Zeitschriftenartikel: „Interfaces de transformation de phase“

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Farahani, Hussein, Gerrit Zijlstra, Maria Giuseppina Mecozzi, Václav Ocelík, Jeff Th M. De Hosson und Sybrand van der Zwaag. „In Situ High-Temperature EBSD and 3D Phase Field Studies of the Austenite–Ferrite Transformation in a Medium Mn Steel“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, Nr. 3 (12.04.2019): 639–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761900031x.

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AbstractIn this research, in situ high-temperature electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) mapping is applied to record and analyze the migration of the α/γ interfaces during cyclic austenite–ferrite phase transformations in a medium manganese steel. The experimental study is supplemented with related 3D phase field (PF) simulations to better understand the 2D EBSD observations in the context of the 3D transformation events taking place below the surface. The in situ EBSD observations and PF simulations show an overall transformation behavior qualitatively similar to that measured in dilatometry. The behavior and kinetics of individual austenite–ferrite interfaces during the transformation is found to have a wide scatter around the average interface behavior deduced on the basis of the dilatometric measurements. The trajectories of selected characteristic interfaces are analyzed in detail and yield insight into the effect of local conditions in the vicinity of interfaces on their motion, as well as the misguiding effects of 2D observations of processes taking place in 3D.

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Fischer, F. D., N. K. Simha und J. Svoboda. „Kinetics of Diffusional Phase Transformation in Multicomponent Elastic-Plastic Materials“. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 125, Nr. 3 (01.07.2003): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1586939.

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The goal of this paper is to derive a micromechanics framework to study the kinetics of transformation due to interface migration in elastic-plastic materials. Both coherent and incoherent interfaces as well as interstitial and substitutional atomic diffusion are considered, and diffusional transformations are contrasted with martensitic ones. Assuming the same dissipation for the rearrangement of all substitutional components and no dissipation due to diffusion in an interface in the case of a multicomponent diffusional transformation, we show that the chemical driving force of the interface motion is represented by the jump in the chemical potential of the lattice forming constituent. Next, the mechanical driving force is shown to have the same form for both coherent and frictionless (sliding) interfaces in an elastic-plastic material. Using micromechanics arguments we show that the dissipation and consequently the average mechanical driving force at the interface due to transformation in a microregion can be estimated in terms of the bulk fields. By combining the chemical and mechanical parts, we obtain the kinetic equation for the volume fraction of the transformed phase due to a multicomponent diffusional transformation. Finally, the communication between individual microregions and the macroscale is expressed by proper parameters and initial as well as boundary conditions. This concept can be implemented into standard frameworks of computational mechanics.

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Fang, Hui, Qianyu Tang, Qingyu Zhang, Yiming Fan, Shiyan Pan, Markus Rettenmayr und Mingfang Zhu. „Simulation of the Peritectic Phase Transition in Fe-C Alloys“. Materials 15, Nr. 2 (11.01.2022): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020537.

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In this work, a multi-phase cellular automaton (CA) model is extended for the quantitative simulation of peritectic phase transition. First, the effects of cooling rate/supersaturation and temperature on the peritectic transformation kinetics in Fe-C alloys are investigated by utilizing the present CA model. The CA simulations show that supersaturations in the parent phases (liquid and δ-ferrite) increase the L/γ interface growth velocity remarkably, but tinily for the δ/γ interface migration velocity. There exists a transition supersaturation for isothermal transformations, at which the growth rates of the two interfaces are equal. The transition supersaturation is found to increase with decreasing temperature. Microstructural evolution at different cooling rates during peritectic transformation is simulated using the experimental conditions. At low cooling rates, the δ/γ interface propagates at a higher velocity than the L/γ interface. At high cooling rates, however, the γ-phase grows more into the L-phase with a cellular morphology. Then, the proposed CA model is applied to simulate the microstructural evolution during peritectic reaction. It is observed that the γ-phase propagates along the L/δ interface and finally encircles the δ-phase. Meanwhile, the intervenient γ-phase grows in thickness through peritectic transformation. The CA simulations are compared reasonably well with the experimental data and analytical calculations.

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Zhang, Hongliang, Jianqi Xi, Ranran Su, Xuanxin Hu, Jun Young Kim, Shuguang Wei, Chenyu Zhang, Liqun Shi und Izabela Szlufarska. „Enhancing the phase stability of ceramics under radiation via multilayer engineering“. Science Advances 7, Nr. 26 (Juni 2021): eabg7678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg7678.

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In metallic systems, increasing the density of interfaces has been shown to be a promising strategy for annealing defects introduced during irradiation. The role of interfaces during irradiation of ceramics is more unclear because of the complex defect energy landscape that exists in these materials. Here, we report the effects of interfaces on radiation-induced phase transformation and chemical composition changes in SiC-Ti3SiC2-TiCx multilayer materials based on combined transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis and first-principles calculations. We found that the undesirable phase transformation of Ti3SiC2 is substantially enhanced near the SiC/Ti3SiC2 interface, and it is suppressed near the Ti3SiC2/TiC interface. The results have been explained by ab initio calculations of trends in defect segregation to the above interfaces. Our finding suggests that the phase stability of Ti3SiC2 under irradiation can be improved by adding TiCx, and it demonstrates that, in ceramics, interfaces are not necessarily beneficial to radiation resistance.

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Weatherly, G. C. „Interfaces and precipitation“. Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, Nr. 1 (August 1992): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100121521.

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An important class of alloy transformation involves the precipitation of a body-centred cubic phase in a close packed cubic or hexagonal matrix (or vice-versa). In the past ten years, numerous investigations have demonstrated that the precipitate grows as a lath or needle-shaped particle, with the growth direction of the axis of the particle parallel to an invariant line of the phase transformation. Although there are an infinite number of potential invariant lines in such a transformation, commonly one observes that the growth direction is close to the common close-packed directions e.g. <110>f and <111>b, with a rational or near-rational orientation relationship between the two phases. These observations can be rationalized by invoking the geometric principles embodied in Bollmann's O-lattice theory or by appealing to the minimization of strain energy principle associated with the set(s) of misfit dislocations lying parallel to the invariant line. Figure 1 shows an example of this characteristic morphology of a lath of γ (face—centred) precipitated in a matrix of α (body-centred) in a two-phase stainless steel. The lath is bounded by well-developed facet planes_(see Fig. 1) with a growth direction about 5° from the common close packed [111]α, [101]γ directions. Sets of misfit dislocations and steps are visible at the (416)α and (275)α facet planes.

