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1
Ranjan, Amit. „Inter-State River Water Disputes in India: A Study of Water Disputes Between Punjab and Haryana“. Indian Journal of Public Administration 65, Nr. 4 (14.11.2019): 830–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556119873442.
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In its 10 November 2016 advisory opinion, the Supreme Court (SC) of India nullified the Punjab Termination of Agreement Act, 2004. This inter-State water sharing termination act of the Punjab government had challenged the constitutional authority of the Union government over the states. The SC looked at that dimension of the Punjab Termination of Agreement Act, 2004, and maintained the constitutional supremacy of the Union government over the states. This article discusses the federal water relationships in India, and then examines the river water disputes between the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana. The author argues that the growing inter-State water disputes in India have also challenged the federal constitutional arrangement which holds the primacy of the Union government over the State governments in matters relating to regulation and development of inter-State waters and river valleys.
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Jain, Pragati, und Prerna Jain. „Viewpoint: Defeating the water crisis: Community matters!“ Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 35, Nr. 6 (September 2020): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094220975362.
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Community participation is critical in enhancing rural sustainability in terms of managing indigenous water harvesting structures. The long-standing illusion that the water crisis can only be tackled through a top down strategy design has been shattered by a successful community engagement model using the social, financial, and human capital of the community in the semi-arid village Laporiya of Rajasthan in India. The positive externalities created through the process of community engagement are not only via knowledge sharing but also water sharing with neighboring villages. The appropriate policy suggestion for the positive externalities so created is to build an extra market for ‘ideas’ creating incentives for these innovative practices in rural settings by allowing them to flourish in a hazard free manner, free from the risk of encroachment of common lands, or of future inter-sectoral resource conflict arising out of any industrial activity. The state-managed community participation has also been successful in reviving and creating water harvesting structures, but the sustainability of such program is at stake, in the absence of social capital. Communities do matter but in ways that sustain the local economy.
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Bosu, S. Santhana. „Sharing of Inter-state River Water Resources: Case Studies of Two Major Irrigation Systems in Tamil Nadu, India“. International Journal of Water Resources Development 11, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1995): 443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900629550042128.
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Reutter, Beatriz, Paul A. Lant und Joe L. Lane. „Direct and indirect water use within the Australian economy“. Water Policy 20, Nr. 6 (24.09.2018): 1227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.055.
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Abstract We present the first analysis of water use in the Australian economy to account for inter-state trade, exports and consumption patterns, across all economic sectors and incorporating a temporal analysis. This is achieved by using the environmentally extended input-output technique, combining state-level input-output and water accounts from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Results show that the three big eastern economies (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland) rely mostly on water used within their jurisdictions. Approximately one-third of water consumption is for exported commodities, with the biggest export flows of virtual water being associated with agricultural production. Comparing results across the years (2000–2011), the water consumption associated with the provision of goods and services has decreased by 32% for exports, and by 38% for domestic markets. To date in Australia, the focus for improved trans-boundary water management (within Australia) has been on improved mechanisms for sharing physical allocation of water; these results provide the trans-boundary economic dependencies related to water availability. Recent innovations in the compilation of economic input-output models create an opportunity to progress this analysis, exploring in detail the economy–water interlinkages. It is our intention that the paper shows the value of analysing water flows using the multi-regional input-output techniques.
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McIntyre, Owen. „New Approaches for International Water Resources“. Environmental Policy and Law 51, Nr. 1-2 (21.05.2021): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/epl-219006.
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As a body of rules and a basis for inter-State cooperative practice, international water law suffers from certain important shortcomings. Most significantly, it is characterised by substantive normative indeterminacy, and from related deficiencies in its associated procedural and institutional frameworks, which retard its progressive development and limit its capacity to respond to the looming challenges of the impending global water crisis. Though it has evolved progressively in recent years to incorporate a far-reaching obligation upon watercourse States to adopt an ecosystem approach to the management of shared watercourses, this very development highlights international water law’s systemic difficulty in accommodating water management techniques which are critically important to effective implementation of such an approach and, ultimately, to addressing the water crisis. Such techniques, with which international water law struggles, include multi-faceted benefit-sharing, adaptive management, and public and stakeholder participation. The latter two are considered essential for implementation of an ecosystem approach, while the former comprises a cooperative technique facilitated by an ecosystem approach, by means of which watercourse States might eliminate inefficiencies and ensure optimal utilisation of shared water resources. These problems illustrate the urgent imperative of continuing to develop and refine, if not completely reimagine, the rules of international water law.
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Barrow, Ibrahim Hassan. „Inter-Clan Conflicts in Somalia: When Peace Happen (Case Study Baidoa District, Bay Region)“. International Journal of Human Resource Studies 10, Nr. 4 (16.09.2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v10i4.17702.
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Various clans in Bay region have had conflicts over time onwards with the pastoral communities taking the lead. More specifically, Baidoa district has been registered several inter-clan conflicts within Digil and Mirifle tribe and sub tribes fighting over resources and political issues. This paper examines Inter-Clan Conflicts in Somalia with special reference to Baidoa district community. The study used descriptive research design. The target populations of this study were communities in Baidoa district. The study distributed questionnaire and purposive sampling due to security issue with 103 respondents of male and female who were more familiar with the background of inter-clan conflicts in Baidoa district. The data analyzed with SPSS version of 16.0. The findings show that land ownership dispute, pastures, water, and political power sharing and many other subjects are the major drivers of the inter-clan conflict amongst the communities in Baidoa district. Besides, the results also revealed that lack of rule of law and uncontrollable urbanization including internal displaced people has been frontline frequently rising of inter-clan conflicts due to occupying illegal lands without getting any permission by the land owner/state and many other unmanaged matters are still exist in Baidoa. Currently, the security situation in Baidoa district is quite good but not reliable because of Baidoa outskirts is under control of Al-Shabab militant. Peace is the heart and pillar upon with every life’s meaningful progress, security and social harmonize could be reach and continued in each nation’s life.
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Meshel, Tamar. „Transboundary watercourses, dams and human migration: an international water law perspective“. Cambridge International Law Journal 9, Nr. 2 (01.12.2020): 154–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/cilj.2020.02.03.
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This article examines the potential contribution of international water law (IWL) to alleviating the negative cross-border impacts of ‘dam-induced migration’, the displacement of individuals or communities resulting from dam construction. While much has been written on efforts to deal with this global problem in other areas of international law, the application of IWL in this context has yet to be meaningfully explored. But since dams are frequently constructed on transboundary watercourses, the principles of IWL (no significant harm, equitable and reasonable utilisation, and the duty to cooperate) may prove relevant and useful to mitigating the harmful cross-border impacts of dam-induced migration. The no significant harm principle requires States to comply with a due diligence standard of conduct designed to avoid, minimise, or compensate for significant harm that might result from the use of shared watercourses, including harm to human life or health. The equitable and reasonable utilisation principle obligates each basin State to use an international watercourse in a manner that is equitable and reasonable vis-à-vis the other States sharing it. The duty to cooperate requires States to collaborate in the management and use of shared watercourses and sets out concrete measures to enable collaboration, such as information exchange, consultations, and the establishment of joint institutions. Taken together, these IWL principles can effectively guide the planning, construction, and operation of dams on shared watercourses. Applying them to the specific issue of dam-induced migration, moreover, could promote inter-State cooperation and accountability, facilitate the resolution of disputes, and alleviate negative cross-border impacts. In this way, IWL can supplement other areas of international law in providing a comprehensive solution to the growing problem of dam-induced migration.
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Kurian, Mathew, Ton Dietz und K. S. Murali. „Public-private partnerships in watershed management - evidence from the Himalayan foothills“. Water Policy 6, Nr. 2 (01.04.2004): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2004.0009.
