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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Inter State Water Sharing“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Inter State Water Sharing"
1
Ranjan, Amit. „Inter-State River Water Disputes in India: A Study of Water Disputes Between Punjab and Haryana“. Indian Journal of Public Administration 65, Nr. 4 (14.11.2019): 830–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556119873442.
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In its 10 November 2016 advisory opinion, the Supreme Court (SC) of India nullified the Punjab Termination of Agreement Act, 2004. This inter-State water sharing termination act of the Punjab government had challenged the constitutional authority of the Union government over the states. The SC looked at that dimension of the Punjab Termination of Agreement Act, 2004, and maintained the constitutional supremacy of the Union government over the states. This article discusses the federal water relationships in India, and then examines the river water disputes between the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana. The author argues that the growing inter-State water disputes in India have also challenged the federal constitutional arrangement which holds the primacy of the Union government over the State governments in matters relating to regulation and development of inter-State waters and river valleys.
2
Jain, Pragati, und Prerna Jain. „Viewpoint: Defeating the water crisis: Community matters!“ Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 35, Nr. 6 (September 2020): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094220975362.
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Community participation is critical in enhancing rural sustainability in terms of managing indigenous water harvesting structures. The long-standing illusion that the water crisis can only be tackled through a top down strategy design has been shattered by a successful community engagement model using the social, financial, and human capital of the community in the semi-arid village Laporiya of Rajasthan in India. The positive externalities created through the process of community engagement are not only via knowledge sharing but also water sharing with neighboring villages. The appropriate policy suggestion for the positive externalities so created is to build an extra market for ‘ideas’ creating incentives for these innovative practices in rural settings by allowing them to flourish in a hazard free manner, free from the risk of encroachment of common lands, or of future inter-sectoral resource conflict arising out of any industrial activity. The state-managed community participation has also been successful in reviving and creating water harvesting structures, but the sustainability of such program is at stake, in the absence of social capital. Communities do matter but in ways that sustain the local economy.
3
Bosu, S. Santhana. „Sharing of Inter-state River Water Resources: Case Studies of Two Major Irrigation Systems in Tamil Nadu, India“. International Journal of Water Resources Development 11, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1995): 443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900629550042128.
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4
Reutter, Beatriz, Paul A. Lant und Joe L. Lane. „Direct and indirect water use within the Australian economy“. Water Policy 20, Nr. 6 (24.09.2018): 1227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.055.
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Abstract We present the first analysis of water use in the Australian economy to account for inter-state trade, exports and consumption patterns, across all economic sectors and incorporating a temporal analysis. This is achieved by using the environmentally extended input-output technique, combining state-level input-output and water accounts from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Results show that the three big eastern economies (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland) rely mostly on water used within their jurisdictions. Approximately one-third of water consumption is for exported commodities, with the biggest export flows of virtual water being associated with agricultural production. Comparing results across the years (2000–2011), the water consumption associated with the provision of goods and services has decreased by 32% for exports, and by 38% for domestic markets. To date in Australia, the focus for improved trans-boundary water management (within Australia) has been on improved mechanisms for sharing physical allocation of water; these results provide the trans-boundary economic dependencies related to water availability. Recent innovations in the compilation of economic input-output models create an opportunity to progress this analysis, exploring in detail the economy–water interlinkages. It is our intention that the paper shows the value of analysing water flows using the multi-regional input-output techniques.
5
McIntyre, Owen. „New Approaches for International Water Resources“. Environmental Policy and Law 51, Nr. 1-2 (21.05.2021): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/epl-219006.
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As a body of rules and a basis for inter-State cooperative practice, international water law suffers from certain important shortcomings. Most significantly, it is characterised by substantive normative indeterminacy, and from related deficiencies in its associated procedural and institutional frameworks, which retard its progressive development and limit its capacity to respond to the looming challenges of the impending global water crisis. Though it has evolved progressively in recent years to incorporate a far-reaching obligation upon watercourse States to adopt an ecosystem approach to the management of shared watercourses, this very development highlights international water law’s systemic difficulty in accommodating water management techniques which are critically important to effective implementation of such an approach and, ultimately, to addressing the water crisis. Such techniques, with which international water law struggles, include multi-faceted benefit-sharing, adaptive management, and public and stakeholder participation. The latter two are considered essential for implementation of an ecosystem approach, while the former comprises a cooperative technique facilitated by an ecosystem approach, by means of which watercourse States might eliminate inefficiencies and ensure optimal utilisation of shared water resources. These problems illustrate the urgent imperative of continuing to develop and refine, if not completely reimagine, the rules of international water law.
6
Barrow, Ibrahim Hassan. „Inter-Clan Conflicts in Somalia: When Peace Happen (Case Study Baidoa District, Bay Region)“. International Journal of Human Resource Studies 10, Nr. 4 (16.09.2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v10i4.17702.
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Various clans in Bay region have had conflicts over time onwards with the pastoral communities taking the lead. More specifically, Baidoa district has been registered several inter-clan conflicts within Digil and Mirifle tribe and sub tribes fighting over resources and political issues. This paper examines Inter-Clan Conflicts in Somalia with special reference to Baidoa district community. The study used descriptive research design. The target populations of this study were communities in Baidoa district. The study distributed questionnaire and purposive sampling due to security issue with 103 respondents of male and female who were more familiar with the background of inter-clan conflicts in Baidoa district. The data analyzed with SPSS version of 16.0. The findings show that land ownership dispute, pastures, water, and political power sharing and many other subjects are the major drivers of the inter-clan conflict amongst the communities in Baidoa district. Besides, the results also revealed that lack of rule of law and uncontrollable urbanization including internal displaced people has been frontline frequently rising of inter-clan conflicts due to occupying illegal lands without getting any permission by the land owner/state and many other unmanaged matters are still exist in Baidoa. Currently, the security situation in Baidoa district is quite good but not reliable because of Baidoa outskirts is under control of Al-Shabab militant. Peace is the heart and pillar upon with every life’s meaningful progress, security and social harmonize could be reach and continued in each nation’s life.
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Meshel, Tamar. „Transboundary watercourses, dams and human migration: an international water law perspective“. Cambridge International Law Journal 9, Nr. 2 (01.12.2020): 154–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/cilj.2020.02.03.
