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Treľová, Silvia, und František Olšavský. „Employee Satisfaction with Training Opportunities and its Relation to Internal Marketing“. HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration 8, Nr. 2 (01.08.2017): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hjbpa-2017-0009.
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Abstract The article aims to find a link between employee training and satisfaction with educational activities and marketing efforts of the organization. Qualification growth of employees is closely connected to the organization’s success. Since obstacles in education hinder achieving desirable results, they need to be identified and overcome. Theoretical background and knowledge was confronted with data collected in primary research. Interviewing was used as the method and questionnaire as the instrument. Data were statistically analysed and results of chi-square were calculated in software Statgraphics. Testing the relationship between barriers in training involvement of employees and their socio-economic characteristics proved that, gender, age, education level, sector of economy, length of current employment, and income satisfaction are independent. The only relevant dependence is apparent in case of fear of failure which is a barrier indicated for low income people. This article clarifies the state of satisfaction with education possibilities of employees through identifying of the main barriers and concludes consequences for sustainable growth of organization.
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Fillis, Ian. „Barriers to internationalisation“. European Journal of Marketing 36, Nr. 7/8 (01.08.2002): 912–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090560210430872.
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Previous research concerning barriers to internationalisation growth have modelled sets of internal and external factors impinging upon the behaviour of the firm. It is believed that this approach can only ever achieve a general perception of the difficulties encountered and that industry specific studies are needed in order to elicit particular differences encountered by these firms. By examining the internationalisation behaviour of the smaller craft firm, this research uncovers a number of factors not generally modelled in other works which impinge both upon the craft firm in particular and on smaller firms in general. This is done by adopting a pluralistic approach to research, resulting in in‐depth analysis of craft firm microenterprises and their owner/managers.
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Клинов, А. П., М. А. Мазо und В. В. Смирнов. „Теплопроводность цепочки ротаторов с двухбарьерным потенциалом взаимодействия“. Физика твердого тела 63, Nr. 7 (2021): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2021.07.51051.016.
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The thermal conductivity of a one-dimensional chain of rotators with a double-barrier interaction potential of nearest neighbors has been studied numerically. We show that the height of the "internal" barrier, which separates topologically nonequivalent degenerate states, significantly affects the temperature dependence of the heat conductivity of the system. The small height of this barrier leads to the dominant contribution of the non-linear normal modes at low temperatures. In such a case the coefficient of thermal conductivity turns out to be the risen function of the temperature. The growth of the coefficient is limited by local fluctuations corresponding to jumps over the barriers. At higher values of the internal barrier height, dependence of the heat conductivity on temperature is similar to that of classical rotators.
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Zubairu, Umaru Mustapha, Friday Ogbole, Afisat Ayorinde und Mohammad Dokochi. „Understanding and Overcoming Barriers to Small Business Growth: Nigerian Evidence“. IJEBD (International Journal Of Entrepreneurship And Business Development) 2, Nr. 2 (31.03.2019): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/ijebd.v2i2.738.
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Purpose: This study sought to understand the barriers hindering the growth of small businesses in Nigeria, and to investigate the various strategies small business owners and managers develop to overcome these barriers.
Design/methodology/approach: A qualitative research design using in-depth, semi-structured, face-face interviews was utilized to obtain the barriers to growth as well as strategies developed to overcome them by 15 sachet water company managers in Minna, the capital city of Niger State in North Central Nigeria.
Findings: The major internal barriers to growth identified included unmotivated employees, lack of modern machinery, lack of storage capacity and poor marketing and distribution strategies, while the major external barriers included weather conditions, poor electricity, bad roads and competition. Strategies to overcome these barriers included creating a family atmosphere, hiring more workers, using alternative power and forming a union to control prices.
Research limitations/implications: This study was limited to 15 sachet water companies in Minna, Niger State, so it is difficult to generalize the findings to other states and to other industries.
Practical implications: The results of this study will be beneficial to several stakeholders: sachet water companies in Minna and beyond, other SMEs as well as policy makers. For sachet water companies in Minna and beyond, by understanding the various strategies which the interviewed managers use to overcome their internal and external challenges, a diffusion of learning will occur, whereby other sachet water company managers can inculcate some of these effective strategies into their own operations. As for other SMEs, some of the identified barriers will also be the same ones they face. The strategies the interviewed managers use to overcome these challenges can also provide guidance for these SMEs. Finally, by clearly identifying the barriers hindering the growth of these sachet water companies, this study provides policy makers with clear guidance on what policies need to be instituted to help these SMEs overcome their challenges and contribute their quota to the growth of the Nigerian economy.
Originality/value: By utilizing semi-structured interviews in surveying the 15 sachet water managers in Minna, Niger State, this study overcomes the weakness of the vast majority of prior studies which utilized questionnaires. The major disadvantage of adopting questionnaire to measure attitudes and perception is that, respondents will be denied the opportunity to air out their views about the subject matter.
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Rostiyanti, Susy F., Seng Hansen und Steven Harison. „Understanding the barriers to women’s career in construction industry: Indonesian perspective“. International Journal of Construction Supply Chain Management 10, Nr. 4 (31.12.2020): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14424/ijcscm100420-267-283.
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Women’s involvement in the Indonesian construction industry is considerably low accounting for less than 3% of the total workers. Construction as a male-dominated industry becomes a barrier for women to join the workforce. The increase in the need for workforces is proportional to the growth in construction development. The needs cannot only be provided by male workers. Women's participation in the construction industry will contribute to the shortage of human capital demand. The aim of this research is to find the factors that impede women to pursue their careers in the construction industry. 21 factors are gathered from an extensive literature review. After conducting expert interviews, the factors are developed into a questionnaire and distributed to women who are already in the workforce. The analysis based on the Relative Important Index shows that the most influential barrier to women in construction is the lack of worksite security. The factor analysis found five critical barriers to women’s careers in the construction industry. Developing these barriers to a framework gives a broader perspective about the sources of each critical barrier. Internal as well as external elements including worksite, organization, and the industry itself have been the cause that prevents women to pursue their careers in the construction industry.
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Mokhethi, Motšelisi C. „The Perceived Export Barriers of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises: An Analysis from Lesotho-Based Manufacturing Enterprises“. Management and Economics Research Journal 5, Nr. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2019.824657.
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Small enterprises represent a large proportion of enterprises in most economies and are a driving force for economic growth. Most small enterprises refrain from exporting due to a number of challenges. The aim of this study was to determine the exporting barriers perceived to constrain exporting from Lesotho-based manufacturing micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive design. Data were collected from 162 Lesotho-based manufacturing enterprises through a self-administered questionnaire. Factor analysis revealed three export barrier groupings, namely international, distribution, and financial constraints. The descriptive statistics showed that Lesotho-based manufacturing MSMEs perceive lack of financial resources for market research, lack of financial resources to finance export sales, and lack of excess capacity for exports, all internal to an enterprise-loading under financial barriers as constraints to exporting. The study added to the literature new classes of export barriers. The findings suggest that the government of Lesotho has to put in place mechanisms that can reduce financial constraints to enable MSMEs to contribute as expected.
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Schulte, Kevin L., Myles A. Steiner, Matthew R. Young und John F. Geisz. „Internal Resistive Barriers Related to Zinc Diffusion During the Growth of Inverted Metamorphic Multijunction Solar Cells“. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 9, Nr. 1 (Januar 2019): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2018.2878317.
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Jere, Mlenga, Albertina Jere und Jonathan Aspeling. „A study of small, medium, and micro-sized enterprise (SMME) business owner and stakeholder perceptions of barriers and enablers in the South African retail sector“. Journal of Governance and Regulation 4, Nr. 4 (2015): 620–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v4_i4_c5_p7.
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Despite the support extended to the small business sector in South Africa, the growth and survival rates of small, medium, and micro-sized enterprises (SMMEs) are lower than expected. This paper investigates business owner and stakeholder perceptions of barriers and enablers of the start-up, survival, and growth of SMMEs in the South African retail sector. A qualitative research design using semi-structured interviews was employed for data collection from samples of stakeholders and business owners. Framework analysis was used to analyse both sets of data. The findings show that the stakeholders and business owners consider the lack of support, competition, skills shortages, and poor internal controls as the key barriers to the start-up, survival, and growth of SMMEs. Stakeholders considered the business environment as the key enabler while the business owners regarded increasing demand as the key enabler. To address the barriers, recommendations relating to skills development, funding, shelter and services, and other business development resources are presented.
