Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „International lakes – Eurasia“

Meadow ecosystems comprise a significant part of the area of Ukraine, especially in its western regions. Those ecosystems are subjects of concern today because of the active agricultural use and droughts that also threatens the animal population of meadows, including birds. Studies of meadow bird species of western Ukraine are limited to atlases, which results in a lack of precise data. This work was part of an international project on the conservation of the great snipe Gallinago media and allowed us to collect valuable data on the abundance and occurrence of meadow bird species nearby to the Polish and Belarusian borders of Ukraine — territories that are commonly ignored by Ukrainian researchers. The surveys of meadow birds conducted near the Ukrainian-Polish border in 2020 have shown that the general state of the marshes is worse compared to 2019: even close to the Western Bug river, only deep oxbow lakes were wet or contained some water, but minor lakes and wetlands of the valley were found to be dry. In total, we observed 141 bird species belonging to 17 orders. Among them, 26 were common by abundance and frequency, such as the great egret Ardea alba, the white stork Ciconia ciconia, the common quail Coturnix coturnix, the corn crake Crex crex, the northern lapwing Vanellus vanellus, the common redshank Tringa totanus, the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus, the Eurasian skylark Alauda arvensis, the meadow pipit Anthus pratensis, the western yellow wagtail Motacilla flava, the sedge warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, the marsh warbler A. palustris, the great reed warbler A. arundinaceus, the common whitethroat Sylvia communis, the whinchat Saxicola rubetra, the thrush nightingale Luscinia luscinia, the common linnet Linaria cannabina, the corn bunting Emberiza calandra, the common reed bunting E. schoeniclus, and 7 more species, which were observed frequently though are not typical marshland species. We have identified the species that can be used as indicators of parameters of marsh ecosystems such as grass height (corn crake, western yellow wagtail, and sedge warbler), moisture (common redshank, common cuckoo, and the sedge and great reed warblers), and habitat type (corn crake, European bee-eater Merops apiaster, sedge warbler, common reed, and corn buntings).

Important Bird Areas in Macedonia: Sites of Global and European Importance Identification of the Important Bird Areas (IBAs) is an initiative implemented by BirdLife International at the global level, aiming to conserve a network of sites that are particularly important for the conservation of birds. With the changed conservation status of some species and increased information on the distribution and population sizes of birds in Macedonia in general, a revision of the IBA network was needed to update previous inventories for this country, published in 1989 and 2000. As the bird fauna of the Republic of Macedonia ranks among the least known in Europe, and as data on many species, notably passerines, are still largely missing, the inventory is mainly based on some threatened or rare birds of prey and a few other larger species, yet characteristic of the Macedonian landscape. Data used were collected in the course of different dedicated studies and projects carried out after 2000. Out of 314 species so far registered in Macedonia, 114 regularly occurring species have currently unfavourable conservation status in Europe, 84 of which breed or possibly breed in the country. Several criteria for the selection of IBAs of global (A criterion) and European importance (B criterion) developed by BirdLife International were used for sites selection, taking into consideration species of global conservation concern (A1), biome-restricted species (A3), important congregations (A4, B1) and species with an unfavourable conservation status (B2) or concentrated (B3) in Europe. Species of global conservation concern used for site identification include the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, considered Endangered (EN) at the global level according to the latest IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus and Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca (both Vulnerable - VU), and Roller Coracias garrulus and Semicollared Flycatcher Ficedula semitorquata (both Near Threatened - NT). Furthermore, species assemblages characteristic as occurring mostly or entirely within a Eurasian high-montane or Mediterranean biome are found in Macedonia. Important congregations of non-breeding waterbirds with at least 1% of global or biogeographic populations of individual species occur on all three large lakes in the country, some of them (e.g. Dalmatian Pelican, Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina) in very large numbers, surpassing the 1% threshold by more than tenfold. In total, 25 species regularly occurring in the breeding season, for which the site protection approach is thought to be appropriate in Macedonia, were used for the selection of sites of European importance. Site boundaries were drawn following distinct natural features or isohypses to include breeding sites and foraging areas of triggering species, and, for Imperial Eagle and Egyptian Vulture also former breeding sites back to 1991, taking into consideration their habitat requirements, land-use and management needs. The resulting IBA list numbers 24 sites, covering 6,907 km2 or 26.9% of the entire territory of Macedonia: (1) Šar Planina Mountain, (2) River Radika Catchment, (3) Lake Ohrid, (4) Lake Prespa, (5) Demir Kapija Gorge, (6) Lake Dojran, (7) Zletovska River Valley, (8) Tikveš Region, (9) Pčinja - Petrošnica - Kriva Reka Rivers, (10) Preod - Gjugjance, (11) Osogovo Mountains, (12) Jakupica Mountain, (13) Taor Gorge, (14) Ovče Pole, (15) Topolka - Babuna - Bregalnica Rivers, (16) Gradsko - Rosoman - Negotino, (17) Lake Mantovo and Kriva Lakavica River, (18) Raec River Valley, (19) Pelagonia, (20) Mariovo, (21) Lake Tikveš, (22) Bošavija, (23) Kočani Rice Fields, and (24) Lower Vardar. With the exception of three sites occupying the highest parts of the large mountain massifs in NW and central parts of Macedonia, and the lakes Ohrid and Prespa, sites are concentrated mostly in central hilly and lowland parts of the country, comprising breeding areas of species of global conservation concern. The percentage of territory covered by the IBAs in Macedonia is relatively high compared to the total European average but comparable to several countries in SE parts of Europe. The size of separate IBAs ranges from 25 km2 (Taor Gorge) to 1,136 km2 (Pelagonia) and number of triggering species per site from one (Bošavija, Kočani Rice Fields) to 17 (Pčinja - Petrošnica - Kriva Reka Rivers). 22 sites trigger some of the criteria of global importance - three sites (Lakes Ohrid, Prespa and Dojran) meet A4 criterion, eight sites hold significant populations of species characteristic of the Mediterranean biome, while three other sites sustain significant populations characteristic of the European high-montane biome. Species of global conservation concern are included as follows: Egyptian Vulture on 13 sites, Imperial Eagle on 7, Dalmatian Pelican and Saker Falcon Falco cherrug on 2, Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca on 3, Roller Coracias garrulus on 10, Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus on 3 sites, and Semi-collared Flycatcher on 1 site. Individual triggering species for sites of European importance are represented on 2-15 sites. The IBA network includes 80-100% of the national populations of the globally threatened species, while the coverage of other species vary between 5% and 100%, being over 40% in great majority of species. Non-irrigated arable land and transitional woodland-shrub are dominant land-cover types, jointly covering 32% of the total IBA surface area. Abandonment of traditional pastoral system, resulting in decrease of the livestock numbers and overgrowing as well as trapping, poisoning and poaching, are considered the most serious threats for triggering species, particularly the Egyptian Vulture and Imperial Eagle, being classified as high on no less than 11 sites, respectively. The national legal protection of the sites is incomplete, being either only partial or with inadequate conservation measures adopted, or, many sites still lack any form of legal protection. With about 21% of the National protected area network overlapping with the IBAs, the existing protected area system is thus insufficient for conservation of most priority species. Notably underrepresented are the regions in the lower parts of the country with the highest number of species of global conservation concern.

