Dissertationen zum Thema „Integrals of perron“

Since the time of Cauchy, integration theory has in the main been an attempt to regain the Eden of Newton. In that idyllic time [. . . ] derivatives and integrals were [. . . ] different aspects of the same thing. -Peter Bullen, as quoted in [24] The theory of integration has gone through many changes in the past centuries and, in particular, there has been a tension between the Riemann and the Lebesgue approach to integration. Riemann's definition is often the first integral to be introduced in undergraduate studies, while Lebesgue's integral is more powerful but also more complicated and its methods are often postponed until graduate or advanced undergraduate studies. The integral presented in this paper is due to the work of Ralph Henstock and Jaroslav Kurzweil. By a simple exchange of the criterion for integrability in Riemann's definition a powerful integral with many properties of the Lebesgue integral was found. Further, the generalized Riemann integral expands the class of integrable functions with respect to Lebesgue integrals, while there is a characterization of the Lebesgue integral in terms of absolute integrability. As this definition expands the class of functions beyond absolutely integrable functions, some theorems become more cumbersome to prove in contrast to elegant results in Lebesgue's theory and some important properties in composition are lost. Further, it is not as easily abstracted as the Lebesgue integral. Therefore, the generalized Riemann integral should be thought of as a complement to Lebesgue's definition and not as a replacement.
Ända sedan Cauchys tid har integrationsteori i huvudsak varit ett försök att åter finna Newtons Eden. Under den idylliska perioden [. . . ] var derivator och integraler [. . . ] olika sidor av samma mynt.-Peter Bullen, citerad i [24] Under de senaste århundradena har integrationsteori genomgått många förändringar och framförallt har det funnits en spänning mellan Riemanns och Lebesgues respektive angreppssätt till integration. Riemanns definition är ofta den första integral som möter en student pa grundutbildningen, medan Lebesgues integral är kraftfullare. Eftersom Lebesgues definition är mer komplicerad introduceras den först i forskarutbildnings- eller avancerade grundutbildningskurser. Integralen som framställs i det här examensarbetet utvecklades av Ralph Henstock och Jaroslav Kurzweil. Genom att på ett enkelt sätt ändra kriteriet for integrerbarhet i Riemanns definition finner vi en kraftfull integral med många av Lebesgueintegralens egenskaper. Vidare utvidgar den generaliserade Riemannintegralen klassen av integrerbara funktioner i jämförelse med Lebesgueintegralen, medan vi samtidigt erhåller en karaktärisering av Lebesgueintegralen i termer av absolutintegrerbarhet. Eftersom klassen av generaliserat Riemannintegrerbara funktioner är större än de absolutintegrerbara funktionerna blir vissa satser mer omständiga att bevisa i jämforelse med eleganta resultat i Lebesgues teori. Därtill förloras vissa viktiga egenskaper vid sammansättning av funktioner och även möjligheten till abstraktion försvåras. Integralen ska alltså ses som ett komplement till Lebesgues definition och inte en ersättning.

El proyecto nace de la necesidad de los dueños de perros de tener fácil acceso a clinicas veterinarias autorizadas tanto para los servicios regulares como de emergencias. De esa necesidad identificada, nace el seguro médico integral para perros el cual ofrece diversos paquetes médicos. La principal fuente de ingreso será la venta de los paquetes con precios en un rango de S/ 80.00 a S/ 200.00 según el paquete. La inversión inicial requiere un total de S/.280,049.12 incluidos los S/ 33,900.40 en activos fijos tangibles e intangibles cuyo financiamiento será de 60% capital social y 40% inversionista ; es decir, S/.168,029.47 y S/112,019.65 respectivamente. Por otro lado, la empresa deberá generar ingresos anuales equivalentes a S/ 373,585.339 para poder cubrir sus obligaciones financieras sin generar perdida ni utilidad. Para el 1er año de ventas, se estiman ingresos de hasta S/ 1,022,304.17 sin incluir IGV. La proyección de ventas nace de la estadística obtenida en la cual se obtuvo una tasa de aceptación de más de 50% en el landing page desde el primer momento identificando así la necesidad que tienen los dueños de sus mascotas de afiliar a algún tipo de seguro a fin de sentir tranquilidad. Estas cifras son alentadoras, sobre todo el margen neto proyectado para el primer año, obteniendo el 36% de margen por cada sol que se venderá lo cual afianza la viabilidad del proyecto.
The project arises from the need of dog owners to have easy access to authorized veterinary clinics for both regular and emergency services. From this identified need, comprehensive medical insurance for dogs is born, which offers various medical packages. The main source of income will be the sale of the packages with prices in a range of S / 80.00 to S / 200.00 according to the package. The initial investment requires a total of S / .280,049.12 including S / 33,900.40 in tangible and intangible fixed assets whose financing will be 60% social capital and 40% investor; that is, S / .168,029.47 and S / 112,019.65 respectively. On the other hand, the company must generate annual revenues equivalent to S / 373,585,339 in order to cover its financial obligations without generating loss or profit. For the 1st year of sales, revenues of up to S / 1,022,304.17 are estimated without including IGV. The sales projection is based on the statistics obtained in which an acceptance rate of more than 50% was obtained on the landing page from the first moment, thus identifying the need that the owners of their pets have to affiliate to some type of insurance in order to feel tranquility. These figures are encouraging, especially the net margin projected for the first year, obtaining 36% margin for each "nuevo sol" that will be sold, which strengthens the viability of the project.
Trabajo de investigación

Neste trabalho, apresentamos novos critérios para a existência de soluções oscilatórias e não oscilatórias de equações diferenciais funcionais em medida com impulsos, separando-as em duas classes: equações diferenciais funcionais retardadas e equações diferenciais funcionais com argumento avançado. Tratamos das formas integrais destas equações diferenciais usando as integrais de Perron e Perron-Stieltjes. Assim, as funções envolvidas podem ter muitas descontinuidades e/ou podem ser de variação ilimitada.
In this work, we present new criteria for the existence of oscillatory and nonoscillatory solutions of measure functional differential equations with impulses, separating them into two classes: delay differential equations and functional differential equations with advanced argument. We deal with the integral forms of the differential equations using the Perron and the Perron-Stieltjes integrals. Thus the functions involved can have many discontinuities and/or they can be of unbounded variation.

Lietuvoje daugelis pedagogų domisi bendruomenine pedagogika. Jie pripažįsta, kad bendruomeniškumo stiprinimas ugdymo įstaigose būtinas dėl psichologinių ir praktinių tikslų.Ugdymas bendrystės atmosferoje - tai pozitytvi vaikų socializacija, taip pat galimybė suteikti tėvams pozityvios tėvystės įgūdžių. Be to tai labai motyvuojantis ir gerų rezultatų teikiantis projektas. Tačiau Lietuvoje trūksta išbaigtos bendruomeniškumą kaip vertybę teigiančios ugdymo sistemos. Šiame darbe yra tiriama unikali ugdymo metodika, kuri ontologiniu ugdymo principu pasirinko, būtent, santykį. Agaciškosios bendrystės pedagogikos tikslas - integralus vaiko asmenybės formavimas, tai konkretus ir besitęsiantis indėlis į kultūrą ir taiką. Į šį "Saulės spindulio" darželį Kroatijoje, įsteigtą 1995 m. priimami įvairių etninių grupių ir religijų pabėgėlių vaikai iš karo zonų. Jie ugdomi visuotinės brolystės dvasia, perteikiant davimo, priėmimo ir taikos kultūrą. Šio darbo tikslas - atskleisti krikščioniškosios antropologijos matmenis agaciškoje bendrystės pedagogikoje. Terinis tyrimas ir ekspertų išvados parodė, kad ši pedagogika gali padėti efektyviai spręsti aktualias ugdymo problemas.
In Lithuania many educators are interested in Community Pedagogy. Last Year Lithuanian University of Education had organized scientific-practical Conference “Strengthening the school community”. Participants of the Conference emphasized that strengthening of community of educational institutions is necessary for the psychological and practical goals. There was identified some educational problems: education has lost its character; cooperation often becomes a temporary corporate agreements; children often feel a strong close, warm relationship deficits, lack of individual attention. In this context training in the atmosphere of fellowship is positive and potentially effective the socialization of children. This conclusion is also the opportunity to give parents positive parenting skills. All experience suggests that community development in educational institutions is highly motivating and provides good education results. However this process has its own difficulties. The main challenge is a lack of holistic community-based education system. This work aims to analyze experimental methodology for teaching, where ontological principle of development was chosen, namely, the ratio. This is Agazzi Community Pedagogy, which was introduced in kindergarten "Sunbeam" in Croatia. The project started in 1995, following the dramatic conflict severely affected Croatian, Bosnian and Serbian nations. This pedagogy is contribution to the development of the culture of dialogue and peace... [to full text]

Since the introduction of the Riemann integral in the middle of the nineteenth century, integration theory has been subject to significant breakthroughs on a relatively frequent basis. We have now reached a point where integration theory has been thoroughly researched to a point where one has to delve quite deep into a particular subject in order to encounter open conjectures. In education the Riemann integral has for quite some time been the standard integral in elementary analysis courses and as the complexity of these courses incrementally increase the more general Lebesgue integral eventually becomes the standard integral.  Unfortunately, in the transition from the Riemann integral to the Lebesgue integral there are certain topics of pure theoretical interest which to a certain extent are neglected. This is particularly the case for topics regarding the inverse relationship between differential and integral calculus and the integration of exceedingly complicated functions which for example might be of a highly oscillatory nature. From an applied mathematician's point of view, the partial neglection of these topics in the case of highly problematic functions might be justified in the sense that this theory is unnecessary for modeling most problems that appear in nature. From a theoretician's point of view however this negligence is unacceptable. Consequently, there are alternative integrals which give rise to theories which one can use in an attempt to study these aforementioned topics. An example of such an integral is the Henstock–Kurzweil integral, which can be developed in a rather similar manner to that of the Riemann integral.  In this thesis we will develop the Henstock–Kurzweil integral in order to answer some of the questions which to a certain extent are beyond the scope of the Lebesgue integral while using rather basic proof techniques from complex analysis and measure theory. In addition to that we extended various properties of the Lebesgue integral to the Henstock–Kurzweil integral, in particular when it comes to Lebesgue's fundamental theorem of calculus and the basic convergence theorems of the Lebesgue integral.

