Thematische Bibliographien / Insular State

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Insular State“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 14. September 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Insular State"

Ghaziri, Jimmy, Phillip Fei, Alan Tucholka, Sami Obaid, Olivier Boucher, Isabelle Rouleau und Dang K. Nguyen. „Resting-State Functional Connectivity Profile of Insular Subregions“. Brain Sciences 14, Nr. 8 (25.07.2024): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080742.

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The insula is often considered the fifth lobe of the brain and is increasingly recognized as one of the most connected regions in the brain, with widespread connections to cortical and subcortical structures. As a follow-up to our previous tractography work, we investigated the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) profiles of insular subregions and assessed their concordance with structural connectivity. We used the CONN toolbox to analyze the rsFC of the same 19 insular regions of interest (ROIs) we used in our prior tractography work and regrouped them into six subregions based on their connectivity pattern similarity. Our analysis of 50 healthy participants confirms the known broad connectivity of the insula and shows novel and specific whole-brain and intra-connectivity patterns of insular subregions. By examining such subregions, our findings provide a more detailed pattern of connectivity than prior studies that may prove useful for comparison between patients.

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Gujing, Li, He Hui, Li Xin, Zhang Lirong, Yao Yutong, Ye Guofeng, Lu Jing et al. „Increased Insular Connectivity and Enhanced Empathic Ability Associated with Dance/Music Training“. Neural Plasticity 2019 (06.05.2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9693109.

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Dance and music are expressive art forms. Previous behavioural studies have reported that dancers/musicians show a better sensorimotor ability and emotional representation of others. However, the neural mechanism behind this phenomenon is not completely understood. Recently, intensive researches have identified that the insula is highly enrolled in the empathic process. Thus, to expand the knowledge of insular function associated with empathy under the dance/music training background, we mapped the insular network and its associated brain regions in 21 dancers, 20 musicians, and 24 healthy controls using resting-state functional connectivity (FC) analysis. Whole brain voxel-based analysis was performed using seeds from the posterior insula (PI), the ventral anterior insula (vAI), and the dorsal anterior insula (dAI). The training effects of dance and music on insular subnetworks were then evaluated using one-way analysis of variance ANOVA. Increased insular FC with those seeds was found in dancers/musicians, including PI and anterior cingulated cortex (ACC), vAI and middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and middle cingulated cortex (MCC), and dAI and ACC and MTG. In addition, significant associations were found between discrepant insular FC patterns and empathy scores in dancers and musicians. These results indicated that dance/music training might enhance insular subnetwork function, which would facilitate integration of intero/exteroceptive information and result in better affective sensitivity. Those changes might finally facilitate the subjects’ empathic ability.

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Alexeeva, N. T., S. V. Klochkova, D. A. Sokolov und D. B. Nikityuk. „Contemporary data on the structural and functional organization of the insular lobe of cerebral hemispheres“. Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology 13, Nr. 2 (04.07.2024): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2225-7357-2024-13-2-79-92.

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The article presents an analysis of contemporary literature data on the structural and functional organization of the insular lobe of cerebral hemispheres. In adults, the insular lobe is located deep in the lateral sulcus under the frontoparietal and temporal opercula and is divided by the central sulcus of insula into two lobes – anterior and posterior. The relief of the sulci and gyri of the insula has individual variability. The insula receives blood supply from the M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery. The description of the cytoarchitectonics of the insular cortex according to different authors has significant differences. It is believed that the insular cortex is a transitional area from the paleocortex to the neocortex. In the domestic literature, two main cytoarchitectonic fields are described – 13, corresponding to the posterior parts of the insula and 14, occupying the anterior central gyrus of the insula, its short gyri, as well as a number of subregions. In foreign literature, seven cytoarchitectonic zones are distinguished: Ia1, Ig3, Id2, Id3, Id4, Id5, Id6. The insular lobe receives afferent projections from the thalamic nuclei and a number of parts of the cerebral cortex responsible for the perception of sensory stimuli. There are connections with the amygdala and some structures of the limbic system, the associative cortex. Efferent projections of the insular cortex diverge both to the structures of the brainstem and to the subcortical formations: the lateral hypothalamus, amygdala, pontine nuclei, bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, the nucleus of the solitary tract and a number of other formations associated with the control of autonomic functions. In functional terms, four sections are distinguished in the insula: sensorimotor, socioemotional, cognitive, chemosensory. The sensorimotor department ensures a number of visceral reactions, which indicates its participation in the regulation of the autonomic functions of the body. It ensures the perception of somatically sensitive impulses from the face and upper limbs. The role of the insula in thermo- and nociception is described. It is known about the participation of the insular cortex in functioning of the auditory analyzer, processing of taste sensations, vestibular signals, and olfaction. It is believed that the anterior-ventral part of the insula plays a key role in the formation of emotions and subjective sensations, as well as in making decisions associated with risk. The anterior-dorsal department is responsible for the integration of sensory stimuli from the external environment with internal data on the state of the body and the emotional state in order to coordinate the work of brain networks and initiate switching between the network of the passive mode of brain operation and the network of operational problem solving.