Речное русло в процессе своей эволюции подвержено деформациям, проявляющимся в виде размыва русла и поймы, переноса и аккумуляции наносов. Знание истории развития речных русел в условиях, характерных для данной территории, позволяет дать оценку их эволюции в будущем. Целью исследования являлось выявление особенностей формировании и эволюции гидрографической сети Южного Приильменья в голоцене. Эти особенности преимущественно связаны с последним Валдайским оледенением. Вопервых, реки возникли только после отступления ледника и имеют возраст примерно от 11 до 14тыс. лет назад. Вовторых, их развитие контролировалось меняющимся базисом эрозии, зависящим от уровня приледникового озера, сформировавшегося на южной периферии ледника при его отступлении. Втретьих, эволюция водотоков происходила в условиях компенсационного деформационного поднятия территории. В результате на территории Южного Приильменья сформировались реки, в начальной стадии своего развития свободно меандрирующие по широкой и почти плоской равнине, сложенной флювиогляциальными отложениями. Затем, по мере понижения базиса эрозии, происходило врезание русел в водоупорные ледниковые отложения Валдайского горизонта. В последнее тысячелетие вертикальный размыв резко усилился, что связано с преодолением трудноразмываемых флювиогляциальных четвертичных суглинистых пород и непосредственным воздействием потока на нижележащие девонские отложения, и в настоящее время по нашей оценке достигает 13 см в год. По мере врезания русел рек плановые деформации существенно замедлились. Русла развиваются, хотя и не полной мере, по типу вынужденного меандрирования. Амантов А.В., Амантова М.Г., Ряб-чук Д.В., Сергеев А.Ю., Гусенцова Т.М., Жамойда В.А., Фьелдскар В. Проблемы голоценового развития Южного Приладожья // Региональ-ная геология и металлогения. 2016. № 65. С. 37-49 Барац Н.И. 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М.: Мир, 1986а, с. 388-393. Мернер Н.А. Эвстазия, изменения геоида и взаимодействия многих геофизических факторов // Ката-строфы и история Земли: Новый униформизм / Под ред. У. Берггре-на, Дж. Ван Кауверинга. Перевод с англ. Б.А. Борисова и др., под ред. В.Т. Фролова. М.: Мир, 1986b, с. 394-412. Николаев Н.И. О новейшем этапе развития Фенноскандии, Кольского полуострова и Карелии // Бюлле-тень Московского общества испы-тателей природы. Отделение геоло-гии. 1967. Т.42. № 1. С. 49–68 Никонов А.А. Голоценовые и со-временные движения земной коры (Геолого-геоморфологические и сейсмотектонические вопросы). М.: Наука, 1977. 240 с. Никонов А.А., Энман С.В., Флей-фель Л.Д. Голоценовые и совре-менные движения земной коры в переходной зоне от Фенносканди-навского щита к Восточно-Европейской платформе в районе Ладожского грабена // Материалы XIV Международной конференции «Связь поверхностных структур земной коры с глубинными» (г. Петрозаводск, 27-31 октября 2018 года). Петроза-водск: Карельский научный центр РАН, 2008. Часть 2. С. 79–81. Субетто Д.А. История формирова-ния Ладожского озера и его соеди-нения с Балтийским морем // Обще-ство. Среда. Развитие (Terra Humana). 2007. № 1 (2). С. 111-120. Цытович Н.А. Механика грунтов (краткий курс): Учебник для строит. Вузов / 4-е изд., перераб. и доп. М.: Высш. шк., 1983. 288 с. Чистяков А.А., Макарова Н.В., Ма-каров В.И. Четвертичная геология: учебник. М.: ГЕОС, 2000. 303 с. Шельфы Евразии в мезозое и кай-нозое: Атлас палеогеографических карт: в 2 т. Т.2 / Гл. ред. М.Н. Алек-сеев. М.: Геологический институт АН СССР, 1991. 106 с. Шитов М.В. Голоценовые транс-грессии Ладожского озера. Авто-реф. дисс. … канд. г.-м. наук. СПб., 2007. 17 с. Шуйский Ю.Д., Симеонова Г.А. О влиянии геологического строе-ния морских берегов на процессы абразии // Доклады Болгарской ака-демии наук. 1976. Т. 29. № 2. С. 57-79. Gorlach A., Hang T., Kalm V. GIS-based reconstruction of Late Weich-selian proglacial lakes in northwestern Russia and Belarus // Boreas. 2017. Vol.46. Iss. 3. pp. 486-502, DOI: 10.1111/bor.12223. Hughes A.L.C., Gyllencreutz R., Lohne Ø.S., Mangerud J., Svendsen J.I. The last Eurasian ice sheets – a chronological database and time-slice reconstruction, DATED-1 // Boreas. 2016. Vol. 45. Iss. 1. pp. 1-45. DOI: 10.1111/bor.12142. Johansson P. Laser scanning technol-ogy in mapping and classifying of meltwater erosional forms in fell areas of Finnish Lapland // Excursion guide and Abstracts of INQUA Peribaltic Working Group Meeting and Excur-sion 2018 International Scientific Con-ference and School for Young Scien-tists «Lateglacial-Interglacial transi-tion: glaciotectonic, seismoactivity, catastrophic hydrographic and land-scape changes» (Petrozavodsk, August 19-25, 2018) / edited by Subetto D. A. et al. Petrozavodsk: Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sci-ence, 2018. pp. 71-72. Ramsay W. Changes of sea-level, re-sulting from the increase and decrease of glaciacion. Fennia. 