmune, metabolic and neurological diseases that act as immunomodulators of the human microbiome.

The development of sequencing technology indicates a key regulatory role for the gut microbiota in several neurological disorders, including epilepsy. The microbiota-gut-brain axis refers to the bi-directional communication between the gut and the brain and regulates gut and central nervous system homeostasis through neural networks, neuroendocrine, immune and inflammatory pathways. The present review discusses the relationship between the gut microbiota and epilepsy, possible pathogenic mechanisms of epilepsy in terms of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and alternative therapies targeting the gut microbiota. A better understanding of the role of the microbiota in the gutbrain axis will help investigate the mechanism, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of intractable epilepsy.