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Zhang, Hengzhong, und Jillian F. Banfield. „Phase transformation of nanocrystalline anatase-to-rutile via combined interface and surface nucleation“. Journal of Materials Research 15, Nr. 2 (Februar 2000): 437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0067.

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The kinetics of phase transformation of nanocrystalline anatase samples was studied using x-ray diffraction at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1150 °C. Kinetic data were analyzed with an interface nucleation model and a newly proposed kinetic model for combined interface and surface nucleation. Results revealed that the activation energy of nucleation is size dependent. In anatase samples with denser particle packing, rutile nucleates primarily at interfaces between contacting anatase particles. In anatase samples with less dense particle packing, rutile nucleates at both interfaces and free surfaces of anatase particles. The predominant nucleation mode may change from interface nucleation at low temperatures to surface nucleation at intermediate temperatures and to bulk nucleation at very high temperatures. Alumina particles dispersed among the anatase particles can effectively reduce the probability of interface nucleation at all temperatures.

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Zhang, Wen-Zheng. „Reproducible Orientation Relationships Developed from Phase Transformations—Role of Interfaces“. Crystals 10, Nr. 11 (16.11.2020): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10111042.

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The orientation relationship (OR) between phases related by a phase transformation is often reproducible. This study interprets and predicts the reproducible ORs with a two-stage approach. The initial OR formed at the nucleation stage tends to allow a periodic structure of a preferred state to form in the interface. A matching correspondence of either a one-to-one or n-to-m nature can be specified in the periodic structure. An initial OR will become the final reproducible OR if there is no misfit. Otherwise, a reproducible OR developed at the growth stage tends to permit a singular dislocation structure to form in an interface where the preferred state must be sustained locally. The actual change in the OR is subject to the given material system and the phase-transformation condition. Various singular dislocation structures and their constraints on the ORs are analyzed, with thermodynamics and kinetics applied conceptually. The resulting ORs can be specified by following one or more Δg parallelism rules. A set of workable steps is provided to facilitate the interpretation of observed reproducible ORs. Some unsolved problems are identified, which call for further studies that can quantitatively combine the thermodynamics, kinetics and crystallography of phase transformations.

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Howe, James M. „Atomic Structure, Composition, Mechanisms and Dynamics of Transformation Interfaces in Diffusional Phase Transformations“. Materials Transactions, JIM 39, Nr. 1 (1998): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1989.39.3.

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Rettenmayr, Markus, Oleg Kashin und Stephanie Lippmann. „Simulation of Liquid Film Migration during Melting“. Materials Science Forum 790-791 (Mai 2014): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.790-791.127.

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Melting of a single-phase polycrystalline material is known to start by the formation of liquid films at the surface and at grain boundaries. The internal liquid films are not necessarily quiescent, but can migrate to avoid/reduce supersaturation in the solid phase. The migration is discussed in the literature to be governed by coherency strains of the solid/liquid interface, by concentration gradients in the liquid or by concentration gradients in the solid phase. A phase transformation model for diffusional phase transformations considering interface thermodynamics (possible deviations from local deviations) has been put up to describe the migration of the solid/liquid (trailing) and the liquid/solid (leading) interfaces of the liquid film. New experimental results on melting in a temperature gradient in combination with simulation calculations reveal that concentration fluctuations in the liquid phase trigger the liquid film migration and determine the migration direction, until after a short time in the order of microseconds the process is governed by diffusion in the solid phase.

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Zhang, J. X., und H. Q. Ye. „Deformation-induced α2 ↔ γ phase transformation in a Ti–48Al–2Cr alloy“. Journal of Materials Research 15, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2000): 2145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0309.

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The structure of γ–α2 interfaces in deformed Ti–48Al–2Cr alloy was analyzed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM) and image simulations. Growth of γ–TiAl plate in α2–Ti3Al phase was found to be a result of a ledge mechanism consisting of Shockley partial dislocations on alternate (0001)α2 planes. The height of the ledges was always a multiple of two (0001)α2 planes. The γ → α2 phase transformation was also an interface-related process. Large ledges of six close packed planes (111)γ high were often observed at the γ–α2 interface. Every large ledge consisted of six Shockley partial dislocations that originated from the γ–a2 interfacial lattice misfit. The movement of these partial dislocations accomplished the transformation of γ → α2 phase. Comparing the experimental and simulated HREM image, it was found that atomic reordering appears during the deformation-induced γ↔α2 transformation.

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Liu, Binbin, Zhu Zhu, Caiyun Liu, Yao Wang und Feng Ye. „Effect of Inserted Ti Layers on the Phase Transformation of Al/Ni Multilayer Foils“. Coatings 12, Nr. 4 (26.03.2022): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12040453.

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The thin Ti layers were inserted in the interfaces of base Al/Ni multilayer foils to form the Al/Ti/Ni/Ti (ATNT) foils through magnetron deposition. Al and Ni were determined in the as-deposited foils, while the absence of Ti was due to the strongly textured polycrystalline structure. TEM analysis implied an asymmetric interface structure between the Ni/Ti/Al interfaces and Al/Ti/Ni interfaces. After annealing at 473 K and 573 K for 3 h, the phase composition was the same as the initial state, which changed to be Al3Ni2, Ni3(AlTi), Ni and a small amount of Al3Ti when the treating temperature reached 673 K. Further increasing the annealing temperature to 773 K and 873 K leads to the appearance of stable AlNi. The obtained results implied that the inserted Ti layers impeded atomic interdiffusion and the formation of Al3Ni at the early stage, but had less impact on the final products. This further indicated that adding the inserted transition layer provides a reference to balance the storage stability and reaction performance of Al/Ni foils with regard to the applications.

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Fleck, Michael, Felix Schleifer und Patrick Zimbrod. „Frictionless Motion of Diffuse Interfaces by Sharp Phase-Field Modeling“. Crystals 12, Nr. 10 (21.10.2022): 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101496.