1931. 52(5). P. 1-62 Rinterknecht V., Hang T., Gorlach A., Kohv M., Kalla K., Kalm V., Subetto D., Bourlès D., Léanni L., Guillou V. The Last Glacial Maximum extent of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in the Val-day Heights, western Russia: Evidence from cosmogenic surface exposure da-ting using 10Be // Quaternary Science Reviews. 2018. Vol. 200. P. 106-113. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.09.032 Stokes C.R. Deglaciation of the Lau-rentide Ice Sheet from the Last Glacial Maximum // Cuadernos de Investi-gación Geográfica = Geographical Re-seach Letters. 2017. Vol 43. No 2. P.377-428 DOI: 10.18172/cig.3237. Subetto D.A., Shvarev S.V., Ni-konov A.A., Zaretskaya N.E., Polesh-chuk A.V., Potakhin M.S. New evi-dence of the Vuoksi River origin by geodynamic cataclysm // Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland. 2018. Vol. 90. P. 275-289. DOI: 10.17741/bgsf/90.2.010 The riverbed in the course of its evolution is subject to deformations, manifested in the form of erosion of the channel and floodplain, sediment transport and accumulation. Knowledge of the history of the development of river channels in the conditions characteristic of a given territory allows us to assess their future evolution. The aim of the study was to identify the features of the formation and evolution of the hydrographic network of Southern Priilmenye in the Holocene. These features are mainly associated with the last Valdai glaciation. Firstly, rivers arose only after the retreat of the glacier and are about 11 to 14 thousand years old. Secondly, their development was controlled by a changing erosion basis, depending on the level of the subglacial lake, which formed on the southern periphery of the glacier during its retreat. Thirdly, the evolution of watercourses occurred in conditions of compensatory deformational elevation of the territory. As a result, rivers formed on the territory of Southern Priilmene, in the initial stage of their development, meandering freely along a wide and almost flat plain composed of fluvioglacial deposits. Then, as the erosion basis decreased, the channels incised into the waterresistant glacial deposits of the Valdai horizon. In the last millennium, vertical erosion sharply increased, which is associated with overcoming difficult to wash out fluvioglacial Quaternary loamy rocks and the direct impact of the flow on the underlying Devonian sediments, and at present, according to our estimates, it reaches 13 cm per year. As the riverbeds cut in, the planned deformations slowed significantly. The channels develop, although not to the full extent, by the type of forced meandering. Amantov A.V., Amantova M.G., Ryabchuk D.V., Ser-geev A.Yu., Gusentsova T.M., Zhamoida V.A., Fjeldskaar W. Problemy golotsenovogo razvitiya Yu-zhnogo Priladozh'ya [On the question of Holocene de-velopment of south Lake Ladoga region]. Regional'naya geologiya i metallogeniya [Regional geology and metal-logeny], 2016, no. 65, pp. 37-49 (In Russian; abstact in English) Barats N.I. Mekhanika gruntov: uchebnoe posobie [Soil mechanics]. Omsk, SibADI Publ., 2008. 106 p. (In Rus-sian) Chistyakov A.A., Makarova N.V., Makarov V.I. Chetvertichnaya geologiya: uchebnik [Quaternary geol-ogy]. Moscow, GEOS Publ., 2000. 303 p. (In Russian) Dinamicheskaya geomorfologiya: Uchebnoe posobie [Dynamic geomorphology]. Moscow, MSU Publ., 1992. 448 p. (In Russian) Elfimov V.I. Izmenenie ust'evykh uchastkov rek v period prokhozhdeniya volny polovod'ya: Ucheb. Posobie [Change in estuarine sections of rivers during the pas-sage of a flood wave]. Moscow, RUDN Publ., 2008. 222 p. (In Russian) Geologiya SSSR. V 48 tomakh. Tom 1. Leningradskaya, Pskovskaya i Novgorodskaya oblasti. Geologicheskoe opisanie. Severo-Zapadnoe territorial'noe [Geology of the USSR. In 48 volumes. Volume 1. Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod regions. Geological description. Northwest Territorial] / A.V. Sidorenko (ed.). Moscow, Publ. Nedra, 1971. 504 p. Gorlach A., Hang T., Kalm V. GIS-based reconstruction of Late Weichselian proglacial lakes in northwestern Russia and Belarus. Boreas, 2017, vol.46, iss.3, pp. 486-502. DOI: 10.1111/bor.12223. Grosswald M.G. Oledenenie Russkogo Severa i Severo-Vostoka v epokhu poslednego velikogo pokholodaniya [Ice sheets in the Russian North and North-Eastduring the last Great Chill]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2009. 