This thesis consists of three papers, each touching on a different aspect of the theory of rings of differential operators and D-modules. In particular, an aim is to provide and make explicit good examples of D-module directimages, which are all but absent in the existing literature.The first paper makes explicit the fact that B-splines (a particular class of piecewise polynomial functions) are solutions to D-module theoretic direct images of a class of D-modules constructed from polytopes.These modules, and their direct images, inherit all the relevant combinatorial structure from the defining polytopes, and as such are extremely well-behaved.The second paper studies the ring of differential operator on a reduced monomial ring (aka. Stanley-Reisner ring), in arbitrary characteristic.The two-sided ideal structure of the ring of differential operators is described in terms of the associated abstract simplicial complex, and several quite different proofs are given.The third paper computes the monodromy of the period integrals of Laurent polynomials about the singular point at the origin. The monodromy is describable in terms of the Newton polytope of the Laurent polynomial, in particular the combinatorial-algebraic operation of mutation plays an important role. Special attention is given to the class of maximally mutable Laurent polynomials, as these are one side of the conjectured correspondance that classifies Fano manifolds via mirror symmetry.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Accepted. Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.

Neste trabalho, estabelecemos a teoria de dicotomias para equações diferenciais ordinárias generalizadas, introduzindo os conceitos de dicotomias para essas equações generalizadas, estudando as suas propriedades e propondo resultados novos. Investigamos condições para a existência de soluções limitadas e condições para a existência de dicotomia exponencial. Utilizando teoremas de correspondência entre equações diferenciais ordinárias generalizadas e outras equações, traduzimos os resultados obtidos para os casos particulares de dicotomias para equações diferenciais em medida e para equações diferenciais com impulsos. O fato de trabalharmos no ambiente das equações diferenciais ordinárias generalizadas faz com que os resultados obtidos para os casos particulares possam envolver funções com muitas descontinuidades e de variação ilimitada.
In this work we establish the theory of dichotomies for generalized ordinary dierential equations, introducing the concepts of dichotomies for these equations, studying their properties and proposing new results. We investigate conditions of existence of exponential dichotomies and bounded solutions. Using correspondence theorems between generalized ordinary dierential equations and other equations, we translate the obtained results to the particular cases of dichotomies for measure dierential equations and for impulsive dierential equations. The fact that we work in the framework of generalized ordinary dierential equations allows us to obtain results for the particular cases where the functions involved can have many discontinuities and be of unbounded variation.

Neste trabalho, introduzimos os conceitos de controlabilidade e de observabilidade para equações diferenciais ordinárias generalizadas, apresentamos resultados inéditos sobre condições suficientes e necessárias para controlabilidade e para observabilidade para estas equações e também apresentaremos uma aplicação. Utilizando teoremas de correspondência entre equações diferenciais ordinárias generalizadas e outras equações diferenciais, traduzimos os resultados obtidos para os casos particulares de controlabilidade e observabilidade para equações diferenciais em medida e equações diferencias com impulsos. O fato de trabalharmos no ambiente das equações diferenciais ordinárias generalizadas permitiu que os resultados obtidos pudessem envolver funções com muitas descontinuidades e muito oscilantes, ou seja, de variação ilimitada. Os resultados novos apresentados aqui estão contidos no artigo [21] que se encontra em fase final de redação e será submetido à publicação em breve.
In this work, we introduce concepts of controllability and observability for generalized ordinary differential equations, we present new results on necessary and sufficient conditions for controllability and observability for these equations and we also present an application. Using theorems of correspondence between generalized ordinary differential equations and other differential equations, we translate the results obtained for the particular cases of controllability and observability for measure differential equations and differential equations with impulses. The fact that we work in the framework of generalized ordinary differential equations allows us to obtain results where the functions involved can have many discontinuities and be highly oscillating, that is, of unbounded variation. The new results presented here are contained in the preprint [21] which is under final revision and will soon be submitted for publication.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The theory of Integral Humanism developed by Jacques Maritain and assumed by the Social Doctrine of the Church and the United Nations in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a criterion for the dignity of the individual human person, collective and solidarity highlights the human being and their responsibilities in a solid relationship with the environment environment and nature as axis, purpose and effectiveness of sustainable development. In the current scenario of ecological crisis and the theme Development of the problem to achieve the aspect of Sustainable depends only on true solidarity mid humans and the Earth. The change is in how Jacques Maritain, in Integral Humanism recognizes and values the person starting from its creation to image and likeness of God, as a project of love and strength, able to compose a new social and environmental structure. The starting point is the concept of Integral Humanism, according to Jacques Maritain plan, whose conception of the human person gives it an Integral Development and calls for a sustainable development
A teoria do Humanismo Integral elaborada por Jacques Maritain e assumida pela Doutrina Social da Igreja e pela ONU na Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos como critério de dignidade da pessoa humana individual, coletiva e solidária destaca o homem e suas responsabilidades numa relação sólida com o meio ambiente e a natureza como eixo, finalidade e efetividade do desenvolvimento sustentável. No cenário atual de crise ecológica, o tema e o problema do desenvolvimento, para atingir o aspecto de sustentável, depende de uma verdadeira solidariedade entres os seres humanos e a Terra. A mudança está em como Jacques Maritain, no Humanismo Integral, reconhece e valoriza a pessoa partindo de sua criação à imagem e semelhança de Deus, como projeto de amor e solidez, capaz de compor uma nova estrutura social e ambiental. O ponto de partida é o conceito de Humanismo Integral, segundo o plano de Jacques Maritain, cuja concepção de pessoa humana lhe imprime um desenvolvimento integral e exige um desenvolvimento sustentável