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Diffuse interface descriptions offer many advantages for the modeling of microstructure evolution. However, the numerical representation of moving diffuse interfaces on discrete numerical grids involves spurious grid friction, which limits the overall performance of the model in many respects. Interestingly, this intricate and detrimental effect can be overcome in finite difference (FD) and fast Fourier transformation (FFT)-based implementations by employing the so-called sharp phase-field method (SPFM). The key idea is to restore the discretization-induced broken translational invariance (TI) in the discrete phase-field equation by using analytic properties of the equilibrium interface profile. We prove that this method can indeed eliminate spurious grid friction in the three-dimensional space. Focusing on homogeneous driving forces, we quantitatively evaluate the impact of spurious grid friction on the overall operational performance of different phase-field models. We show that the SPFM provides superior degrees of interface isotropy with respect to energy and kinetics. The latter property enables the frictionless motion of arbitrarily oriented diffuse interfaces on a fixed 3D grid.

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Shen, X. P., B. N. Yao, Z. R. Liu, D. Legut, H. J. Zhang und R. F. Zhang. „Mechanistic insights into interface-facilitated dislocation nucleation and phase transformation at semicoherent bimetal interfaces“. International Journal of Plasticity 146 (November 2021): 103105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2021.103105.

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Li, Xianchao. „Secondary-phase Transformation of Duplex Stainless Steels during Industrial Manufacturing“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2541, Nr. 1 (01.07.2023): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2541/1/012030.

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Abstract A new type of lean S32205 duplex stainless steel was studied on its secondary phase formation during industrial manufacturing. Different from the common S32205 duplex stainless steels, such lean S32205 duplex stainless steels contain more carbon and nitrogen elements, which promotes the formation of Cr2N and Cr23C6 secondary precipitations. The secondary-phase transformation is preferred at boundaries, either in the ferrite phase or at interphase interfaces after rolling, and even a few secondary precipitates can be found at the as-cast ferrite grain interiors as well. The influence of the secondary phase transformations on pitting resistance and hot ductility was investigated.

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Спивак, Л. В., В. С. Кирчанов und Н. Е. Щепина. „Полиморфные превращения в йодидном титане“. Физика твердого тела 64, Nr. 11 (2022): 1820. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2022.11.53341.400.

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Based on the analysis of differential scanning calorimetry data, the possibility of classifying the observed endothermic or exothermic transformations as phase transformations of the first oder is considered. Two approaches have been implemented. The first is based on the correspondence between the temperatures of the maximum conversion rate and the temperatures of the extrema on the second derivative of the differential scanning calorimetry signal with respect to temperature. In the second approach, the phase transformation is considered as a kind of kinetic reaction of a chemical process with the determination of some parameters included in the kinetic equations. In this case, the order parameter of such reaction n is obtained from the analysis of the differential scanning calorimetry signal shape in the region of phase transformation registration temperatures. Using the example of experiments carried out during thermal cycling of titanium iodide samples, it is shown that both the first and second approaches make it possible to fairly adequately attribute the processes that cause calorimetric effects on the dependences of differential scanning calorimetry to first-order phase transitions. In particular, the obtained results of differential scanning calorimetry during heating and cooling of iodide titanium show that polymorphic transformations in it are realized by various mechanisms depending on the rate of thermal cycling and the thermal history of the metal.

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Rettenmayr, Markus. „Supersaturation and solute enrichment and their role in phase transformations in metal alloys“. Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, Nr. 5 (04.04.2011): 1085–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-10-10-15.

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Supersaturations and depletion or enrichment of solute/solvent are known to be the driving forces for phase transformations. In the present work, a series of different experiments is presented where in a single phase or a two-phase mixture supersaturation or enrichment/depletion of solute occur in at least one of the phases. In all cases the result is a phase transformation, particularly either the precipitation of a secondary phase out of a primary phase, or the migration of the interface in a two-phase mixture. It is demonstrated that solute transport in the phase exhibiting faster kinetics controls the phase transformation process.

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Morrissey, K. J. „Interface structures in polycrystalline ceramic materials“. Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 468–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100143900.

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Grain boundaries and interfaces play an important role in determining both physical and mechanical properties of polycrystalline materials. To understand how the structure of interfaces can be controlled to optimize properties, it is necessary to understand and be able to predict their crystal chemistry. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), analytical electron microscopy (AEM,), and high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) are essential tools for the characterization of the different types of interfaces which exist in ceramic systems. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate some specific areas in which understanding interface structure is important. Interfaces in sintered bodies, materials produced through phase transformation and electronic packaging are discussed.

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Nigro, C. F., C. Bjerkén und Y. Mellbin. „Phase-field modelling: effect of an interface crack on precipitation kinetics in a multi-phase microstructure“. International Journal of Fracture 227, Nr. 2 (17.01.2021): 219–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10704-020-00510-x.

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AbstractPremature failures in metals can arise from the local reduction of the fracture toughness when brittle phases precipitate. Precipitation can be enhanced at the grain and phase boundaries and be promoted by stress concentration causing a shift of the terminal solid solubility. This paper provides the description of a model to predict stress-induced precipitation along phase interfaces in one-phase and two-phase metals. A phase-field approach is employed to describe the microstructural evolution. The combination between the system expansion caused by phase transformation, the stress field and the energy of the phase boundary is included in the model as the driving force for precipitate growth. In this study, the stress induced by an opening interface crack is modelled through the use of linear elastic fracture mechanics and the phase boundary energy by a single parameter in the Landau potential. The results of the simulations for a hydrogenated ($$\alpha +\beta $$ α + β ) titanium alloy display the formation of a precipitate, which overall decelerates in time. Outside the phase boundary, the precipitate mainly grows by following the isostress contours. In the phase boundary, the hydride grows faster and is elongated. Between the phase boundary and its surrounding, the matrix/hydride interface is smoothened. The present approach allows capturing crack-induced precipitation at phase interfaces with numerical efficiency by solving one equation only. The present model can be applied to other multi-phase metals and precipitates through the use of their physical properties and can also contribute to the efficiency of multi-scale crack propagation schemes.

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John, P. K., A. C. Rastogi, B. Y. Tong, X. W. Wu und S. K. Wong. „Phase transformations at a nickel–silicon interface under transient annealing“. Canadian Journal of Physics 65, Nr. 8 (01.08.1987): 1037–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p87-170.