152 p. (In Russian; abstact in English) Hughes A.L.C., Gyllencreutz R., Lohne Ø.S., Mangerud J., Svendsen J.I. The last Eurasian ice sheets – a chrono-logical database and time-slice reconstruction, DATED-1. Boreas, 2016, vol. 45, iss.1, pp. 1-45. DOI: 10.1111/bor.12142. Johansson P. Laser scanning technology in mapping and classifying of meltwater erosional forms in fell areas of Finnish Lapland. In Subetto D.A. et. al. (editors) Excur-sion guide and Abstracts of INQUA Peribaltic Working Group Meeting and Excursion 2018 International Scien-tific Conference and School for Young Scientists «Lateglacial-Interglacial transition: glaciotectonic, seis-moactivity, catastrophic hydrographic and landscape changes» (Petrozavodsk, August 19-25, 2018). Petroza-vodsk, Publ. of Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Science, 2018, pp. 71-72. Kuznetsov V.V. Fizika zemnykh katastroficheskikh yavlenii [Earth catastrophic physics]. Novosibirsk: Nau-ka Publ., 1992, 95 p. (In Russian) Kvasov D.D. Pozdnechetvertichnaya istoriya krupnykh ozer i vnutrennikh morei Vostochnoi Evropy [Late Qua-ternary history of large lakes and inland seas of Eastern Europe]. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 1975, 279 p. (In Rus-sian) Markov K.K. Pozdne- i poslelednikovaya istoriya okrestnostei Leningrada na fone pozdne- i posleledni-kovoi istorii Baltiki [Late and postglacial history of the vicinity of Leningrad against the background of late and postglacial history of the Baltic]. Trudy komissii po izucheniyu chetvertichnogo perioda [Proceedings of the Commission for the Study of the Quaternary], 1934, t. 4, iss. 1, pp. 5-70 (In Russian) Markov K.K. Poslelednikovaya istoriya yugo-vostochnogo poberezh'ya Ladozhskogo ozera [Postgla-cial history of the southeastern coast of Lake Ladoga]. Voprosy geografii [Questions of geography], 1949, iss. 12, pp. 213-220 (In Russian) Mörner N.-A. Low sea levels, droughts, and mammalian extinsions In W.A. Berggren, J.A. Van Couvering (ed.), Catastrophes and Earth History: The New Uniformitari-anism. Princeton, New Jersey, Publ. Princeton Universi-ty Press, 1984, pp. 387-394 (Russ. ed.: Merner N.A. Obmelenie morya. Zasukhi i vymiranie mlekopitayush-chikh. In U. Berggrena, Dzh. Van Kauveringa (ed.) Ka-tastrofy i istoriya Zemli: Novyi uniformizm Moscow, Publ. Mir, 1986a, pp. 388-393) Mörner N.-A. Eustasy, geoid changes, and multiple geo-physical interaction In W.A. Berggren, J.A. Van Cou-vering (ed.), Catastrophes and Earth History: The New Uniformitarianism. Princeton, New Jersey, Publ. Prince-ton University Press, 1984, pp. 395-416 (Russ. ed.: Merner N.A. Evstaziya, izmeneniya geoida i vzai-modeistviya mnogikh geofizicheskikh faktorov. In U. Berggrena, Dzh. Van Kauveringa (ed.), Katastrofy i istoriya Zemli: Novyi uniformizm. Moscow, Mir Publ., 1986b, pp. 394-412). Nikolaev N.I. O noveishem etape razvitiya Fennos-kandii, Kol'skogo poluostrova i Karelii [About the new-est stage of development of Fennoscandia, the Kola Peninsula and Karelia]. Byulleten' Moskovskogo ob-shchestva ispytatelei prirody, otdelenie geologii [Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists, Department of Ge-ology], 1967, t. 42, No 1, pp. 49–68 (In Russian) Nikonov A.A. Golotsenovye i sovremennye dvizheniya zemnoi kory (Geologo-geomorfologicheskie i seismotek-tonicheskie voprosy) [Recent crustal movements (Geolog-ical-geomorphological and seismotectonic aspects)]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1977. 240 p. (In Russian) Nikonov A.A., Enman S.V., Fleifel' L.D. Golotsenovye i sovremennye dvizheniya zemnoi kory v perekhodnoi zone ot Fennoskandinavskogo shchita k Vostochno-Evropeiskoi platforme v raione Ladozhskogo grabena [Holocene and modern movements of the earth's crust in the transition zone from the Fennoscandinavian shield to the East Europe platform in the Ladoga graben area]. Materialy chetyrnadtsatoi Mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii «Svyaz' poverkhnostnykh struktur zemnoi kory s glubin-nymi» (g. Petrozavodsk, 27-31 oktyabrya 2018) [Pro-ceedings of the 14th international conference «Relation-ship between the surface and deep structures of the Earth’s crust» (Petrozavodsk, October 27–31, 2008] Pet-rozavodsk: Karel'skii nauchnyi tsentr RAN, 2008. Part 2, pp. 79–81. (In Russian) Ramsay W. Changes of sea-level, resulting from the in-crease and decrease of glaciacion. Fennia, 1931, 52(5), pp. 1-62 Rinterknecht V., Hang T., Gorlach A., Kohv M., Kalla K., Kalm V., Subetto D., Bourlès D., Léanni L., Guillou V. The Last Glacial Maximum extent of the Scandinavi-an Ice Sheet in the Valday Heights, western Russia: Ev-idence from cosmogenic surface exposure dating using 10Be. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2018, Vol. 200, pp. 106-113. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.09.032 Shel'fy Evrazii v mezozoe i kainozoe: Atlas paleogeo-graficheskikh kart: v 2 vol. Vol.2 [Palaeogeographic at-las of the shelf regions of Eurasia for the mesozoic and cenozoic]. Moscow, Publ. Geological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1991. 