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Public-private partnerships have emerged in recent years as an important policy option to ensure service provision in the water resources sector. However, there is very little analysis of past experience of partnerships between the public sector and various arms of the private sector: water companies, NGOs or even farmer groups. Further, there is limited conceptualisation of what is meant by partnerships between the public and private sectors. This paper draws on a study of watershed management in Haryana to analyse the evolution of public-private partnerships in natural resource management. The paper finds that the public sector has an important role to play in facilitating design of an institutional contract that clarifies water rights and rules for benefit sharing and conflict resolution. Interestingly, the paper finds that when a proper institutional structure is in place, well-endowed individuals with sufficient interest in a common pool good (like an irrigation system) may emerge to provide irrigation services with positive equity and efficiency outcomes for the environment and rural communities. However, the paper argues that state parastatals have an important role to play in monitoring the impact of watershed management on traditionally marginalized groups like women and landless and coordinating inter-sectoral policy change to ensure that public-private partnerships can be sustained in the long term.
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Uchida, Takaya, Julien Le Sommer, Charles Stern, Ryan P. Abernathey, Chris Holdgraf, Aurélie Albert, Laurent Brodeau et al. „Cloud-based framework for inter-comparing submesoscale-permitting realistic ocean models“. Geoscientific Model Development 15, Nr. 14 (27.07.2022): 5829–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5829-2022.
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Abstract. With the increase in computational power, ocean models with kilometer-scale resolution have emerged over the last decade. These models have been used for quantifying the energetic exchanges between spatial scales, informing the design of eddy parametrizations, and preparing observing networks. The increase in resolution, however, has drastically increased the size of model outputs, making it difficult to transfer and analyze the data. It remains, nonetheless, of primary importance to assess more systematically the realism of these models. Here, we showcase a cloud-based analysis framework proposed by the Pangeo project that aims to tackle such distribution and analysis challenges. We analyze the output of eight submesoscale-permitting simulations, all on the cloud, for a crossover region of the upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) altimeter mission near the Gulf Stream separation. The cloud-based analysis framework (i) minimizes the cost of duplicating and storing ghost copies of data and (ii) allows for seamless sharing of analysis results amongst collaborators. We describe the framework and provide example analyses (e.g., sea-surface height variability, submesoscale vertical buoyancy fluxes, and comparison to predictions from the mixed-layer instability parametrization). Basin- to global-scale, submesoscale-permitting models are still at their early stage of development; their cost and carbon footprints are also rather large. It would, therefore, benefit the community to document the different model configurations for future best practices. We also argue that an emphasis on data analysis strategies would be crucial for improving the models themselves.
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Mashal Madani und Muhammad Moiz Khan. „Youth Perspective on Peace between India and Pakistan: A Quantitative Analysis“. Progressive Research Journal of Arts & Humanities (PRJAH) 5, Nr. 2 (25.03.2024): 142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51872/prjah.vol5.iss2.301.
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Since independence, India and Pakistan have cultivated hostile relations, over the issues such as Kashmir, civil war in East Pakistan, sharing of water resources and cross border covert operations etc. Although, the local politics in India has always been Pakistan centric, however, for the past decade, Indian national politics, particularly elections, have increasingly centered on an anti-Pakistan agenda, yielding favorable outcomes for proponents of such populist rhetoric. The younger generation, devoid of direct memories of past conflicts, is being swayed by narratives surrounding Kashmir, border skirmishes, and cross-border terrorism. The youth on both sides of the border have not seen an active war since the 1999 Kargil crises. Policy makers, politicians and defenders in Pakistan and India have not made efforts to apprise themselves with the opinion of youth that how do they see the hostilities between the two countries. This research is an attempt to explore the impact of propaganda and political exploitation regarding cross-border threats on the opinion of youth in both countries. Understanding the perceptions and insights of the youth regarding bilateral relations and conflicts is crucial for fostering peace in the region. Such studies are imperative for potential peace initiatives, future inter-state relations, trade perspectives and progressive interdependencies.
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Huang, Xin, Juqin Shen, Fuhua Sun, Lunyan Wang, Pengchao Zhang und Yu Wan. „Study on the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of the High–Quality Development of Urbanization and Water Resource Coupling in the Yellow River Basin“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 16 (11.08.2023): 12270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612270.
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China is facing a critical period of high–speed development and a transition to high–quality development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of the coupling and coordination of high–quality development of urbanization and water resources in the Yellow River Basin (YRB). Firstly, we propose the concept of “High–Quality Development of Urbanization–Water Resources Coupling” and construct a high–quality development of urbanization (HQDU) system consisting of five sub–systems: innovation, coordination, greenness, openness and sharing, and a water resources system (WRS) consisting of four sub–systems: water resources background conditions, utilization capacity, management level, and pollution control. The improved coupling coordination degree model combined with the barrier degree model and clustering model is used to study the spatial and temporal distribution of the two systems in the YRB. The results show that the coupling coordination state of HQDU and WRS in the YRB improves to some extent, from “mild imbalance” to “barely coordination” in general; Henan and Ningxia are characterized by “low and fluctuating (levels) in early years and fast development in recent years”; Shanxi and Inner Mongolia develop steadily during the study period; Sichuan, Shandong, Shaanxi, and Qinghai are characterized by “low (levels) which lasted for a long time in the early stage and accelerated development in the later stage”; and Gansu Province is characterized by “high level in the early stage but insufficient momentum in later stage”. The Coordination Index of Urbanization Economic Growth Speed and the Total Wastewater Discharge are the most important obstacle factors in HQDU and WRS. This study explores the level of coordination development of HQDU and WRS as well as finds the obstacle factors in the development process of the two systems, which is an important reference value for the high–quality development of urbanization under the constraint of water resources.
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Ng, Kenny. „Combating marine invasive alien species effectively in Australia“. Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 24, Nr. 1 (24.09.2021): 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/apjel.2021.01.02.
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Marine invasive alien species are sea-based organisms that are non-native to a marine ecosystem, and which can or have spread to a degree that has an adverse impact on biodiversity and human livelihoods. In a globalized and inter-connected world, the threats posed by marine invasive alien species are here to stay. Accordingly, it often has been lamented that the threats from marine alien species are too difficult to combat effectively. In Australia, these threats are exacerbated by the country's unique characteristics such as its sheer size, as well as its geographical and historical isolation from the rest of the world. More importantly for the purposes of this article, Australia's unique constitutional framework that entrenches its national system of federalism has led to complex power-sharing arrangements between the Commonwealth, and the State and Territory governments in the management of invasive alien species, which are arguably inadequate to combat marine invasive alien species effectively. In Australia, laws have been made to manage only one vector of marine invasive species, ballast water from vessels, but not for other vectors. This article analyses how marine invasive alien species are currently managed within the Australian legal framework, and discusses what can be done to improve the status quo in order effectively to control the spread of such foreign organisms. It argues with optimism that marine invasive alien species can be effectively managed under a strong legal framework that seeks to prevent their occurrence and minimize the negative impacts of their occurrence. Such a legal framework consists of sound domestic laws and institutions, the effects of which can be enhanced by greater international cooperation.
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Mahdi El Bushra, Hassan El, Ayana Yeneabat, Betigel W Habtewold und Osman H Bilail. „Political will: necessary but not sufficient for control of an outbreak of acute watery diarrhoea in the Sudan, 2016-2018“. MOJ Public Health 8, Nr. 1 (15.02.2019): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojph.2019.08.00281.