In ambito psico-sociale il costrutto di resilienza identifica la capacità dell’individuo di adattarsi in maniera soddisfacente all’ambiente e ai contesti sociali in cui è inserito. Una delle caratteristiche fondamentali che contraddistingue gli individui resilienti consiste nella capacità di rispondere in maniera flessibile agli eventi esterni, riuscendo, al contempo, a gestire in maniera elastica i propri sistemi di auto-regolazione. I recenti studi tipologici, basati su un approccio centrato sulla persona, associano agli individui in possesso di specifiche configurazioni di tratti di personalità una maggiore o minore capacità di regolare i propri impulsi e di mettere in atto comportamenti adattativi. Tre profili di personalità in particolare hanno mostrato, pur con una certa variabilità, di poter essere replicati all’interno di campioni di diversa composizione ed appartenenti a culture differenti: Resilienti, Ipo-Controllati e Iper-Controllati. A partire da tali premesse, il presente studio si è posto l’obiettivo di: (1) identificare, in un campione di individui adulti reclutato all’interno della popolazione italiana, la presenza dei tre profili di personalità; (2) valutare le differenze che Resilienti, Iper-Controllati e Ipo-Controllati mostrano in relazione agli stili di attaccamento adulto, ai livelli di benessere percepiti, ai processi di regolazione emotiva e agli stili di coping utilizzati per gestire lo stress e le difficoltà quotidiane. Il campione è costituito da 474 persone di età compresa tra i 20 e i 60 anni (55.3% donne) residenti in aree urbane ed in possesso di diploma o titolo di studio superiore. Ai partecipanti è stato chiesto di compilare un questionario di personalità (Big Five Inventory, BFI) e una batteria testale composta da Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), Coping Orientation to Problem Experienced (COPE-NVI). Un’analisi dei cluster, condotta sui punteggi relativi alle cinque dimensioni di personalità, ha permesso di suddividere i partecipanti in differenti raggruppamenti. Successivamente, l’impiego di una procedura di cross-validazione doppia ha confermato la presenza di tre cluster dotati di un’adeguata consistenza interna e caratterizzati da una combinazione di tratti di personalità corrispondenti ai profili Resiliente, Ipo-Controllato e Iper-Controllato. Attraverso una serie di procedure di Analisi Multivariata della Varianza (MANOVA), Analisi Discriminante e confronti Post-Hoc univariati sono state valutate le differenze presentate dai tre profili rispetto alle dimensioni psicologiche considerate. Il profilo Resiliente ha mostrato i valori più elevati di sicurezza nell’attaccamento e di soddisfazione di vita, nonché un tono affettivo caratterizzato dai livelli più alti di emozioni positive e dai più bassi di quelle negative; questo profilo si è ulteriormente contraddistinto per un utilizzo di stili di coping maggiormente improntato ad un attivo orientamento al problema. Iper-Controllati e Ipo-Controllati hanno riportato, rispetto ai Resilienti, una minore fiducia interpersonale e una maggiore insicurezza nell’attaccamento, sia rispetto alla componente ansiosa che evitante, e livelli più bassi di benessere soggettivo; hanno mostrato inoltre di ricorrere in misura minore a stili di coping di tipo engagement. In particolare, il cluster Ipo-Controllato si è differenziato per una maggiore presenza di emozioni negative e per un maggiore ricorso a strategie che mirano ad evitare le situazioni problematiche, a ricercare comprensione e supporto dalle altre persone e ad esprimere le proprie emozioni. Gli individui Iper-Controllati, invece, hanno riportato livelli più bassi di fiducia interpersonale, una maggiore presenza della dimensione evitante dell’attaccamento e un tono affettivo contraddistinto da una minore presenza di emozioni positive; a questo profilo si accompagna un utilizzo più frequente di strategie di soppressione dell’esperienza emotiva e, rispetto alla tipologia Resiliente, un minore ricorso a forme di riformulazione cognitiva dell’esperienza emozionale. Questo lavoro ha caratteristiche innovative in quanto è il primo ad analizzare le caratteristiche dei processi psicologici in grado di distinguere le tre configurazioni di personalità in età adulta, mentre precedenti ricerche ne hanno esclusivamente indagato gli outcome adattativi. I risultati ottenuti permettono di evidenziare il peculiare funzionamento di ognuno dei tre prototipi di personalità ed appaiono molto promettenti per l’utilizzo nell’ambito della ricerca e della pratica clinica.
In the psycho-social domain, the term resilience refers to the individual’s ability to successfully adapt to environment and social contexts. A major feature of resilient people is their flexibility in responding to external events, exploiting their own self-regulation systems in an adaptive way. Recent typological studies, based on a person-centered approach, have connected specific configurations of personality traits with differences in the individual’s ability to regulate impulses and to implement adaptive behaviors. Three personality profiles, albeit with some variability, have been replicated in different samples and cultures: Resilient, Overcontrolled and Undercontrolled. Starting from these premises, this study aims at: (1) identifying the presence of the three personality profiles in a sample recruited within the Italian adult population; (2) evaluating the differences among Resilient, Overcontrolled and Undercontrolled in relation to adult attachment styles, subjective well-being, emotion regulation strategies and coping style in the face of stress and everyday problems. The sample consisted of 474 participants aged 20-60 (55.3% women) living in urban areas and with either an high school diploma or higher educational degree. Participants were asked to fill in a personality questionnaire (Big Five Inventory, BFI) along with a test battery comprising the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and the Coping Orientation to Problem Experienced (COPE-NVI). Cluster Analysis was carried out on the Big-Five personality dimensions, in order to identify different groups of participants. Subsequently, a double cross-validation procedure confirmed the internal consistency of the three cluster solution; participants in these three groups were characterized by personality structures corresponding to the Resilient, Overcontrolled and Undercontrolled prototypes. Profile differences were assessed through a series of Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA), Discriminant Analyses and Post-Hoc univariate comparisons. The Resilient profile showed the highest values in secure attachment and life satisfaction, along with an affective tone characterized by the highest levels of positive emotions and the lowest levels of negative emotions compared with the other two profiles; participants in this group also showed a higher frequency of coping styles involving an active approach to problems. Compared with Resilients, Overcontrolled and Undercontrolled participants reported lower levels of confidence in others and higher levels of insecure attachment, in both the anxious and avoidant components; these groups showed lower levels of subjective well-being and a lower frequency of engagement coping styles. In particular, participants in the Undercontrolled cluster reported the highest level of negative emotions, the highest frequency of coping strategies aimed at avoiding problems, seeking understanding and support from other people and expressing their emotions. Overcontrolled individuals reported instead the lowest level of confidence in others, the highest level of avoidant attachment and an affective tone characterized by the lowest presence of positive emotions; furthermore this profile showed the highest frequency in coping strategies focused on emotion suppression and, when compared to the Resilient prototype, a less frequent use of cognitive reappraisal. This study has innovative features in that it is the first one focusing on the features of the psychological processes that allow for distinguishing the three personality prototypes in adulthood, while previous research exclusively focused on their different adaptive outcomes. These results thus offer new insights on the peculiar patterns of psychological functioning that characterize each of the three personality prototypes. They represent a promising starting point for their application potential in research and clinical practice.

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The increase of classroom time by means of the enacting of the proposals of full-time school period has been growing in public schools in Brazil. This paper, inserted in the Line of Cultural Research and Education Processes, has as its supposition that the change in the understanding and organization of the period is an essential part of a proposal of full time school sessions. Therefore, the objective is to analyze how the increase in the school period has been conceived in distinct proposals in full-time school in formation in Brazil, beginning with the promulgation of the Law of Directives and Basis of National Education in 1996. Within it are the proposals for full-time school sessions in 2008 in the public school systems, both state and municipal, as the More Education Program is presented by the federal government. In order to understand the everyday routine of a full-time school period, a Full-time Municipal School in the Goiania school district in Goias was chosen as the locus of the investigation, where field research was carried out by means of the analysis of documents, interviews and observation. The empirical research revealed that the central characteristic of the organization of time in the municipal full-time school is improvisation. The results reveal four fundamental characteristic for understanding the school period in the proposals of full-time school, which are: 1) a certain lack of responsibility by the state for public education, even though the increase in the time that the student stays in the school produces an apparent perception that the state is increasing its participation; 2) emphasis on the social risk for children and teenagers, so that the function of social welfare becomes incorporated into the responsibilities of the educational institution; 3) a distinction between full-time period and full-time education, based on the idea that it is not enough to offer a school with a full schedule, but it is necessary to offer whole education, that surpasses the school environment; 4) a search for a new model of school to heed the new social demands. These characteristics were discussed from the theoretic reference point of Gramsci and the contributions of Meszaros, having two central themes as a base, which are: the relationship between the State and civilian society, and full-time education in the perspective of educational innovation. The study suggests the need for understanding school as a right, in the perspective of contributing to the achievement of complete equality. Possibilities for continuing the investigations about this problem of full-time school in Brazil are suggested, considering that it is a current theme for the understanding of public schools in this country
A ampliação do tempo escolar por meio da implantação de propostas de escola integral tem sido crescente nas redes públicas de ensino no Brasil. Frente a essa questão, este trabalho, inserido na Linha de Pesquisa Cultura e Processos Educacionais, tem como suposto que a mudança na compreensão e organização do tempo é parte constitutiva de uma proposta de escola em tempo integral. Assim, objetiva analisar como a ampliação do tempo escolar tem sido concebida em distintas propostas de escola integral em andamento no Brasil, implantadas a partir da promulgação da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional de 1996. São apresentadas as propostas de escola integral em curso no ano de 2008 nas redes públicas de ensino estaduais e municipais, assim como se apresenta o Programa Mais Educação do governo federal. Para apreensão do cotidiano em uma escola integral, elegeu-se como lócus de investigação uma Escola Municipal em Tempo Integral da rede de ensino de Goiânia/GO, onde se realizou pesquisa de campo por meio de análise documental, entrevista e observação. A pesquisa empírica revelou que a característica central da organização do tempo na escola municipal em tempo integral é a improvisação. Os resultados indicam quatro características fundamentais para compreensão do tempo escolar nas propostas de escola integral, quais sejam: 1) certa desresponsabilização do Estado pela educação pública, ainda que a ampliação do tempo de permanência do aluno na escola produza a aparente percepção de que o Estado está aumentando sua atuação; 2) ênfase na questão do risco social de crianças e adolescentes, de modo que a função de assistência social passa a ser incorporada às responsabilidades da instituição escolar; 3) distinção entre escola integral e educação integral, com base na idéia de que não basta oferecer uma escola de jornada completa, é preciso ofertar uma educação integral, que extrapola o ambiente escolar; 4) busca por um novo modelo de escola para atender às novas exigências sociais. Essas características foram discutidas a partir do referencial teórico de Gramsci e das contribuições de Mészáros, tendo como base dois temas centrais, são eles: a relação entre Estado e sociedade civil, e a educação integral na perspectiva de inovação educacional. O estudo sugere a necessidade de compreensão da escola como direito, na perspectiva de contribuir para o alcance de uma igualdade plena. São indicadas possibilidades para continuidade das investigações sobre a problemática da escola integral no Brasil, tendo em vista tratar-se de um tema atual para compreensão da educação pública no país