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We use intense incoherent light pulses of ~60 μs duration to induce reactions at a Ni–Si interface. Changes in morphology, composition, and electrical characteristics of the interfaces are studied. The diagnostics include scanning electron microscopy, Auger spectroscopy, X-ray analysis, and diffusion analysis. After annealing for a total of ~1 ms, the Si surface is found to support an intermixed and disordered Ni–Si layer consisting of mixed islands and flat structures. On further irradiation, after a certain threshold Ni density is reached in the Si, silicide growth takes place at the interface through an amorphous-to-crystalline transformation of this intermixed layer. The first phase to nucleate is mononickel silicide with a (200) orientation. This is attributed to kinetic effects, which optimize the heat of formation in the presence of excess Si.

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Lei, Ruo Shan, Shi Qing Xu, Ming Pu Wang, Ye Jun Li und Wei Hong Qi. „Size and Interface Coherency Dependent Phase Transformation of Niobium Nanoparticles Embedded in Copper Matrix by Mechanical Alloying“. Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (Dezember 2012): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.243.

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The object of this work is to investigate the interface and size effects on the structural phase transition of Nb nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in Cu matrix. By means of X-ray diffraction analysis and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy observation, it is found that higher coherency of the Cu/Nb interface benefits the occurrence of phase transition in Nb NPs with larger sizes. The sufficient conditions for the transition are: (1) the size of Nb NPs should be smaller than 8 nm; (2) the Cu/Nb interfaces should be semi-coherent or coherent. The experimental results are consistent with the predictions of Bond Energy model.

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Chen, Fuwen, Guanglong Xu, Kechao Zhou und Hui Chang. „Isochronal Phase Transformation in Bimodal Ti-55531“. Metals 9, Nr. 7 (17.07.2019): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9070790.

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Bimodal microstructures where globular α and acicular α phases are embedded in the β matrix are commonly used in industry-relevant Ti-55531. To optimize the performance of Ti-55531 through heat treatment, it is crucial to understand and control the phase transformation in the as-received bimodal Ti-55531 as well as its microstructure evolution. In this work, the isochronal phase transformations and microstructure evolution in the bimodal Ti-55531 during the continuous heating were systematically studied by combining dilatometry, XRD phase analyses, and SEM observation. The β → α transformation occurred at 678 K only with the acicular α. When the temperature was higher than 788 K, α → β transformation took place in two separate stages (i.e., αacicular → β and αglobular → β transformation). The dissolution of αglobular occurred after the dissolution of αacicular was completed. Due to the difference in the chemical composition and interface curvature between αacicular and αglobular, the average activation energy for αacicular → β transformation was lower than that for the αglobular → β transformation. The isochronal phase transformation and microstructure evolution during continuous heating in the present work could be used to optimize heat treatment procedures for desired mechanical properties.

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Sun, Jianguo. „3-D crosswell transmissions: Paraxial ray solutions and reciprocity paradox“. GEOPHYSICS 60, Nr. 3 (Mai 1995): 810–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443819.

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Transmission of seismic waves through a 3-D earth model is of fundamental importance in seismology. If the model consists of many layers separated by curved interfaces, the only feasible solution to the transmitted waves is the one given by the geometrical optics approximation. Transmitted rays, transmitted wavefield, and the first Fresnel zone associated with a transmission point can be expressed by four 2 × 2 constant matrices constituting the 4 × 4 linearized ray transformation matrix. Generally, the ray transformation matrix can be constructed by dynamic ray tracing. However, if the layers are homogeneous, it can be formulated in closed form by using elementary vector calculus and coordinate transformations. Using the symplecticity of the ray transformation matrix, transmissions in opposite directions can be formulated by the ray transformation matrix for only one direction, and a reciprocity relation can be established. After the decomposition theorem for the ray transformation matrix, the transmitted wavefield in a model with many curved interfaces can be computed in a cascaded way. Using the [Formula: see text]‐matrix decomposition theorem, the normalized geometrical spreading factor can be expressed by means of the area of the first Fresnel zone of a transmission point. If seismic waves propagate through a locally spherical interface, the reciprocity relation may not hold. Using ray theory, this fact is shown by formulating the transmitted wavefield with the two principal radii of curvature of the transmitted wavefront at the transmission point under consideration. Using wave theory, this fact is shown by analyzing the Debye integral with the method of stationary phase.

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Sietsma, Jilt, M. Giuseppina Mecozzi, Stefan M. C. van Bohemen und Sybrand van der Zwaag. „Evolution of the mixed-mode character of solid-state phase transformations in metals involving solute partitioning“. International Journal of Materials Research 97, Nr. 4 (01.04.2006): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2006-0059.

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Abstract Partitioning phase transformations in the solid state are principally subjected to two processes that take place: the redistribution, through long-range diffusion, of the partitioning element, and the lattice transformation taking place at the interface. Consequently, the usual approximation to consider one of these two processes as controlling the rate of the phase transformation is of limited accuracy. For a more accurate description, the so-called mixed-mode character of partitioning phase transformations is to be taken into account. In the present study, it is shown that the mixed-mode character can be quantified and that it has a significant effect on the kinetics. By means of examples involving either substitutional (Mo in Ti) or interstitial (C in Fe) partitioning elements, it is shown that a gradual change of the character of the transformation occurs during the phase transformation, shifting from initially interface-controlled (which implies the largest interface velocity) towards more diffusion-controlled.

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Chen, Hao, Benoît Appolaire und Sybrand van der Zwaag. „Interface Motion and Interface Mobility of the Partitioning Phase Transformations in Fe-Mn-C and Fe-C Alloys: A Cyclic Phase Transformation Approach“. Materials Science Forum 706-709 (Januar 2012): 1367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.1367.

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A cyclic phase transformation concept has been proposed to investigate the growthkinetics of the austenite (γ) to ferrite (α ) and vice versa in Fe-Mn-C and Fe-C alloys. In the caseof cyclic partial transformations in Fe-Mn-C alloys, two new and special stages are observed:a stagnant stage in which the degree of transformation does not vary while the temperaturechanges and an inverse phase transformation stage, during which the phase transformationproceeds in a direction contradictory to the temperature change. The local equilibrium (LE)and paraequilibrium (PE) are both applied to analyzing the new observations. The stagnantstage was found to be caused by the Mn partitioning, while the inverse phase transformationstage was due to equilibrium conditions not being reached at the transition temperatures.A mixed-mode model is applied to simulating the cyclic phase transformation in Fe-C alloy,and it is found that the cyclic phase transformation concept is a very promising method forinvestigating the interface mobility.