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This article examines the potential contribution of international water law (IWL) to alleviating the negative cross-border impacts of ‘dam-induced migration’, the displacement of individuals or communities resulting from dam construction. While much has been written on efforts to deal with this global problem in other areas of international law, the application of IWL in this context has yet to be meaningfully explored. But since dams are frequently constructed on transboundary watercourses, the principles of IWL (no significant harm, equitable and reasonable utilisation, and the duty to cooperate) may prove relevant and useful to mitigating the harmful cross-border impacts of dam-induced migration. The no significant harm principle requires States to comply with a due diligence standard of conduct designed to avoid, minimise, or compensate for significant harm that might result from the use of shared watercourses, including harm to human life or health. The equitable and reasonable utilisation principle obligates each basin State to use an international watercourse in a manner that is equitable and reasonable vis-à-vis the other States sharing it. The duty to cooperate requires States to collaborate in the management and use of shared watercourses and sets out concrete measures to enable collaboration, such as information exchange, consultations, and the establishment of joint institutions. Taken together, these IWL principles can effectively guide the planning, construction, and operation of dams on shared watercourses. Applying them to the specific issue of dam-induced migration, moreover, could promote inter-State cooperation and accountability, facilitate the resolution of disputes, and alleviate negative cross-border impacts. In this way, IWL can supplement other areas of international law in providing a comprehensive solution to the growing problem of dam-induced migration.
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Kurian, Mathew, Ton Dietz und K. S. Murali. „Public-private partnerships in watershed management - evidence from the Himalayan foothills“. Water Policy 6, Nr. 2 (01.04.2004): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2004.0009.
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Public-private partnerships have emerged in recent years as an important policy option to ensure service provision in the water resources sector. However, there is very little analysis of past experience of partnerships between the public sector and various arms of the private sector: water companies, NGOs or even farmer groups. Further, there is limited conceptualisation of what is meant by partnerships between the public and private sectors. This paper draws on a study of watershed management in Haryana to analyse the evolution of public-private partnerships in natural resource management. The paper finds that the public sector has an important role to play in facilitating design of an institutional contract that clarifies water rights and rules for benefit sharing and conflict resolution. Interestingly, the paper finds that when a proper institutional structure is in place, well-endowed individuals with sufficient interest in a common pool good (like an irrigation system) may emerge to provide irrigation services with positive equity and efficiency outcomes for the environment and rural communities. However, the paper argues that state parastatals have an important role to play in monitoring the impact of watershed management on traditionally marginalized groups like women and landless and coordinating inter-sectoral policy change to ensure that public-private partnerships can be sustained in the long term.
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Uchida, Takaya, Julien Le Sommer, Charles Stern, Ryan P. Abernathey, Chris Holdgraf, Aurélie Albert, Laurent Brodeau et al. „Cloud-based framework for inter-comparing submesoscale-permitting realistic ocean models“. Geoscientific Model Development 15, Nr. 14 (27.07.2022): 5829–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5829-2022.
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Abstract. With the increase in computational power, ocean models with kilometer-scale resolution have emerged over the last decade. These models have been used for quantifying the energetic exchanges between spatial scales, informing the design of eddy parametrizations, and preparing observing networks. The increase in resolution, however, has drastically increased the size of model outputs, making it difficult to transfer and analyze the data. It remains, nonetheless, of primary importance to assess more systematically the realism of these models. Here, we showcase a cloud-based analysis framework proposed by the Pangeo project that aims to tackle such distribution and analysis challenges. We analyze the output of eight submesoscale-permitting simulations, all on the cloud, for a crossover region of the upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) altimeter mission near the Gulf Stream separation. The cloud-based analysis framework (i) minimizes the cost of duplicating and storing ghost copies of data and (ii) allows for seamless sharing of analysis results amongst collaborators. We describe the framework and provide example analyses (e.g., sea-surface height variability, submesoscale vertical buoyancy fluxes, and comparison to predictions from the mixed-layer instability parametrization). Basin- to global-scale, submesoscale-permitting models are still at their early stage of development; their cost and carbon footprints are also rather large. It would, therefore, benefit the community to document the different model configurations for future best practices. We also argue that an emphasis on data analysis strategies would be crucial for improving the models themselves.
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Mashal Madani und Muhammad Moiz Khan. „Youth Perspective on Peace between India and Pakistan: A Quantitative Analysis“. Progressive Research Journal of Arts & Humanities (PRJAH) 5, Nr. 2 (25.03.2024): 142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51872/prjah.vol5.iss2.301.
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Since independence, India and Pakistan have cultivated hostile relations, over the issues such as Kashmir, civil war in East Pakistan, sharing of water resources and cross border covert operations etc. Although, the local politics in India has always been Pakistan centric, however, for the past decade, Indian national politics, particularly elections, have increasingly centered on an anti-Pakistan agenda, yielding favorable outcomes for proponents of such populist rhetoric. The younger generation, devoid of direct memories of past conflicts, is being swayed by narratives surrounding Kashmir, border skirmishes, and cross-border terrorism. The youth on both sides of the border have not seen an active war since the 1999 Kargil crises. Policy makers, politicians and defenders in Pakistan and India have not made efforts to apprise themselves with the opinion of youth that how do they see the hostilities between the two countries. This research is an attempt to explore the impact of propaganda and political exploitation regarding cross-border threats on the opinion of youth in both countries. Understanding the perceptions and insights of the youth regarding bilateral relations and conflicts is crucial for fostering peace in the region. Such studies are imperative for potential peace initiatives, future inter-state relations, trade perspectives and progressive interdependencies.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Inter State Water Sharing"
1
Agarwal, Poonam. „Study of the legal framework for the control and regulation of inter country water sharing since 1973 with special reference to Indo-Bangladesh water sharing“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2019. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2839.
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2
Conker, Ahmet. „An enhanced notion of power for inter-state and transnational hydropolitics : an analysis of Turkish-Syrian water relations and the Ilısu Dam conflict between the opponents and proponents of the Dam“. Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/48763/.