106 p. (In Russian and English) Shitov M.V. Golotsenovye transgressii Ladozhskogo ozera. Avtoref. diss. kand. geol-min. najuk [Holocene transgressions of Lake Ladoga. Ph. D. (geological and mineralogical) thesis]. SPb, 2007. 17 p. (In Russian) Shuiskii Yu.D., Simeonova G.A. O vliyanii geolog-icheskogo stroeniya morskikh beregov na protsessy abra-zii [On the influence of the geological structure of sea coasts on the processes of abrasion]. Doklady Bolgarskoi Akademii Nauk [Reports of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences], 1976, vol. 29, no 2, pp. 57-79. (In Russian) Stokes C.R. Deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet from the Last Glacial Maximum. Cuadernos de Investi-gación Geográfica = Geographical Reseach Letters, 2017, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 377-428. DOI: 10.18172/cig.3237. Subetto D.A. Istoriya formirovaniya Ladozhskogo ozera i ego soedineniya s Baltiiskim morem [The history of the formation of Lake Ladoga and its connection with the Baltic Sea]. Obshchestvo. Sreda. Razvitie (Terra Hu-mana) [Society. Environment. Development (Terra Nu-mana)], 2007, no 1 (2), pp. 111-120. (In Russian) Subetto D.A., Shvarev S.V., Nikonov A.A., Zaretska-ya N.E., Poleshchuk A.V., Potakhin M.S. New evidence of the Vuoksi River origin by geodynamic cataclysm. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 2018, vol. 90, pp 275-289, DOI: 10.17741/bgsf/90.2.010. Tsytovich N.A. Mekhanika gruntov (kratkii kurs): Uchebnik dlya stroitel'nykh vuzov [Soil mechanics (short course)]. Moscow, Vyssh. shk. Publ., 1983. 288 p. (In Russian) Vasilieva N.V., Subetto D.A., Verbitsky V.R., Krotova-Putintseva A.E. Istoriya formirovaniya Il'men'-Volkhovskogo basseina [History of the Ilmen-Volkhov Basin Development]. Izvestiya Rossiiskogo gosudar-stvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. A.I. Gertsena [Izvestia: Herzen University Journal of Human-ities & Sciences], 2012, no. 153(2), pp. 141-150. (In Russian; abstract in English) Vinogradov A.Yu., Obyazov V.A. Glyatsioizostatich-eskoe podnyatie Priil'menskoi nizmennosti v golotsene [Glacio-isostatic uplift of the Priilmen lowland in the Holocene]. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov chetyrnadtsatoi Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii «Nauchnye issledovaniya: klyuchevye problemy tret'ego tysyacheletiya» (Moskva, 01-02 aprelya 2018) [Collec-tion of scientific papers of the fourteenth International scientific-practical conference "Scientific research: key problems of the third millennium" (Moscow, April 01-02, 2018)], Moscow, Problems of science Publ., 2018, pp. 99-102. (In Russian)

Birds are among the most important biological components of wetlands. They play a key role in their ecology and are an important cultural resource for the public, in part because some species can be legally hunted. The conservation of waterbirds is especially important in terms of land use planning, in light of their ecological, cultural, and economic value. Here we summarize the results of wintering waterbirds censuses carried out in Lombardy between 2002 and 2013, using the standardized International Waterbird Census methodology. Our goals were to identify priority sites for waterbirds; estimate population sizes; define demographic trends; and provide a technical framework for making administrative and legislative decisions on the management and conservation of wetlands and their bird species. Lombardy hosts substantial numbers of wintering waterbirds, and many of its wetlands qualify as areas of conservation interest under Ramsar Convention criteria, as they host >1% of the Italian population of one or more species. Trends for the 20 species of highest conservation or hunting interest showed stable or increasing populations in most cases, with the exception of Black-necked Grebe, Common Pochard, and Eurasian Coot, which instead decreased in 2002-2013. The favourable population trends for most species suggest that the ecological status of Lombardy’s wetlands is essentially stable, but it could be improved by simple measures to improve the natural value of the shorelines and bottoms of major lakes and flooded gravel pits. Hunting was one of the main factors affecting the distribution and abundance of wintering waterbirds, which concentrate in protected areas - over 50% of all birds, rising to over 70% for species of conservation interest concentrate there, despite the fact that protected areas only account for 43% of sites surveyed. Overall, protected areas hosted bird densities that were almost seven times higher than those managed primarily for hunting, while mixed-use areas hosted intermediate densities of birds. The presence of protected and unprotected areas within the same wetland mitigates the effects of hunting on bird populations and species diversity, and may help maintain adequate conditions for their conservation.