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar teses e dissertações defendidas no país, no período de 2000 a 2012, que tratam da temática educação integral e(m) tempo integral, analisando, especialmente, como os pesquisadores apresentaram o currículo da experiência/programa ou política analisada por eles. Para tanto optamos por uma linha qualitativa, em que realizamos uma análise de conteúdo nos trabalhos levantados no banco de dados da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), referentes à educação integral e(m) tempo integral, buscando realizar um estado do conhecimento sobre a questão curricular nesta produção empírica. A investigação demandou três eixos de estudo - (1) educação integral, (2) tempo integral e (3) currículo. A análise dos dois primeiros eixos foi fundamentada em autores que tratam da educação integral a partir de uma ótica escolar e(ou) social, como Coelho (2002), Paro (1988, 2009, 2011, 2012), Cavaliere (1996, 2007, 2009), Mauricio (2009), Guará (2009), e que a atrelam às políticas de ampliação da jornada escolar -tempo integral, como é o caso de Cavaliere (2009), Coelho (2009), Maurício (2009) e outros. No que tange ao eixo curricular, utilizamos como respaldo teórico as contribuições de Young (2007, 2011 e 2014), Sacristán (2000 e 2013), Freire (1993, 1999, 2000 e 2001), Silva (2011) e Moreira (1993, 2008 e 2012). E ainda, tendo em vista que as diferentes concepções de educação pública que vigoraram e vigoram no Brasil até o presente momento estão diretamente relacionadas à organização do tempo e do espaço escolar, identidade e profissionalização docente, utilizamos também nas análises as reflexões de Algebaile (2009), Paro (1988; 2009; 2011; 2012); Frago e Escolano (1998), Tardif e Lessard (2014), Oliveira (2011), entre outros. Os resultados dessa pesquisa apontaram que diversas experiências de educação integral e(m) tempo integral vêm emergindo nos sistemas públicos de ensino do país. Além disso, as dissertações e teses, publicadas entre os anos 2000-2012, revelaram que os currículos dessas experiências se organizam em jornada ampliada, na escola ou em espaços parceiros, com práticas diversificadas (aulas ou atividades) e sujeitos formadores que não possuem poder, enquanto grupo, e, em alguns casos, autonomia, como profissionais.
This research aimed at analyze theses and dissertations in the country, from 2000 to 2012, dealing with the theme full education and full-time schooling, analyzing, especially, as the researchers presented the resume of experience / program or policy analyzed by them. To this end we opted for a qualitative line, where we conducted a content analysis of the works collected in the database Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination (CAPES), regarding the full education and full time, seeking to make a state knowledge about the curriculum issue in this empirical production. The research required three axes of study - (1) full education, (2) full-time schooling (3) curriculum. The analysis of the first two axes was based on authors who deal with the full education of school perspective and social, as Coelho (2002), Paro (1988, 2009, 2011, 2012), Cavaliere (1996, 2007, 2009), Mauricio (2009), Guará (2009), and that put to the policies of expansion school day - full-time schooling, as is the case of Cavaliere (2009), Coelho (2009), Mauricio (2009) and others. Regarding the curricular axis, used as theoretical support the contributions of Sacristan (2000 and 2013), Young (2007, 2011 and 2014), Freire (1993, 1999, 2000 and 2001), Moreira (1993, 2008 and 2012) and Silva (2011). And yet, given that the different conceptions of public education that were effective and in force in Brazil to date are directly related to the organization of time and school space, identity and teacher professionalization, also used in the analyzes the reflections of Algebaile (2009), Paro (1988; 2009; 2011; 2012); Frago and Escolano (1998), Tardif and Lessard (2014), Oliveira (2011), among others. The results of this research showed that diverse experiences of full education and full-time schooling are emerging in the country s public school systems. In addition, theses and dissertations, published between the years 2000-2012, revealed that the curriculum of these experiences are organized in extended school day, at school or partners spaces with diverse practices (classes or activities) and subject trainers who do not have power as a group, and in some cases, autonomy, as professionals.

Many physical phenomena can be described by nonlinear models. The last few decades have seen an enormous growth of the applicability of nonlinear models and of the development of related nonlinear concepts. This has been driven by modern computer power as well as by the discovery of new mathematical techniques, which include two contrasting themes: (i) the theory of dynamical systems, most popularly associated with the study of chaos, and (ii) the theory of integrable systems associated, among other things, with the study of solitons. In this dissertation, we study two nonlinear models. One is the 1-dimensional vibrating string satisfying wtt − wxx = 0 with van der Pol boundary conditions. We formulate the problem into an equivalent first order hyperbolic system, and use the method of characteristics to derive a nonlinear reflection relation caused by the nonlinear boundary conditions. Thus, the problem is reduced to the discrete iteration problem of the type un+1 = F (un). Periodic solutions are investigated, an invariant interval for the Abel equation is studied, and numerical simulations and visualizations with different coefficients are illustrated. The other model is the Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers (KdVB) equation. In this dissertation, we proposed two new approaches: One is what we currently call First Integral Method, which is based on the ring theory of commutative algebra. Applying the Hilbert-Nullstellensatz, we reduce the KdVB equation to a first-order integrable ordinary differential equation. The other approach is called the Coordinate Transformation Method, which involves a series of variable transformations. Some new results on the traveling wave solution are established by using these two methods, which not only are more general than the existing ones in the previous literature, but also indicate that some corresponding solutions presented in the literature contain errors. We clarify the errors and instead give a refined result.

Esta dissertação se insere nos estudos da linha de pesquisa Políticas, Direitos e Desigualdades, do Mestrado em Educação da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). Tratase de uma pesquisa sobre um projeto de ampliação de jornada escolar realizado em uma escola da rede de ensino público do município de Niterói. A presente pesquisa se desenvolveu a partir da seguinte questão: que resultados as atividades de ampliação de jornada escolar trazem à escola e aos alunos? Para responder a esse questionamento, defini como objetivo geral investigar a experiência escolar vivenciada por alunos do ensino fundamental regular, que permaneceram três anos em um projeto de ampliação de jornada. Em termos metodológicos, a pesquisa se constituiu em um estudo de caso instrumental, que descreveu, discutiu e analisou a complexidade de um caso concreto de projeto de ampliação de jornada desenvolvido por uma empresa de economia mista, que atua em parceria direta com a escolacampo. A partir da investigação do projeto em vigor, um recorte da realidade se fez necessário para se chegar ao foco da pesquisa, que é a sistematização dos resultados escolares de alunos participantes do projeto de ampliação de jornada. O rendimento escolar foi tratado a partir dos indicadores avaliativos dos alunos já existentes na escola, como as notas e registros das avaliações internas e externas; os resultados da Prova Brasil e do IDEB; e a frequência escolar. Compõe ainda a parte metodológica desta pesquisa, o levantamento e análise de documentos governamentais e escolares; o levantamento e análise dos registros das avaliações externas e internas dos alunos; a realização de entrevistas e a observação direta. Para dar suporte a esta proposta de pesquisa, foram utilizados como referência teórica sobre educação integral e ampliação de jornada escolar, os estudos de CAVALIERE (2002, 2009, 2012), COELHO (2009), MAURÍCIO (2009, 2012); com relação a discussão acerca dos indicadores educacionais e rendimento escolar foram utilizados os estudos de BROOKE (2008) e LAHIRE (1997).
This thesis is part of the studies in the Policy, Rights and Differences field in Masters degree of the University of Rio de Janeiro State (UERJ). It is a survey on a school journey expansion project performed in a public school in Niterói. This research was held from the question: what outcomes the school journey expansion brings to school and to students? To answer this question, I set as general objective look into the elementary and basic school students performance that stays at least three years in the extended school journey. In methodological regarding, was constituted in an instrumental case study, that described, discussed and analyzed the complexity of a real case of a school journey expansion project performed by a mixed capital company, that act as a partner of the school studied here. From the project into effect, a cut out of the reality showed as necessary to reach the object of the study, which seems as the systematization of the performance of the students that participants in the extended journey project. The academic performance was handled from the students evaluation indicators that already existing in the school studied here, as well both internal and external grades and records; the results of Prova Brasil and IDEB; and school attendance. Is a methodological part of this study the research and analysis of governmental and school files; the research and analysis of both internal and external students evaluation; interviews and field observation. To support this study were used as full period education and school journey expansion theoretical reference the studies of CAVALIERE (2002, 2009, 2012), COELHO (2009), MAURÍCIO (2009, 2012); regarding evaluation indicators and academic performance discuss were used the studies of BROOKE (2008) e LAHIRE (1997).