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Gao, F., R. Devanathan, Y. Zhang, M. Posselt und W. J. Weber. „Atomic-level simulation of epitaxial recrystallization and phase transformation in SiC“. Journal of Materials Research 21, Nr. 6 (01.06.2006): 1420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0176.

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A nano-sized amorphous layer embedded in an atomic simulation cell was used to study the amorphous-to-crystalline (a-c) transition and subsequent phase transformation by molecular-dynamics computer simulations in 3C–SiC. The recovery of bond defects at the interfaces is an important process driving the initial epitaxial recrystallization of the amorphous layer, which is hindered by the nucleation of a polycrystalline 2H–SiC phase. The kink sites and triple junctions formed at the interfaces between 2H– and 3C–SiC provide low-energy paths for 2H–SiC atoms to transform to 3C–SiC atoms. The spectrum of activation energies associated with these processes ranges from below 0.8 eV to about 1.9 eV.

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Asada, Takashi, Hiroyuki Kato und Kazuaki Sasaki. „507 Phase-field model of transformation interfaces in stress-induced martensite“. Proceedings of Conference of Hokkaido Branch 2010.49 (2010): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehokkaido.2010.49.123.

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Perkins, Jeff, M. H. Wu und K. Adachi. „Interfaces and substructures in copper-based shape memory alloys“. Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 786–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100105990.

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The delineation of interfaces and substructures by conventional transmission electron microscopy is reviewed for three different transformations of interest in copper-based shape memory alloys.The first case considers the interfacial structure of martensite plate boundaries in a Cu-14.6Zn-16.1Al (atomic %) alloy. The detailed structure of such interfaces is important to their relative mobility in shape memory alloys. One-dimensional lattice images such as seen in Fig. 1 help to model the effect of substructural features in the martensite on the atomistic structure and so the mobility of such boundaries1. In the example shown, the presence of very thin structural faults with a 2H structure are detected within an otherwise 18R martensite plate.The second case describes the interaction of the state of parent phase order with the structure of bainite plates formed upon isothermal aging at 150-350 C in a Cu-27Zn-4Al (weight %) alloy . Two types of atomic ordering occur in the parent phase and tend to be inherited by the bainite transformation product.

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Paidar, Václav. „Elemental Interfaces and Displacive Phase Transformations“. Advances in Science and Technology 59 (September 2008): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.59.63.

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Two basic processes, namely shear and shuffling of atomic planes can be considered as elementary mechanisms of displacive phase transformations. The atomistic models suitable to investigate the role of interfaces in the structural changes are tested. The many-body potentials are used for the description of interatomic forces. General displacements of atomic planes are examined, i.e. γ-surface type calculations extensively used for stacking fault and lattice dislocation analysis are applied to single plane shuffling and alternate shuffling of every other atomic plane producing in combination with homogeneous deformation the hcp structure. Similar approach considering shear type planar displacements leads to the Zener path between the bcc and fcc lattices. The effect of additional deformation required to obtain the close-packed atomic arrangements is analysed.

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Lei, Yimin, Jie Sun, Hongwei Liu, Xuan Cheng, Fuyi Chen und Zongwen Liu. „Predictable and controllable dual-phase interfaces in TiO2(B)/anatase nanofibers“. Nanoscale 6, Nr. 23 (2014): 14237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nr04613g.

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The TiO₂(B)/anatase interfaces were predicted successfully with a method with high practicality. The related phase transformation mechanism was also interpreted based on the predicted results.

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Goetz, Morgan, Moukrane Dehmas, Benoît Appolaire, Elisabeth Aeby-Gautier, Sandra Andrieu und Thomas Billot. „Decomposition of the β phase at intermediate temperature in β-metastable Ti-5553 alloy“. MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 12024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032112024.

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The present contribution focuses on the nature of the β → α transformation in Ti-5333 alloy at intermediate temperatures. It is indeed still unclear whether this transformation is only controlled by bulk diffusion or whether interfacial kinetics may play a role. To address this issue, we have combined SEM and STEM-EDX to measure the concentrations of Al, Cr, Mo, V and Fe in α intragranular precipitates as well as in the abutting β matrix, paying a particular attention to the concentrations at flat interfaces corresponding to the precipitates habit planes. The comparison with Calphad calculations suggests that interfaces are not at equilibrium during the thickening of the plates.

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Kraus, S. „HREM Studies of Interfaces in Zr02/Al203 Ceramics“. Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 218–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100118011.

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Because of its unusual mechanical and electrolytic properties, zirconia (Zr02) finds a wide variety of uses, such as refractories, oxygen sensors, heaters and extrusion dies. Zr02 exists in three polymorphic forms; the high temperature phase is cubic and is isostructural with CaF2 (fluorite); below 2350°C (in pure ZrO2 ), a tetragonally-distorted version of the fluorite structure exists. At still lower temperature, the tetragonal form (t-Zr02) transforms martensitically to a monoclinic structure (m-Zr02). This t→m transformation gives rise to the phenomenon of transformation toughening in ZrO2 -containing-ceramics, and thus provides ceramics with potential for high

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Gu, Su Yi, und Ji Hua Zhang. „Antiferromagnetic Transition and Martensite Transformation in γ-Mn-Fe Alloys“. Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (Oktober 2010): 916–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.916.

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The detailed investigation of internal friction and relative dynamic modulus has been carried out for the γ-MnFe alloys with 61.4at%~86.4at%Mn in the temperature range from -50 to 250 using LMR by means of force vibration method. The internal friction was found to exhibit in turn three peaks from higher temperature to the lower temperature on the internal friction-temperature curves. They are PA,PM and PT progressively. It can be concluded that PA may be connected with the stress-induced motion of magnetic domain. The PM was suggested to be originated from the stress-induced movement of interfaces between the fcc and fct phases. The PT is due to a relaxation process associated with the movement of the {101}-twin boundaries in the fct phase or fcc antiferromagnetic phase.

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Yousfi, Oussama, Yves J. M. Bréchet, Patricia Donnadieu, Florence Robaut, Federic Charlot, Andreas Kasper und Francis Serruys. „Phase Transformations in the NiS Nickel Sulphide: Microstructure, Mechanisms and Modelling through In Situ Microscopy.“ Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (Juni 2011): 402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.402.