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Greenland, Steven, Elizabeth Levin, John F. Dalrymple und Barry O’Mahony. „Sustainable innovation adoption barriers: water sustainability, food production and drip irrigation in Australia“. Social Responsibility Journal 15, Nr. 6 (02.09.2019): 727–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-07-2018-0181.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine impediments to the adoption of sustainable water-efficient technological innovation in agriculture. Farming is the largest water consumer and food production expansion in response to global population growth, combined with increasing droughts from climate change, threatens water and food insecurity for many countries. Yet, climate smart agriculture (CSA) innovation adoption has been slow, and in this regard, governments and the agricultural sector are not fulfilling their social responsibility and sustainability obligations. Design/methodology/approach Barriers to water-efficient drip irrigation (DI) adoption in Australia were investigated via 46 depth interviews with agricultural stakeholders and a survey of 148 farmers. Findings While DI water efficiency is recognised, this is not the key determinant of farmers’ irrigation method selection. Complex interrelationships between internal and external barriers impede DI adoption are identified. These include costs, satisfaction with alternative irrigation methods, farmer characteristics that determine the suitability of the innovation and the extent it is incremental or radical, plus various multidimensional risks. Government support of alternative, less water-efficient irrigation methods is also a critical barrier. Originality/value A conceptual framework for understanding barriers to sustainability oriented innovation adoption is presented. Its insights should be applicable to researchers and practitioners concerned with understanding and improving the adoption of socially responsible and sustainable innovation in a wide range of contexts. Recommendations for overcoming such adoption barriers are discussed in relation to the research focus of water-efficient agriculture and encouraging uptake of DI.
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Alam, Shawkat, und George F. Tomossy. „Overcoming the SPS concerns of the Bangladesh fisheries and aquaculture sector“. Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 16, Nr. 2 (19.06.2017): 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-01-2017-0002.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address the challenges developing countries face in attempting to balance sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) health and safety measures against concerns about protectionism, illustrated by the impact of trade barriers on the fisheries and aquaculture sector in Bangladesh. The paper then provides recommendations to overcome the effects of these trade barriers. Design/methodology/approach The author uses a close doctrinal approach for the first three parts of the paper by analysing the provisions of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) SPS Agreement and the effect of those provisions in creating domestic compliance gaps in the Bangladeshi fisheries and aquaculture sector. A qualitative approach is then adopted in suggesting potential reforms and future directions to assist the Bangladeshi fisheries and aquaculture sector overcome SPS trade barrier issues. Findings To overcome the market access issues created by SPS trade barriers, Bangladesh and other developing countries require multilateral assistance, accommodation by trading partners and internal reforms. This includes reforming internal governance structures, improving trade participation and negotiation, increasing infrastructure investment and learning from similar countries who have improved their supply chain management. Research limitations/implications This paper will have significant implications by contributing to law and policy reform debates involving international trade law and domestic compliance gaps. It will also assist other developing countries that experience SPS trade barriers to learn from the experience of the Bangladeshi fisheries and aquaculture sector. Practical implications This paper has practical implications by providing recommendations for how Bangladesh can overcome SPS trade barriers and improve its market access. This will help Bangladesh integrate into the global trading system by enhancing its participation in the SPS framework. Social implications By addressing and providing recommendations for the SPS trade barrier challenges faced by Bangladesh fishery and aquaculture sector, this paper provides a framework to improve the economic development and global competitiveness of the industry. This will contribute the gross domestic product growth and help increase the overall living standards of the people involved in the fisheries and aquaculture business in Bangladesh. Originality/value This paper is an original work that has not been published elsewhere. It is the first time a paper has dealt with the legal, policy and compliance challenges faced by the fisheries and aquaculture sector in Bangladesh.
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Masulis, Ronald W., Peter K. Pham und Jason Zein. „Family Business Group Expansion Through IPOs: The Role of Internal Capital Markets in Financing Growth While Preserving Control“. Management Science 66, Nr. 11 (November 2020): 5191–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3418.
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Using data from 44 countries, we document a new channel through which a family business group’s internal capital market supports its members. We find that groups use internal capital to incubate difficult-to-finance projects, making it feasible for them to rapidly scale up, thus facilitating their initial public offering (IPO) market access. This IPO support role is particularly valuable when groups find capital-raising through seasoned equity offerings less attractive because of control-retention concerns and in capital markets with high new-firm financing barriers. Unlike carve-outs employed as a corporate restructuring strategy, group-affiliated IPOs primarily appear to serve a group’s expansion goals rather than its liquidation needs. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.
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Korenevskaya, Anna V. „External and internal barriers to innovation in the oil and gas complex of Russia“. RUDN Journal of Economics 27, Nr. 1 (15.12.2019): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-1-169-179.
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The article deals with the external and internal barriers and the results of the impact of such restrictions on the development of the innovation process in the oil and gas complex of Russia, as well as an objective assessment of the current situation in the field of innovations in the oil and gas industry. The aim of the study is to analyze the current barriers and opportunities to overcome them on the way to unlocking the potential of Russian import substitution programs, as well as the introduction of new technologies in the oil and gas industries. The study is based on the hypothesis that process innovations in the oil and gas sector have an obvious impact not only on the final results of specific companies in the industry, but also on the overall state of the national economy. Today we can observe the process of transition of the Russian economy to an innovative way of development. Such a transformation is of great importance for the further development of the country, and the strategic directions of transition to an innovative type of economic development were identified in the Concept of long-term socio-economic development in 2020. One of the long-term goals was to increase the share of innovation in the economic growth of the Russian Federation. The process of innovation in enterprises is usually long-term and involves some barriers that require systematization and substantive consideration. Thus, the article assesses the potential economic damage from the existing barriers to the innovative development of the oil and gas sector. The analysis of the sanctions pressure of Western countries on the Russian oil and gas complex companies and the effect of sanctions restrictions in the long term. The scientific base of the work is based on the data of state statistics, analytical data of fuel and energy complex companies, foreign sources, as well as on the assessments of independent experts.
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Klochko, Elena, Elena Vorobey und Rustem Shichiyakh. „Region ethnoeconomies: potential, development barriers, state support“. E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 08011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199108011.
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In article, development of ethnoeconomy is considered as a possibility of overcoming an imbalance in the agrarian sector of the Russian Federation. The carried-out analysis of the definition “ethnoeconomy” has revealed the need of addition of innovative component in interpretation of this term. It will allow giving a new look to traditional forms of managing or carrying out production of ethnic goods according to the latest technologies. Prospects of a clustering of business activity in the sphere of ethnic economy in Krasnodar Region are considered. It is defined that it promotes increase in efficiency of interaction of subjects of small and medium business and also growth of their internal potential in modern economic conditions. It is revealed that the lack of infrastructure for realization of the ethnic production is one of the main problems of ethnic economy of any region of the Russian Federation. The authors consider that “successful” ethnic production should have a certain popularity, to be eco-friendly, to conform to the quality standards, and to possess original packing. The authors have considered theoretical prerequisites of formation of the Cossack farms of innovative type as innovative elements of economic space of the territory.
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Qiao, Hai Shu, und Gui Liang Wang. „An Analysis of the Evolution in Internet of Things Industry Based on Industry Life Cycle Theory“. Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (Januar 2012): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.785.
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As is with general industries, Internet of Things industry also follows life cycle theory in the long run. However, in the short term, its high-tech industrial property will bring with it an inevitable outbreak growth at growth stage. The internal mechanism of explosive growth is that the whole networking industry chain achieves linkage development between supply and demand. Currently, Internet of Things industry in China faces a "quake lakes dilemma", which makes the linkage unrealized. Therefore, to get out of the "quake lakes dilemma" and further accelerate the evolution of Internet of Things, it is vital to make major breakthroughs in technologies, standards bottlenecks and remove cost barriers.
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Shutro, Elizaveta, und Lyubov Zubareva. „Territorial features of the internal control implementation of "smart city" project in the northern regions“. KANT 35, Nr. 2 (Juni 2020): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2020-35.17.
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The article examines the main barriers to the development of smart cities. The prevailing economic and demographic growth of cities in the modern world sets entirely new tasks for urban development. In such conditions, urban development management methods will be gradually revised. For the conceptual understanding of such a transition, the term "smart city" is often used. The article provides the author's concept of this term. The main focus of the article is on the technical side of the aspect and suggests some solutions. From a business point of view, there are several serious obstacles to the development of real projects within the framework of the "smart city" concept, which must be eliminated. The authors suggest some ways to solve the problems, based on foreign experience.