Resumo: Os mecanismos que regulam a homeostase da glucose no pós-prandial são distintos dos mecanismos desencadeados em situações de jejum. Desta forma o fígado parece desempenhar um papel fundamental na acção periférica da insulina após a refeição através de um mecanismo que envolve os nervos parassimpáticos hepáticos e o óxido nítrico (NO). Esta dissertação procura evidenciar a importância de ambos na fi siologia de manutenção da glicémia pós-prandial e na fi siopatologia da resistência à insulina. Dos resultados obtidos observou-se que após a administração de uma refeição mista o perfi l glicémico foi distinto em animais com ou sem ablação dos nervos parassimpáticos hepáticos. A desnervação parassimpática hepática aumentou as excursões de glucose imediatamente após a refeição. Estas diferenças nas excursões de glucose dependentes do parassimpático ocorreram devido a uma diminuição da clearance de glucose, sem que fosse afectada a taxa de aparecimento de glucose no sangue, a produção endógena de glucose e secreção de insulina ou péptido-C. Este aumento das excursões de glucose revelou-se ser devida à diminuição da clearance de glucose pós-prandial exclusivamente no músculo-esquelético, coração e o rim. Concluiu-se que o fígado teria uma função endócrina nestes três órgãos. Surgiu assim a hipótese dos S-nitrosotiois (RSNOs) poderem mimetizar essa resposta endócrina. Testou-se o seu efeito in vivo na sensibilidade à insulina. Para níveis baixos de sensibilidade à insulina, como jejum, desnervação no estado pós-prandial e resistência à insulina os RSNOs potenciaram a sensibilidade à insulina para valores semelhantes ao pós-prandial indicando-os como potenciais fármacos no tratamento da resistência à insulina. O NO e seus derivados ganharam assim uma evidência cada vez maior na acção periférica da insulina e portanto fez-se uma caracterização dos seus níveis desde a fi siologia à fi siopatologia. Os resultados obtidos nesta dissertação permitiram correlacionar a sintetase de óxido nítrico (NOS), enzima responsável pela síntese de NO como um possível marcador da resistência à insulina. Os resultados obtidos contribuíram substancialmente para compreender os mecanismos fi siológicos e fi siopatológicos de manutenção da glicémia após a refeição, colocando o fígado como órgão primordial na regulação periférica (extra-hepática) da captação de glucose.-------- ABSTRACT: The mechanisms responsible for the postprandial response are different from the ones in the fasted state. Therefore the liver seems to play a fundamental role in postprandial insulin action through a mechanism that evolves the hepatic parasympathetic nerves (HPN) and nitric oxide (NO). This work focused on the importance of both, HPN and NO, on postprandial glycemic control and on the pathophysiology of insulin resistance. We observed that after administration of a mixed meal the glycemic profi les with or without the parasympathetic nerves were distinct, increasing glucose excursions after ablation of HPN.This increase in glucose excursions was due to a decrease on the rate of glucose disappearance in extra-hepatic tissues. Glucose appearance rate, endogenous glucose production and insulin secretion were not related to this mechanism. The increase on glucose excursions after the ablation of hepatic parasympathetic system was due to a decrease on glucose clearance on extra-hepatic tissues, namely skeletal-muscle, heart and kidney. We concluded that the liver has an endocrine function on those tissues increasing their glucose uptake.This mechanism led to propose the hypothesis that S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) could mimic this mechanism. Therefore RSNOs effects on insulin sensitivity were tested. For low insulin sensitivity levels, i.e. fasted state, ablation of the HPN or insulin resistance state induced by a high sucrose diet RSNOs increased insulin sensitivity to levels normally observed in the postprandial state. These results indicated these drugs as potential pharmacological tools in the treatment of insulin resistance. NO and their derivates emerged as fundamental parts of insulin action. A characterization of nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme responsible for NO synthesis was part of the work performed. We concluded that NO could be used as a biomarker for insulin resistance states. This work contributed for understanding the mechanism underlying postprandial glycemic control indicating the liver as a key organ in the regulation of peripheral (extra-hepatic) insulin action.

In questa tesi studiamo le proprietà fondamentali delle funzioni armoniche. Ricaviamo le formule di media mostrando alcune proprietà importanti, quali la disuguaglianza di Harnack, il teorema di Liouville, il principio del massimo debole e forte. Infine, illustriamo un criterio di risolubilità per il problema di Dirichlet per il Laplaciano in un arbitrario dominio limitato di R^n tramite un metodo noto come metodo di Perron per le funzioni subarmoniche.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação prolongada de grão de soja cru e integral (GSI) como fonte de ácido graxo Ω6 sobre o desempenho produtivo, perfil metabólico, qualidade oocitária e embrionária e função imune de vacas leiteiras no período de transição e início de lactação. Foram selecionadas 44 vacas da raça Holandesa, multíparas e gestantes, com parto previsto para 90 dias após o início da avaliação e fornecimento das dietas experimentais, porém em razão da ocorrência de enfermidades metabólicas ou infecciosas (3 abortos; 3 deslocamentos de abomaso; 3 enfermidades podais; 4 distocias) 13 animais foram retirados do experimento. As vacas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais diferindo entre eles o início do fornecimento de grão de soja cru e integral (GSI) durante o pré-parto. A dieta era baseada na inclusão de 12% de GSI %MS, com aproximadamente 5,1% de extrato etéreo (EE) o início de seu fornecimento foi conforme descrito a seguir: Grupo 0: Animais não receberam dieta contendo GSI no pré-parto; Grupo 30: Início do fornecimento de dieta com GSI nos 30 dias finais da gestação; Grupo 60: Início do fornecimento de dieta com GSI nos 60 dias finais da gestação; Grupo 90: Início do fornecimento de dieta com GSI nos 90 dias finais da gestação. Após o parto, todas as vacas receberam dieta única com 5,1% de EE, baseada na inclusão de 12% de GSI %MS até 90 dias de lactação. Os animais foram arraçoados de acordo com o consumo de matéria seca no dia anterior, de forma a ser mantido porcentual de sobras das dietas, diariamente, entre 5 e 10%. As amostras dos alimentos e sobras foram coletadas diariamente e armazenadas a -20ºC. Semanalmente as amostras coletadas diariamente foram misturadas e foi retirada uma amostra composta referente a um período de uma semana, a fim de mensurar o consumo de matéria seca e nutrientes. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas nos dias -56, -21, 21, 56 e 84 dias em relação ao parto, com o propósito de mensurar a digestibilidade da matéria seca e nutrientes. A produção de leite foi mensurada diariamente e para a composição dos teores de gordura, proteína, lactose e perfil de ácidos graxos amostras foram coletadas semanalmente. As amostras de sangue para análise dos metabólitos sanguíneos foram coletadas semanalmente. Amostras de sangue para mensurar a atividade do sistema imune foram coletadas na semanas -8, -4, -2, -1 em relação ao parto, parto, +1, +2, +4 e +8 semanas no período pós-parto. Nos dias 21, 42, 63 e 84 do período pós-parto foram realizadas aspirações foliculares, com posterior fertilização in vitro dos oócitos. Todas as variáveis mensuradas foram analisadas pelo procedimento PROC MIXED do SAS 9.4 através de regressão polinomial, utilizando efeito fixo de tratamento, semana, interação tratamento*semana e efeito de animal dentro de tratamento como aleatório. Utilizou nível de 5% de significância. Foi observado efeito (P<0,05) linear crescente para CEE no pré-parto. Não foi observado diferenças no CMS e nutrientes no pós-parto. Não houve alteração da digestibilidade nos períodos pré e pós-parto. Não houve alteração no balanço de energia e nitrogênio nos periodos pré e pós-parto. Não foi observado diferença na produção, composição e teor dos componentes totais do leite. No perfil de ácidos graxos do leite houve efeito (P<0,05) linear descrescente para as concentrações de C16:1cis, C18:1 cis, total de C:18 insaturado, total de AG monoinsaturados, insaturados e a relação do total de AGS:AGI. Foi observado efeito linear (P<0,05) crescente para o total de AG aturado e efeito (P<0,05) quadrático para C18:2, CLAcis9-trans11, e total de AGPI. Foi observado efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) para colesterol total, LDL no préparto e linear decrescente (P<0,05) para GGT nos períodos pré e pós-parto. Foi observado efeito quadrático (P<0,05) para HDL no pré-parto e AST no pós-parto. Em relação a atividade do sistema imune foi observado efeito linear (P<0,05) crescente para o percentual de CD3+ ativos no pós-parto, para o percentual de monócitos que produziram espécie reativa de oxigênio (ERO) no pós-parto quando foram estimulados por S.aureus e E.coli e para a intensidade de imunofluorescência de ERO para ganulócitos no pós-parto quando estimulados por S.aureus. Foi observado efeito (P<0,05) quadrático para o percentual de granulócitos, mononucleares, CD8+ ativos no pós-parto e para o percentual de granulócitos que produziram ERO no pós-parto quando estimulados por E.coli. A suplementação prolongada com GSI no pré-parto melhora a atividade do sistema imune, não melhora a qualidade oocitária e embrionária bem como não influencia negativamente os parametros produtivos de vacas leiteiras no período de transição e início de lactação
The objective was to evaluate the effect of prolonged supplementation with whole soybean grain (WSG) as a source of Ω6 fatty acid on the productive performance, metabolic profile, oocyte and embryo quality, and immune function of dairy cows during the transition period and early lactation. Forty-four multiparous, pregnant Holstein cows, with calving predicted to 90 days after the beginning of the evaluation and supply of the experimental diets were selected. However, due to the occurrence of metabolic or infectious disorders (3 abortions, 3 displaced abomasums, 3 foot disorders, 4 dystocias), 13 animals were removed from the experiment. Cows were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups, which differed in period of supply of whole soybean grains during the prepartum. The diet was based on 12% of WSG (%DM) and had approximately 5.1% of ether extract (EE). Diet supply was as follows: Group 0) control diet not containing WSG; Group 30) WSG supply starting 30 days before predicted calving date; Group 60) WSG supply starting 60 days before predicted calving; Group 90) WSG supply starting 90 days before predicted calving date. After calving, all cows received a single diet with 5.1% EE, based on inclusion of 12% WSG (%DM) until 90 days of lactation. Animals were fed ad libitum to ensure between 5 and 10% orts daily. Dry matter and nutrients intake were evaluated. Samples of feeds and orts were collected daily and stored at -20°C. Samples were composited weekly and analyzed for chemical and bromatological characteristics. Feces samples were collected on days -56, -21, 21, 56, 84 (related to the predicted calving), in order to measure the digestibility of dry matter and nutrients. Milk yield was measured daily and milk samples were collected weekly for evaluation of fat, protein and lactose percentages, and fatty acids profile. Blood samples were taken weekly for analysis of blood metabolites. To measure the activity of the immune system, blood samples were collected at weeks -8, -4, -2, -1 prepartum, at calving, and at weeks +1, +2, +4, +8 postpartum. On days 21, 42, 63 and 84 postpartum, follicular aspirations were performed, with subsequent in-vitro fertilization of the oocytes. All measured variables were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS 9.4 through polynomial regression, considering as fixed effects the dietary treatment, week and interaction treatment*week, and animal as random effect. The 5% level of significance was considered. A crescent linear effect was observed (P <0.05) for prepartum ether extract intake. There was no difference in dry matter and nutrients intake during the postpartum period. There were no differences in digestibility pre and postpartum. No difference in energy and nitrogen balance during pre and postpartum periods was observed. Milk production and composition did not differ among dietary treatments. When evaluating the milk fatty acids profile, a decreasing linear effect was noted (P<0.05) for the concentrations of C16:1 cis, C18:1 cis, total unsaturated C18, total monounsaturated fatty acids, total unsaturated fatty acids and total SFA:UFA ratio. There was an increasing linear effect (P<0.05) for the total of saturated fatty acids and a quadratic effect (P<0.05) for C18:2, CLAcis9-trans11, and total PUFA. It was observed increasing linear effect (P<0.05) for total cholesterol and LDL in the prepartum period, and decreasing linear effect (P<0.05) for GGT in the pre and postpartum. We observed a quadratic effect (P<0.05) for HDL in prepartum and for AST during the postpartum. Regarding the activity of the immune system, there was a crescent linear effect (P<0.05) for the percentage of active CD3+ in the postpartum period, for the percentage of monocytes producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) during postpartum period when stimulated by S. aureus and E. coli, and for granulocytes ROS immunofluorescence intensity during postpartum when stimulated by S. aureus. Quadratic effect was observed (P<0.05) for the percentage of granulocytes, mononuclear cells, active CD8+ in the postpartum period and the percentage of granulocytes that produced ROS when stimulated by E. coli. Prolonged supplementation with RWS in the prepartum improves the activity of the immune system, however it does not improve oocyte and embryo quality and does not adversely affect the production performance of dairy cows during the transition period and early lactation

