Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Internal socio-economic polarization“

The socio-economic inequalities of the different metropolitan neighborhoods have been carefully documented and analyzed in the social science literature. Starting from this premise, this article focuses on the less common neighborhoods in which two extremes coexist: very low-income households and high-income households. The objective is to identify the neighborhoods with a high internal socio-economic polarization, geolocate them in the urban space, characterize their population and housing stock, and measure their recent evolutionary trends. The empirical analysis focuses on the neighborhoods of Marseille (France), a city characterized by strong socio-spatial segregation between poor neighborhoods in the north and rich neighborhoods on the southern coast, and the presence of neighborhoods in which populations coexist with unequal resources. This empirical study is based on the fiscal and social data (Filosofi file) that allow knowing the income distribution and based on the census data to characterize the socio-demography and the type of housing of the population. In order to identify neighborhoods with intense internal socio-economic polarization and measure their evolution of income distribution, original poverty and wealth indexes have been developed, which synthesize the two extremes of this distribution. These neighborhoods with a high internal socio-economic polarization usually present certain distinctive aspects, such as their geographical location or a more or less rapid and intense gentrification process. However, some of them seem to escape this process, as evidenced by the contrasting trends in the recent evolution of income distribution and structural heterogeneity of the housing stock, in which small apartments and old buildings are very overrepresented.

In continuity with the research on social segregation and the phenomenon of urban gentrification, this article examines the cohabitation patterns of populations with diametrically opposed incomes within the same neighborhood, typically observed in the city center. This phenomenon is defined here as internal socio-economic polarization. It is measured through the combination of two original indexes (poverty and wealth indexes) constructed based on income deciles per consumption unit for the year of 2017. The analysis focuses on the municipality of Nice, characterized by a low demographic dynamic, a relative concentration of seniors, and a strong tourist attractiveness, particularly in the highly polarized neighborhoods that occupy almost the entire city center. This study is complemented by a principal component analysis summarizing the characteristics of the population and housing stock in the neighborhoods of Nice. The main objective of this research is to identify and locate polarized neighborhoods within the urban context of Nice, to analyze the distinctive traits of their population and housing stock, and, finally, to highlight potential trends in the population’s socio-economic status. Moreover, the economic trajectories of polarized neighborhoods, in connection with their population and housing characteristics (such as the secondary use of a portion of the housing stock, often low-quality old buildings, social housing, and the overrepresentation of retirees), help explain the forms of socio-economic polarization observed in these neighborhoods (such as the indications of gentrification, unfinished gentrification, and sustainable cohabitation).

The aim of the study is to assess the polarity and polarization of the economic development of territories by homogeneous groups. The object of the study is the economic space of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The subject of the research is the essence of polarity, polarization and leveling in the socio-economic development of territorial entities. The research methods are comparative, logical, statistical analysis, the analysis of structure and dynamics, graphical interpretation of the results. The author proposes an original method for assessing the polarity and polarization of the spatial development of the region. The method was tested on the example of municipalities of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The paper presents a graphical model of polarization and leveling of polarization by typological homogeneous groups of municipalities. Homogeneous groups are characterized by the presence of a significant relationship between indicators of macroeconomic dynamics, the content of internal structural interactions and dynamic changes in spatial structure. According to the types of polarization the author presents strategies for advancing and catching up development, strategies for equalizing with stagnation, the formation of a gap. The article shows optimal leveling limits. The author draws a conclusion, that among municipal districts of the same typological group, gaps are formed and further polarization occurs. The paper detects that, despite the difference between homogeneous groups of municipalities on the socio-economic level, the processes of polarization are similar for each indicator. The study concludes about a unified system of management policy in the region for all municipalities.

Abstract In this paper the concept of the “Geo-Economic Gravity System” will be discussed as a methodological tool in regard with the key issue of “regional efficiency”, as well as a modeling tool in the effort to face relevant socio-economic problems. As a case study, the fierce opposition between oriental and westernoriented political powers, other words neo-ottomans versus kemalists in the Turkish society, is being respectively examined. The Geo-economic Gravity Systems explain the socio-economic rifts, heading back to the 90’s and demonstrating the multiple and prevailing societal polarization. On its second part, however, this study exhibits that, in the aftermath of the R.T. Erdogan’s governments, despite that the political dichotomy lines remain, at least the severe economic disparities have been smoothed due to policies, incentives and infrastructure investments accomplished. The analysis of Turkey’s internal geoeconomic trends offers notable insight into the mechanism controlling in general the regional socioeconomic attractiveness and efficiency. Consequently, such an analysis can remarkably contribute in the research of the spatial dimension as a catalyst for emerging development opportunities in any country.