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Nickel sulphide (NiS) can form inclusions in tempered glass which lead to fracture due to a phase transformation with a volume change of about 4%. A heat treatment, aiming to provoke this phase transformation, is currently used in industry to reduce this effect. In order to propose more efficient treatments, a complete study going from identification of the transformation mechanisms to the modelling of the transformation was carried out. Depending on stoichiometry and temperature, two mechanisms for the transformation (partitioned or partitionless) have been evidenced by detailed microstructural and calorimetric studies leading to a fruitful parallel with the Fe-C phase transformations which provides the basis for further modelling of the kinetics. Anin situfollow up of the transformation by optical microscopy has given information (like nucleation rate and interface migration velocity) necessary to build the kinetic models. This modelling is based on Zener and Zener-Hillert kinetics models for interface velocity and described the transformation under isothermal treatment and anisothermal conditions.

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Liu, Guo-Liang, Mei-Li Ding, Kun Zhang, Dan-Dan Qu, Yang Meng, Geng-Xing Luo und Shan-Wu Yang. „Microstructural and Interfacial Characterization of Ti–V Diffusion Bonding Zones“. Metals 12, Nr. 12 (26.11.2022): 2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12122032.

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Ti and V were bonded together and subjected to high-temperature treatment at 1000 or 1100 °C for 16 h to study the microstructural evolution and interfacial behavior of Ti–V diffusion interfaces. The samples were prepared by electro-polishing and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, electron back-scattered diffraction, and nano-indentation. The results indicated that Ti–V diffusion bonding interfaces comprises a martensite Ti zone, a body-center-cubic Ti (β-Ti) zone, and a V-based alloy zone. They are divided by two composition interfaces with V contents of ~13.5% and ~46%. The original interface between the pure Ti and the V alloy substrate falls within the β-Ti zone. The observation of acicular-martensite rather than lath-martensite is due to the distortion caused by the β-to-α phase transformation in the adjacent pure Ti. The recrystallization of β-Ti is distributed along the interface direction. The hardness varies across the Ti–V interface bonding zones with the maximum value of 7.9 GPa.

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Galenko, P. K., I. G. Nizovtseva, K. Reuther und M. Rettenmayr. „Kinetic transition in the order–disorder transformation at a solid/liquid interface“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, Nr. 2113 (08.01.2018): 20170207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0207.

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Phase-field analysis for the kinetic transition in an ordered crystal structure growing from an undercooled liquid is carried out. The results are interpreted on the basis of analytical and numerical solutions of equations describing the dynamics of the phase field, the long-range order parameter as well as the atomic diffusion within the crystal/liquid interface and in the bulk crystal. As an example, the growth of a binary A 50 B 50 crystal is described, and critical undercoolings at characteristic changes of growth velocity and the long-range order parameter are defined. For rapidly growing crystals, analogies and qualitative differences are found in comparison with known non-equilibrium effects, particularly solute trapping and disorder trapping. The results and model predictions are compared qualitatively with results of the theory of kinetic phase transitions (Chernov 1968 Sov. Phys. JETP 26 , 1182–1190) and with experimental data obtained for rapid dendritic solidification of congruently melting alloy with order–disorder transition (Hartmann et al. 2009 Europhys. Lett. 87 , 40007 ( doi:10.1209/0295-5075/87/40007 )). This article is part of the theme issue ‘From atomistic interfaces to dendritic patterns’.

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Tanaka, K., M. Hara, Yasu Yogo, Kou Nakanishi und Carlos Capdevila. „Phase Transformation Modeling of Medium-Carbon Forging Steel“. Materials Science Forum 539-543 (März 2007): 2443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.2443.

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The kinetics of phase transformations in medium-carbon forging steels (MCFS) have been modeled based on CALPHAD multicomponent thermodynamics and the classical nucleation-growth theory. New treatments include the time dependency of parabolic growth rate of proeutectoid ferrite (α) , which account for the soft impingement effect by carbon enrichment in austenite (γ). And a potential transition of γ/α interface equilibrium has also been considered depending on temperatures and velocity of the moving interface. To make a realistic prediction of the onset of pearlite (P) transformation, a normal distribution of γ grain size has been assumed and successive α→P transformation kinetics in each grain size have been summated. The developed program coupled with thermodynamic solver, 'ThermoCalc', calculated the isothermal kinetics of MCFS and has been found to predict well the effect of minor difference of chemical composition / holding temperatures.

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Carter, C. Barry, und Lisa A. Tietz. „Interfaces in high-Tc superconducting oxides“. Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (06.08.1989): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100152860.

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Interfaces in high-Tc superconducting oxides are influential during both the processing of bulk materials and the growth of thin epitactically aligned layers. In the first case, the formation of the superconducting phase involves the movement of phase boundaries during the solid-state reaction, while in the second, the phase boundary is formed as the superconducting material grows on the single-crystal substrate. Having formed the superconducting material, the superconducting phase will, in general, contain a large number of grain boundaries varying from the simple twin boundaries which can be produced during the cubic-to-tetragonal transformation, to low-angle grain boundaries, special high-angle grain boundaries, other high-angle grain boundaries and phase boundaries due to incomplete or on-going solid-state reactions. During the course of this presentation, recent results on these topics will be reviewed, paying particular attention to the more widely studied material, YBa2Cu3O6+x.The importance of grain boundaries in high-Tc superconducting oxides has been firmly established by the systematic analysis of Dimos et al who have shown that the misorientation of the grains in layers of YBa2Cu3O6+x which had been grown on polycrystalline SrTiO3 substrate varies with the relative misorientation between the grains.

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Шеляков, А. В., Н. Н. Ситников, И. А. Хабибуллина, Р. В. Сундеев und О. Н. Севрюков. „Особенности кристаллизации аморфных сплавов TiNiCu с высоким содержанием меди“. Физика твердого тела 62, Nr. 6 (2020): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2020.06.49332.31m.

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Alloys of the quasi-binary TiNi – TiCu system with a copper content of 25, 30, 35, and 40 at. % were obtained by planar flow casting technique at a cooling rate of 10^6 K/s in the form of ribbons 30–50 μm thick and 10–20 mm wide. The structure and phase transformations in the alloys were studied using electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that in the initial state, the alloys with 25 and 30 at.% Cu have an amorphous-crystalline structure, undergoing a one-stage polymorphic crystallization of the amorphous state on heating in a calorimeter with the formation of austenite B2 phase, which on cooling to room temperature proceeds to orthorhombic B19 phase due to the martensitic transformation. It is shown that the alloys with 35 and 40 at.% Cu at quenching become amorphous, and upon heating, two-stage crystallization occurs (primary and eutectic) with the formation of a two-phase structure - the tetragonal B11 (TiCu) phase with a small fraction of B2 phase. Moreover, an increase in the copper content leads to a decrease in the onset temperature of crystallization.