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Complex sociotechnical systems are those where humans need to handle with variabilities and adapt their operations to maintain acceptable levels of efficiency and thoroughness. Hospitals of complete care are examples of such systems, due to its necessities of highly specialized work force, the use of intensive wealth and technology. These organizations are characterized by their external and internal variabilities. The external variabilities are, in a hospital, the climate changes, the unknown diseases and the uncertainty in the quantity and necessities of the incoming patients. In the other side, the internal variabilities are related to the resource management, the time and results pressure and the conflicting goals. Due to that, losses are created and reflect on efficiency and thoroughness performances. The literature has driven researches in sociotechnical systems seeking to analyze their activities. The FRAM method is being used as a tool to model and analyze those activities. In this way, the aim of this research is to characterize a complex sociotechnical system in relation to its variabilities, conflicting goals, and wastes in the activities and its relations with the system?s integrated operations. To do that, we took as the analyzed object, the average length of stay of patients in the Brazilian public health (SUS) hospitalization of a University hospital. The beginning of the analysis is the discharge of a patient in an entry unit to the hospitalization. The end of the analysis is the final discharge of the patient and the preparing of its bed to another patient. The hospitalization system seems to be good to a study that aims to analyze variabilities, because it represents a significant amount of the challenges of a hospital and it is inside the boundaries of a tractable study. The explorative and qualitative inquiry method and the FRAM modeling allowed the identification of a 66-function model that represents the hospitalization system. From this model, we selected three instantiations for the further analysis. These instantiations were selected because represented a significative amount of wastes when analyzed through the lens of Lean Systems. The model and instantiations generated an inventory of wastes, ETTOs and variabilities. The analysis was conducted in a way to identify were decision-makers must choose between production and protection. These decision points are characterized by presenting resonant variabilities in the system, which generates wastes in other functions (e.g. waiting, inappropriate processing, etc.). Therefore, looking for Integrated Operations, we tried to identify points of the system?s structure that could influence those variabilities and wastes. The main theoretical contribution of this research is the proposition of a method to investigate wastes, ETTOs and variabilities associated to functions in a FRAM modeling. We also propose a new approach of analyzing integrated operations in a FRAM modeling. In the same way, pragmatic contributions pointed out to the need of a better resource management in the hospital. This could make the system?s activities more efficient without interfering in its resilience. Future studies could reply this method in other contexts looking for validation. Deeping the data gathering in the researched hospital could result in better understanding of each essential function identified. Furthermore, replying this research in other Hospital could lead to recommendations in the contractual level of the Public Health Services (SUS).
Sistemas sociot?cnicos complexos s?o sistemas onde seres humanos necessitam lidar com variabilidades e adaptar suas opera??es de forma a manter n?veis satisfat?rios de efici?ncia e cuidado. Hospitais de atendimento completo s?o um exemplo de tais sistemas dadas suas necessidades de m?o de obra altamente especializada, utiliza??o de tecnologia e capital intensivo. Tais organiza??es s?o caracterizadas por apresentarem variabilidades externas, como varia??es clim?ticas, patologias pouco conhecidas e imprecis?o da quantidade de pacientes que ir?o necessitar de atendimento hospitalar; e variabilidades internas, relacionadas ? gest?o dos recursos escassos, ? press?o por tempo e produ??o e aos conflitos de metas. Essas variabilidades causam perdas que refletem em sua performance de seguran?a e efici?ncia. A literatura tem apontado caminhos de pesquisa em sistemas sociot?cnicos complexos por meio da an?lise das atividades de tais sistemas. Para isso, a ferramenta FRAM tem sido usada como forma de modelar tais atividades e analis?-las. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar um sistema sociot?cnico complexo com rela??o a suas variabilidades, seus conflitos de metas, as perdas ocorridas nas atividades e a rela??o disso com suas opera??es integradas. Para isso, tomou-se como objeto de estudo o tempo de perman?ncia de interna??o de pacientes do SUS em um hospital universit?rio. O sistema de interna??o hospitalar se mostrou adequado para um estudo de an?lise da variabilidade por representar uma amostra significativa dos desafios de um hospital e estar dentro dos limites trat?veis para um estudo dessa natureza. O m?todo qualitativo, explorat?rio e a modelagem FRAM permitiram a identifica??o de 66 fun??es do sistema de interna??o. Do modelo representativo das atividades desse sistema, tr?s instancia??es foram destacadas para as an?lises do trabalho. As instancia??es selecionadas foram as que mais apresentaram desperd?cios, analisados pela ?tica das perdas do Sistema Toyota de Produ??o. As modelagens e as instancia??es geraram invent?rios com as perdas, ETTOs e variabilidades associadas ?s fun??es. As an?lises foram conduzidas de forma a identificar pontos onde a estrutura do sistema faz com que os gestores tomem decis?es conflitantes (entre produ??o e prote??o). Esses pontos de decis?o se caracterizam por apresentar variabilidades ressonantes no sistema que, por sua vez, geram desperd?cios em outras fun??es (e.g. espera, processamento inapropriado, entre outros). Posteriormente, sob uma ?tica de Opera??es Integradas, buscou-se identificar como a estrutura operacional do sistema poderia estar influenciando essas variabilidades, desperd?cios e conflitos de metas. A principal contribui??o te?rica deste trabalho ? a proposi??o de um m?todo para inventariar perdas, conflitos de metas e variabilidades associadas a fun??es de uma modelagem FRAM. Tamb?m, contribuiu-se com uma nova aproxima??o ? modelagem FRAM como uma ferramenta para a an?lise de opera??es integradas. Da mesma forma, contribui??es pr?ticas apontam para a necessidade de melhor gest?o dos recursos do hospital, de forma a tornar as atividades mais eficientes, por?m sem interferir nos pontos de resili?ncia do sistema. Ficam como sugest?es de futuros estudos a replica??o do m?todo em outros contextos como forma de valida??o; o aprofundamento das coletas de dados no hospital pesquisado; e a replica??o em outros hospitais para gerar recomenda??es a n?vel de gest?o e contratualiza??o do SUS.