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Background: During the period between August 2016 and April 2018, an outbreak of Acute Watery Diarrhea (AWD) spread all over the Sudan. The aim of this paper is to assess the role of political will of the government in institution of control measures. Methods: A total of 269 high-level decision-makers in the country were interviewed using detailed, adapted standardized tools with open-ended questions. Interviewees including selected Federal and five state Ministers of Health, parliamentarians, Country Representatives for selected UN agencies, senior officials in the government, media were conducted. Furthermore, many Focus Group Discussion (FGD) among others with healthcare workers, community groups, and partner organizations were held. Issues discussed during the interviews and focus group discussions included in-depth review of thematic and cross-cutting intervention areas; e.g., surveillance, case management, environmental health, health promotion, resource mobilization including funding, supplies and logistics; coordination and leadership in outbreak response. Results: High-level officials made containment of the outbreak a top priority, paid field visits to the affected areas, mobilized resources, closely provided sound stewardship for inter-sectoral activities and nurtured a collaborative environment for different stakeholders. The Humanitarian Aid Commission facilitated the activities of registered national and international NGOs and their international staff movement in the country, permitted easy and unlimited access to 92% of the country to ensure the safety of the international staff. Indicators reflected high political will of the government to respond to the AWD to its best ability. Yet, the outbreak continued for almost two years. Donors and UN agencies demonstrated flexibility to support response activities as they reprogrammed some ongoing activities to secure funds. Discussion: Inadequate transparency, primarily related to difficulties in sharing results of laboratory investigations during the AWD outbreak constrained and limited the potential benefits from partners. The Government needs to foster stronger coordination between water and health sectors; and explore information sharing portals e.g. website and Epi-bulletin; with partners. Partners and the government should jointly clarify their mandates and map their roles during outbreaks so as to avoid duplication, competition, and delays in response. Conclusion: Political will is a high level enabler which is necessary but not sufficient for control the AWD outbreak. "Health in All Policies" initiative offers a platform to address observed gaps both in financing of outbreak response and addressing underlying root causes for AWD outbreak.
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Mackenzie, Colin, John Donohue, Philip Wasylina, Woodrow Cullum, Peter Hu und David M. Lam. „How Will Military/Civilian Coordination Work for Reception of Mass Casualties from Overseas?“ Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 24, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2009): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00007184.
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AbstractIntroduction:In Maryland, there have been no military/civilian training exercises of the Medical Mutual Aid Agreement for >20 years. The aims of this paper are to describe the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS), to coordinate military and civilian medical mutual aid in response to arrival of overseas mass casualties, and to evaluate the mass-casualty reception and bed “urge” capacity of Maryland NDMS Hospitals.Methods:Three tabletop exercises and a functional exercise were performed using a simulated, overseas, military mass-casualty event. The first tabletop exercise was with military and civilian NMDS partners.The second tested the revised NDMS activation plan. The third exercised the Authorities of State Emergency Medical System and Walter Reed Army Medical Center Directors of Emergency Medicine over Maryland NDMS hospitals, and their Medical Mutual Aid Agreement.The functional exercise used Homeland Security Exercise Evaluation Program tools to evaluate reception, triage, staging, and transportation of 160 notional patients (including 20 live, moulaged “patients”) and one canine.Results:The first tabletop exercise identified deficiencies in operational protocols for military/civilian mass-casualty reception, triage, treatment, and problems with sharing a Unified Command. The second found improvements in the revised NDMS activation plan.The third informed expectations for NDMS hospitals. In the functional exercise, all notional patients were received, triaged, dispatched, and accounted in military and five civilian hospitals within two hours. The canine revealed deficiencies in companion/military animal reception, holding, treatment, and evacuation. Three working groups were suggested: (1) to ensure 100% compliance with triage tags, patient accountability, and return of equipment used in mass casualty events and exercises; (2) to investigate making information tech-nology and imaging networks available for Emergency Operation Centers and Incident Command; and (3) to establish NDMS training, education, and evaluation to further integrate and support civil-military operations.Conclusions:The exercises facilitated military/state inter-agency coopera-tion, resulting in revisions to the Maryland Emergency Operations Plan across all key state emergency response agencies. The recommendations from these exercises likely apply to the vast majority of NDMS activities in the US.
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Narwaria, Satyendra Singh. „Conceptual aspect of environment security: evidence from India and Bangladesh“. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 30, Nr. 1 (14.01.2019): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-08-2017-0084.
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Purpose The fast depletion of natural resources that has resulted in the scarcity of resources and degradation of environment and the subsequent conflict over resources within and among the states have given rise to a growing concern for environmental security all over the world. It may be pointed out here that since the beginning of human civilization, humans have been relying on the environment for their needs and demands. Therefore, the concern of human beings to the environment has been always and obvious. But now with the depletion of natural resources, the concern for environmental security is being advocated. The purpose of this paper is to analyze environmental issues in the context of South Asia. It may also be added here that in a situation as stated above, any stress on the environment can cause conflicts involving violence within the state as well as between the nation states. Moreover, this paper will look into other issues related to the environment degradation in India and Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach The first approach confines environment to the nature and the problems and constraints related to it. It can be termed as ecological approach. This approach is too narrow in its scope, as nature alone is not responsible for many types of hazards. How it is being exploited and protected is equally important. The other approach has been termed as the maximize approach and it includes both the ecology and its human domains. This approach takes into consideration the interaction between the two. It believes that the excessive dependence of human beings affects the environment. Also, the depletion and degradation of the environment affect human beings. The environmental security has to include both the domains and understand their inter-linkages. In fact, the uses of environment and its proper maintenance are related to the human domains. Findings The environment-related problems and their implications are more similar in both countries. It is true that there is a growing awareness on environmental issues in almost all the countries in the last few years and the individual countries have persuaded environment-friendly policies in certain sectors. Apart from this regional level, a common approach to securing the environment may involve the following aspects: sharing of knowledge and expertise regarding population control measures, policies and programs; cooperation for development and poverty eradication; regularization of inter-state migrations, evolving a regional framework for controlling, repatriation and rehabilitation of refugees; establishment of a system of disaster management and disaster preparedness at the regional level; exchange of knowledge and research works on seismic tremors, earthquakes, and landslides, their causes and possibilities; evolving common flood control measures and development of a regional flood warning system; common measures can be taken up for increased agriculture productivity, treatment of salinity, development of cyclone warning system, reforestation, development of water resources, air pollution control system, etc. Originality/value This research will not only be useful for India and Bangladesh but also for other South Asian countries and developing countries as well.
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Von Lossow, Tobias. „Gender in Inter-State Water Conflicts“. Peace Review 27, Nr. 2 (03.04.2015): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2015.1037628.
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Yamaguchi, Cristina Keiko, Priscila Machado Zanela, Karoline Brasil de Oliveira Ezequiel, Meline Vitali Duminelli, Gisele Silveira Coelho Lopes und Madalena Pereira da Silva. „PROCESS OF INTER ORGANIZATIONAL KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND WOMEN’S ENTREPRENEURSHIP“. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 6, Nr. 9 (30.09.2018): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol6.iss9.1153.
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The present study aims to identify how the process of interorganizational knowledge sharing contributes to women’s entrepreneurship in the south of Santa Catarina State. A descriptive and exploratory methodological procedure with qualitative approach was carried, through a field research carried out with the associated women entrepreneurs of the State Council of Woman Entrepreneurs (CEME). The interorganizational knowledge sharing happens during meetings and events held by the CEME and in the Centers, as well as during interactions and informal dialogues among the participants, when tacit knowledge sharing occurs. Knowledge sharing causes organizational learning and contributes to the entrepreneurship of women participating on these events as following: (1) increase in knowledge; (2) creation of unity and connections; (3) information exchange; (4) motivation; (5) personal improvement; (6) employee development; (7) promotion of necessary changes and (8) networking.
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Imran, Khadeeja. „Water Sharing Issues in Pakistan: Impacts on Inter-Provincial Relations“. Journal of Development and Social Sciences 2, Nr. 4 (31.12.2021): 947—959. http://dx.doi.org/10.47205/jdss.2021(2-iv)74.