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Markova, Olga, Lyudmila Kovalchuk und Mikhail Koshelev. „Determinants of Criminogenic Victimization of Transbaikal Region’s Population“. Всероссийский криминологический журнал 13, Nr. 1 (26.02.2019): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(1).61-72.
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A study of the process of victimization of population in a specific region is highly relevant as it allows to determine not only the factors and conditions that turn a person into a crime victim, but also the factors and conditions that form potential victims of criminal infringements which, in its turn, contributes to the detection of latent crimes and the prediction of the crime level in the region as a whole. The paper examines the issues of victimization of Transbaikal Region’s population, analyzes a complex of economic, political, and legal factors of population’s victimization. The study shows that the satisfaction of material needs of people is harmed by the processes that create barriers for industrial development, growth of labor productivity, introduction of new technologies and growth of competitiveness of businesses in Transbaikal Region. In the social sphere, these barriers and obstacles facilitate the processes of marginalization (growing unemployment level), criminalization, socio-cultural degradation. The mechanism influencing economic and social processes is active redistribution of resources between the processes that satisfy needs and the processes that form barriers and obstacles for the satisfaction of these needs. The redistribution of resources and their loss determine not only low effectiveness, but also its unstable dynamics and high volatility. The authors use their own methodology of evaluating the level of socio-economic development of the region based on the effectiveness indices for socio-economic processes to determine the level of satisfying basic needs of population in Transbaikal Region in 2004–2017. The study shows that over a long period of time the level of satisfying basic socio-economic needs of population has steadily remained low which, undoubtedly, is an important factor of its victimization. The authors also analyze the factor of internal and external migration. Internal migration is caused by uneven economic development of Russian regions, interethnic tensions and a growth in crime rates in a number of Russian regions. The results of this research could be used for teaching such courses as «Criminal Law», «Criminology» for the specialty «Jurisprudence» in higher educational establishments; they could also be used as methodological recommendations for developing crime prevention programs.
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Smaldone, Arlene, Deepa Manwani und Nancy S. Green. „Greater Barriers to Hydroxyurea (HU) Associated with Poorer Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) in Youth with Sickle Cell Disease“. Blood 132, Supplement 1 (29.11.2018): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-160.
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Abstract Background: Across pediatric chronic illness, poor adherence to medical treatment is common. Despite known benefits, HU adherence in adolescents and young adults is often poor. Barriers are often assessed by either parent-proxy or youth perspective. The purpose of this study was to examine HU barriers from both perspectives in a sample of poorly adherent youth ages 10-18 years and their parents who participated in the Hydroxyurea Adherence for Personal Best in Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), "HABIT," a feasibility trial (NCT02029742) of a 6 month intervention. Our earlier work suggests that youth assigned to the HABIT intervention improved HbF1, an adherence biomarker, and HRQL2. In this study we further examined these relationships. Methods: We examined self-reported barriers to HU at 0, 3 and 6 months, its association with generic and disease-specific HRQL and the impact of a community health worker (CHW) intervention on barrier reduction. Barriers were measured using the Adolescent Medication Barriers Scale3 (17 items; 3 subscales) and its parent counterpart, Parent Medication Barriers Scale (16 items; 4 sub scales); both scales were modified for HU use by adding 9 items4to capture knowledge and beliefs about HU. Barriers reported by ≥25% of the sample were considered to be common. Parent proxy and youth reported generic and disease-specific HRQL were measured at the same intervals by PedsQL and PedsQL Sickle Cell module5,respectively. Dyads randomized to the intervention received support from a CHW. Data were analyzed using Cronbach's alpha, descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation coefficients and linear growth models controlling for group assignment and time. Results: 28 parent-youth dyads participated (youth age 14.3 ± 2.6 years, 43% female, 50% Latino). Internal reliability of the barrier scale was high for parent (alpha=0.88) and youth (alpha=0.91) total scores and all most subscales. On average, total barriers were greater for youth compared to parents (5.0±3.9 and 3.5±3.2); the majority (82.1% parents, 85.7% youth) of the sample reported one or more barriers. Greater total barriers were inversely associated with total generic (parent r=-0.43, p=0.03; youth r=-0.44, p<0.001) and disease-specific (parent r=-0.53, p=0.005; youth r=-0.53, p<0.001) HRQL. Common parent-reported barriers were youth reliance on parent reminders [42.9%]; adolescent frustration (youth tired of living with SCD [35.7%]); regimen adaptation (hard to stick to a medication schedule [28.6%]); and HU beliefs (parental concern about possible effects of HU on either fertility or effect on fetus [25%]). Common youth barriers were adolescent frustration (tired of living with SCD [57.1%]; forgetfulness about taking HU [53.6%], tired of taking HU [39.3%], not wanting to take HU at school [28.6%], and not wanting to be seen taking HU [25%],); HU ingestion issues (difficulty swallowing HU [25%], taking too many pills [39.3%], dislikes taste [35.7%]; regimen adaptation (not organized regarding taking HU [28.6%]) and knowledge deficits (not understanding how HU works [25%]. Controlling for group assignment and time, parents assigned to the intervention demonstrated a trend in less reported adolescent frustration (p=0.18). For adolescents assigned to the intervention, ingestion-related barriers significantly declined over 6 months (-0.17 per month, p=0.02). Total barriers and other subscale scores did not significantly change over the 6 month period. Conclusions: HU barriers were frequently reported but differed by parent versus youth perspective. To improve HU adherence in youth with SCD, barriers of both dyad members must be addressed. Greater barriers were associated with poorer total generic and disease-specific HRQL. Controlling for group assignment and time, CHW support helped youth to address HU ingestion barriers. The relationships between perceived barriers, HU adherence and HRQL are complex. Perceived HU barriers may mediate the relationship between an intervention to improve adherence and HRQL. A multi-site trial powered to test these relationships is underway. References 1Green et al. (2017) Pediatr Blood Cancer, 64; e26689.https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.26689 2Smaldone et al. (2018) J Pediatr; 197:177-185. 3Simon, LE, Blount, RL. (2007) J Pediatr Psychol; 32:831-844. 4Oyeku et al. (2013) Pediatr Blood Cancer; 60:653-658. 5Panepinto et al. (2013) Pediatr Blood Cancer, 60:1338-44. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Dubihlela, Job, und M. Dhurup. „A Factorial Analysis Of The Barriers To Market Orientation Adoption Among Small And Medium Enterprises (SMEs) In A Developing Country“. International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, Nr. 11 (29.10.2013): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i11.8171.
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The purpose of the study was to examine the barriers of market orientation by SMEs in South Africa. Data were collected using the personal face-to-face interviews with the use of a structured questionnaire. A total of 350 SMES were selected randomly and visited within the various municipal areas in South Africa. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify the dimensions using the principal component analysis. A four-factor structure emerged accounting for 62% of total variance. The reliability analysis, reflected coefficient values ranging from 0.743 to 0.893, indicating satisfactory internal consistency amongst variables within each dimension. By analysing the barriers, the adoption of market orientation among SMEs, managers, and marketers are presented with recommended strategies and implications on how to embrace market orientation for effective business performance. Marketing capacities of SMEs may be strengthened through the implementing of market orientation. SMEs are vital for socio-economic progress for developing economies. Effective implementation of market orientation can assist SMEs growth and development.
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Assefa, Temtim, Monica Garfield und Million Meshesha. „Barriers of Knowledge Sharing Among Employees: The Case of Commercial Bank of Ethiopia“. Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 12, Nr. 02 (Juni 2013): 1350014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649213500147.
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Commercial banks are one of the main engines that enhance the economic growth of the country by managing financial transactions. Banks process and use information to run their business. Knowledge is one of the strategic resources that commercial banks use to increase their internal efficiency and to operate competitively. Knowledge-sharing barriers hinder the smooth flow of knowledge among employees which often results in negative consequences such as customer dissatisfaction, low employee learning and poor service quality. This research identified complex individual, organisational and technological factors that affect knowledge sharing and puts forward interventions that can improve the culture of knowledge sharing in an organisation. The research also revealed that although organisations put much emphasis on the development of a technological infrastructure as a means to develop their knowledge management, it is the organisational and individual factors that may prove to be more important in improving organisational knowledge management. This research has a theoretical contribution for the generalisability of existing knowledge sharing theory across different socioeconomic contexts, in particular in Ethiopia.