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This study analyses Turkey’s relations with states and non-state actors on transboundary water issues by examining hydropolitics at the inter-state and transnational layers from 1923 to 2011. The cases investigated are Turkish – Syrian relations primarily over the Euphrates and Tigris basin, and relations between opponents and proponents over the construction of the Ilısu Dam, which is currently underway. Turkey is fully engaged in its ‘hydraulic mission’, very extensively and rapidly ‘developing’ water resources throughout its territory. Some of these flows cross international borders, specifically the very heavily contested Euphrates and Tigris basin. This large basin has attracted considerable academic attention, notably in regards to Turkey’s relations with downstream neighbours Syria, Iraq. Yet, the great bulk of the existing analysis falls prey to two broader weaknesses: a) it has narrowly applied the recently developed literature regarding the role of power in transboundary water politics, and b) it has also neglected or under-emphasised how non-state actors enrol in hydropolitical processes. Informed by deep investigation of the cases, the study develops and applies the distinct theoretical framework referred to as “An Enhanced Analytical Framework of Power in Hydropolitics”. The theoretical framework includes the conceptual frameworks that critically look at the role of power in transboundary water basins in terms of material and discursive power capabilities of actors. It also enhances the existing conceptual frameworks by demonstrating the following key elements of power: a) scalar dynamics (where actors are located and they interact with one another) and its linkage with power and b) the role of values and norms in terms of conflictual/cooperative hydropolitical relations and their linkage with power. Thus, the broader notion of power employed and elaborated upon here enables the analyst to understand how power influences the outcome of interactions, conflictual and cooperative relations between the actors in question. Constructivist approaches in the theories of international relations and its application to hydropolitics and other critical conceptual approaches to transboundary water politics have been used in making the analysis. The theoretical framework makes an original contribution to existing conceptual frameworks, as it widens understanding and role of power in hydropolitics. The application of the theoretical framework to Turkish-Syrian hydropolitical relations and relations between the III opponents and proponents over the construction of the Ilısu dam provides an empirical contribution to knowledge. The analysis shows how power dynamics as well as conflictual and cooperative relations dramatically change in different hydropolitical eras. By highlighting the influence the transnational anti-dam activist networks, the study shows the relevance of including non-state actors into the analysis. One of the several conclusions drawn is that such actors lack material power but are able to use discursive (ideational and bargaining) power very effectively to meet their interests.
3
Patel, Shivshanker Singh. „Availability, Allocation and Sharing of Water in a River Basin“. Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/3724.
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The economic growth and the increase in population has led to an increased demand for water for various purposes such as domestic consumption, irrigation, industrial use, power generation, navigation, recreation, and ecological requirements. With the increase in population, the per-capita water availability is continuously decreasing. Due to increase in demand and accompanying scarcity of water the conflict among the potential users of the resource is on raise. Hence, the allocation of the available water resource is a big challenge as the intersect oral and inter-regional water allocation is often competing and conflicting in nature.
In the above context a good model to manage the available water resources would require reliable inputs on the available water resources. In the first part of this thesis we compare different techniques that are typically used for modeling the river water flow. Time series analysis (ARIMA) is compared with machine learning techniques such as support-vector regression (SVR) and neural network models. The performance of these techniques is compared by applying them to a long-term time-series data of the inflows of three tributaries of the river Cauvery into the Krishnaraja Sagar reservoir (KRS). Flow data over a period of 30 years from three different observation points established in upper Cauvery river sub-basin is analyzed. Specifically, a multi-layer feed forward network trained with a back-propagation algorithm and support vector regression with epsilon-insensitive loss function is compared with the ARIMA models. It is found that the performance of support vector regression model is superior to those of the other techniques considered.
The second part of our thesis is to develop a model for optimal water allocation to the
different sectors with the aim of maximizing the total utility of available water resource in a river basin. A hydro-economic modeling framework is developed that incorporates the economic assessment of the value of water. This inter-sectoral allocation problem is studied in the context of enforcing certain minimum water rights to every person for domestic use and a certain minimum irrigation need set out by the contingency plans of the state agriculture department in Cauvery river basin. A non-linear optimization model is built to obtain an optimal inter-sectoral water allocation policy. The study evaluates the economic impact of different parameters of competing demands such as water availability, population, basic water right (quantity), ground water contribution, and crop benefit. The optimal policies that implements the water allocation priorities as set out by the National Water Policy (2012) are compared. Further, results show that the basic water right can be secured for essential needs with optimal management of available surface and ground water resources.
In the third part of thesis, we study the conflict of water sharing that arises between sectors/regions. We consider the river water-sharing problem between two agents along a river. Each agent has a stated claim to the river water. The Absolute Territorial Sovereignty (ATS) and Absolute Territorial Integrity (ATI) principles are promoted by different agents along the river as a means to maximize their individual benefit. However, these principles are invariably considered to be unjust by one or more of the other agents. Hence, it is preferred to have a negotiated water treaty that is perceived to be equitable and just by all. A one way downstream stream bilateral bargaining model can be used to guide the negotiated water treaty between the agents. In this bargaining framework we introduce the issue of negative externalities imposed by the upstream agent on the downstream agent/s in the form of pollution and/or flooding. This imposes a cost on the downstream agent to mitigate losses due to the negative externalities. A bargaining model that incorporates the impact of negative externalities is developed to guide the negotiated treaties. We identify individually rational bargaining strategies for a two agents transferable utility one way downstream river water sharing problem. The results characterize the agreement and disagreement points for bilateral trading
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Patel, Shivshanker Singh. „Availability, Allocation and Sharing of Water in a River Basin“. Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3724.
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The economic growth and the increase in population has led to an increased demand for water for various purposes such as domestic consumption, irrigation, industrial use, power generation, navigation, recreation, and ecological requirements. With the increase in population, the per-capita water availability is continuously decreasing. Due to increase in demand and accompanying scarcity of water the conflict among the potential users of the resource is on raise. Hence, the allocation of the available water resource is a big challenge as the intersect oral and inter-regional water allocation is often competing and conflicting in nature.
In the above context a good model to manage the available water resources would require reliable inputs on the available water resources. In the first part of this thesis we compare different techniques that are typically used for modeling the river water flow. Time series analysis (ARIMA) is compared with machine learning techniques such as support-vector regression (SVR) and neural network models. The performance of these techniques is compared by applying them to a long-term time-series data of the inflows of three tributaries of the river Cauvery into the Krishnaraja Sagar reservoir (KRS). Flow data over a period of 30 years from three different observation points established in upper Cauvery river sub-basin is analyzed. Specifically, a multi-layer feed forward network trained with a back-propagation algorithm and support vector regression with epsilon-insensitive loss function is compared with the ARIMA models. It is found that the performance of support vector regression model is superior to those of the other techniques considered.