This diploma thesis is dedicated to the overall view of the deaf people, starting from the issue of an ear and ending by the culture of this community. The main objective of this thesis is to describe the integration of the hearing individual into the deaf community and to explore attitudes and reactions of this community to the hearing and vice versa. The work also contains interviews with both integrated person as well as with deaf people who were involved within the integration. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The introduction of the theoretical part is engaged in the hearing itself, the construction of the ear, neurotransmission and hearing disorders. Following section is devoted to institutions and organizations that are focused on the issue of deaf people. Conclusion of the theoretical part is dedicated to the culture of deaf people and their communication. In the research section are described difficulties, feelings, attitudes and opinions of a hearing individual, who has entered into the deaf community. After a lapse of time, that the individual spent among deaf people, is apparent a shift and development in his opinion, growing interest and gradual transformation of reasons why he is trying to integrate into the community of deaf people. In the thesis is also described the attitude and approach of deaf people to the hearing individual, who penetrated to this community and had no knowledge how to communicate with deaf people and what are their characteristics and differences.

Trabalho de Projeto
O trabalho de projeto apresentado tem como objetivo promover respostas às necessidades sociais identificadas junto dos idosos dependentes das Equipas de Cuidados Continuados Integrados (ECCI) na Administração Regional de Saúde de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo (A.R.S.L.V.T.,I.P.), que visem contribuir na melhoria das condições de vida diária e quotidiana, promovendo a sua integração no meio envolvente, de forma integrada e participada dirigidas às pessoas idosas. A elaboração diagnóstica desenvolveu-se em duas fases: a primeira, através da consulta na plataforma da Rede Nacional Cuidados Continuados Integrados (RNCCI), dos processos sociais e de enfermagem dos utentes admitidos na Unidade de Cuidados Continuados Integrados (UCCI) de Sintra, no relatório do Plano de Ação da respetiva unidade de saúde, em reuniões e entrevistas realizadas aos assistentes sociais que exercem a sua atividade junto da população idosa dependente da área geográfica de intervenção e ainda a aplicação de questionários a alguns sujeitos da amostra. Os resultados obtidos revelam, em termos sociais, principalmente, a existência de uma grande percentagem de pessoas idosas ue possuem dependência face a terceiros para a realização das suas atividades da vida diária, assim como situações vulneráveis de isolamento social causadas pelo estado de dependência que enfrentam no seu quotidiano. A implementação do projeto será em toda a área geográfica abrangida pelos serviços prestados pelas Equipas de Cuidados Continuados Integrados na Administração Regional de Saúde de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo, Instituto Público, de forma a dar resposta de modo integrado face às necessidades sentidas pela população idosa dependente.
The project work presented aims to promote social needs responses identified among elderly dependents of the Continuous Care Teams (ECCI) in the Regional Health Administration of Lisbon and Tagus Valley (ARSLVT, IP), aiming to contribute to the improvement of everyday life conditions, promoting their integration into the surrounding environment, in an integrated and participatory way directed to the elderly people. The diagnostic work developed in two phases: the first, as a Social Worker in Continuing Care Team of Sintra’s Unit, through querying of the National Network of Continuous Care (RNCCI)’s platform, of the social processes and nursing of users admitted to the Continuous Care Unit (UCCI) of Sintra, in the respective health unit’s Action Plan report, in meetings and interviews conducted to the social workers who pursue their activity with the dependent elderly population on their geographical area of intervention and even in the application of questionnaires to some individuals of the given sample. The results show, in social terms, mainly, the existence of a large percentage of seniors who have dependence on third parties to perform their daily life activities, as well as vulnerable situations of social isolation caused by the state of dependence they face in their everyday life. The project implementation will be across the geographical area covered by the services provided by the Continuous Care Teams in the Regional Health Administration of Lisbon and Tagus Valley, Public Institute, to give an integrated response to the needs felt by the dependent elderly population.

Persons with disabilities reproduce in the Czech Republic on the basis of reasonable estimates, a significant group of citizens (10% of population, of which 0.6% are persons with visual disabilities. Integration is a long/two-way process, playing an important role in many dimensions of human life. When it is necessary to take into account the individuality of each person, trying to understand the rules and are paying them to the behavior, it is important mutual communication skills and awareness of the presence of barriers to integration. In the Czech Republic the whole care for people with disabilities falls into a comprehensive rehabilitation. Over the last 20 years in the Czech Republic focused public attention (state bodies and institutions) to improve the living conditions of persons with disabilities. Attitude State and public authorities, to regulate these individuals significantly, the National plans establishing the most important tasks and measures for different sectors of government. Despite these measures, however, figure in activities of daily living for persons with disabilities discriminatory pressures are particularly evident in the long-term disregard or ignorance of basic and fundamental differences that define this group of person. V currently in the Czech Republic is still missing law on comprehensive rehabilitation. The aim of this paper is to describe the integration factors / barriers / point of view, which people with disabilities, respectively, visual impairment comes in your life / integration process, to mutual acceleration options which can use in the integration process. The main goal of this work is to describe the specifics of the integration of persons with visual disabilities, their personal view on integration / inclusion. The research was conducted in two regional branches Sons of Chomutov in the Czech Republic - SIA and Most. The sample included individuals with visual disabilities of working age (18-65 years). Data collection was conducted from 1st 4th 2012 to 2014. Based on responses to the research questions defined the strategy of qualitative research in the form of so-called case studies - the study of social groups (persons with visual disability).

The dissertation look into the question what social firm has a impact on the social integration of people with mental diseases. It is divided into theoretical part, profiles of surveyed organizations and practical part. In theoretical parts are offered definitions of the various authors about social integration, social firms, persons with mental illness. Definition of approaching the issue. There are also published theories, which were subsequently verified in the empirical work. Brief profiles of organizations includes two social firms and one sheltered workshop. In empirical part was a qualitative research aimed at answering research questions. They were directed to full the objectives of the work. The main method in this case were semi-structured interviews. Work leads to knowledge, some of which support the theoretical ssumptions about the importance of social integration firm. However, some theoretical knowledge about the importance of social integration, were not confirmed by the results of empirical research. Key words Social integration Social Economy Social firm A person with mental diseases

Este trabalho no âmbito do Mestrado em Ciências Religiosas, faz uma reflexão sobre a Unidade Letiva 1 do Programa de Educação Moral e Religiosa Católica (EMRC) do 6º ano “A Pessoa Humana” pretendendo explorar e aprofundar a importância que os conteúdos relacionados com a temática da Pessoa Humana têm no programa da disciplina no 2º e 3º ciclos. A disciplina de EMRC, com todos as suas metas e objetivos, tem um papel fundamental na questão da educação para a promoção da Pessoa Humana, despertando os nossos alunos, para as realidades existentes, comprometendo-os na busca incessante de soluções para o seu desenvolvimento integral. Possibilitando-lhes uma educação que lhes dê as ferramentas necessárias, para que possam construir um futuro com vista ao bem comum, sem descartar a Pessoa Humana. Pois é urgente e imperioso criar neles a consciência que o desenvolvimento das pessoas e por conseguinte, da sociedade, tem que ser centrado no bem da pessoa. No nosso mundo assistimos a um agudizar de situações que causam sofrimento a um número cada vez maior de pessoas, pois a sua dignidade não está salvaguardada, nomeadamente quando milhões de seres humanos se vêem privados de alimentação, água potável, habitação condigna, educação e cuidados de saúde que são direitos consagrados na Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem.
This work in the field of the Master in Religious Sciences,makes a reflection on Unit 1 of The Program of Catholic Moral and Religious Education (EMRC) of the 6th year "The Human Person" intending to explore and deepen the importance that the contents related to the subject of Human Person have in the program of the subject in the 2nd and 3rd cycles. The EMRC subject, with all its objectives, has a very important role in the question of education for the promotion of the Human Person, awakening our students to the existing realities, committing them in the incessant search for solutions for their integral development. Providing them with an educationgives themalso the necessary tools, so they can build a future for the common good, without ruling out the Human Person. For it is urgent and imperative to create in them the awareness that the development of people and therefore of society must be focused on the good of the person. In our world, we become aware of a worsening of situations that cause suffering to an increasing number of people, because their dignity is not safeguarded, especially when millions of human beings are deprived of food, water, decent housing, education and health care rights which are enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

In my thesis I dealt with the issue of health education and integration of visually disable pupils attending the first degree (1st - 5th grade) of primary schools through physical activities + development of spatial orientation. The theoretical part determines basic terms and definitions which are related to this issue. Practical part is focused on the project called "Week of Health" which positively influenced all the pupils. The learners were acquainted with yoga and with innovative kinestetic activities in which it was necessary to use mainly the auditory and haptic perception. During the whole week the education was focused on healthy nourishment and proper lifestyle of young learners.