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This study is an attempt to highlight the cultural implication of CPEC on Pak-China relations, how it will align two nations culturally, and what steps were taken by the governments of two states to bring the people closer. After the establishment of diplomatic relations between Pakistan and China, the cultural aspect of relations between the two states also moved forward. The flow of cultural delegations intensified after the 2010, because this year was celebrated as the ‘Pak-China Friendship Year’. This dimension of relations further cemented between the two states with the signing of CPEC in April 2015. CPEC will not only bring economic prosperity in Pakistan but it will also bring two states culturally closer. The roads and other communication link under this project will become source of cultural flow between the two states.
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Ye, Chengxin, Zhaopeng Ning, Jinshi Liu, Chuxun Yu und Yaying Su. „Water and Hydroelectric Power Sharing“. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 73 (29.11.2023): 390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v73i.14027.
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A rational, defensible water allocation plan for current and future water supply conditions is critically important. According to the request and suggestion of State natural resources negotiators, our team developed a water allocation plan for five states (AZ, CA, WY, NM, and CO) Since general industrial water and power generation water are very important, we comprehensively analyze and establish a multi-objective optimal allocation model, which involves social benefits, economic benefits and water environmental benefits. Using the foal attain function in MATLAB to solve the model, we get Satisfaction of water demand for electricity generation and general industry in each state.
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Türk, Özge, und Necdet Türk. „Sharing transboundary waters“. E3S Web of Conferences 346 (2022): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234603005.
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Sharing the water of transboundary watercourses sometimes become a source of dispute between riparian states. A general method to share the water of transboundary watercourses has not yet been applied. This article examines existing practices, disputes, and criteria of some of the international financial institutions to propose a simple water-sharing method to allocate the water of the transboundary watercourses between riparian states. This method will help each riparian country to know how much water it will get from the transboundary water flow. So, states can plan on how to divide water between different uses and on building infrastructures on the watercourse or not. The proposed method is expected to decrease water disputes between riparian states as it clarifies the amount of water every riparian state gets from the transboundary watercourse. This article proposes a simple water-sharing method based on sharing the transboundary water quantity by 1/3 ratio for the downstream state and 2/3 for the upstream state. The method envisages compensation payments to other riparian states in different forms in case of excess water usage. As the environment needs a regular water flow, the proposed method also inquiries about some water to be released for the environment.
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Shah, R. B. „Inter‐state river water disputes: A historical review“. International Journal of Water Resources Development 10, Nr. 2 (Januar 1994): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900629408722621.
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Puthucherril, Tony George. „Water Federalism, Tribunalization of Water Justice and Hydro-Politics: India’s Inter-State River Water Disputes Act at 65 Years“. Columbia Journal of Asian Law 35, Nr. 1 (07.02.2022): 1–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/cjal.v35i1.9192.
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India’s water federalism is at a crossroads. It is a unique two-tier system that has the constitutional and enabling provisions for water management and inter-state water dispute resolution as its base. These support the tribunal system that adjudicates inter-state river water disputes and administers water justice. More than six decades have elapsed since its establishment. At the same time, during this period, the per capita water availability has fallen drastically. India is now one of the world’s most water-stressed countries. Water disputes between States are becoming more animated and highly volatile. This article examines water federalism in India in terms of two questions: 1) Should water be transferred from the State List to the Concurrent List? 2) Should India persist with the tribunal system or replace it with the judicial process at the Supreme Court level? The first assumes importance as India persists with the river linking project. The second is relevant because the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act is almost 65 years old. In 2016, India’s Supreme Court re-wrote the law, and, more recently, the Union Government sought to revamp the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act through amendments. All these impel the need to re-look the idea of water federalism as it operates in India in its entirety.
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Liu, Yang, Fatong Chong, Jingjing Jia, Shengle Cao und Jun Wang. „Proper Pricing Approach to the Water Supply Cost Sharing: A Case Study of the Eastern Route of the South to North Water Diversion Project in China“. Water 14, Nr. 18 (12.09.2022): 2842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14182842.
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Conflict in cost sharing is normal in complex water distribution system projects, such as the inter-basin water diversion project (IWDP). China’s South to North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) is the largest IWDP in the world, with a complex relationship between upstream and downstream users of the water supply. Therefore, it is necessary to propose an applicable and unsophisticated cost-sharing method to deal with the complex relationship between upstream and downstream users. This paper proposes an improved cost-sharing method based on the continuity equation of water quantity and the balance equation of the project cost between upstream and downstream users. The fairness of sharing the joint cost between parties involved in the eastern route of SNWDP (ER-SNWDP) obtained using the proposed improved cost-sharing method is investigated by comparing its results with the existing cost-sharing method. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can overcome the non-convergence issue of the existing sharing formula and reduce the differences between upstream and downstream users’ sharing costs. The improved method provides a cost-sharing strategy that is more easily accepted by both the upstream and downstream users than the existing estimation approach. Therefore, the proposed pricing approach can provide technical guidance for decision makers in the effective operation of large-scale IWDPs in areas with quasi water markets.
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Webster, Adam. „Sharing Water from Transboundary Rivers: Limits on State Power“. Federal Law Review 44, Nr. 1 (März 2016): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x1604400102.
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Disputes between States of Australia over the sharing of the waters of rivers that flow through or form the boundary between two or more States (‘transboundary rivers’) have frequently been framed in terms of the ‘rights’ of the States. This article seeks to reframe the resolution of these disputes in terms of limits on State legislative and executive power. After reframing the problem in this way, the article first examines the scope of State legislative and executive power and its extraterritorial effect with respect to the regulation of transboundary rivers. Secondly, the article considers inconsistencies between the laws and regulations of two States with respect to transboundary rivers. Finally, constitutional implications and limits on State power are examined, with particular focus on whether there may be scope for the extension of the Melbourne Corporation principle to assist in the resolution of some transboundary river disputes.
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Larson, Rhett B. „Inter-State Water Law in the United States of America“. Brill Research Perspectives in International Water Law 2, Nr. 3 (06.09.2017): 1–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23529369-12340007.
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AbstractThe rich field of inter-state water law in the United States illustrates both successes and failures in transboundary water management and allocation. This monograph analyzes the three general approaches to water allocation between riparian states to certain shared watercourses in the United States, namely equitable apportionment, congressional apportionment, and inter-state compacts. This analysis is accompanied by a discussion and evaluation of the different cases of shared watercourses that applied these approaches, and a comparison of each of them to similar approaches in international water law. The monograph draws lessons for international water law from inter-state water law—highlighting the successful inter-state approaches that can be adopted by international water law, as well as the approaches that failed, and which should be avoided.
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Richards, Alan, und Nirvikar Singh. „Inter-state Water Disputes in India: Institutions and Policies“. International Journal of Water Resources Development 18, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2002): 611–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0790062022000017437.
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Farriansyah, Anang M., Pitojo Tri Juwono, Ery Suhartanto, Very Dermawan und Rahimatus S. Z. Alyaminy. „The Performance of Equalization Model of Water Allocation Inter Irrigation Areas in River System“. MATEC Web of Conferences 147 (2018): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814703005.
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In Indonesia, water is public goods so it is necessary to control water allocation. Inequity of water allocation between water users is expanding largely, including irrigation as the largest user, while the density of headworks in the river are getting higher. Considering that water is limited, the practice of irrigation water allocation needs to be refined, from the traditional equity to volumetric equity. MEQAA (Model Equalisasi Alokasi Air/Equalization Model of Water Allocation) plays a role in determining water sharing between headworks in order to meet the maximum-equal K-factor in river. MEQAA-Generic is a calculation machine with: analog-deterministic dynamic model; network equation according to mass balance and linear optimization; independent-based system; sustainability-efficiency-equity constraints; Ms. Excel-VBA. The inputs are: scheme system, local inflow, and irrigation demand. The outputs are: K-factor, release and ecosystem quote. The model performance is identified by comparing the output to the class of K-factor based on treatment of water distribution. The model test is performed in an uncontrolled and complicated system in Kukusan Tanggek watershed with 24 headworks in Lombok river basin. As long as it is adequate for water sharing, MEQAA-G can always produce maximum-equal K-factor. The output model is used to operation control.