The second part of our thesis is to develop a model for optimal water allocation to the
different sectors with the aim of maximizing the total utility of available water resource in a river basin. A hydro-economic modeling framework is developed that incorporates the economic assessment of the value of water. This inter-sectoral allocation problem is studied in the context of enforcing certain minimum water rights to every person for domestic use and a certain minimum irrigation need set out by the contingency plans of the state agriculture department in Cauvery river basin. A non-linear optimization model is built to obtain an optimal inter-sectoral water allocation policy. The study evaluates the economic impact of different parameters of competing demands such as water availability, population, basic water right (quantity), ground water contribution, and crop benefit. The optimal policies that implements the water allocation priorities as set out by the National Water Policy (2012) are compared. Further, results show that the basic water right can be secured for essential needs with optimal management of available surface and ground water resources.
In the third part of thesis, we study the conflict of water sharing that arises between sectors/regions. We consider the river water-sharing problem between two agents along a river. Each agent has a stated claim to the river water. The Absolute Territorial Sovereignty (ATS) and Absolute Territorial Integrity (ATI) principles are promoted by different agents along the river as a means to maximize their individual benefit. However, these principles are invariably considered to be unjust by one or more of the other agents. Hence, it is preferred to have a negotiated water treaty that is perceived to be equitable and just by all. A one way downstream stream bilateral bargaining model can be used to guide the negotiated water treaty between the agents. In this bargaining framework we introduce the issue of negative externalities imposed by the upstream agent on the downstream agent/s in the form of pollution and/or flooding. This imposes a cost on the downstream agent to mitigate losses due to the negative externalities. A bargaining model that incorporates the impact of negative externalities is developed to guide the negotiated treaties. We identify individually rational bargaining strategies for a two agents transferable utility one way downstream river water sharing problem. The results characterize the agreement and disagreement points for bilateral trading
Bücher zum Thema "Inter State Water Sharing"
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Ramana, M. V. V. Inter-state river water disputes in India. Madras: Orient Longman, 1992.
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Ramana, M. V. V. Inter-state river water disputes in India. Madras: Orient Longman, 1992.
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3
Chauhan, B. R. Settlement of international and inter-state water disputes in India. Bombay: N.M. Tripathi, 1992.
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4
Trade, Canada Department of Foreign Affairs and International. State authorization and inter-state information sharing concerning small arms manufacturers, dealers and brokers. Ottawa, Canada: Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Affairs, 1999.
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Coflin, James. State authorization and inter-state information sharing concerning small arms manufacturers, dealers and brokers. [Ottawa: Govt. of] Canada, 1999.
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Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel. An overview of the main achievements of CILSS from 1973 to 2006. Ouagadougou: CILSS, 2007.
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7
Platov, Nikolay. Fundamentals of engineering Geology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1091050.
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The theoretical and practical foundations of engineering geology, the geological structure and origin of the Earth are described, the minerals of rocks and the rocks themselves of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic origin are considered. Considerable attention is paid to the geomorphological, geodynamic, and hydrogeological conditions of the construction site with the allocation of three types of underground water: upper water, ground water, and inter-reservoir. The dynamics of the development of various forms of relief caused by endogenous and exogenous processes is given. The zonal elements of engineering and geological conditions of any construction site are given. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. For students of secondary vocational education institutions studying engineering geology.
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Rao, Dodda Srinivasa. Inter State Water Disputes in India. Deep & Deep Publications,India, 1998.
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9
Harish, Salve. Part V Federalism, Ch.28 Inter-State River Water Disputes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704898.003.0028.
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This chapter examines the constitutional framework for the resolution of inter-State river water disputes in India, considering whether water disputes are best resolved through political negotiation or through adjudication, how political agreements can be enforced and implemented, and how disputes are tackled substantively and procedurally. It discusses Article 262 of the Indian Constitution and the vesting of power in Parliament to adjudicate disputes regarding inter-State rivers or river valleys. It then provides a historical perspective on inter-State river water dispute resolution, starting from the Government of India Act 1919, and reviews two pieces of legislation enacted in 1956 to deal with inter-State river waters: the River Boards Act 1956 and the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act 1956. It looks at some of the major constitutional and legal debates that have surrounded inter-State river water disputes in India and analyses the Indian Supreme Court’s ruling in the Mullaperiyar Dam case.
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Proposed approach for sharing of charges for and losses in inter-state transmission system: Discussion paper. New Delhi: Central Electricity Regulatory Commission, 2007.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Inter State Water Sharing"
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Singh, Nina. „Inter-State Water Sharing in India: From Conflict to Cooperation“. In Spatial Diversity and Dynamics in Resources and Urban Development, 415–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9771-9_22.
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Ranjan, Amit. „Indian Federalism and Water Resources“. In Federalism and Inter-State River Water Disputes in India, 36–81. London: Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003344063-2.
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Ranjan, Amit. „The Mahadayi River Water Dispute“. In Federalism and Inter-State River Water Disputes in India, 148–72. London: Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003344063-5.
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Ranjan, Amit. „The Cauvery River Water Dispute“. In Federalism and Inter-State River Water Disputes in India, 82–114. London: Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003344063-3.
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Ranjan, Amit. „The Krishna River Water Dispute“. In Federalism and Inter-State River Water Disputes in India, 115–47. London: Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003344063-4.
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Ranjan, Amit. „Managing the Rivers and Water Resources in India“. In Federalism and Inter-State River Water Disputes in India, 173–203. London: Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003344063-6.
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Ranjan, Amit. „Conclusion“. In Federalism and Inter-State River Water Disputes in India, 204–16. London: Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003344063-7.
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Ranjan, Amit. „Introduction“. In Federalism and Inter-State River Water Disputes in India, 1–35. London: Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003344063-1.
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Van Koningsveld, Mark, und Gernot Pauli. „Presenting the Work of PIANC TG234 “Infrastructure for the Decarbonisation of IWT”“. In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 122–34. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_11.
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AbstractPIANC provides guidance and technical advice for sustainable waterborne transport infrastructure. To address the challenge of making inland navigation infrastructure sustainable, a Task Group “Infrastructure for the decarbonisation of Inland Water Transport” (TG234) was set up in January 2021. The objective of the TG was to identify knowledge gaps and major challenges that need to be urgently addressed and advise PIANC on further actions, such as setting up a working group. A report was to be delivered in early 2022. The TG involved a range of international experts who met every three months on-line. They jointly participated in the following activities: sharing experiences in their area of expertise; gathering, organising, and discussing literature; discussing the perspective to be taken while reporting; contributing an overview of the developments either in their country or organisations and of course in the various discussions. A final report was produced that took the perspective of the waterway manager, highlighting a number of key questions that need to be answered in the transition to reduced/zero emissions. With the state-of-art knowledge gathered by the group, it became possible to identify the existing knowledge gaps and the major challenges that need to be addressed. The report can guide PIANC in evaluating the best way forward to address the decarbonisation of IWT infrastructure.