Исследования изменений уровня озера Ильмень важны для изучения развития речной сети в его бассейне, так как он является базисом эрозии для них. Цель работы состояла в оценке уровенного режима озеро Ильмень в течение голоцена, включая современный период. Уровенный режим озера определяется не только поступлением вод с водосбора, но и регулируется стоком вытекающей из него реки Волхов, который до строительства 1926 году Волховской ГЭС зависел от отметок Пчевских и Велецких порогов в низовьях реки. В течение голоцена Пчевские и Велецкие пороги размывались рекой Волхов, в результате чего их отметки понижались. Выполнена ориентировочная реконструкция изменения отметок порогов в зависимости от увлажненности климата в предыдущие столетия. Оценка той или иной степени увлажнения климата за столетний/тысячелетний период достаточно условна и принималась как отношение количества дождливых годов к годам с засухами на основании летописных данных. К началу нашей эры минимальный уровень озера находился на отметках не ниже 19,5 м. Максимальный уровень, учитывая схожесть климата с последними столетиями, скорее всего, не превышал отметки в 24,5 м, то есть амплитуда уровней была меньше современной. Начиная со второй половины первого тысячелетия до наших дней, уровенный режим озера определялся только климатическими особенностями. На основании того, что минимальные отметки дна некоторых рек, в частности Ловати, Мсты и Шелони, впадающих в Ильмень, находятся не только ниже минимального уровня озера, но и минимальных отметок его дна, можно сделать предварительный вывод, что уровень озера Ильмень в прошлом был несколько ниже, нежели в настоящее время и составлял современные 16-17 м балтийской системы. Литература Барышников Н.Б., Попов И.В. Динамика русловых потоков и русловые процессы: учебное пособие. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1988. 454 с. Борисенков Е.П., Пасецкий В.М. Тысячелетняя летопись необычайных явлений природы. М.: Мысль, 1988. 522 с. Былинский Е.Н. Влияние снижения уровней Ильменского и Ладожского озера на развитие продольных профилей притоков оз. Ильмень и Волхова // Вестн. Моск. ун-та: Сер. биологии, почвоведения, геологии, географии. 1959. № 3. С. 221-231 Васильева Н.В., Субетто Д.А., Вербицкий В.Р., Кротова-Путинцева А.Е. История формирования Ильмень-Волховского бассейна // Известия Российского государственного педагогического университета им. А.И. Герцена. 2012. С. 141-150. Виноградов А.Ю., Обязов В.А. Гляциоизостатическое поднятие Приильменской низменности в голоцене // Сборник научных трудов XXIV Международной научно-практической конференции «Научные исследования: ключевые проблемы III тысячелетия» (Москва, 01-02 апреля 2018 г.). М.: Проблемы науки, 2018. С. 99-102. Виноградов А.Ю., Обязов В.А., Кадацкая М.М. История формирования рек Южного Приильменья в голоцене // Гидросфера. Опасные процессы и явления. 2019. Т. 1. Вып. 1. С. 90-113. DOI: 10.34753/HS.2019.1.1.001 Виноградов Ю.Б. Этюды о селевых потоках. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1980. 143 с. Геология СССР. В 48 томах. Том I. Ленинградская, Псковская и Новгородская области. Геологическое описание. Северо-Западное территориальное / Гл. ред. А.В. Сидоренко. М.: Недра, 1971. 504 с. Гришанин К.В. Динамика русловых потоков. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1969. 428 с. Зубов В.Г. Механика. М.: Наука, 1978. 352 с. Квасов Д.Д. Позднечетвертичная история крупных озер и внутренних морей Восточной Европы. Л.: Наука, 1975. 279 с. Малаховский Д.Б. Геоморфологические и геологические наблюдения в долине реки Ловать // Известия Русского Географического общества. 2001. Т. 133. Вып. 2. С. 32-38 Многолетние данные о режиме и ресурсах поверхностных вод суши: в 15 т. Т. 1. РСФСР: в 26 вып. Вып. 5. Бассейны рек Балтийского моря, Ладожского и Онежского озер. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1986. 689 с. Нескоромных В.В. Разрушение горных пород при проведении геологоразведочных работ: учебное пособие. М.: НИЦ ИНФРА-М, 2016. 392 с. DOI: 10.12737/11719 Петров А.Г., Потапов И.И. Перенос наносов под действием нормальных и касательных придонных напряжений с учетом уклона дна // Прикладная механика и техническая физика. 2014. т. 55. № 5 (327). С. 100-105. Ресурсы поверхностных вод: в 20 т. Т. 2. Карелия и Северо-Запад: в 2 ч. Ч. 2. Приложения / Под ред. В.Е. Водогрецкого. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1972. 278 с. Субетто Д.А. История формирования Ладожского озера и его соединения с Балтийским морем // Общество. Среда. Развитие (Terra Humana). 2007, № 1 (2). С. 111-120. Чувардинский В.Г. О ледниковой теории. Происхождение образований ледниковой формации. Апатиты, 1998. 303 с. Шашенко О.М., Пустовойтенко В.П., Сдвижкова О.О. Геомеханика: учебник. К.: ГВУЗ Национальный горный университет, 2015. 563 с. Шуйский Ю.Д., Симеонова Г. О влиянии геологического строения морских берегов на процессы абразии // Докл. Болг. АН. 1976. Т. 29. №2. С. 57-79. Gorlach A., Hang T., Kalm V. GIS-based reconstruction of Late Weichselian proglacial lakes in northwestern Russia and Belarus // Boreas. 2017. Vol. 46. Iss. 3. P. 486-502. DOI: 10.1111/bor.12223. Hughes A.L.C., Gyllencreutz R., Lohne Ø.S., Mangerud J., Svendsen J.I. The last Eurasian ice sheets – a chronological database and time-slice reconstruction, DATED-1 // Boreas. 2016. Vol. 45. Iss. 1. P. 1-45. DOI: 10.1111/bor.12142. Rinterknecht V., Hang T., Gorlach A., Kohv M., Kalla K., Kalm V., Subetto D., Bourlès D., Léanni L., Guillou V. The Last Glacial Maximum extent of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in the Valday Heights, western Russia: Evidence from cosmogenic surface exposure dating using 10Be // Quaternary Science Reviews. 