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Forrest, Jeffrey Yi-Lin, und Zaiwu Gong. „Factors and Steps for Successful Transition from a State of Making to One of Innovating“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 15 (03.08.2019): 4205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154205.
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Other than serving as the introduction to this special issue, this paper looks at the question of how an underdeveloped or a developing economic entity can manage to acquire the knowledge and ability to overcome various barriers, be they social, cultural, or institutional, to establish its desired momentum of self-sustained growth. It addresses the question by surveying relevant literatures, first, about what factors, both internal and external, positively determine the innovativeness of an economic entity; and second, regarding what steps are necessary for an underdeveloped or a developing entity to engineer its momentum of self-sustained growth and for an established entity to maintain its existing momentum. By doing so, we demonstrate the theoretical significance and practical importance of this issue and the works contained in this issue.
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Loke, S.-P., K. Khalizani, S. Rohati und A. Sayaka. „Drivers and Barriers for Going Green: Perceptions from the Business Practitioners in Malaysia“. ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 31, Nr. 2 (19.12.2014): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.16.
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The changes of global environmental conditions have placed great challenges to governments and societies. While it is not easy for the companies to go green, we need a renewed concern for our environment in order to revive the nation’s economic growth, social cohesion and ecological balances. This article identifies the drivers and barriers for the business industry to adopt green practices. A total of 571 business companies from the Perak State participated in this study. Four variables: (1) Regulations (β=0.159, p<0.05); (2) Social responsibility (β=0.201, p<0.05); (3) Pro-environmental organizational culture (β=0.389, p<0.01); and (4) Organizational supports (β=0.369, p<0.01) werefound to significantly affect the company’s green initiatives. The results indicated that the main internal barriers were: it lacked of financial resources (66.2%) and skilled staff (63.9%); whereas the main external barriers were: the penalty imposed were not severe enough for making any extra efforts (64.8%) and the penalty was light for violation of environmental regulations (63.2%). This research had implications for the academics, practitioners and policy makers. It provided greater insights into the green practices in Malaysian firms. The research findings also urged the local governments to greatly enhance regulatory scrutiny on the production and manufacturing industries.
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Wysokińska, Zofia. „Effects of Poland’s Pro‑Export Policy Implementation in the Context of the Plan for Responsible Development – a Preliminary Comparative Assessment“. Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 20, Nr. 4 (30.12.2017): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2017-0030.
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The aim of this paper is to present the results of a preliminary assessment of Poland’s export expansion policy in relation to the export of commodities, which is a result of the Government’s Plan for Responsible Development, in the context of existing barriers and the external and internal conditions reported by small and medium‑sized enterprises sector (SMEs). In the latest ranking of its competitive position in the global market for the period 2016–2017, Poland ranked 36th in the world. It should also be stressed that in this most recent world ranking Poland held the 16th position among EU Member States. A positive phenomenon in relation to Poland’s foreign trade in 2016, as compared to previous years, was that the value of export exceeded import, which allowed for a turnover surplus of nearly EUR 4.8 billion, i.e. two times higher than in 2015. In 2016 (and also in the first half of 2017) there was a favorable diversification of Polish export, demonstrating an increase in export to non‑EU markets of economically developed countries. After two years of relatively slow growth, export to this group of countries in 2016 increased by 5.6% (to EUR 12 billion), i.e. nearly 2.5 times faster than the total export. Despite the tariff‑free and quota‑free access to the single European market, there are still limits and barriers to the free movement of goods, and especially services. There are also many internal barriers in small and medium‑sized enterprises’ export to foreign markets, which limit their export expansion. Despite the gradual increase in export observed in recent years, the internationalization of non‑Polish enterprises is still much lower than in Western European countries. As a result, the share of Polish SMEs in the EU market is one third smaller than the EU average.
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Sarlak, Mohammad Ali, Ali Ghorbani, Hosein Abbasi Esfanjani und Mirza Hassan Hosseini. „Desired State of Entrepreneurial IT Organizations“. International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation 1, Nr. 2 (April 2010): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jeei.2010040104.
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In recent years, developing countries have been faced with the problem of an increased number of unemployed people, requiring more attention on expanding the enterprising culture and to develop information technology. In this paper, the entrepreneurial IT SMEs in Iran are studied to determine their status quo, offering a conceptual framework for desired state, comparison between the state quo, and the desired state, which identifies their barriers. Considering the characteristics of Iran’s business atmosphere, both can be divided into real and legal entrepreneurs. Results show that the majority of entrepreneurial IT SMEs are in a desired state regarding their strategy of growth rate implicitly, clear and pre-defined views, not being in the infancy stage of life cycle, participating staff in decision-making, and financially supplying research and development. Also, the major internal obstacles in these SMEs are lacking creativity and innovation techniques among their staff, shortage of experts, the presence of formal, vertical, and top-down authorities, lack of flat organizational structure, and the major extra-organizational barriers among others.
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Mongon, Jenjira, Dennis Konnerup, Timothy D. Colmer und Benjavan Rerkasem. „Responses of rice to Fe2+ in aerated and stagnant conditions: growth, root porosity and radial oxygen loss barrier“. Functional Plant Biology 41, Nr. 9 (2014): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13359.
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Lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) encounters flooded soils that are anaerobic and chemically reduced. Exposure of the roots to high soil Fe2+ concentrations can result in toxicity. Internal aeration delivering O2 to submerged roots via the aerenchyma is well understood, but the effect of Fe2+ on O2 transport in roots is less studied. We aimed to evaluate the effects of Fe2+ on growth and root aeration. O. sativa var. Amaroo was grown in aerobic and deoxygenated solutions with 0 mM, 0.18 mM, 0.36 mM, 0.54 mM or 0.72 mM Fe2+ using FeSO4.7H2O and a control with 0.05 mM Fe-EDTA. The treatments were imposed on 14-day-old plants (28–30 days old when harvested). Dry mass, shoot Fe concentration, root porosity and patterns of radial O2 loss (ROL) along roots were determined. In the aerobic solution, where Fe2+ was oxidised in the bulk medium, root dry mass increased with higher Fe2+; this was not the case in stagnant solutions, which had no significant root growth response, although Fe oxidation near the root surface was visible as a precipitate. In the highest Fe2+ treatment, shoot Fe concentrations in aerobic (667 mg kg–1) and stagnant (433 mg kg–1) solutions were below the level for toxicity (700 mg kg–1). Rice responded to high Fe2+ in aerobic conditions by increasing root porosity and inducing strong barriers to ROL. In stagnant conditions, root porosity was already high and the ROL barrier induced, so these root aeration traits were not further influenced by the Fe2+ concentrations applied.
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Evans, Clive W., Vladimir Gubala, Robert Nooney, David E. Williams, Margaret A. Brimble und Arthur L. Devries. „How do Antarctic notothenioid fishes cope with internal ice? A novel function for antifreeze glycoproteins“. Antarctic Science 23, Nr. 1 (15.09.2010): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102010000635.
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AbstractAntarctic fishes survive freezing through the secretion of antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs), which bind to ice crystals to inhibit their growth. This mode of action implies that ice crystals must be present internally for AFGPs to function. The entry and internal accumulation of ice is likely to be lethal, however, so how do fishes survive in its presence? We propose a novel function for the interaction between internal ice and AFGPs, namely the promotion of ice uptake by splenic phagocytes. We show here that i) external mucus of Antarctic notothenioids contains AFGPs and thus has a potential protective role against ice entry, ii) AFGPs are distributed widely through the extracellular space ensuring that they are likely to come into immediate contact with ice that penetrates their protective barriers, and iii) using AFGP-coated nanoparticles as a proxy for AFGP adsorbed onto ice, we suggest that internal ice crystals are removed from the circulation through phagocytosis, primarily in the spleen. We argue that intracellular sequestration in the spleen minimizes the risks associated with circulating ice and enables the fish to store the ice until it can be dealt with at a later date, possibly by melting during a seasonal warming event.
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Hechanova, Ma Regina M. „Development of Community-Based Mental Health Interventions in The Philippines: An Ecological Perspective“. Psychological Research on Urban Society 2, Nr. 1 (29.04.2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/proust.v2i1.41.