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Duan, Xujun, Maolin Hu, Xinyue Huang, Chan Su, Xiaofen Zong, Xia Dong, Changchun He et al. „Effect of Risperidone Monotherapy on Dynamic Functional Connectivity of Insular Subdivisions in Treatment-Naive, First-Episode Schizophrenia“. Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Nr. 3 (05.09.2019): 650–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz087.

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Abstract Objective The insula consists of functionally diverse subdivisions, and each division plays different roles in schizophrenia neuropathology. The current study aimed to investigate the abnormal patterns of dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) of insular subdivisions in schizophrenia and the effect of antipsychotics on these connections. Methods Longitudinal study of the dFC of insular subdivisions was conducted in 42 treatment-naive first-episode patients with schizophrenia at baseline and after 8 weeks of risperidone treatment based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI). Results At baseline, patients showed decreased dFC variance (less variable) between the insular subdivisions and the precuneus, supplementary motor area and temporal cortex, as well as increased dFC variance (more variable) between the insular subdivisions and parietal cortex, compared with healthy controls. After treatment, the dFC variance of the abnormal connections were normalized, which was accompanied by a significant improvement in positive symptoms. Conclusions Our findings highlighted the abnormal patterns of fluctuating connectivity of insular subdivision circuits in schizophrenia and suggested that these abnormalities may be modified after antipsychotic treatment.

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Klein, Alexandra S., Nate Dolensek, Caroline Weiand und Nadine Gogolla. „Fear balance is maintained by bodily feedback to the insular cortex in mice“. Science 374, Nr. 6570 (19.11.2021): 1010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abj8817.

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How the body regulates fear Although fear is important for survival, it is maladaptive if it is either too strong, as in anxiety disorders, or too weak, as in exaggerated risk taking. Working in mice, Klein et al . observed that the insular cortex has an unparalleled dual role in either enhancing or weakening the extinction of fear, depending on the internal fear state of the animal (see the Perspective by Christianson). This insula function helps to maintain fear within a homeostatic range and depends on bodily feedback signals: Fear-induced freezing behavior is associated with a slowed heart rate, which in turn dampens fear-evoked activity of the insular cortex. Two opposite signals, prediction of threat by fear-associated cues and negative feedback signals from the body, are thus integrated within the insular cortex. —PRS

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Li, Xuejing, Ling Wang, Qian Chen, Yongsheng Hu, Jubao Du, Xin Chen, Weimin Zheng, Jie Lu und Nan Chen. „The Reorganization of Insular Subregions in Individuals with Below-Level Neuropathic Pain following Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury“. Neural Plasticity 2020 (10.03.2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2796571.