O presente trabalho procura expor e confrontar os conceitos de Desenvolvimento Humano, Desenvolvimento Integrado e Desenvolvimento Sustentável com o conceito de Desenvolvimento Integral da Pessoa Humana presente na Doutrina Social da Igreja, procurando encontrar os elementos comuns e apresentando os seus contributos específicos de forma a alimentar o debate do desenvolvimento, enriquecendo com uma perspectiva complementar e alternativa que possa apontar caminhos de reflexão e práticas para o futuro. Partindo dos conceitos referidos, faz-se uma reflexão dos seus conteúdos essenciais assim como da sua evolução histórica, pretendendo destacar os seus principais autores e dimensões. Os conceitos e autores seleccionados tiveram como critério alguma proximidade possível com a visão da Igreja Católica acerca do desenvolvimento. Acabamos por apresentar aqui uma concetualização mais holística e sistémica do desenvolvimento que reflete para além disso, uma rejeição de um desenvolvimento exclusivamente dependente da economia e do crescimento económico, sendo esta uma ideia transversal a todo o trabalho. A proposta verdadeiramente diferenciada da Igreja como critério de desenvolvimento, é a proposta do Amor, que se procura neste trabalho justificar.
This work seeks to expose and confront the concepts of human, integrated and sustainable development with the concept of integral development of the human person contained at the Social Teachings of the Church, trying to find common elements and presenting their specific contributions in order to promote the developmental debate, enriching it with a complementary alternative perspective that can point paths of thought and practices for the future. Based on the concepts above, it is a reflection of their core content as well as their historical evolution, intending to highlight their main authors and dimensions. The concepts and authors were selected based on proximity criteria towards the vision of the Catholic Church about development. We ended up presenting a more holistic and systemic conceptualisation of development that reflects besides this, a rejection of an exclusively dependent development on the economy and economic growth, which is transversal to the entire work. The proposal truly differentiated of the Church as a criterion of development is the proposal of Love, which seeks to justify this work.

El objetivo general de esta tesis fue producir información científico-tecnológica básica para la implementación de un sistema integrado de control de malezas, que permita reemplazar al sistema mecánico en las plantaciones de álamo (Populus spp.) del centro-norte de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Los trabajos se agruparon en tres líneas de investigación complementarias, en donde se abordaron grupos específicos de problemas. En la primera línea de trabajo se determinó la composición específica de la comunidad de malezas y la magnitud de su interferencia, se establecieron los niveles de control y fitotoxicidad que producen diferentes herbicidas, y se evaluaron en forma comparada los efectos sobre la supervivencia y el crecimiento del cultivo de distintos tratamientos integrados de control respecto del sistema actual. La segunda línea estudió la variación temporal de la interferencia en busca de la definición del período crítico para el control de malezas, y en la tercera línea de trabajo se evaluó el resultado económico potencial de la implementación de los cambios estudiados en el sistema de control, considerando diferentes escenarios económico-financieros, grados de incorporación de tecnología y de reemplazo de mano de obra. Las distintas líneas comprendieron experiencias en campo llevadas a cabo entre los años 1998 y 2004 en el Establecimiento Forestal "María Dolores", Partido de Alberti, Provincia de Buenos Aires (34° 50' Lat. Sur; 60° 30' Long. Oeste; 55 msnm). Los trabajos se efectuaron siguiendo una estrategia progresiva de experimentación: en una primera etapa se realizaron ensayos exploratorios y posteriormente los resultados iniciales obtenidos fueron evaluados en ensayos a escala de producción y parcelas demostrativas de 5 hectáreas de superficie.

This thesis reports the results of a twofold study on the recently proposed phenomenon of &lsquo
stellar pulsations&rsquo
in young brown dwarfs by the seminal study of Palla and Baraffe (2005) (PB05, thereafter). The PB05 study presents results of a non-adiabatic linear stability analysis showing that young brown dwarfs should become pulsationally unstable during the deuterium burning phase of their evolution.

The aim of my extended essay is to evaluate some social aspects after amputations of extremities with children and adults. The work is divided into several parts. In the first theoretical part, the attention is paid to a history of amputations and some indications for an extremity amputation. At the same time, the summary of amputation lines of upper and lower extremities is set up here as well. In this part, there is a list of some indications leading to an amputation of an extremity, too. Besides, here is some theoretical imformation on the comprehensive rehabilitation, especially on therapeutic, social and working one. Some data obtained by evaluating my own research are presented in the practical part of this extended essay. The research was carried out with a quantitative questionnaire method. After the evaluation, all three determined hypotheses were confirmed. Hypothesis No. 1: I suppose the children and adolescents do not feel being seen at a disadvantage after the amputation of an extremity, which is brought by this treatment. Hypothesis No. 2: Women come to terms with the amputation of an extremity psychically worse than men do. Hypothesis No. 3: I suppose the amputation of an upper extremity is a greater handicap than a loss of a lower one, in consideration of one's asserting at the labour market. The practical evaluation contains all the comparisons of the research results with some specialized literature, too. The main contribution of my extended essay is the summarization of the certain points at issue and the facilitation of an easier orientation in a social situation after the amputation of an extremity.

Presented diploma thesis deals with issues of marital migration in early modern town milieu. By quantitative analysis of written records of marriage contracts and parish registers from Náchod domain (Eastern Bohemia), marriages of Nachod burghers with persons from other localities are tracked. Initially the town itself and the domain of the same name, constituting its hinterland, is characterized by their population and administrative and economic conditions. Then the marital migration is examined by sex and marital status of immigrants, distance and legal status of the place of their origin, or proportion of migration across the boundary of the domain. Apart from the pursuite to describe the main features of the migration phenomenon, the attention is focused on its consequences, which are the issues of integration of immigrant into the community of the town. The final part of the thesis deals with some qualitative aspects of marital migration and its reflection in contemporary ego-documents. Keywords: marital migration; Náchod; town; country; integration; burghers; parish registers; marital contracts; early modern period

Orientação: João Filipe Requicha ; co-orientação: Ângela Martins
A Reabilitação na Medicina Veterinária é uma área de especialidade que tem evoluído de forma exponencial nos últimos anos, em grande parte devido ao enorme sucesso quando aplicada em animais de competição e que se estendeu até aos animais de companhia. A Técnica de Compressão Fria Pneumática Intermitente surge com a evolução e combinação de várias técnicas de reabilitação como a crioterapia e a compressão fria. Esta técnica permite agregar um conjunto de métodos de reabilitação numa única máquina, porque permite ajustar parâmetros de operação, tais como a temperatura, a pressão e a duração da terapia, simplificando o processo de tratamento e poupando recursos a quem a executa. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi o de aplicar a Técnica de Compressão Fria Pneumática Intermitente em cães e gatos intervencionados cirurgicamente ou em animais politraumatizados de forma a conseguir acelerar o processo de recuperação dos mesmos e obter as condições necessárias para poderem realizar exercícios de reabilitação e, consequentemente diminuir a sua taxa de morbilidade. Como objetivos secundários, pretendeu-se comparar a eficácia destas terapias em diferentes áreas da Medicina Veterinária, como a Ortopédica, Cirúrgica, Neurológica e Urgência. Este estudo foi realizado no Hospital Veterinário da Arrábida, no período de setembro de 2014 até janeiro de 2015. A população estudada foi constituída por 61 animais, cães e gatos, dos quais 33 casos foram tratados com recurso à Técnica de Compressão Fria Pneumática Intermitente e 28 com recurso à técnica de crioterapia. Neste trabalho, foi possível observar que a Técnica de Compressão Fria Pneumática Intermitente consegue reduzir eficazmente o grau de dor e edemas. Após comparação com a crioterapia, em animais em situação de Urgência e em doentes de Ortopedia, o grau de dor é diminuído com mais eficácia assim como os dias de internamento. As áreas de Cirurgia e Neurologia também apresentaram melhorias. A TCFPI permite uma recuperação mais rápida diminuindo os dias de internamento e, por conseguinte, a taxa de morbilidade dos animais.
Veterinary Rehabilitation has greatly evolved in the last years mostly due to the enormous success in competition and sports animals and has expanded to pet animals. Cold Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Technique is the result of the evolution and combination of several rehabilitation techniques such as cryotherapy and cold compression. This technique allows combining a set of different Rehabilitation techniques in one machine since operation parameters as temperature, pressure and therapy duration are customizable, making the whole treatment process shorter and easier. This study main objective is the appliance of Cold Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Technique in dogs and cats submitted to surgical procedures or multiple trauma patients, in order to accomplish faster recovery results to achieve the required physical conditions to initiate the rehabilitation process and thus decreasing the morbidity rate. As secondary objective, a comparison between these techniques was made for four distinctive fields of Veterinary Medicine, as Orthopedics, Surgery, Neurology and Emergency. This study took place in Hospital Veterinário da Arrábida between September 2014 and January 2015. 61 animals were chosen for the study sample, dogs and cats, divided into 33 patients who were treated using Cold Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Technique and 28 patients who were treated using cryotherapy. This project revealed that Cold Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Technique can decrease pain effectively and reduce swelling. From the cryotherapy comparison it is clear that, animals in emergency and orthopedic patients, using this technique have greatly decreased the pain and the days of hospitalization. The other Veterinary fields such as Surgery and Neurology show good outcome as well. TCFPI achieves a faster recovery for the patient and decreases the hospitalization days and, therefore, reduce the animals’ morbidity rate.