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Although urbanization is linked to modernization and economic growth, it is also associated with overcrowding, population density, poverty, inadequate social services, and violence, all of which put the urban poor at risk of environmental health problems and other dangers. Moreover, experiences of environmental and psychological adversity increase vulnerability to mental health disorders. Unfortunately, in low resource countries, mental health treatment is largely inaccessible to the poor. This paper describes the challenges in the development and implementation of community-based mental health interventions in the Philippines. It summarizes the internal and external resilience factors and vulnerabilities of clients. It also highlights the key drivers and barriers to establishing community-based mental health interventions in the Philippines.
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Kublickis, Raimonds. „EU BORDER SECURITY – THE DRIVERS AND BARRIERS OF BORDER GUARDING AUTHORITIES MOTIVATION IN TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION. CASE OF LATVIA“. BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, Nr. 8 (20.10.2020): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5367.
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With the dynamic development of modern society, ensuring the security and control of the state border is the simultaneous goals of both internal and external security of the country. Consequently, it is vitally important to identify and develop tools and ways to address emerging challenges. In the current climate, private and public organizations are required to be up-to date with technological advancements in order to provide competitive, relative and effective solutions and services for inhabitants in all areas. Technological innovation is an important and even compulsory element of the modern organization, which stimulates continuous development and potential growth. There are many innovative ideas within other industries and universities where joint funds could be sort to allow the delivery of innovative solutions that would benefit such law enforcement agencies as border guarding authorities. A significant problem is that there appears to be a lack of interest from the respective law enforcement organizations in participating in consortiums, which is necessary for submission of any proposal. Jon Freemans` Analytical framework for understanding of innovation process used to under pin the main concepts of the research proposed in this thesis. This research involved a series of interviews and questionnaires designed to analyse the perceptions of the drivers and barriers of the State Border Guard of Latvia. From detailed results analysis, a list of general recommendation been established for Border Guarding Authorities in order to improve its motivation for participation in the projects related development of the technological innovation in the field of border security by conducting internal measures and improving network/connection building outside of the organization.
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Kublickis, Raimonds. „EU BORDER SECURITY – THE DRIVERS AND BARRIERS OF BORDER GUARDING AUTHORITIES MOTIVATION IN TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION. CASE OF LATVIA“. BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, Nr. 8 (20.10.2020): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5367.
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With the dynamic development of modern society, ensuring the security and control of the state border is the simultaneous goals of both internal and external security of the country. Consequently, it is vitally important to identify and develop tools and ways to address emerging challenges. In the current climate, private and public organizations are required to be up-to date with technological advancements in order to provide competitive, relative and effective solutions and services for inhabitants in all areas. Technological innovation is an important and even compulsory element of the modern organization, which stimulates continuous development and potential growth. There are many innovative ideas within other industries and universities where joint funds could be sort to allow the delivery of innovative solutions that would benefit such law enforcement agencies as border guarding authorities. A significant problem is that there appears to be a lack of interest from the respective law enforcement organizations in participating in consortiums, which is necessary for submission of any proposal. Jon Freemans` Analytical framework for understanding of innovation process used to under pin the main concepts of the research proposed in this thesis. This research involved a series of interviews and questionnaires designed to analyse the perceptions of the drivers and barriers of the State Border Guard of Latvia. From detailed results analysis, a list of general recommendation been established for Border Guarding Authorities in order to improve its motivation for participation in the projects related development of the technological innovation in the field of border security by conducting internal measures and improving network/connection building outside of the organization.
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Bisaga, Anna, und Stanisława Sokołowska. „Bariery rozwoju rodzinnych gospodarstw rolnych w opinii ich właścicieli z województwa opolskiego = Barriers to the development of family farms in the opinion of their owners from the Opolskie Voivodeship“. Studia Obszarów Wiejskich 52 (2018): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/sow.52.11.
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The aim of the study is to identify changes in the organizational and production-related behaviours of commercial agricultural holdings’ owners. Overcoming main developmental barriers is vital to building potentials of the agriculture and rural areas in the Opolskie Voivodeship. For the purpose of the study exogenous and endogenous factors have been considered, in particular: agricultural policy, multifaceted institutional environment, farmers’ readiness to invest, changes in technology of production, search for specialization niches. The source of information was a questionnaire-based research conducted among the owners of agricultural holdings that cover the area of more than 10 hectares of arable land, whose produce is designed for the market. Having extended the research timespan (1992, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2014 and 2018), it can be concluded that the development of the commercial agricultural holdings in the region has clearly displayed attributes of stability. In 1992, 19% of the respondents perceived their holdings as developing, while in 2014 the number rose to 84% and 77% in 2018. Securing stability of agricultural holdings’ growth is significant for integrated rural development. The holdings’ owners consider the following to be the main external barriers: instability of prices and the state’s faulty policy. On the other hand, respondents point to the following as the chief internal barriers: low profitability of production, shortage of means available for investment and lack of successors. The major conclusion that can be drawn from conducted research proves the need of advancing broader strategic thinking on the development of agriculture and rural areas, both at national and regional scale.
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LATKOV, A. V., und N. K. BEKKALIEVA. „ENSURING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF BUSINESS IN THE SARATOV REGION IN TERMS OF CORONAVIRUS CRISIS: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS“. Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 16, Nr. 1 (2021): 240–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2071-2367-2021-16-1-240-254.
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The purpose of the article is to consider the problems faced by regional business in the context of the coronavirus crisis. The main financial indicators of regional business are considered, which reflect the existing problems of entrepreneurship in the Saratov region. The volume of unprofitable organizations by various types of economic activity is presented, representing a tendency of decreasing business efficiency over the last year. The analysis of the indicator of the economic security of regional business is the indicator of the gross profit of business, which has a negative growth compared to the previous year. The main external and internal causes, as well as the problems of regional business in the context of a pandemic, are identified. Among the main problems, the authors highlight the high "Index of Administrative Pressure" on business, as well as "administrative barriers" that have a negative impact on the development and functioning of the business. The authors formulate the concept of "administrative barrier" as applied to the business of the Saratov region. As a result, the necessity of developing a single set of measures was substantiated, which would allow ensuring the economic security of business in the form of a “mechanism of economic security” for regional business. In order to select activities within the framework of ensuring the economic security of business, the authors determine the possible risk coefficient for regional business development in the current period. The calculation of the possible retrospective growth rate of its profitability is carried out in order to implement the necessary measures to improve it.
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Slater, Lee, und Andrew Binley. „Synthetic and field-based electrical imaging of a zerovalent iron barrier: Implications for monitoring long-term barrier performance“. GEOPHYSICS 71, Nr. 5 (September 2006): B129—B137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2235931.
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We performed a study of electrical imaging sensitivity to geochemical alteration of a zerovalent iron permeable reactive barrier (PRB) over time. Complex-resistivity measurements of laboratory cores from an operational PRB defined the electrical properties of both unreacted and geochemically altered (reacted) iron, as well as the growth rate of the reacted front on the up gradient edge of the barrier. Laboratory results were used to generate models of the electrical structure of the PRB at 0, 15, and 30 years of operation. Synthetic cross-borehole resistivity and induced-polarization data were generated and perturbed with errors representative of noise at the site. To generate reliable images of the engineered structure, a complex-resistivity inversion was employed with a disconnect in the regularization between the part of the finite-element mesh (FEM) representing the internal structure of the barrier and the remainder of the FEM mesh.Synthetic results show that although the internal structure of inverted images at 15 and 30 years does not accurately reflect the width of the reacted front, modeled along the up-gradient edge of the barrier, perturbations to the internal structure of the imaged PRB are diagnostic of the growth of the reacted front. Cross-borehole electrical data, obtained at the field site during a 15-month period, demonstrate that the complex-resistivity algorithm can resolve reliably the PRB target using the engineering design specifications to define the correct shape of the regularization disconnect. Both resistivity and induced-polarization reciprocal errors are low, and the induced-polarization data are highly repeatable over this period. Changes in the electrical properties of the PRB over time were small but consistent with growth of a reacted front, based on the synthetic study. Significantly, resistivity imaging alone may be sufficient for long-term monitoring of precipitation, leading to reduced PRB performance.