We focus in this article on the dimension of social sustainability of the development process— particularly on the determining factors of social tension which results in social disruption in violent forms of the different types of crime—murder, property-related, riots in the presence of polarization and Left-wing insurgency across major states in India. This article makes an attempt to explore the role of economic deprivation—thus, resulting in economic inequality and poverty in addition to infrastructural and other socio-economic developmental factors in determining such crimes in this context. While economic growth has a definite positive role in abating such violent forms of crime and their associated tension, the development strategy should give high priority to literacy, internal security and human development for building up peace and a socially sustainable society in India.

The article analyzes the change in the political vector of Brazil in the conditions of the "right turn", which replaced the "left drift" (2003-2016). The circumstances of the coming to power of the right-wing conservative M. Temer, and then, according to the results of the presidential elections in 2018, the right-wing radical J. Bolsonaro are considered. The main directions of Bolsonaro's internal political course are investigated. As part of the analysis of the domestic policy of the President of Brazil, the features of the 2022 electoral campaign, which unfolded long before its official start, are shown. In the context of extreme radicalization of the political process and polarization of political forces, institutional design is being reformatted. The search for a candidate who could represent the so-called "third way" – a moderate, centrist politician – is not successful, and two leaders of the election race will face each other in the political arena – the current president Bolsonaro and the ex-president, center-left Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. This confrontation goes beyond a personal dispute and embodies two different models of socio-economic development.

The purpose of the study was to identify trends in the development of modern Ukraine’s agriculture and outline ways of increasing competitiveness of all producer types under conditions of agricultural dualization and marginal groups of enterprise polarization. Ukraine’s agriculture has fast obtained a significant sum of money, thus contributing to the intensification of investment and a transfer of capital to this industry, to a large extent, because the general trends in agriculture development are characterized by a deepening of its dualization and polarization in two major producer sectors - large enterprises (with a marginal group in the form of agricultural holdings, engaged in the production of export-oriented products), and small producers (with the marginal group in the form of households, specialized in the production of products mainly for their own needs and the internal market, including niche products). Therefore, competition between producers is mostly carried out within each of these polar production groups. The level of competitiveness of producers in both sectors is quite high, but in each case - due to different factors. In order to increase development efficiency of all agricultural producers and their competitiveness level, appropriate socio-economic modernization of the existing model of agriculture is needed in order to equalize the conditions of access to necessary resources and of functioning conditions in general for all types of producers.

Today, the human migration is one of the most important factors in the socio-economic territorial development. This process requires considerable attention on the part of federal, regional and municipal general government. The main trends that characterize migration in Russia at the present time is a population tightening and a high level of its concentration in the European part of the country, a significant outflow of population from towns, small cities, as well as rural settlements, migration inflow to large and highly developed territories, an increase in the socio-economic development polarization in territories, etc. These problems are also considered in the Concept of the State Migration Policy in the Russian Federation for 2019-2025. At the same time, despite the adoption of the Concept several issues remain unresolved, such as the lack of state attention to internal Russian migration, the definition of specific needs of the region and municipalities, as well as the lack of a quantitative assessment of targets, etc. It is necessary to clarify the main directions and mechanisms for implementing Russia's migration policy. It is promising to consider population migration from the point of view of meeting the various interests and needs of the main participants in this process - a person, business, territory (locality, region, country), in our opinion. An essential point in the development of such a mechanism is an adequate and scientifically based description of the characteristics of each agent., It is necessary to develop a set of proposals for improving the migration policy and measures for its implementation to achieve a balance of interests of these agents.

The article studies current trends in Moscow population in context of socio- economic polarization strengthening between the capital city and other regions of the country. The study applies multiscale approach covering Moscow influence on Central Russia and other regions, interaction with the Moscow oblast and the level of internal population distribution within Moscow and particular settlements and villages in New Moscow territories. The gap in development is significantly noticeable for expanding Moscow and Moscow oblast against the background of depopulation in Central Russia regions and cities. Within the boundaries of Moscow the continuing model of extensive spatial growth of population has led to the most rapid growth of its periphery zone. Areas similar to bedroom communities in Old Moscow are forming in the municipalities of New Moscow located along the Moscow ring road (MKAD) and main radial highways, while large part of the new territories remain a typical countryside with villages and summer residents. Analysis of New Moscow suburban areas reveals the actual land use mosaics obscured by the official delimitation of Moscow and Moscow oblast and the formal division of population into urban and rural.