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McIntyre, Owen. „New Approaches for International Water Resources“. In Our Earth Matters. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/stal210018.
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As a body of rules and a basis for inter-State cooperative practice, international water law suffers from certain important shortcomings. Most significantly, it is characterised by substantive normative indeterminacy, and from related deficiencies in its associated procedural and institutional frameworks, which retard its progressive development and limit its capacity to respond to the looming challenges of the impending global water crisis. Though it has evolved progressively in recent years to incorporate a far-reaching obligation upon watercourse States to adopt an ecosystem approach to the management of shared watercourses, this very development highlights international water law’s systemic difficulty in accommodating water management techniques which are critically important to effective implementation of such an approach and, ultimately, to addressing the water crisis. Such techniques, with which international water law struggles, include multi-faceted benefit-sharing, adaptive management, and public and stakeholder participation. The latter two are considered essential for implementation of an ecosystem approach, while the former comprises a cooperative technique facilitated by an ecosystem approach, by means of which watercourse States might eliminate inefficiencies and ensure optimal utilisation of shared water resources. These problems illustrate the urgent imperative of continuing to develop and refine, if not completely reimagine, the rules of international water law.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Inter State Water Sharing"
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Weston, Sally L., Anna Scheli, Sonja Behmel und Manuel Rodriguez. „Water Quality in Drinking Water Distribution Systems: A Whole-Systems Approach to Decision Making“. In 2nd WDSA/CCWI Joint Conference. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/wdsa-ccwi2022.2022.14007.
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Water utilities are responsible for continuously providing safe water to consumers through their drinking water distribution systems. Avoiding siloed approaches that may lengthen critical response times in the case of a water quality hazard can be accomplished through a whole-system approach. To achieve this objective, providers need to pursue the state-of-the-art knowledge and techniques across all facets of water quality management as our understanding of these complex infrastructures continually evolves.This study provides a comprehensive and up-to-date bibliometric study of water quality in drinking water distribution systems over the first twenty years of the 21st century. Analysis of the relevant literature reveals how the research landscape has expanded in terms of number of publications made, variety of topics, and geographic diversity. Each region has a unique ‘research identity’ in the different topics focused upon, yet the presented inter-dependency of factors impacting water quality emphasises the opportunities for sharing of best practices.
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Nakil, Seemantini. „Traditional and modern systems for addressing wter scarcity in arid zones of India“. In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/fesh7872.
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Water is essential for all socio-economic development and for maintaining a healthy ecosystem in the world. At present, reduction of water scarcity is prime goal of many countries and governments. Water scarcity is one of the most important concerns of present-day geographers as water is the central subject of all kinds of developmental activities. Rajasthan is the largest state in India covering an area of 34.22 million hectares, i.e.10.5 percent of the country’s geographical area, but sharing only 1.15 percent of its water resources. The state is predominantly agrarian as the livelihood of 70 percent of its people depends on agriculturebased activities. Most of the state (60-75%) is arid or semiarid. Waterways are a vital and productive resource to our environment. Rajasthan in India is characterized by very low mean annual rainfall (100-400 mm), high inter-annual variability in rainfall and stream flows, and poorquality soils and groundwater. Rajasthan has a rich history of use of traditional systems of water harvesting in almost all the districts of the state. These practices have often saved the droughtaffected regions from problems of water famine. The serious problems of water shortages in many parts of the country are being largely attributed to the discontinued use of traditional water harvesting practices. This paper discusses reasons of scarcity of water in arid zones and also explore various traditional & modern water systems to resolve the issue of water scarcity in arid parts of India.
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Singh, Manander, und Suhail Ahmad. „Bursting Capacity and Debonding of Ultra Deep Composite Production Riser: A Safety Assessment“. In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23872.
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Due to depleting sources of oil and gas reserves in shallow water depths, exploration and production activities have moved into ultra-deep offshore oil fields. Risers are an essential part of any offshore drilling facility. A riser tensioner located on the drilling platform has to provide an adequate vertical tension to maintain the stability of the riser. It is essential for a successful operation. Composite risers in deep sea conditions require much lower top vertical forces due to their high strength to weight ratio. Carbon/epoxy composite has been considered in the present study to carry out the burst analysis and to assess the safety of the composite riser under internal and external pressures and other environmental loads due to random sea currents. In order to ensure the permissible pressure and no fluid leakage, composite risers are provided with an internal steel liner. Initiation and propagation of debonding between the liner and composite has been studied and probability of failure is obtained. In burst analysis, maximum internal pressure is applied to a riser section and the stresses in all (hoop and longitudinal layers) the composite layers are checked against the failure. High pressures are incremented in small steps until fiber rupture occurs due to bursting. Maximum normal stress theory is employed for checking the failure. The same theory provides the limit-state to assess the safe pressure considering uncertainties associated with random input parameters involved. A finite element analysis has been carried out in ABAQUS/AQUA for random sea motion and fluctuating axial tension considering salient non-linearities. A small riser section modelled as a hybrid beam element (for global analysis) has been considered to study the bursting and debonding behavior. It is further discretized into thin shell elements (S4R). Steel liner and composite pipes are modeled separately and assembled together to ensure the overlapping various layers and sharing nodes. The composite body sustains the major stresses in the inner layers that diminish on moving outwards radially. An implicit time domain analysis has been carried out to obtain the response. The debonding through circumference and length are studied. The stresses obtained are compared with their ultimate strength.
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Bocutoğlu, Ersan. „An Economic Eurasian Tale: Rakhine State“. In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.02030.
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Genocide or, to say the least, ethnic cleansing towards Muslims in Rakhine State, Myanmar, conducted by fanatic Buddhist monks and the military has been on the agenda in recent months. This opening speech aims at finding out real causes of this inhumane incident and investigating whether or not it is solely a result of some kind interreligious conflict in Myanmar. My research has convinced me that Rakhine inter-ethnic question has international economic and security related roots that deserve close and detailed investigation. In my point of view, the Rakhine Question depends heavily on economic security considerations such as: a) security of natural gas and petrol reservoirs in Rakhine State and pipelines connecting Rakhine State to China, b) security of railway link connecting Kyaukpyu Deep Water Sea Port in Kyaukpyu Special Economic Zone in Rakhine State to China which has developed by China to bypass Malacca Strait. The potential that Muslim dominated Rakhine State may cause security threats to some of the foreign Chinese investments in Myanmar in medium term should be taken as a main cause that gives way to ethnic cleansing against Muslim Rakhine population.