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Тельнова, А. Ю., Г. С. Курскиев, Н. Н. Бахарев, В. К. Гусев, Е. О. Киселев, В. Б. Минаев, И. В. Мирошников et al. „Перенос тепла и частиц в начальной фазе омических разрядов сферического токамака Глобус-М“. Письма в журнал технической физики 45, Nr. 13 (2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2019.13.47951.17817.
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AbstractThe results of experiments and simulations of the transport of heat and particles in the Globus-M spherical tokamak are presented. Investigations were carried out in the ohmic mode in hydrogen and deuterium plasma. It is shown that in the phase of current growth under the same initial conditions, as long as the condition is met at which the minimum of the safety factor exceeds unity, two scenarios of discharge development are possible: with an electron temperature dive or with an electron density peak. After the safety factor reaches the value of 1, the differences are no longer observed. Modeling of transport processes using the ASTRA code showed that the dive of the electron temperature and density is a consequence of the decrease in the transport of heat and particles in the plasma core (i.e., the presence of internal transport barriers).
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Morelli, Martin, Torben Valdbjørn Rasmussen und Marcus Therkelsen. „Exterior Wood-Frame Walls—Wind–Vapour Barrier Ratio in Denmark“. Buildings 11, Nr. 10 (23.09.2021): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11100428.
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Wood-frame walls in cold climates are traditional constructed with a vapour barrier that also constitutes the air-tightness layer. Polyethylene foil as a vapour barrier is likely used; however, other building materials can be used to obtain correspondingly sufficient properties. 1D hygrothermal simulations were conducted for a wood-frame structure to investigate the wind–vapour barrier ratio, and if the vapour barrier of polyethylene foil could be omitted and replaced by other materials. The results were postprocessed using the VTT mould model. The results showed how wood-frame walls can be designed with respect to internal humidity class and diffusion resistance divided into three categories: no risk for mould growth, needs further investigation, and is not performing well as the risk for mould growth is present. For internal humidity classes 1–3, the ratio between wind and vapour barrier must be about 1:5, and 1:10 for classes 4 and 5 to be on the safe side. Simulations were performed for the climate of Lund, Sweden, which were used to simulate climate in Denmark too. Nevertheless, the results are related to climate data and, thus, the location.
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DALZIEL, S. B., P. F. LINDEN und D. L. YOUNGS. „Self-similarity and internal structure of turbulence induced by Rayleigh–Taylor instability“. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 399 (25.11.1999): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211209900614x.
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This paper describes an experimental investigation of mixing due to Rayleigh–Taylor instability between two miscible fluids. Attention is focused on the gravitationally driven instability between a layer of salt water and a layer of fresh water with particular emphasis on the internal structure within the mixing zone. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the same flow are used to give extra insight into the behaviour found in the experiments.The two layers are initially separated by a rigid barrier which is removed at the start of the experiment. The removal process injects vorticity into the flow and creates a small but significant initial disturbance. A novel aspect of the numerical investigation is that the measured velocity field for the start of the experiments has been used to initialize the simulations, achieving substantially improved agreement with experiment when compared with simulations using idealized initial conditions. It is shown that the spatial structure of these initial conditions is more important than their amplitude for the subsequent growth of the mixing region between the two layers. Simple measures of the growth of the instability are shown to be inappropriate due to the spatial structure of the initial conditions which continues to influence the flow throughout its evolution. As a result the mixing zone does not follow the classical quadratic time dependence predicted from similarity considerations. Direct comparison of external measures of the growth show the necessity to capture the gross features of the initial conditions while detailed measures of the internal structure show a rapid loss of memory of the finer details of the initial conditions.Image processing techniques are employed to provide a detailed study of the internal structure and statistics of the concentration field. These measurements demonstrate that, at scales small compared with the confining geometry, the flow rapidly adopts self-similar turbulent behaviour with the influence of the barrier-induced perturbation confined to the larger length scales. Concentration power spectra and the fractal dimension of iso-concentration contours are found to be representative of fully developed turbulence and there is close agreement between the experiments and simulations. Other statistics of the mixing zone show a reasonable level of agreement, the discrepancies mainly being due to experimental noise and the finite resolution of the simulations.
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Lu, Hua, Lesley J. Gray, Ian P. White und Thomas J. Bracegirdle. „Stratospheric Response to the 11-Yr Solar Cycle: Breaking Planetary Waves, Internal Reflection, and Resonance“. Journal of Climate 30, Nr. 18 (08.08.2017): 7169–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0023.1.
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Abstract Breaking planetary waves (BPWs) affect stratospheric dynamics by reshaping the waveguides, causing internal wave reflection, and preconditioning sudden stratospheric warmings. This study examines observed changes in BPWs during the northern winter resulting from enhanced solar forcing and the consequent effect on the seasonal development of the polar vortex. During the period 1979–2014, solar-induced changes in BPWs were first observed in the uppermost stratosphere. High solar forcing was marked by sharpening of the potential vorticity (PV) gradient at 30°–45°N, enhanced wave absorption at high latitudes, and a reduced PV gradient between these regions. These anomalies instigated an equatorward shift of the upper-stratospheric waveguide and enhanced downward wave reflection at high latitudes. The equatorward refraction of reflected waves from the polar upper stratosphere then led to enhanced wave absorption at 35°–45°N and 7–20 hPa, indicative of a widening of the midstratospheric surf zone. The stratospheric waveguide was thus constricted at about 45°–60°N and 5–10 hPa in early boreal winter; reduced upward wave propagation through this region resulted in a stronger upper-stratospheric westerly jet. From January, the regions with enhanced BPWs acted as “barriers” for subsequent upward and equatorward wave propagation. As the waves were trapped within the stratosphere, anomalies of zonal wavenumbers 2 and 3 were reflected poleward from the stratospheric surf zone. Resonant excitation of some of these reflected waves resulted in rapid growth of wave disturbances and a more disturbed polar vortex in late winter. These results provide a process-oriented explanation for the observed solar cycle signal. They also highlight the importance of nonlinearity in the processes that drive the stratospheric response to external forcing.
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Kochmańska, Agnieszka, und Małgorzata Garbiak. „High-Temperature Diffusion Barrier for Ni-Cr Cast Steel“. Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.595.
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The study describes aluminium-silicon protective coatings produced by the slurry cementation process on a substrate of creep-resistant Ni-Cr cast steel. The mechanism of the coating growth on a substrate was examined and the effect of annealing time and temperature on total thickness of the coatings and on the thickness of the individual zones was analyzed. The coating structure is composed of two zones. In the external zone, elements like Al, Ni and Fe are concentrated, forming intermetallic phases of an Al(Ni,Fe) type, while the internal zone contains an (Fe,Cr,Si) solution. The internal zone formed in a sub-surface layer of the substrate has hardness values intermediate between the hardness of the substrate and that of the external layer.
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Li, Yang. „Ways of Creating Ecological and Livable Residential Environment“. Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (Mai 2012): 2884–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.2884.
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Along with the acceleration of China’s urbanization process and the steady growth of residents’ disposable income in recent two decades, the concept of “Livable Dwelling” has becoming more and more popular. Creating real livable residential environment needs the designers to work out measures to suit local conditions and not to advocate the theory of “Coping with shifting events by sticking to a fundamental principle or policy”. Based on the concepts of “People-oriented” and “Sustainable Development”, we should make great efforts in the aspects of improving the relationship between residential space and urban space, and improving the combination of internal residential space’s functions. This paper describes the ways of creating a livable residential environment from the following aspects: changing the single residential function mode; advocating diversified community modes; breaking the barriers of surrounding the residential area; building a harmonious community; using ecological energy-saving strategies; advocating low-carbon living mode; conducting people-oriented architectural design.
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Simachev, Yu V., M. G. Kuzyk, A. A. Fedyunina und M. A. Yurevich. „Labor productivity in Russian companies: How to foster sustainable growth“. Journal of the New Economic Association 48, Nr. 4 (2020): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2020-48-4-10.