2018. Vol. 200. P. 106-113. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.09.032 Subetto D.A., Shvarev S.V., Nikonov A.A., Zaretskaya N.E., Poleshchuk A.V., Potakhin M.S. New evidence of the Vuoksi River origin by geodynamic cataclysm // Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland. 2018. Vol. 90. P. 275-289. DOI: 10.17741/bgsf/90.2.010. Researches of changes in the water level of Lake Ilmen are important for studying the development of the river network in its basin, since it is the basis of erosion for them. The purpose of the work was to assess the level regime of Lake Ilmen during the Holocene, including the modern period. The level regime of the lake is determined not only by the inflow of waters from the catchment, but is also regulated by the runoff of the Volkhov River flowing out of it, which, which prior to the construction of the Volkhov Hydroelectric Power Station in 1926, depended on the marks of the Pchevsky and Veletsky rapids in the downstream. During the Holocene, the marks of the Pchevsky and Veletsky rapids were decreasing, because they been eroded by the Volkhov River. An approximate reconstruction of the change in rapids marks has been carried out, depending on the humidity of the climate in previous centuries. Evaluation of a varying degree humidification over a century / millennium is rather arbitrary and was taken as the ratio of the number of rainy years to years with droughts based on annals data. By the beginning of our era, the minimum water level of the lake was not less than 19.5 m. The maximum water level most likely did not exceeding the mark of 24.5 m, considering the similarity of climate to the last centuries, that is, the amplitude of the water levels was less than modern. Only climatic features determined the water level regime of the lake starting from the second half of the first millennium to the present day. On the grounds of the fact that the minimum bottom marks of some rivers, flowing into lake Ilmen (in particular Lovat, Msta and Shelon), are lower not only than the minimum water level of the lake, but also than the minimum marks of its bottom, we can do a preliminary conclusion that the water level of Lake Ilmen in the past was rather lower than at present and was at modern mark of 16-17 m Baltic system. References Baryshnikov N.B., Popov I.V. Dinamika ruslovykh potokov i ruslovye protsessy: uchebnoe posobie [Dynamics of streams and fluviomorphological processes in rivers: text-book]. Leningrad, Publ. Gidrometeoizdat, 1988. 454 p. (In Russian; abstract in English). Borisenkov E.P., Pasetskii V.M. Tysyacheletnyaya letopis' neobychainykh yavlenii prirody [The thousand-year chronicle of extraordinary natural phenomena]. Moscow, Publ. Mysl', 1988. 522 p. (In Russian). Bylinskii E.N. Vliyanie snizheniya urovnei Il'menskogo i Ladozhskogo ozera na razvitie prodol'nykh profilei pritokov oz. Il'men' i Volkhova [The impact of lower levels of Lake Ilmensky and Ladoga on the development of longitudinal profiles of tributaries of Lake Ilmen and Volkhova]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta: Seriya biologii, pochvovedeniya, geologii, geografii [Moscow University Bulletin: Series of Biology, Soil Science, Geology, Geography]. 1959, No. 3, pp. 221-231. (In Russian). Chuvardinskii V.G. O lednikovoi teorii. Proiskhozhdenie obrazovanii lednikovoi formatsii [About glacial theory. The origin of the formations of the glacial formation]. Apatity, 1998. 303 p. (In Russian). Geologiya SSSR. V 48 tomakh. Tom 1. Leningradskaya, Pskovskaya i Novgorodskaya oblasti. Geologicheskoe opisanie. Severo-Zapadnoe territorial'noe [Geology of the USSR. In 48 volumes. Volume 1. Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod regions. Geological description. Northwest Territorial] / A.V. Sidorenko (ed.). Moscow, Publ. Nedra, 1971. 504 p. (In Russian). Gorlach A., Hang T., Kalm V. GIS-based reconstruction of Late Weichselian proglacial lakes in northwestern Russia and Belarus. Boreas, 2017, vol.46, iss.3, pp. 486-502. DOI: 10.1111/bor.12223. Grishanin K.V. Dinamika ruslovykh potokov [The dynamics of channel flows].Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat Publ., 1969. 428 p. (In Russian). Hughes A.L.C., Gyllencreutz R., Lohne Ø.S., Mangerud J., Svendsen J.I. The last Eurasian ice sheets – a chronological database and time-slice reconstruction, DATED-1. Boreas, 2016, vol. 45, iss.1, pp. 1-45. DOI: 10.1111/bor.12142. Kvasov D.D. Pozdnechetvertichnaya istoriya krupnykh ozer i vnutrennikh morei Vostochnoi Evropy [Late Quaternary history of large lakes and inland seas of Eastern Europe]. Leningrad, Publ. Nauka, 1975. 279 p. (In Russian). Malakhovskii D.B. Geomorfologicheskie i geologicheskie nablyudeniya v doline r. Lovat' [Geomorphological and geological observations in the valley of the Lovat river]. Izvestiya Russkogo Geograficheskogo obshchestva [Izvestiya Russkogo geograficheskogo obshestva], 2001, vol. 133, iss. 2, pp. 32-38. (In Russian). Mnogoletnie dannye o rezhime i resursakh poverkhnostnykh vod sushi: v 15 t. T. 1. RSFSR: v 26 vyp. Vyp. 5. Basseiny rek Baltiiskogo morya, Ladozhskogo i Onezhskogo ozer [Long-term data on the regime and resources of land surface water: in 15 volumes. Volume 1. RSFSR: in 26 issue. Issue 5. River basins of the Baltic Sea, Ladoga and Onega Lakes]. Leningrad, Publ. Gidrometeoizdat, 1986. 