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Мусабиров, И. И., И. М. Сафаров, Р. М. Галеев, Р. А. Гайсин, В. В. Коледов und Р. Р. Мулюков. „Анизотропия термического расширения поликристаллического сплава системы Ni-Mn-Ga, подвергнутого пластической деформации ковкой“. Физика твердого тела 60, Nr. 6 (2018): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2018.06.45975.28m.

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AbstractThe formation of a sharp crystallographic texture in a Ni–Mn–Ga Heusler alloy by the multiple isothermal forging has been studied. An analysis of the thermal expansion near the martensitic transformation temperatures in the as-cast and forged states of the alloy shows that the thermomechanical treatment leads to an increase in the anisotropy of the sample geometric size changing during the phase transformation, which favors an increase in the functional characteristics of the alloy. The structural studies show that the alloy structure after multiple isothermal forging has the bimodal distribution of grain sizes. The formation of the bimodal structure by forging is assumed to make it possible to enhance the stability of the functional properties of the alloy during repeated cycles of the phase transformation.

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Lee, Dong Nyung, und Heung Nam Han. „Directed Growth of Ferrite in Austenite and Kurdjumov-Sachs Orientation Relationship“. Materials Science Forum 715-716 (April 2012): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.715-716.128.

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The solid phase transformation of a metastable phase into a stable phase needs the activation energy. The energy is usually supplied in the form of thermal energy. When the nucleation takes place, the strain energy may develop in the metastable matrix and the stable nucleus. The strain energy can result from differences in density of the nucleus and matrix and the lattice mismatch between the nucleus and matrix. The stable-metastable interface region has the highest strain-energy density in the maximum Youngs modulus direction of the stable phase. Accordingly, the growth rate of the stable phase is the highest in its highest Youngs modulus directions. As the transformation temperature decreases, the strain energy contribution increases and the growth rate anisotropy is likely to increase. When austenite transforms into ferrite at low temperatures, the directed growth of ferrite is observed as forms of Widmanstätten ferrite plates and acicular ferrite plates. The maximum growth direction of ferrite is along the maximum Youngs modulus direction of ferrite, <111>α, and the broad interfaces are parallel to the maximum growth direction and formed so that they minimizes the shear strain energy in the interface layer. The directed growth results in the Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationship between austenite and ferrite, <111>α//<110>γand {110}α//{111}γ.

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Wei, Zhao Zhao, Xiao Ma und Xin Ping Zhang. „Defect Structure and Martensitic Transformation Crystallography in Ni₂MnGa Alloy“. Materials Science Forum 687 (Juni 2011): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.687.463.

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Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys can produce large strains in a magnetic field by twin boundary motion. The mobility of parent-martensite inter-phase interfaces and twin-twin inter-variant boundaries is closely related to their interfacial structures and the mechanism of migration, therefore a thorough understanding of its nature is of importance. A physical model of the structure of parent-martensite interface has been developed recently based on dislocation theories and topological arguments. On the basis of the topological model, the present work performs a theoretical study of the defect structure of the martensitic interface, and the transformation crystallography in Ni2MnGa alloy. The habit plane, i.e., the parent-martensite interface plane was determined to be (-0.761, -0.054, -0.646)Pfor the parent crystal index frame, and (-0.818, 0.067, -0.571)Mfor the martensite frame. The habit plane inclination angle is 5.945° and 5.953° with respect to the terrace plane in the parent and martensite crystals, respectively.

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Ayer, Raghavan, R. R. Mueller, D. P. Leta und W. J. Sisak. „Phase transformations at steel/IN626 clad interfaces“. Metallurgical Transactions A 20, Nr. 4 (April 1989): 665–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02667584.

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Синицын, В. В., О. Г. Рыбченко, В. Б. Ефимов und А. А. Вирюс. „Аморфный лед средней плотности, полученный разложением водно-гелиевого геля“. Физика твердого тела 65, Nr. 8 (2023): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2023.08.56147.103.

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The article presents experimental studies of structural changes that occur during heating of nanosized powders of amorphous ice obtained by decay of a water-helium gel. Thermal annealing of the obtained samples was carried out by short exposures (about 15 minutes) at different temperatures in the range of 110-230K. The behavior of the amorphous phase during annealing was analyzed within the framework of its description by a mixture of amorphous ices of low and medium density (LDA and MDA, respectively). It was found that at the such description, the virgin sample was predominantly in the MDA state, while the proportion of the LDA phase was about 7 times less (MDA/LDA ≈ 7:1). It has been established that during annealing, a multistage process of structural transformations of the initial LDA + MDA sample takes place: from initial changes in the amorphous state at 110 K through crystallization of the cubic ice phase Ic with its intensive growth at a temperature of 130 K to the transformation of cubic ice into the hexagonal phase Ih in the temperature range T =135÷230K.

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Vasilev, A. N. „A Model of Gas Diffusion in a Metal Plate with Phase Transformation“. Ukrainian Journal of Physics 64, Nr. 4 (16.05.2019): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe64.4.348.

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A model of gas diffusion in a metal plate has been proposed, in which a phase transformation “metal–gassed metal” takes place, when the gas concentration exceeds a certain critical value, and the properties of the system change qualitatively. The phase transformation is modeled by changing the coefficient of gas diffusion. In particular, a system of two phases with different diffusion coefficients and a moving interface between them is considered. The gas concentrations in both phases at the interface are assumed to be the known constants. An analytical solution is obtained in the approximation that the diffusion in the metal phase (the initial state of a metal layer) is much quicker than that in the gassed-metal one, with the both being much quicker than the motion of the phase interface. In the framework of this model, the spatial distribution of the gas concentration in the gassed-metal phase is calculated, and the analytic formula describing the motion of a phase interface is derived.

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Singer, Andrej. „(Invited) Operando Nanoimaging of Phase Transformations in Energy Storage Materials“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, Nr. 46 (09.08.2024): 2572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01462572mtgabs.