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In this paper, we study the factors, motivations and barriers for productivity growth in Russia. The data is based on a survey of 700 companies of Russian basic non-resource industries. We find inter- and intra-industry divergence of companies by labor productivity level and discuss the evidence for further divergence. Revealed are the factors of high labor productivity level, among which are scale of business, investments into fixed assets and human capital, application of modern digital technologies, export activity and training of employees. The growth of labor productivity is positively associated with firm size, investment activity, digitalization and R&D spending. There is no positive and significant impact of innovation activities on productivity level and its dynamics, which may be a result of low innovation intensity and time lags in effects of innovation activities on revenue. The evidence suggests that innovative firms with positive dynamics of innovation performance are followers of foreign competitors. We find that firms with the leading and lagging levels of labor productivity have different strategies for human capital accumulation. Leading firms combine significant staff turnover with intensive professional development of existing staff, while lagging in productivity firms are not involved in staff turnover and investment in training. While leading in productivity firms compete for the best personnel, lagging firms compete for financial resources. In addition, leading companies find among the highest the risks that qualified personnel would be diverted, while the lagging companies find among the highest the risks of employees’ low motivation. Most of the leading in productivity firms are interested in continuous improvements of labor productivity, while among lagging in productivity firms this problem is important only for one fourth of them. Lack of internal motivation to improve their productivity may reflect failures in the corporate governance system. At the same time, the established model of relations with the state has a significant impact on the respective motivations of companies.
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Villafañe, Patricio Guillermo, Hugo Corbí, Carlos Cónsole-Gonella, Francisco Javier Ruiz-Sánchez und Jesús Miguel Soria. „The Messinian stromatolites of the Sierra del Colmenar (Western Mediterranean): facies characterization and sedimentological interpretation“. PeerJ 6 (16.10.2018): e5766. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5766.
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A representative outcrop of the Messinian stromatolites belonging to the Terminal Carbonate Complex unit, from the northern sector of the Bajo Segura basin (Caja de Ahorros del Mediterraneosection, Sierra del Colmenar, SE Spain) has been studied. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the architecture, external morphology, and internal morphology in order to reconstruct the environmental and palaeoecological conditions for their growth. The stromatolites macrostructure consists of a continuously doming type morphology (build up and sheets areas). These developed close to the coast and acted as a palaeogeographic barrier, reducing physical stress, channeling the erosive effect of water and favoring restricted conditions. This stromatolitic macrostructure exhibits variations in its internal morphology, giving rise to seven subfacies, which are a product of the environmental changes experienced during the growth of the microbial mats. Although broadly suggesting a coastal environment, restricted and shallow during formation, the variation in internal morphology (mesostructure and microstructure) is evidence of minor changes in the physical environment that indicate a progressive shallowing.
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MÜLLER, B., L. NEDELMANN, B. FISCHER, H. BRUNE und K. KERN. „NUCLEATION AND GROWTH OF Cu/Ni(100): A VARIABLE TEMPERATURE STM STUDY“. Surface Review and Letters 04, Nr. 06 (Dezember 1997): 1161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x97001474.
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A detailed study of the nucleation and growth of Cu on Ni(100) as a function of substrate temperature and deposition rate by variable temperature STM is reported. By the quantitative analysis of the saturation island density as a function of temperature and flux for submonolayer coverages, we have deduced the migration barrier (0.35 eV), the dimer bond energy (0.46 eV) as well the sizes of the the critical nuclei. Because the dimer bond energy is large with respect to the migration barrier, a well-defined transition from a critical nucleus of 1 to 3 has been observed, as expected from the adsorption site geometry on square lattices. The large dimer bond energy of Cu on Ni(100) is one of the physical reasons for the recently uncovered strain relief mechanism via internal {111} faceting. The substantially increased island density on mono- and bilayer copper films on Ni(100) with respect to multilayer films might also be attributed to the enhanced lateral bonding.
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Uribe, Mary Luz, Ilaria Marrocco und Yosef Yarden. „EGFR in Cancer: Signaling Mechanisms, Drugs, and Acquired Resistance“. Cancers 13, Nr. 11 (01.06.2021): 2748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112748.
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The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has served as the founding member of the large family of growth factor receptors harboring intrinsic tyrosine kinase function. High abundance of EGFR and large internal deletions are frequently observed in brain tumors, whereas point mutations and small insertions within the kinase domain are common in lung cancer. For these reasons EGFR and its preferred heterodimer partner, HER2/ERBB2, became popular targets of anti-cancer therapies. Nevertheless, EGFR research keeps revealing unexpected observations, which are reviewed herein. Once activated by a ligand, EGFR initiates a time-dependent series of molecular switches comprising downregulation of a large cohort of microRNAs, up-regulation of newly synthesized mRNAs, and covalent protein modifications, collectively controlling phenotype-determining genes. In addition to microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs play critical roles in EGFR signaling. Along with driver mutations, EGFR drives metastasis in many ways. Paracrine loops comprising tumor and stromal cells enable EGFR to fuel invasion across tissue barriers, survival of clusters of circulating tumor cells, as well as colonization of distant organs. We conclude by listing all clinically approved anti-cancer drugs targeting either EGFR or HER2. Because emergence of drug resistance is nearly inevitable, we discuss the major evasion mechanisms.
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Wever, N., L. Schmid, A. Heilig, O. Eisen, C. Fierz und M. Lehning. „Verification of the multi-layer SNOWPACK model with different water transport schemes“. Cryosphere 9, Nr. 6 (07.12.2015): 2271–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2271-2015.
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Abstract. The widely used detailed SNOWPACK model has undergone constant development over the years. A notable recent extension is the introduction of a Richards equation (RE) solver as an alternative for the bucket-type approach for describing water transport in the snow and soil layers. In addition, continuous updates of snow settling and new snow density parameterizations have changed model behavior. This study presents a detailed evaluation of model performance against a comprehensive multiyear data set from Weissfluhjoch near Davos, Switzerland. The data set is collected by automatic meteorological and snowpack measurements and manual snow profiles. During the main winter season, snow height (RMSE: < 4.2 cm), snow water equivalent (SWE, RMSE: < 40 mm w.e.), snow temperature distributions (typical deviation with measurements: < 1.0 °C) and snow density (typical deviation with observations: < 50 kg m−3) as well as their temporal evolution are well simulated in the model and the influence of the two water transport schemes is small. The RE approach reproduces internal differences over capillary barriers but fails to predict enough grain growth since the growth routines have been calibrated using the bucket scheme in the original SNOWPACK model. However, the agreement in both density and grain size is sufficient to parameterize the hydraulic properties successfully. In the melt season, a pronounced underestimation of typically 200 mm w.e. in SWE is found. The discrepancies between the simulations and the field data are generally larger than the differences between the two water transport schemes. Nevertheless, the detailed comparison of the internal snowpack structure shows that the timing of internal temperature and water dynamics is adequately and better represented with the new RE approach when compared to the conventional bucket scheme. On the contrary, the progress of the meltwater front in the snowpack as detected by radar and the temporal evolution of the vertical distribution of melt forms in manually observed snow profiles do not support this conclusion. This discrepancy suggests that the implementation of RE partly mimics preferential flow effects.
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Wever, N., L. Schmid, A. Heilig, O. Eisen, C. Fierz und M. Lehning. „Verification of the multi-layer SNOWPACK model with different water transport schemes“. Cryosphere Discussions 9, Nr. 2 (30.04.2015): 2655–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-2655-2015.
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Abstract. The widely-used detailed SNOWPACK model has undergone constant development over the years. A notable recent extension is the introduction of a Richards Equation (RE) solver as an alternative for the bucket-type approach for describing water transport in the snow and soil layers. In addition, continuous updates of snow settling and new snow density parametrisations have changed model behaviour. This study presents a detailed evaluation of model performance against a comprehensive multi-year data set from Weissfluhjoch near Davos, Switzerland. The data set is collected by automatic meteorological and snowpack measurements and manual snow profiles. During the main winter season, snow height (RMSE: <4.2 cm), snow water equivalent (SWE, RMSE: <40 mm w.e.), snow temperature distributions (typical deviation with measurements: <1.0 °C) and snow density (typical deviation with observations: <50 kg m−3) as well as their temporal evolution are well simulated in the model and the influence of the two water transport schemes is small. The RE approach reproduces internal differences over capillary barriers but fails to predict enough grain growth since the growth routines have been calibrated using the bucket scheme in the original SNOWPACK model. The agreement in both density and grain size is sufficient to parametrise the hydraulic properties. In the melt season, a more pronounced underestimation of typically 200 mm w.e. in SWE is found. The discrepancies between the simulations and the field data are generally larger than the differences between the two water transport schemes. Nevertheless, the detailed comparison of the internal snowpack structure shows that the timing of internal temperature and water dynamics is adequately and better represented with the new RE approach when compared to the conventional bucket scheme. On the contrary, the progress of the meltwater front in the snowpack as detected by radar and the temporal evolution of the vertical distribution of melt forms in manually observed snow profiles do not support this conclusion. This discrepancy suggests that the implementation of RE partly mimics preferential flow effects.