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GRANDESSO, F., M. ALLAN, P. S. J. JEAN-SIMON, J. BONCY, A. BLAKE, R. PIERRE, K. P. ALBERTI et al. „Risk factors for cholera transmission in Haiti during inter-peak periods: insights to improve current control strategies from two case-control studies“. Epidemiology and Infection 142, Nr. 8 (11.10.2013): 1625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813002562.
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SUMMARYTwo community-based density case-control studies were performed to assess risk factors for cholera transmission during inter-peak periods of the ongoing epidemic in two Haitian urban settings, Gonaives and Carrefour. The strongest associations were: close contact with cholera patients (sharing latrines, visiting cholera patients, helping someone with diarrhoea), eating food from street vendors and washing dishes with untreated water. Protective factors were: drinking chlorinated water, receiving prevention messages via television, church or training sessions, and high household socioeconomic level. These findings suggest that, in addition to contaminated water, factors related to direct and indirect inter-human contact play an important role in cholera transmission during inter-peak periods. In order to reduce cholera transmission in Haiti intensive preventive measures such as hygiene promotion and awareness campaigns should be implemented during inter-peak lulls, when prevention activities are typically scaled back.
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Ansink, Erik, und Carmen Marchiori. „Reallocating Water: An Application of Sequential Sharing Rules to Cyprus“. Water Economics and Policy 01, Nr. 04 (Dezember 2015): 1550018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x15500186.
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Water scarcity has become a major constraint on economic development in many regions of the world and sectoral water reallocation is now widely recognized as an essential step toward the sustainable management of water resources. This paper offers an approach to the reallocation of water among sectors based on sequential sharing rules. An essential feature of this approach is that it takes jointly into account a multiplicity of aspects which are critical to many water reallocation problems, but have often been neglected by the theoretical literature. Such aspects include pre-existing customary (or other) rights, scarcity constraints, the chronological order of sectors’ arrivals and environmental water demand. In doing so, our framework can help achieve a solution which is not only more efficient, but also perceived as legitimate and fair. Sequential sharing rules can be used to support or complement other approaches to water allocation, including those based on water markets. Our framework is illustrated using an application to inter-sectoral water reallocation in Cyprus.
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Hashim, Faiza, Khaled Shuaib und Farag Sallabi. „Connected Blockchain Federations for Sharing Electronic Health Records“. Cryptography 6, Nr. 3 (16.09.2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryptography6030047.
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With the growing utility of blockchain technology, the desire for reciprocal interactions among different blockchains is growing. However, most operational blockchain networks currently operate in a standalone setting. This fragmentation in the form of isolated blockchains creates interoperability difficulties, inhibiting the adoption of blockchains in various ecosystems. Interoperability is a key factor in the healthcare domain for sharing EHRs of patients registered in independent blockchain networks. Each blockchain network could have its own rules and regulations, obstructing the exchange of EHRs for improving diagnosis and treatments. Examples include patients being treated by healthcare providers in different countries or regions, or within one country but with a different set of rules per state or emirate. By contrast, a federation of blockchain networks can provide better communication and service to stakeholders in healthcare. Thus, solutions for facilitating inter-blockchain communication in such a blockchain federation are needed. However, this possibility has not been fully explored, and further investigations are still being conducted. Hence, the present study proposes a transaction-based smart contract triggering system for inter-blockchain communication, enabling EHR sharing among independent blockchains. We use local and global smart contracts that will be executed once a transaction is created in the blockchain. Local smart contracts are used for EHR sharing within the blockchain, whereas global smart contracts are used for EHR sharing among independent blockchains. The experimental setup is conducted using the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain platform. Inter-blockchain communication between two independent fabric networks is conducted through a global smart contract using Hyperledger Cactus for EHR sharing in a health federation setup. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to implement an inter-blockchain communication model in the healthcare domain.
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MAITRA, SULAGNA. „Inter-State River Water Disputes in India: Institutions and Mechanisms“. Japanese Journal of Political Science 8, Nr. 02 (08.06.2007): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109907002630.
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Liu, Chengji, Changhua Zhu, Zhihui Li, Min Nie, Hong Yang und Changxing Pei. „Continuous-Variable Quantum Secret Sharing Based on Thermal Terahertz Sources in Inter-Satellite Wireless Links“. Entropy 23, Nr. 9 (17.09.2021): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23091223.
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We propose a continuous-variable quantum secret sharing (CVQSS) scheme based on thermal terahertz (THz) sources in inter-satellite wireless links (THz-CVQSS). In this scheme, firstly, each player locally preforms Gaussian modulation to prepare a thermal THz state, and then couples it into a circulating spatiotemporal mode using a highly asymmetric beam splitter. At the end, the dealer measures the quadrature components of the received spatiotemporal mode through performing the heterodyne detection to share secure keys with all the players of a group. This design enables that the key can be recovered only by the whole group players’ knowledge in cooperation and neither a single player nor any subset of the players in the group can recover the key correctly. We analyze both the security and the performance of THz-CVQSS in inter-satellite links. Results show that a long-distance inter-satellite THz-CVQSS scheme with multiple players is feasible. This work will provide an effective way for building an inter-satellite quantum communication network.
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Anshar, Muhammad, und Andi Faridah Arsal. „The Ethics of Digital Communication and Message Sharing on Social Media“. Jurnal Komunikasi Islam 13, Nr. 2 (21.12.2023): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/jki.2023.13.2.249-268.
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The present research examines the ethical concerns of social media users in sharing information and digital interaction. Adopting a phenomenological approach, 20 students from two state universities in Makassar South Sulawesi were invited to an interview regarding the issues. The findings illustrate four important ethics concerning digital communication and sharing information on social media: first social media users should convey messages honestly; second, they must be responsible in their words and deeds; third, they have to be polite to others; fourth they have to be tolerant of differences. In addition, this study argues that social media content creators and users respect ethnic, religious, racial, and inter-group diversity in sharing information.
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Semicheva, A. M. „Documenting international cultural relations: activities of the All-Union State Library of Foreign Literature, Moscow“. Art Libraries Journal 13, Nr. 4 (1988): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200005939.
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The All-Union State Library of Foreign Literature has been engaged, since 1976, in publishing a series of indexes to documentation on Soviet cultural relations with other countries. This material represents an important resource for research, and, a record of what has been achieved in the recent past, it is a springboard for fresh initiatives in the sharing of culture and the promotion of inter-cultural understanding.
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Haileslassie, Zbelo. „Promoting Federalism, IWRM, and Functional Approach to Water Governance under Ethiopian Water Laws“. Mizan Law Review 13, Nr. 3 (31.12.2019): 384–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mlr.v13i3.3.
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Integrated functional approach to water governance in a federal state structure can avoid vertical and horizontal conflicts. There are queries on how functional approach to water governance can be promoted in the context of federal state structure. Other concerns include linkages, the meditating factor demanding for reconciling competing water uses, integrated water resources management (IWRM) and integrated river basin management (IRBM). This article assesses the existing governance framework and its suitability to promote functional approach to water governance, reconciliations and policy options. There are inconsistencies in the Constitution, Federal water management laws, river basin high councils and authority’s laws, policies, strategies and the regulation that establishes and defines the powers and duties of the Ethiopian Basin Development Authority. Moreover, there are missing links and integrations, centralizing tendencies and failures to accommodate and harmonize pluralistic and diversified local practices. The water laws need to integrate both the bottom-up approach (by empowering the grassroots and bringing efficient, equitable, and sustainable use of water) and top-down form of governance (to harmonize the inter-local linkages among and within regional states). The inter-state basin governance needs reform and the over-centralized role of the government to designate water institutions should be controlled. Reconciliation is mandatory for better empowerment, cooperation and harmonization at all linkages, levels and types of inter-governmental relations.