The post-Soviet period of Moldova's history was complex and ambiguous. It was characterized by a difficult socio-economic situation, important transformations of the foreign policy, malign influence of corruption, mass departure of the able-bodied population outside the republic. Recent years have not been an exception. The turbulent events of 2016‒2020, which are analyzed, became a new important stage in the life of Moldova, solidifying the trends of its development in the next decade. The authors analyze the key events of this period, of its domestic and foreign policy: the issues of the creation and functioning of a broad coalition in the summer of 2019, its collapse, the formation of a new coalition between socialists and democrats, the presidential elections in Moldova and their impact on the political situation. The authors note that the recent trends in the political development of Moldova and its foreign policy show that in the near future political instability in the republic will continue. The question is if, in the context of internal political polarization in the country, it will be possible to reach a geopolitical consensus around Moldova and prevent the acute political confrontation in the country from turning into a long-term political and institutional crisis.

Espace privilégié de manifestation des inégalités sociales, la ville est souvent partagée en quartiers très différents du point de vue des ressources socio-économiques de leurs habitants. Cette division de l’espace urbain selon ces ressources est parfois décrite comme une forme de ségrégation sociale de la ville. Cette ségrégation socio-spatiale est fréquemment décrite dans la littérature des sciences sociales à travers la mesure des différences entre les quartiers. Sans ignorer cette réalité urbaine, cette thèse s’intéresse aux espaces infra-communaux (ici appréhendés par les IRIS) au sein desquels on observe de fortes différences de revenu entre les habitants. Ce phénomène ici décrit comme une polarisation socio-économique interne de ces IRIS est mesuré à l’aide de 2 indices (les indices de richesse et de pauvreté) construits à partir des déciles de revenus disponibles par unité de consommation. Dans un premier temps, on identifie ainsi, dans les 14 métropoles de province françaises, les IRIS les plus concernés par cette polarisation socio-économique interne. Une analyse en composantes principales, à l’échelle des IRIS concernant les caractéristiques socio-démographiques et de l’habitat, permet de constater une polarisation socio-économique interne. Ensuite, cette recherche se concentre sur les trois métropoles de la façade méditerranéenne françaises — Montpellier, Marseille et Nice — dont la diversité permet de mieux d'examiner les spécifiés locales de la polarisation socio-économique interne. On tente également de comprendre les tendances récentes de ces quartiers « polarisés » en matière de distribution des revenus et de formuler des hypothèses quant à l’origine de la forte polarisation socio-économique interne de ces quartiers (prémices d’une gentrification, gentrification en cours ou inachevée ; paupérisation ; cohabitation durable)
As a privileged space for the manifestation of social inequalities, the city is often divided into neighborhoods that vary significantly in terms of the socio-economic resources of their inhabitants. This division of urban space based on these resources is sometimes described as a form of social segregation within the city. This socio-spatial segregation is frequently described in social science literature through the measurement of differences between neighborhoods. Without denying this urban reality, this thesis focuses on i sub-municipal divisions (here understood as IRIS units) where significant income disparities among residents are observed. This phenomenon, described here as the internal socio-economic polarization of these IRIS units, is measured using two indexes (indexes of wealth and poverty) constructed from available income deciles per consumption unit. Initially, we identify the IRIS units most affected by this internal socio-economic polarization in 14 French provincial metropolitan areas. A principal component analysis at the IRIS level allows for dentifying the housing and population characteristics associated with the internal socio-economic polarization of the IRIS units. Subsequently, this research concentrates on the three metropolitan areas of the French Mediterranean coast — Montpellier, Marseille, and Nice — whose diversity allows for a better examination of the local specificities of internal socio-economic polarization. We also attempt to understand the recent trends in these "polarized" neighborhoods in terms of income distribution and formulate hypotheses regarding the origins of the strong internal socio-economic polarization in these neighborhoods (early stages of gentrification, ongoing or incomplete gentrification; pauperization; sustainable cohabitation)

South Korea’s economic miracle is a well-known story. However, today Korea is confronting a new set of internal and external risks, which may foreshadow the next crisis. The Korean economy has struggled with a faltering growth momentum and the rise of unprecedented socio-economic problems well before the pandemic crisis. After abrupt downshifts to markedly slower growth in the early 2000s, economic growth has continued to decelerate. Koreans are grappling with slow income growth, all time-high household debt, high youth unemployment, inequality, and social polarization. Politics is in disarray and is incapable of directing social discourse for the common good. Rapid population aging along with the world’s lowest fertility rates stokes fears of Japanification. Simultaneously, disruptive technologies and a fast-changing business environment, including the rise of China, clash with a range of long-standing structural problems. The contemporary challenges are radically different from those seen in the early stages of industrialization. There are multiple risks that threaten to self-perpetuate low or stagnant growth over the next decade or so, if not an outright financial crisis. Motivated by these latest developments, this book seeks to provide a timely and in-depth analysis of key current issues and foreseeable challenges of the economy, with a provocative reassessment of its future. Based on extensive new empirical works, it examines the underlying causes of the socio-economic problems. In a constructive spirit, it puts into perspective what would constitute critical elements of ideal policy solutions and the direction of the future government’s role.