689 p. (In Russian). Neskoromnykh V.V. Razrushenie gornykh porod pri provedenii geologorazvedochnykh rabot: uchebnoe posobie [Destruction of rocks during exploration: a training manual]. Мoscow, Publ. SPC INFRA-M, 2016, 392 p. (In Russian). DOI: 10.12737/11719 Petrov A.G., Potapov I.I. Sediment transport under normal and tangential bottom stresses with the bottom slope taken into account. Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics, 2014, vol. 55, iss. 5, pp. 812-817. DOI: 10.1134/S0021894414050101 Resursy poverkhnostnykh vod SSSR: v 20 vol. Vol.2: Kareliya i Severo-Zapad: v 2 ch. Chast' 2. Prilozheniya. [Surface water resources of the USSR: in 20 vol. Vol. 2: Karelia and North-West: in Two parts. Part 2. Applications]. Ed. Vodogretskiy V.E. Leningrad, Publ. Gidrometeoizdat, 1972. 278 p. (In Russian). Rinterknecht V., Hang T., Gorlach A., Kohv M., Kalla K., Kalm V., Subetto D., Bourlès D., Léanni L., Guillou V. The Last Glacial Maximum extent of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in the Valday Heights, western Russia: Evidence from cosmogenic surface exposure dating using 10Be. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2018, vol. 200, pp. 106-113. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.09.032 Shashenko O.M., Pustovoitenko V.P., Sdvizhkova O.O. Geomekhanika: uchebnik [Geomechanics: textbook]. Kiev, Publ. State Higher Educational Institution National Mining University, 2015. 563 p. (In Russian). Shuiskii Yu.D., Simeonova G.A. O vliyanii geologicheskogo stroeniya morskikh beregov na protsessy abrazii [On the influence of the geological structure of sea coasts on the processes of abrasion]. Doklady Bolgarskoi Akademii Nauk [Reports of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences], 1976, vol. 29, no 2, pp. 57-79. (In Russian) Subetto D.A. Istoriya formirovaniya Ladozhskogo ozera i ego soedineniya s Baltiiskim morem [The history of the formation of Lake Ladoga and its connection with the Baltic Sea]. Obshchestvo. Sreda. Razvitie (Terra Humana) [Society. Environment. Development (Terra Numana)], 2007, no 1 (2), pp. 111-120. (In Russian). Subetto D.A., Shvarev S.V., Nikonov A.A., Zaretskaya N.E., Poleshchuk A.V., Potakhin M.S. New evidence of the Vuoksi River origin by geodynamic cataclysm. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 2018, vol. 90, pp 275-289. DOI: 10.17741/bgsf/90.2.010. Vasilieva N.V., Subetto D.A., Verbitsky V.R., Krotova-Putintseva A.E. Istoriya formirovaniya Il'men'-Volkhovskogo basseina [History of the Ilmen-Volkhov Basin Development]. Izvestiya Rossiiskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta imeni A.I. Gertsena [Izvestia: Herzen University Journal of Humanities & Sciences], 2012, no. 153(2), pp. 141-150. (In Russian; abstract in English). Vinogradov A.Yu., Obyazov V.A. Glyatsioizostaticheskoe podnyatie Priil'menskoi nizmennosti v golotsene [Glacio-isostatic uplift of the Priilmen lowland in the Holocene]. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov chetyrnadtsatoi Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii «Nauchnye issledovaniya: klyuchevye problemy tret'ego tysyacheletiya» (Moskva, 01-02 aprelya 2018) [Collection of scientific papers of the fourteenth International scientific-practical conference "Scientific research: key problems of the third millennium" (Moscow, April 01-02, 2018)], Moscow, Problems of science Publ., 2018, pp. 99-102. (In Russian). Vinogradov A.Yu., Obyazov V.A., Kadatskaya M.M. 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This book to weaves Eurasia together through the perspective of the oceans and seas. Eurasia's emerging powers — India, China, and Russia — have increasingly embraced their maritime geographies as they have expanded and strengthened their economies, military capabilities, and global influence. Maritime Eurasia, a region that facilitates international commerce and contains some of the world's most strategic maritime chokepoints, has already caused a shift in the global political economy and challenged the dominance of the Atlantic world and the United States. Climate change is set to further affect global politics. The book considers how the melting of the Arctic ice cap will create new shipping lanes and exacerbate a contest for the control of Arctic natural resources. It also explores the strategic maritime shifts under way from Europe to the Indian Ocean and Pacific Asia. The race for great power status and the earth's changing landscape, the book shows, are rapidly transforming Eurasia and thus creating a new world order.

When China announced its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), most of the attention focused on the joint building of transportation infrastructure across the Eurasian landmass and the Indian Ocean. However, with the release of the Arctic Policy in 2018, China incorporated the Arctic shipping lanes into the BRI transport network. Development of shipping in polar waters requires collaboration with Arctic countries. This chapter discusses the challenges China faces in exploring new maritime ways in the Arctic and collaborating with Russia in the development of the Arctic Blue Economic Corridor. The investment projects in the Arctic are considered in the format of eight development zones located in the polar regions along Russian part of the Northern Sea Route. The author concludes that Arctic shipping lanes have a great potential to be efficiently incorporated into the BRI transport network. However, there are many specific technological and economic challenges to be considered and met before polar transport routes may become any viable alternatives to southern maritime routes used by China.