Key terms:
Federalism, IWRM-IRBM, Functional approach, Water governance linkages, Reconciliation, Harmonization
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Bunney, Sarah, Sarah Ward und David Butler. „Inter-organisational resilience for flood focussed emergency planning: examining multi-agency connectedness through Twitter“. Water Practice and Technology 13, Nr. 2 (01.06.2018): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.043.
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Abstract The use of Twitter as a platform to share and exchange information between emergency responders, water service providers and the public during an emergency situation is becoming more evident. The sharing of real-time information is invaluable for situational awareness and effective emergency response. To explore this integrated approach, twitter profiles for Local Resilience Forums and Water Service Providers were analysed to demonstrate their connectedness. It was discovered that the connectivity between the Local Resilience Forums and the Water Service Providers was limited and further research is being conducted to establish why these connections do not exist.
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Zhang, Jie, Jianjun Wu, Tao Yang, Sen Yang, Yifeng He und Shoushi Gao. „Analysis of Water Inrush Disaster Mechanism of Inter-Layer Rocks between Close Coal Seams under the Influence of Mining“. Applied Sciences 13, Nr. 15 (07.08.2023): 9043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13159043.
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With the gradual increase in the mining depth of coal resources, the destruction of the rock structure of the inter-layered rock of the near coal seam under the influence of mining has led to the frequent occurrence of water-inrush disasters in mines, which seriously affects the safety of mine production and the safety of the people in the underground. Therefore, it is important to study the mechanism of the water inrush of the rock between the coal seams under the influence of mining to control the occurrence of water inrush disasters and protect the loss of groundwater resources. This paper takes the Hanjiawan coal mine with typical stratigraphic characteristics as the background for research and studies the structural characteristics of interlayer rock breakage and the solid–liquid coupling inrush water disaster mechanism during the mining of 2−2 and 3−1 coals. The study shows that according to the damage degree and destruction depth of the inter-layered rock caused by the mining of the upper and lower coal seams, combined with the slip line theory and the “three bands” collapse theory, the inter-layered rock is classified into a completely fractured inter-layer, a fractured–broken stacked inter-layer, and a fractured–broken–fractured combined inter-layered rock using L≤hm+Hk2′, L>hm+Hk2′, and L≥hm+Hli2′ as the discriminating criteria. Combined with the structural classification of inter-layer rock and the discriminating criteria, we used similar simulation experiments and on-site research to analyze the evolution law and distribution characteristics of four types of inter-layer rock water-inrush fractures in different mines and put forward the classification of inter-layer rock water-inrush channels based on the width, length, and penetration of the fractures. Based on the characteristics of the water-inrush channel of inter-layer rock, we constructed the network-boundary inrush water calculation model of inter-layered rock and network-attach-boundary inrush water calculation model, solved the water movement of the water-inrush channel in the model by transforming the flat flow state, fracture to flow state, and pore-fracture flow state, and finally revealed the mechanism of the disaster by which water-inrush of inter-layer rocked was induced. Finally, we revealed its mechanism of inducing the inter-layer rock inrush water disaster. Our research enriches the theory and research ideas of the water-inrush disaster, provides theoretical support and a basis for the control of water-inrush disasters in similar conditions, and ensures the safe production of mines.
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Reyes, Oscar, und Sebastián Ventura. „Performing Multi-Target Regression via a Parameter Sharing-Based Deep Network“. International Journal of Neural Systems 29, Nr. 09 (28.10.2019): 1950014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012906571950014x.
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Multi-target regression (MTR) comprises the prediction of multiple continuous target variables from a common set of input variables. There are two major challenges when addressing the MTR problem: the exploration of the inter-target dependencies and the modeling of complex input–output relationships. This paper proposes a neural network model that is able to simultaneously address these two challenges in a flexible way. A deep architecture well suited for learning multiple continuous outputs is designed, providing some flexibility to model the inter-target relationships by sharing network parameters as well as the possibility to exploit target-specific patterns by learning a set of nonshared parameters for each target. The effectiveness of the proposal is analyzed through an extensive experimental study on 18 datasets, demonstrating the benefits of using a shared representation that exploits the commonalities between target variables. According to the experimental results, the proposed model is competitive with respect to the state-of-the-art in MTR.
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Woodhouse, Melvin, und Mark Zeitoun. „Hydro-hegemony and international water law: grappling with the gaps of power and law“. Water Policy 10, S2 (01.11.2008): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2008.209.
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In its present emergent form, International Water Law (IWL) is concerned with enabling States to demonstrate an end result of equitable and reasonable sharing of transboundary waters, and thus does not directly address the cause of behaviour which may prevent this goal from being realised. In addition, this consent-based system is insufficiently developed to redress issues arising from the use of covert ideational power by one state to achieve control over water resources shared with other states. By offering a means to describe, analyse and demonstrate how the use of power by a State is a major determinant of its behaviour regarding sharing water resources, the approach of hydro-hegemony may help address such shortcomings, and thus be of some use to IWL. This paper presents a straightforward introduction to the area overlapped by International Water Law and the Framework of Hydro-Hegemony. We further explore how the Framework could make a direct and practical contribution to the knowledge of legal norms for state behaviour regarding the use of power and water sharing. The Framework of Hydro-hegemony shows that the covert use of power by a State can be used to perpetuate water sharing arrangements that can be inequitable and unreasonable, yet tolerated and even ‘stable’, in that they are not readily challenged. At present, hegemony and IWL coexist as parallel tracks, with the law being effectively blind to what is actually happening. We suggest that international water law must become aware of these covert hegemonic practices and incorporate them into the determination of compliant State practice if the principles of equitable and reasonable use are to be properly operationalised.
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Odili, Nwamaka Chigozie. „Shared Water Resources in West Africa“. Brill Research Perspectives in International Water Law 3, Nr. 1 (23.01.2018): 1–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23529369-12340009.
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AbstractSince the adoption of the General Act of Berlin in 1885, which dealt,inter alia, with the Niger River, more agreements have been contracted for the management of some of the shared watercourses in West Africa, particularly in the post-colonial era. Although only six out of its numerous shared watercourses are regulated by legal instruments, West Africa contributed through these agreements to the development of international water prior to the adoption of theunWatercourses and theuneceWater Conventions in the 1990s. Initial instruments dealt primarily with navigation, while later agreements addressed the need for co-operation and incorporated other principles of customary international water law. The two conventions have, no doubt, influenced this trend, raising the question of whether riparian states in West Africa need to be parties to either or both water conventions to enhance management, sharing, and protections of their shared watercourses.
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Yaqoob, Ghazala, Saubia Ramzan und Nagina Gul. „Impact of Community of Practice (COPs) on Inter-University Research Partnerships and Socio-Collaborative Culture in Balochistan“. Global Educational Studies Review VI, Nr. IV (30.12.2021): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(vi-iv).18.
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Foundations of Higher Education (HE), public and private, are going through a critical state while going through subsidizing or funding cuts, educational cost increments, and layoffs. An all-encompassing methodology is fundamental whereby greatness in instructing and learning just as research examination ought to be a definitive point of the objective. Among the different approaches to accomplish this is the advancement of communities of practices (CoPs) among the scholastic academics. In this manner, CoPs are to be viewed as an extension of any program to accomplish excellence because it is the sharing of the tacit knowledge that impacts any association in its interest for a competitive advantage. This research examination presents that CoPs positively influence creating academic linkages/collisions with different other universities of the region for knowledge-sharing. It explains the overall impact of CoPs on building collisions among universities. The explorative research study follows a mixed-method approach with qualitative and quantitative research design. However, the research examination concludes that CoP impacts the cycle of knowledge sharing by creating and overseeing linkages among universities to advance explorative research culture and innovation. In light of the findings, the research investigation suggests further skylines for comparative exploratory research relating to the transfer of knowledge and barriers in knowledge sharing for CoPs inside institutions and organizations.