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Moncet, J. L. „Simultaneous Retrieval of Atmospheric Temperature and Water Vapor, Cloud Liquid Water and Surface Properties from Microwave Measurements - Application to Real DMSP Data“. In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1995.wb4.
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A physical retrieval algorithm for the simultaneous retrieval of atmospheric temperature, water vapor and cloud liquid water as well as surface skin temperature and emissivity from microwave sounders has been developed by Moncet and Isaacs (1994, 1992). The algorithm uses a nonlinear inversion method similar to the one described by Rodgers (1976) for the inversion of the measured brightness temperatures. The primary background information is from climatology. As shown by Moncet and Isaacs (1992), climatology provides the desired inter-correlation between the various elements of the state vector. This information is used to effectively reduce the number of degree of freedom in the problem, and therefore reduce the dependence of the solution on the first-guess. Information from other sources, such as forecast models, is integrated by optimally combining it with the primary background information. Emissivity is treated by retrieving one emissivity value per channel. The degree of correlation between the emissivities in the different channels is specified through the first-guess error covariance matrix. This method offers more flexibility than the one proposed by Eyre (1990) and makes it possible to apply the algorithm to combinations of sensors with mixed viewing geometries and polarizations such as the DMSP microwave sensor suite. Cloud liquid water is treated in the same way as Eyre (1990).
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Sarker, Pantha Protim, Upoma Das, Mohammad Bin Monjil, Hadi Mardani Kamali, Farimah Farahmandi und Mark Tehranipoor. „GEM-Water: Generation of EM-based Watermark for SoC IP Validation with Hidden FSMs“. In ISTFA 2023. ASM International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2023p0271.
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Abstract Intellectual property (IP) core reuse is a common practice for accelerating new product development in modern system-on-chip (SoC) architectures. However, reusing and sharing IP cores in today’s competitive market poses significant security risks. IP watermarking is a potential solution for detecting unauthorized IP duplication and overuse. In this paper, we propose GEM-Water, a robust IP watermark verification scheme that uses electromagnetic (EM) radiation of an IP in an SoC for watermark extraction during boot-up. This is accomplished by applying an n-bit challenge to the IP that triggers some certain state transition in a Finite State Machine (FSM) during boot-up. The FSM output is then mapped into an EM signature which can be extracted and processed to generate expected responses to prove IP ownership. GEM-Water has been implemented in a wide variety of benchmarks using several AMD Xilinx 7 series FPGAs, and the experimental results validate the robustness and viability of the suggested approach with >95% accuracy.
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Chen, Gang, und Victoria Huang. „Ensemble Reinforcement Learning in Continuous Spaces -- A Hierarchical Multi-Step Approach for Policy Training“. In Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/391.
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Actor-critic deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms have recently achieved prominent success in tackling various challenging reinforcement learning (RL) problems, particularly complex control tasks with high-dimensional continuous state and action spaces. Nevertheless, existing research showed that actor-critic DRL algorithms often failed to explore their learning environments effectively, resulting in limited learning stability and performance. To address this limitation, several ensemble DRL algorithms have been proposed lately to boost exploration and stabilize the learning process. However, most of existing ensemble algorithms do not explicitly train all base learners towards jointly optimizing the performance of the ensemble. In this paper, we propose a new technique to train an ensemble of base learners based on an innovative multi-step integration method. This training technique enables us to develop a new hierarchical learning algorithm for ensemble DRL that effectively promotes inter-learner collaboration through stable inter-learner parameter sharing. The design of our new algorithm is verified theoretically. The algorithm is also shown empirically to outperform several state-of-the-art DRL algorithms on multiple benchmark RL problems.
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Sinha, Utkarsh, Sandarbh Gautam, Birol Dindoruk und Abdulrahman Abdulwarith. „Machine Learning-Enhanced Forecasting for Efficient Water-Flooded Reservoir Management“. In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/218258-ms.
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Abstract This study focuses on the crucial aspect of inter-well connectivity (IWC) in waterflooding operations, acting as a key indicator of the efficiency of connections between production and injection wells. Accurately evaluating the effectiveness, the flooding process, and predicting the future production rates heavily rely on understanding IWC. While reservoir simulation is comprehensive, it demands extensive input data. Forecasting production rates with only injection and production rates as inputs presents a formidable challenge. To address this, the Capacitance-Resistance Method (CRM) emerges as a prominent reduced-physics model. Despite its utility, basic CRM may produce inaccurate forecasts due to assumptions like a constant Productivity Index and pseudo-steady state flow. In this research, we performed a comparative analysis of various models aimed at predicting liquid production rates solely based on water injection rates. Our investigation involved scrutinizing assumptions and identifying deficiencies in each approach, offering a comprehensive understanding of the strengths and limitations associated with modeling waterflood production scenarios. We utilized pure data-driven methods and modern deep learning time series techniques, specifically Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN). Furthermore, physics-informed data-driven methods, namely Augmented Sparse Identification of Non-Linear Dynamics (SINDy) and Augmented Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) method (which were modified from their actual forms to suit specific problems and niche applications) are also utilized. These modern data-driven regression methods are trained under physics-based constraints to limit the degree of freedom during optimization. Our observations indicated that Augmented PINNs is the best-performing method in terms of accuracy, leading to its selection as our final solution. Our proposed solution demonstrated superior accuracy compared to the established approaches like conventional CRM, offering simplicity, computational efficiency, and scalability for handling large field datasets. Furthermore, we established an algorithm to conduct a health-check for injection and production rates by screening out outliers during training and creating the regression model. This research significantly contributes to enhancing the understanding of IWC and improving the precision of liquid production rate forecasts in waterflooding scenarios.
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Akıner, Tolga, Hakan Ertürk und Kunt Atalık. „Prediction of Thermal Conductivity and Shear Viscosity of Water-Cu Nanofluids Using Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics“. In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63558.