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Hervouet, Gérard. „L’Asie orientale : Une option régionale pour le Canada?“ Études internationales 14, Nr. 1 (12.04.2005): 59–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701467ar.
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No more than any other geographical region has East Asia ever really been a priority in the Canadian foreign policy. The rapid economic growth of this sub-continent has stirred Canadian interest in East Asia. This interest, expressed mainly in terms of the economy - commerce and investments - meets with numerous barriers, some specific to the region, others related to the constraints resulting from the international economic competition. In a y et more obvious way, the diplomacy of the government in Ottawa meets with internal obstacles particular to the Canadian society which, by tradition and inclination, usually has a tendency to turn more towards the Atlantic ocean. The objective of this study is therefore to identify those constraints while at the same time underlining the new efforts deployed by the Federal government to build up an increased interest in that region. This paper tries also to pinpoint the way in which the Asian policy is incapable of elaborating corrective measures to the problems still present to-day, but which have long been well indentified.
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Markova, O. A., und A. I. Meleshkina. „Digital Protectionism: Myth or Reality?“ Scientific Research of Faculty of Economics. Electronic Journal 13, Nr. 2 (20.07.2021): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/2078-3809-2021-13-2-26-40.
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Many governments continue or even return to protectionism, with a special influence on digital protectionism that has emerged in the era of digital development. Compared to the traditional protectionism the digital one usually differs due to the expansive growth of digital companies and the enormous amounts of data they gather. The authors focus on the two main elements of digital protectionism – a regulatory regime that creates barriers to cross-border data transfer and benefits in antitrust legislation in respect of internal companies. The purpose of the article is to identify the risks of applying special regulation of personal data protection and using antitrust policy to regulate digital companies functioning as means of protectionism. The analysis includes two stages: comparing of personal data protection and digital protectionism aims, assessing the protectionism motives within the framework of antitrust regulation. Based on the results of the study the authors come to the conclusion that industrial and antitrust regulators should take into account the risks of implementing digital protectionism to the competition.
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Pfeiffer, A., J. Spranger, R. Meyer-Schwickerath und H. Schatz. „Growth Factor Alterations in Advanced Diabetic Retinopathy: A Possible Role of Blood Retina Barrier Breakdown“. Diabetes 46, Supplement_2 (01.09.1997): S26—S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diab.46.2.s26.
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Dušek, Jiří. „Evaluation of Development of Cooperation in South Bohemian Municipalities in the Years 2007–2014“. European Countryside 9, Nr. 2 (27.06.2017): 342–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/euco-2017-0021.
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Abstract The article presents results of the research of cooperation of municipalities in the South Bohemian Region, focused on the analysis of forms and means of cooperation between 2007 and 2014. The published results are part of an internal research that lasted for many years, the goal of which was both to analyse the development of cooperation of municipalities in the studied region and to identify the prerequisites and barriers of all cooperative relations. The research was done on a sample of 623 South Bohemian municipalities in the period of 2007-2010 and 2013- 2016, the obtained data was processed using descriptive statistics and multidimensional statistical methods, and the results show an almost 20% increase in the means of municipal cooperation across the entire South Bohemian Region. Based on the respective means of cooperation, National Healthy Cities Network of the Czech Republic saw the biggest growth, amounting to +3.275% between 2007 and 2014. Participation in local action groups, where the total of 580 municipalities are already engaged, increased by 32.12%. Although less dynamic, this growth is much more important, as it significantly contributes to the development of rural areas and their absorption abilities, mainly as regards financial resources from the national and European sources. However, fragmented means of municipal cooperation is a current problem of cooperation of municipalities, leading to the disintegrated power of the respective municipalities.
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Berko O. Damoah, Obi, Augutina Ashie und Elias Kodjo Kekesi. „The propensity to participate in formal training programmes“. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 12, Nr. 4 (10.10.2016): 344–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-07-2016-0033.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that are likely to predict the likelihood of a small firm choosing to participate in formal training programmes. The objective is to inform public policy and practice with regard to what SMEs must do in order to realise the benefits of participating in formal training programmes like their counterpart large firms so as to remain competitive. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a logistic regression model to ascertain the critical factors that are likely to predict SMEs’ chances to engage in formal training programmes. The data that inform the logit model are based on a non-probability sample of 85 SMEs drawn from Accra, the capital of Ghana. Findings The major findings are that firm size and having younger owner-managers that are daring play a critical role regarding whether or not small firms in Ghana will offer themselves for formal training programmes. However, firm size, including having young and daring owner-managers reflect the internal resource capacity of a firm. The results imply that the internal resource capacity of a firm is critical in predicting whether or not a small firm will offer itself for a formal training programme, although the changing trends from the external environment are also crucial. Research limitations/implications As a result of the lack of an available sample frame, the study is based on a non-probability sample and so it must be noted that the results must be interpreted in that context. Besides, the study sampled SMEs located in Accra, the capital of Ghana, thus future research must extend the study to cover the rest of the nine regions in Ghana. A further analysis based on probability sampling is needed to strengthen the results. Practical implications Consequently for the growth and the development of SMEs in developing countries, the need for owner-managers to first focus on internal resource building is key. What this means is that owner-managers cannot ignore the conscious attempt to monitor, develop and grow their own internal resource strengths before that can be aligned to any changing trends from the outside environment. Originality/value The paper provides evidence as regards why most SMEs worldwide find it difficult to participate in formal training programmes. The findings seek to enhance the understanding of the barriers to the growth of SMEs’ line of research.
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Merriam, Sarah B., Brielle Spataro, Megan E. Hamm, Melissa A. McNeil und Deborah J. DiNardo. „Video Observation With Guided Reflection: A Method for Continuing Teaching Education“. Journal of Graduate Medical Education 10, Nr. 4 (01.08.2018): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-17-00692.1.
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ABSTRACT Background Best practices for faculty development programs include longitudinal, practice-based formats incorporating experiential learning with opportunities for reflection and community building. Peer coaching for faculty development provides personalized, learner-centered, work-based learning. Implementation of traditional 1-on-1 peer coaching programs is challenging due to time, logistics, and methodological barriers. Objective We sought to improve observation and reflection skills and to expand personal teaching practices of clinician educators. Methods In 2016, we developed and evaluated an innovative “1-to-many” peer-coaching model utilizing large group review of video-recorded teaching encounters. Forty-three clinician-educator faculty in general internal medicine at the University of Pittsburgh attended at least 1 of 6 sessions between February and August 2016. Sessions were moderated by a master facilitator who guided direct observation of, and reflection on, observed teaching and highlighted efficacious teaching methods. The study evaluated the acceptability and efficacy of this novel faculty development program qualitatively, with semistructured, postcurriculum telephone interviews with 20 participating faculty. Results All respondents stated that they would continue to attend faculty development sessions and would recommend them to others. The most frequently cited advantages included exposure to new teaching strategies, direct feedback, safe environment, community of practice, and growth mind-set, yet barriers emerged, such as discomfort reviewing video, difficulty giving feedback across hierarchy, and initial skepticism. None described the curriculum as critical or unsafe. Most reported increased self-reflection and adoption of new teaching behaviors. Conclusions This peer-coaching, video-based faculty development program was well received, feasible, and effective in changing self-reported teaching attitudes and practices.
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Kozlov, V. M. „Strategic Models for Sustainable Development in the Transition to a Green Economy“. Social’naya politika i sociologiya 19, Nr. 4 (28.12.2020): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17922/2071-3665-2020-19-4-23-30.
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the study is aimed at considering modern models of ensuring the sustainable development of the macroeconomic regulation mechanism due to its main direction of achievement – orientation to the “green” vector of development. All participants in the world economy, depending on the level of their socioeconomic development, define in different ways the goals and objectives of the transition to green growth. This has highlighted three strategies for building a sustainable development model: progressive, egocentric and constraining. Priority development areas have been identified for each of them. Some are opportunistic, others are due to forced adaptation to existing global realities and internal problems, while others are determined by the need to overcome internal macroeconomic contradictions, which are a barrier to the transition to a green economy. It has been proven that the lack of common priorities and goals for achieving green growth leads to the “blocking effect” of all effective international initiatives in this area, and can inevitably lead to unpredictable negative consequences.