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Sepehri Shafigh, Ebrahim, Houshang Taghizadeh und Soleyman Iranzadeh. „Developing a Model of Incentives for Creating and Implementing Industrial Coexistence Networks in Iranian Pharmaceutical Companies“. Depiction of Health 12, Nr. 4 (03.11.2021): 378–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/doh.2021.36.
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Background and Objectives The goal of industrial coexistence is accessing cheaper resources, avoiding disposal costs or making extra profit from selling by-products. As far as the environment is concerned, its benefits include less consumption of natural resources, less wastage disposal, and less diffusion of gases resulting from raw material production, polluting the air, soil and water. Considering the theoretical and experimental gap in the field of using industrial coexistence networks, the purpose of this study was to develop a a model of incentives for creating and implementing industrial coexistence networks in the country's pharmaceutical companies.Material and Methods This research was applied-developmental. The statistical population of this research consisted of all pharmaceutical companies in the country. Based on Krejcie and Morgan’s table, we picked 165 companies as our the statistical sample, whose managers were given the questionnaires used in this research study. A researcher-made questionnaire was distributed among the participants after its validity and reliability were confirmed. Structural-interpretive modeling and path-structural modeling were used in order to analyze the data. Results Generally, ten main components were found effective to be considered in using industrial coexistence networks in country's pharmaceutical companies. Also, the results of structural-interpretive modeling method revealed that infrastructure and technological readiness as well as the government’s policies are two effective variables among the main components. Conclusion Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the two important measures to take for creating industrial coexistence in the country's pharmaceutical companies include strengthening the required infrastructure and technologies and adopting appropriate policies for the implementation and enforcement of industrial coexistence networks in pharmaceutical companies. Developing industrial coexistence among companies is a complicated and dynamic process and has been extensively worked on recently to facilitate this trend through coexistence network. Industrial coexistence increases resource productivity through producing more output of raw materials. With regard to the environment, its benefits include less consumption of natural resources, less wastage disposal and less diffusion of gases which result from raw material production, polluting the air, soil and water. Taking into account the theoretical and experimental gap in the field of using industrial coexistence networks, the purpose of this study was to develop a model of incentives for creating and applying industrial coexistence networks in Iranian pharmaceutical companies. Material and Methods This research was applied in term of purpose and descriptive with respect to research method. The statistical population of this research consisted of all Iranian pharmaceutical companies. In the first part of the research, initially, our statistical sample comprised three groups of experts: a) those who were familiar with the subject of research, b) thosewho were at least production managers of a certain company, and c) professors who had written or translated books or papers about industrial coexistence. Then, ten experts were selected from these three groups. In the second part, the statistical sample consisted of 165 pharmaceutical companies. Sampling was conducted on a random basis. Two questionnaires were used to collect data. In the first one, following ISM method (structural-interpretive method), the incentives of creating industrial coexistence networks and applying them were used and paired comparisons of the stimuli of creating industrial coexistence networks and applying them were conducted for the purpose of rating and developing the pattern of imprinting. The second questionnaire was developed by the present researchers to test the appropriateness of the pattern of stimuli for creating and applying industrial coexistence networks developed in the previous stage. The validity of the questionnaire was established through mean variance, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach alpha coefficient. Additionally, the compositional reliability was calculated for each component separately. To analyze the data of research, the structural-interpretive modeling was used to provide a pattern for the incentives of creating and applying industrial coexistence networks in the studied population. Also, path-structural modeling was used to test the developed pattern. Results The findings of structural-interpretive modeling showed that preparing infrastructure is the main and the most effective factor in creating and applying industrial coexistence networks which is unfortunately placed as the last level. So, to create industrial coexistence networks and to apply them in Iranian pharmaceutical companies, the first step is preparing the required infrastructures. At the 7th level, two factors were placed: government policies for creating the initial motivation of industrial coexistence and education for the execution of industrial coexistence. Athough they are not as effective as preparing infrastructures for creating industrial coexistence networks and applying them, they are, nevertheless, considered important. The primary reason is because government policies for creating the initial motivation of industrial coexistence are not usually affected by other factors, but education can be directly affected by infrastructure preparation. The 6th level included constitutional support for the coalition, coordination and proper relations and being aware of the concepts of industrial coexistence. These two factors are affected by government policies and education directly and also affect knowledge exchange cooperation at the 5th level directly. The 4th level included budget allocation for promoting industrial coexistence which is affected by government policies and at the same time, affects directly the confidence among the participants of industrial coexistence at the 3rd level who have to be assured that budget allocation is fair. The 2nd level included sharing information among the participants of industrial coexistence and willingness to cooperate. This is affected directly by the confidence among the participants of industrial coexistence and their willingness to cooperate, which in turn affects top management support at the same time. The most effective part of the pattern is management support. At the 2nd part, the developed pattern was tested. The relationship between the structures and references were studied and verified based on loads factor. Also, the coefficients path and their significance showed that the acquired relations for the developed pattern is verified.ConclusionAccording to the findings of this research, the first steps of developing industrial coexistence for Iranian pharmaceutical companies were found to be reinforcing infrastructures and technologies, and adopting proper politics for executing and implementing industrial coexistence networks in pharmaceutical companies. The companies used as our research sample might be able to increase the productivity of resources through producing more output using the same amount of raw materials. Environmentally, its advantages are as follows: the consumption of natural resources is reduced, wastage is disposed, and the emission of polluted gases resulting from raw material storage is reduced. So, the managers and policy makers of the industrial sector in the field of pharmaceutics are advised to attend to this matter seriously, taking into account the limitation of resources and environmental pollutions; they should also support studies seriously to create such networks. Practical Implications of Research The nature of industrial coexistence is based on the development of functional relationships between industrial activities. Thus, industrial coexistence is a type of network that consists mainly of private companies. Networks may be considered as a special type of inter-organizational relationship. Inter-organizational relationships "are relatively stable transactions, flows, and communications that occur between an organization and one or more other organizations in its environment." Inter-organizational relationships are considered as an alternative to the market or organizational hierarchy. They can significantly add value to companies by combining resources and sharing knowledge (two central aspects of the network). The goal of industrial coexistence is to access the benefits of this cooperation in various dimensions. Companies benefit economically by accessing cheaper resources, avoiding disposal costs or making extra profit from selling by-products. In general, industrial coexistence increases resource productivity by producing more output from the same amount of raw materials. From an environmental point of view, reducing the consumption of natural resources, disposing of waste and emitting polluted gases into air, water and soil are among the benefits of industrial coexistence. Accordingly, in view of limited resources on the one hand and environmental pollution and on the other hand it is suggested managers and policy makers of the industrial sector in the field of pharmacy pay due attention to this point and and develop a plan to create these networks. Ethical Considerations The authors state that research ethics have been observed in this research. The respondents voluntarily participated in this study. The data were also honestly reviewed and analyzed. This article is extracted from the doctoral dissertation with the confirmation code 102482971033181162314244 and the research code 162314244 taken from Vice Chancellor of Research of the Islamic Azad University of Tabriz. Conflict of Interest The authors hereby declare that this work is the result of an independent study and has no conflict of interest with other organizations and individuals. Aknowledgment The authors of the article consider it necessary to express their appreciation and gratitude to the participants for their cooperation in responding to the research questionnaires.
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Bolleyer, Nicole, und Tanja A. Börzel. „Non-hierarchical policy coordination in multilevel systems“. European Political Science Review 2, Nr. 2 (Juli 2010): 157–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175577391000007x.