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Nanofluids are new class of fluids which can be used for many engineering applications due to their enhanced thermal properties. The macroscopic modeling tools used for flow simulations usually rely on effective thermal and rheological properties of the nanofluids that can be predicted through various effective medium theories. As these theories significantly under-predict, using correlations based on experimental data is considered as the only reliable means for prediction of these effective properties. However, the behavior might change significantly once the particle material or base fluid change due to different particle fluid interactions in the molecular level. One of the most promising means of modeling effective properties of the nanofluids is the molecular dynamics simulations where all the intermolecular effects can be modeled. This study investigates equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation of the water-Cu nanofluids to predict the thermal and rheological properties. The molecular dynamics simulation is carried out to achieve a thermodynamic equilibrium, based on a state that is defined by targeted thermodynamic properties of the system. The Green-Kubo method is used to predict the thermal conductivity and viscosity of the system. The study considers the use of different combining rules such as Lorentz-Berthelot and sixth-power rules for defining the inter-atomic potentials for water modeled by SPC/E and nanoparticles modeled by Lennard-Jones potential. The predicted effective properties that are thermal conductivity and shear viscosity are then compared with experimental data from literature. The predicted transport properties at different temperatures and particle concentrations are compared to experimental data from literature for model validation.
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Al-Qasim, Abdulaziz S., Sunil L. Kokal und Muataz S. Al-Ghamdi. „The State of the Art in Monitoring and Surveillance Technologies for IOR, EOR and CCUS Projects“. In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200863-ms.
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Abstract Monitoring and surveillance (M&S) is one of the key requisites for assessing the effectiveness and success of any Improved Oil Recovery (IOR) or Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) project. These projects can include waterflooding, gas flooding, chemical injection, or any other types. It will help understand, track, monitor and predict the injectant plume migration, flow paths, and breakthrough times. The M&S helps in quantifying the performance of the IOR/EOR project objectives. It provides a good understanding of the remaining oil saturation (ROS) and its distribution in the reservoir during and after the flood. A comprehensive and advanced monitoring and surveillance (M&S) program has to be developed for any given IOR/EOR project. The best practices of any such M&S program should include conventional, advanced and emerging novel technologies for wellbore and inter-well measurements. These include advanced time-lapse pulsed neutron, resistivity, diffusion logs, and bore-hole gravity measurements, cross-well geophysical measurements, water and gas tracers, geochemical, compositional and soil gas analyses, and 4D seismic and surface gravity measurements. The data obtained from the M&S program provide a better understanding of the reservoir dynamics and can be used to refine the reservoir simulation model and fine tune its parameters. This presentation reviews some proven best practices and draw examples from on-going projects and related novel technologies being deployed. We will then look at the new horizon for advanced M&S technologies.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Inter State Water Sharing"
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Kwon, Heeseo Rain, HeeAh Cho, Jongbok Kim, Sang Keon Lee und Donju Lee. International Case Studies of Smart Cities: Orlando, United States of America. Inter-American Development Bank, Juni 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007015.
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This case study is one of ten international studies developed by the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS), in association with the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), for the cities of Anyang, Medellin, Namyangju, Orlando, Pangyo, Rio de Janeiro, Santander, Singapore, Songdo, and Tel Aviv. At the IDB, the Competitiveness and Innovation Division (CTI), the Fiscal and Municipal Management Division (FMM), and the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI) coordinated the study. This project was part of technical cooperation ME-T1254, financed by the Knowledge Partnership Korean Fund for Technology and Innovation of the Republic of Korea. At KRIHS, the National Infrastructure Research Division coordinated the project and the Global Development Partnership Center provided the funding. As an international destination for theme parks, sporting events and conventions, Orlando approaches the smart city operation through Orlando Operations Center (OOC), an integrated facility established in 2001 by the Mayor after the 1997 hurricane. The major features of the integrated operation include the sharing of fiber optic networks and CCTV cameras, and close cooperation between transport, police and fire departments for road, criminal and disaster incident, and the emergency operation center within the OOC taking the lead in case of special event management and large-scale natural disasters. Along with the OOC, the city hall also utilizes smart city functions such as red light violation enforcement through detectors, bus management through AVL technology, GPS garbage truck tracking, and GIS water management. Orlando has experienced significant benefits in terms of shortened decision-making and response time, reduced operation cost, and improved environmental impacts, as well as enhanced service quality and communication with citizen.
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Willumsen, Hans, und Horacio Terraza. Guidance Note on Landfill Gas Capture and Utilization. Inter-American Development Bank, Mai 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008995.
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As part of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) strategy to promote good practices in municipal solid waste (MSW) management and knowledge sharing activities in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), the IDB Water and Sanitation Division (INE/WSA) is developing a MSW management working paper series. The first paper, which focuses on landfill gas (LFG) capture from MSW and utilization, is included in this Guidance Note.
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Laubshtein, Yanir. Protecting Water and Sanitation Infrastructure from Cyberthreats: A Cybersecurity Study for Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, Mai 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004876.
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The water and sanitation sector is essential for livelihoods and has therefore been recognized by most countries as critical infrastructure. While the growing trend of automation and digitalization of water sector infrastructures improves efficiencies and helps reduce operating costs, it also exposes the sectors facilities and operations to ever-increasing cyber risks. The number and variety of cyberthreats and malicious actors is rapidly increasing: from nation-state actors seeking to cause political and social chaos as well as disrupt economies, cybercriminals looking for profit, and hacktivists driven by ideological or personal agendas to individuals attempting to get a break on their bills. This document is the first of its kind published by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) to examine cyber threats in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) water and sanitation sector. The report reviews water sector technologies and explains the cyberthreats facing water infrastructure technology. It assesses LAC's water sector cybersecurity readiness using written material and interviews with key representatives of public sector institutions and other water utilities in LAC. Finally, it presents a series of recommendations for public and private sector actors.
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Gómez Vidal, Analía, Fabiana Machado und Darcia Datshkovsky. Water and Sanitation Services in Latin America: Access and Quality Outlook. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003285.