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We applied operando Bragg Coherent Diffractive Imaging (BCDI) to study the discontinuous phase transformation in LixNi0.5Mn1.5O4 embedded in a fully operational battery. During Li-intercalation, we observed nucleation and growth of the Li-rich phase in a 500 nm particle embedded in the multicomponent positive electrode. The data captures the evolution from a curved coherent to planar semi-coherent interface, driven by dislocation dynamics. These dislocations travel with the interface and are expelled upon the completion of the phase transformation, resulting in a crystal devoid of defects. We hypothesize that these defects move via glissile motion without diffusion of host ions. Our data indicate the absence of significant kinetic limitations affecting the transformation kinetics, even under rapid discharge within 2 hours. This study underscores the capability of BCDI as a powerful tool for operando analysis of nanoscale phase transformations, offering guidance for the design and optimization of electrochemical materials.

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Gong, C. L., F. S. Han, Z. Li und M. P. Wang. „Internal friction related to viscous motion of phase interfaces during thermoelastic martensitic transformation“. Philosophical Magazine 87, Nr. 16 (Juni 2007): 2281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786430601156193.

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Zhang, Hairui, Cong Wang, Junqing Guo, Wuhui Li, Chu Cheng, Nan Xiang, Tao Huang, Hongzhi Niu, Deliang Zhang und Fuxiao Chen. „Phase Transformation, Microstructural Evolution and Tensile Properties of a TiH2-Based Powder Metallurgy Pure Titanium“. Metals 14, Nr. 11 (25.10.2024): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14111218.

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Multiple phase transformations were carried out during dehydrogenation process of TiH2-based powder metallurgy. The influence of phase transformation on the microstructure is highly worthy of attention. In situ synchrotron radiation was employed to investigate the phase transformation sequence of TiH2 powder compact during the vacuum sintering process. It was found that a transformation route TiH1.971 → TiH2 + TiH + TiH0.71 + α(H) → TiH + TiH0.71 + α(H) → TiH + TiH0.71 + α(H) + β(H) → α(H) → α took place, resulting in an equiaxed microstructure. Increasing heating rate and avoiding the intense dehydrogenation to retain hydrogen-rich β (β(H)) and TiHx aciculae at the interfaces is found to be a feasible method to fabricate hierarchical α-Ti structures. A fully dense fine martensitic microstructure was produced after fast heating the TiH2 powder compact to 1100 °C and an immediate hot extrusion. Subsequently, by vacuum annealing treatment at 700 °C, composite α/βt lamellar structures were generated and a simultaneously enhanced tensile strength of 746 MPa and excellent elongation to fracture of 33.8% were achieved. It is suggested that adjusting the dehydrogenation reactions of TiH2-based powder metallurgy is conductive to generating hierarchical lamellar structures with a highly promising combination of strength and ductility for pure Ti.

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Feng, Lulu, Kaiming Wu, Feng Zhou und WeiWen Qiao. „Effect of Al on Pearlite Transformation and Spheroidization of High Carbon Steel“. Science of Advanced Materials 13, Nr. 6 (01.06.2021): 1088–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.4022.

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Normalizing and isothermal spheroidizing annealing tests were carried out on two types of high-carbon steel specimens with different aluminum (Al) contents. The effects of Al content on the phase transformation and spheroidization of high-carbon steel were analyzed. It was found that addition of Al element can increase the pearlitic eutectoid transition temperature of high-carbon steel, making the eutectoid point move toward the high-carbon direction, and inhibiting the precipitation of proeutectoid cementite during pearlitic transformation. The higher the Al content, the greater the undercooling degree during pearlitic transformation and the finer the pearlite lamellar spacing would be after transformation. In addition, the finer pearlite lamellar spacing allowed the test steel to achieve more phase interfaces in the same crystal range and more dislocations and other defects on the interface, thus providing more nucleation centers for lamellar cementite during isothermal spheroidizing annealing. In addition, more defects provided more diffusion channels for carbon during spheroidizing annealing and smaller interlamellar spacing to shortening the diffusion distance of carbon atoms, thus accelerating carbon diffusion rate and spheroidizing the lamellar cementite into granular one. The addition Al element can improve the machinability of steel and facilitate the commercial application of pearlitic steel.

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Yanar, C., J. M. K. Wiezorek, V. Radmilovic und W. A. Soffa. „Characterization of Interphase Interfaces Developed During the Ordering Transformation (ε (A3) →τ (L10)) In Manganese-Aluminum Alloys“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 364–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600034310.

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Alloys based on the ferromagnetic τ-phase, which may be established in the Mn-Al system for near equiatomic composition [1], exhibit high magnetocrystalline anisotropy and coercivity and are of interest for advanced permanent magnet applications [2], Their technologically important properties depend strongly on the microstructure and defect structure development associated with the transformation from the disordered hexagonal (A3) ε-phase to the ordered tetragonal (L10) τ-phase. The structure, morphology and chemistry of the (ε/τ) interphase interfaces have been studied by methods of optical and electron microscopy (OM, SEM and TEM) in order to determine the nature of this technically important and scientifically interesting phase transformation. The optimization of processing-property relationships for this class of ferromagnetic materials requires a detailed understanding of the mechanisms facilitating the ordering process.The τ-phase nucleates at prior ε-grain boundaries (ε-GB) and exhibits a serrated, faceted growth morphology (FIG. l).

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Chen, Qing, Anders Engström, Lars Höglund, Henrik Strandlund und Bo Sundman. „Thermo-Calc Program Interface and Their Applications - Direct Insertion of Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data into Modelling of Materials Processing, Structure and Property“. Materials Science Forum 475-479 (Januar 2005): 3145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.3145.

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Thermodynamic and kinetic data are generally essential for quantitative modeling of materials processing, structure, and property. Thermo-Calc program interfaces, including TQ, TCAPI, and TC MATLAB Toolbox, provides a hierarchy of APIs for application programmers to access thermodynamic and kinetic data via the kernel of Thermo-Calc and DICTRA, the most widely used software and database system for multi-component phase equilibrium and phase transformation calculations. With these program interfaces, variation of thermodynamic and kinetic properties can be directly obtained in real time as the local temperature, pressure, or composition changes. The structure and usage of the Thermo-Calc program interfaces will be introduced in this article. Successful application examples will be illustrated.

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