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In theory, lower-level governments (provinces, regional governments, or member states) operating in multilevel systems within and beyond the nation-state can choose from a wide repertoire of modes of policy coordination to solve collective problems non-hierarchically. These modes range from unilateral policy emulation over informal intergovernmental agreements to binding interstate law. The modes that governments are willing and capable to use, however, vary considerably across multilevel systems which affects governments’ collective problem-solving capacity. This paper argues that the nature of executive–legislative relations in lower-level governments is crucial to account for this variation. The presence (or absence) of power sharing shapes the willingness of lower-level governments to enter agreements that greatly constrain individual government autonomy. Power-concentrating governments, as opposed to power-sharing ones, tend to avoid such agreements. The type of power sharing affects the capacity to enter agreements that require legislative approval. Compulsory power-sharing governments, as opposed to voluntary power-sharing governments, should find it difficult to enter such agreements, since this type of power sharing invites inter-branch divides. To substantiate these arguments, we apply them to Canada, Switzerland, the United States, and the European Union.
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Harpaz, Guy. „European Educational Programmes as a Bridge over Troubled European-Israeli Water“. European Foreign Affairs Review 16, Issue 1 (01.02.2011): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2011007.
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EU-Israeli trade relations appear to be comprehensive and close. Yet these developed relations should not conceal the true colours of European-Israeli socio-political relations, relations that are characterized too often by ignorance, stereotyping, mistrust, and tension. This state of affairs adversely affects the ability of both the European Union (EU) and the State of Israel to fully realize the enormous potential of their relations. This article focuses, in abstracto and in concreto, on the means by which higher educational cooperation can alleviate that state of affairs to a certain extent, analysed through an International Relations (IR) perspective, drawing on the experience gained in intra-Community and inter-Community contexts. This article, however, also places emphasis on the limitations inherent in such cooperation in terms of forging regional, European-Israel affinity, limitations that are derived, inter alia, from the somewhat heterogeneous nature of the European higher education space.
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Antonelli, Gilda, Edoardo Mollona und Luigi Moschera. „Burt- Or Coleman-Type Rents, Or a Bit of Both? Knowledge Management Strategies in Suppliers’ Networks“. International Journal of Business and Management 13, Nr. 12 (27.11.2018): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n12p274.
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Nodal Enterprises (NEs) (Dyer & Nobeoka, 2000) create value by exploiting their position at the center of networks of supplier firms. In managing these networks of organizations, however, NEs face a dilemma: how much knowledge must be shared with partners in the value-chain? In this paper, we propose that knowledge sharing must be managed dynamically.
Building on selected applications of social network theory to clusters’ analysis (Kogut, 2000), we assume that NEs manage a combination of two types of rents when they share knowledge among their networked firms: “Coleman-type” and “Burt-type” rents. How the combination between the two dynamically unfolds is an unexplored issue. Using a computer simulation model, we explore robustness of alternative strategies of knowledge sharing among networked firms. Learning from our simulation experiments, we suggest a desired inter-temporal pattern of knowledge sharing and we show how the steady-state of knowledge-sharing depends counterintuitively on the speed at which knowledge leaks among the firms that are connected in the network.
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Satapathy, Ranjan, Shweta Rajesh Pardeshi und Erik Cambria. „Polarity and Subjectivity Detection with Multitask Learning and BERT Embedding“. Future Internet 14, Nr. 7 (22.06.2022): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14070191.
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In recent years, deep learning-based sentiment analysis has received attention mainly because of the rise of social media and e-commerce. In this paper, we showcase the fact that the polarity detection and subjectivity detection subtasks of sentiment analysis are inter-related. To this end, we propose a knowledge-sharing-based multitask learning framework. To ensure high-quality knowledge sharing between the tasks, we use the Neural Tensor Network, which consists of a bilinear tensor layer that links the two entity vectors. We show that BERT-based embedding with our MTL framework outperforms the baselines and achieves a new state-of-the-art status in multitask learning. Our framework shows that the information across datasets for related tasks can be helpful for understanding task-specific features.
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Raubenheimer, Jenny. „Enhancing resource sharing with a state-of-the-art transportation system in a large open distance learning (ODL) institution in South Africa“. Interlending & Document Supply 42, Nr. 2/3 (12.08.2014): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilds-05-2014-0026.
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Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to investigate the enhancement of resource sharing with a state-of-the-art transportation system in a large open distance learning (ODL) institution in South Africa. The University of South Africa (UNISA) is an ODL institution, and it has the largest academic library of its kind in Africa. The University is acknowledged as one of the mega-universities of the world with a student body approaching 400 000. In addition to providing an inter-lending service to this large student body and to 3,000 staff, the UNISA Library is a net-lender within South Africa’s inter-lending and resource sharing network. The Library’s inter-lending service forms part of the request services available to all its clients and to the wider community of participating libraries. Daily, an average of 2000 requests is received for processing, retrieval and delivery. This paper provides a brief overview of how the Library’s request service is managed and will discuss the technologies used to speed up the request process. It focuses on an automated radio frequency identification (RFID) transportation system to be implemented as part of the 21st century, newly redesigned UNISA Library. To ensure the speedy availability of material on the shelves after return, this system automatically transports materials via a Paternoster book lift to the respective levels within the Library. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology used in this investigation encompassed a literature study and a study visit to a library where this automated delivery system had been implemented and information was gained from relevant service suppliers. Findings – The UNISA Library found that it is feasible to use the system in terms of the large number of books to be transported from drop-off points to the respective levels. In accordance with the investigation of the number of trolleys to be pushed daily by staff from one point to another, the installation of an automated system will allow more time for shelf maintenance staff to attend to the processing of requests for material and other important but less urgent duties. This will impact positively on the speed of delivery of requests submitted by ODL clients who cannot visit the libraries together with those submitted by local and international inter-library loan partners who depend on the UNISA Library as a net-lender for material not available in their own collections. This will impact positively on availability of material on the shelves and the speed of delivery of requests for information resources submitted by ODL clients who cannot visit the ODL libraries and inter-library loan partners, nationally and internationally, who depend on the UNISA Library as a net-lender for material not available in their own collections. Originality/value – Because rapid delivery of requested information resources has become very important to ensure just in time information, it is important to implement an internal delivery system to support the inter-lending process. This study is useful for libraries that need to deliver many physical items to a large client body.
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Aslam, Rabia. „Pakistan’s Water Vulnerability and the Risk of Inter-State Conflict in South Asia“. Forman Journal of Economic Studies 09 (30.12.2013): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32368/fjes.20130902.
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Zhang, Xiaojun, Lina Zhao, Xiaomeng Jin, Zijun Zhang und Yuxin Li. „Nanomolar determination of nitrofurans in water via excited-state inter-ligand proton transfer“. Analytica Chimica Acta 1181 (Oktober 2021): 338905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2021.338905.
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Rifqi, Ach Nizam. „Pengembangan Layanan Informasi Berbasis ILL (Inter Library Loan) di Lingkungan Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Kota Malang“. Tik Ilmeu : Jurnal Ilmu Perpustakaan dan Informasi 6, Nr. 2 (29.12.2022): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/tik.v6i2.4928.
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This research is a research model that specifically examines the development of information and library services along with the development of technology and information that develops in the community using ILL (Inter Library Loan). The research method uses descriptive qualitative in analyzing and reviewing an ILL concept which is implemented in MILL (Malang Inter Library Loan). Libraries along with the development of information technology which is increasingly massive in its existence in the community are required to meet their various complex needs and want fast (instant) things. ILL (Inter Library Loan) offers a solution to overcome the library's efforts in meeting the needs of these users. MILL (Malang Inter Library Loan) is present as an innovation by adopting ILL, especially in the city of Malang in an effort to meet the various needs of increasingly complex library users. The technical efforts and MILL procedural policies are tried to be applied in the Malang city state university library under the legal umbrella of FKP2TN cooperation by holding the principle of information disclosure through sharing various resources owned by the users of each library