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Tracking progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is critical to evaluate how far the water and sanitation sector is from achieving these targets, and to guarantee that the solutions and strategies implemented get everyone closer to them. But this is not a simple task. To truly assess collective progress towards achieving SDG 6 (and all other goals), it is fundamental to count on standardized measures that help track all types of access, their reliability, and their quality. Existing data tend to lack comparability across sources and locations because they rely on different definitions and categories. Samples are often not representative of all groups within the population. More developed areas are more likely to collect data, which results in the overrepresentation of groups that enjoy better services. Still in some areas and for some categories of information data is not available at all. In response to these challenges, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) partnered with the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) to gather nationally representative and comparable data in 18 countries in the region. The goal of this effort was to provide an initial outlook of the current landscape of water and sanitation services in the region, using two batteries of questions in the LAPOP questionnaire for the 2018-2019 wave. The main message that arises is that the Latin American and the Caribbean region faces a wide range of challenges, that vary both across and within countries. Some areas face the primary challenge of closing access gaps, while others display higher deficiency in service quality, such as continuity. The gaps in quality of services, in particular, are not clearly perceived by users. In general, levels of satisfaction with the services received is quite high among the population, much higher than warranted by the objective measures of service quality. This raises important issues for accountability in the sector. If users are mostly satisfied with the current state of affairs, it is unlikely they will pressure governments and utilities to improve service delivery. A more in-depth analysis is required to understand the reasons behind these opinions and possible ways to raise awareness.
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Kaiser, Noah, Huw Pohlner, Cassandra Stevenson-Charles, Luke Dowdeswell-Downey und Basundhara Bhattarai. Elevating river basin governance and cooperation in the HKH region: Summary report II, Ganges River Basin. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Dezember 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1035.
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The report "Elevating River Basin Governance and Cooperation in the HKH Region: Summary Report II on the Ganges Basin " provides a comprehensive overview of the Ganges River Basin, emphasizing its significance as a crucial water source for over 600 million people. The report highlights the challenges posed by climate change, the state of basin governance, and the need for a multilateral or regional framework for enhanced basin-scale management. It offers high-level recommendations for promoting multilateral cooperation, improving data collection and sharing, and catalysing cooperation through common goals. The report also addresses the environmental characteristics, climate change impacts, and the state of basin governance, including relevant treaties, policies, and agreements. Key aspects of the report include: A detailed analysis of the Ganges River Basin, its socio-economic trends, environmental characteristics, and climate change impacts. An examination of the state of basin governance, including relevant treaties, policies, and agreements. The report also focuses on gender and social inclusion (GESI) and engagement with all relevant stakeholders, including people with disabilities, indigenous people, and other marginalized populations in knowledge generation, dialogues, planning, and cooperation at the local and basin scales. It is part of a series of three reports on Elevating River Basin Governance and Cooperation in the HKH Region, which also include reports on the Indus and Brahmaputra river basins.
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Kirchhoff, Helmut, und Ziv Reich. Protection of the photosynthetic apparatus during desiccation in resurrection plants. United States Department of Agriculture, Februar 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699861.bard.
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In this project, we studied the photosynthetic apparatus during dehydration and rehydration of the homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plant Craterostigmapumilum (retains most of the photosynthetic components during desiccation). Resurrection plants have the remarkable capability to withstand desiccation, being able to revive after prolonged severe water deficit in a few days upon rehydration. Homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plants are very efficient in protecting the photosynthetic machinery against damage by reactive oxygen production under drought. The main purpose of this BARD project was to unravel these largely unknown protection strategies for C. pumilum. In detail, the specific objectives were: (1) To determine the distribution and local organization of photosynthetic protein complexes and formation of inverted hexagonal phases within the thylakoid membranes at different dehydration/rehydration states. (2) To determine the 3D structure and characterize the geometry, topology, and mechanics of the thylakoid network at the different states. (3) Generation of molecular models for thylakoids at the different states and study the implications for diffusion within the thylakoid lumen. (4) Characterization of inter-system electron transport, quantum efficiencies, photosystem antenna sizes and distribution, NPQ, and photoinhibition at different hydration states. (5) Measuring the partition of photosynthetic reducing equivalents between the Calvin cycle, photorespiration, and the water-water cycle. At the beginning of the project, we decided to use C. pumilum instead of C. wilmsii because the former species was available from our collaborator Dr. Farrant. In addition to the original two dehydration states (40 relative water content=RWC and 5% RWC), we characterized a third state (15-20%) because some interesting changes occurs at this RWC. Furthermore, it was not possible to detect D1 protein levels by Western blot analysis because antibodies against other higher plants failed to detect D1 in C. pumilum. We developed growth conditions that allow reproducible generation of different dehydration and rehydration states for C. pumilum. Furthermore, advanced spectroscopy and microscopy for C. pumilum were established to obtain a detailed picture of structural and functional changes of the photosynthetic apparatus in different hydrated states. Main findings of our study are: 1. Anthocyan accumulation during desiccation alleviates the light pressure within the leaves (Fig. 1). 2. During desiccation, stomatal closure leads to drastic reductions in CO2 fixation and photorespiration. We could not identify alternative electron sinks as a solution to reduce ROS production. 3. On the supramolecular level, semicrystalline protein arrays were identified in thylakoid membranes in the desiccated state (see Fig. 3). On the electron transport level, a specific series of shut downs occur (summarized in Fig. 2). The main events include: Early shutdown of the ATPase activity, cessation of electron transport between cyt. bf complex and PSI (can reduce ROS formation at PSI); at higher dehydration levels uncoupling of LHCII from PSII and cessation of electron flow from PSII accompanied by crystal formation. The later could severe as a swift PSII reservoir during rehydration. The specific order of events in the course of dehydration and rehydration discovered in this project is indicative for regulated structural transitions specifically realized in resurrection plants. This detailed knowledge can serve as an interesting starting point for rationale genetic engineering of drought-tolerant crops.
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Inter-American Development Bank Annual Report 2009: The Year in Review. Inter-American Development Bank, Februar 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005732.
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This is the first of two volumes that constitute the Annual Report of the Inter-American Development Bank 2009. The two-volume report contains a review of the Bank's operations in 2009 (loans, guarantees and grants) and, in a separate volume, Management's Discussion and Analysis: Ordinary Capital; the financial statements of the Bank; and general appendices. The Bank's record volumes of disbursements and approvals were made possible by an effort to tap the maximum amounts authorized under the New Lending Framework for 2009-2012. The composition of the portfolio of projects approved during 2009 continued the trend of preceding years, with roughly 15 percent by volume in the energy sector, 12.8 percent in water and sanitation, 10.9 percent in transportation, 9.4 percent in capital markets and 8.7 percent in reform and modernization of the state. The Bank's institutional strategy is based on the addressing two main structural constraints to poverty reduction: the lack of equality in opportunities, and the growth gap within the Region and with other regions.