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Objective. To investigate the reorganization of insular subregions in individuals suffering from neuropathic pain (NP) after incomplete spinal cord injury (ISCI) and further to disclose the underlying mechanism of NP. Method. The 3D high-resolution T1-weighted structural images and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) of all individuals were obtained using a 3.0 Tesla MRI system. A comparative analysis of structure and function connectivity (FC) with insular subareas as seeds in 10 ISCI individuals with below-level NP (ISCI-P), 11 ISCI individuals without NP (ISCI-N), and 25 healthy controls (HCs) was conducted. Associations between the structural and functional alteration of insula subregions and visual analog scale (VAS) scores were analyzed using the Pearson correlation in SPSS 20. Results. Compared with ISCI-N patients, when the left posterior insula as the seed, ISCI-P showed increased FC in right cerebellum VIIb and cerebellum VIII, Brodmann 37 (BA 37). When the left ventral anterior insula as the seed, ISCI-P indicated enhanced FC in right BA18 compared with ISCI-N patients. These increased FCs positively correlated with VAS scores. Relative to HCs, ISCI-P presented increased FC in the left hippocampus when the left dorsal anterior insula was determined as the seed. There was no statistical difference in the volume of insula subregions among the three groups. Conclusion. Our study indicated that distinctive patterns of FC in each subregion of insula suggest that the insular subareas participate in the NP processing through different FC following ISCI. Further, insula subregions could serve as a therapeutic target for NP following ISCI.

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Long, Ting, Haijun Li, Yongqiang Shu, Kunyao Li, Wei Xie, Yaping Zeng, Ling Huang, Li Zeng, Xiang Liu und Dechang Peng. „Functional Connectivity Changes in the Insular Subregions of Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea after 6 Months of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment“. Neural Plasticity 2023 (21.02.2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5598047.

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This study was aimed at investigating the functional connectivity (FC) changes between the insular subregions and whole brain in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after 6 months of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment and at exploring the relationship between resting-state FC changes and cognitive impairment in OSA patients. Data from 15 patients with OSA before and after 6 months of CPAP treatment were included in this study. The FC between the insular subregions and whole brain was compared between baseline and after 6 months of CPAP treatment in OSA. After 6 months of treatment, OSA patients had increased FC from the right ventral anterior insula to the bilateral superior frontal gyrus and bilateral middle frontal gyrus and increased FC from the left posterior insula to the left middle temporal gyrus and left inferior temporal gyrus. Hyperconnectivity was found from the right posterior insula to the right middle temporal gyrus, bilateral precuneus, and bilateral posterior cingulate cortex, which mainly involved the default mode network. There are changes in functional connectivity patterns between the insular subregions and whole brain in OSA patients after 6 months of CPAP treatment. These changes provide a better understanding of the neuroimaging mechanisms underlying the improvement in cognitive function and emotional impairment in OSA patients and can be used as potential biomarkers for clinical CPAP treatment.

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Kilpatrick, Lisa, Teodora Pribic, Barbara Ciccantelli, Carolina Malagelada, Dan M. Livovsky, Anna Accarino, Deborah Pareto, Fernando Azpiroz und Emeran A. Mayer. „Sex Differences and Commonalities in the Impact of a Palatable Meal on Thalamic and Insular Connectivity“. Nutrients 12, Nr. 6 (01.06.2020): 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061627.

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The neural mechanisms underlying subjective responses to meal ingestion remain incompletely understood. We previously showed in healthy men an increase in thalamocortical, and a decrease in insular-cortical connectivity in response to a palatable meal. As sex is increasingly recognized as an important biological variable, we aimed to evaluate sex differences and commonalities in the impact of a well-liked meal on thalamic and anterior insular connectivity in healthy individuals. Participants (20 women and 20 age-matched men) underwent resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (rsMRI) before and after ingesting a palatable meal. In general, the insula showed extensive postprandial reductions in connectivity with sensorimotor and prefrontal cortices, while the thalamus showed increases in connectivity with insular, frontal, and occipital cortices, in both women and men. However, reductions in insular connectivity were more prominent in men, and were related to changes in meal-related sensations (satiety and digestive well-being) in men only. In contrast, increases in thalamic connectivity were more prominent in women, and were related to changes in satiety and digestive well-being in women only. These results suggest that brain imaging may provide objective and sex-specific biomarkers of the subjective feelings associated with meal ingestion.

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van Ettinger-Veenstra, Helene, Rebecca Boehme, Bijar Ghafouri, Håkan Olausson, Rikard K. Wicksell und Björn Gerdle. „Exploration of Functional Connectivity Changes Previously Reported in Fibromyalgia and Their Relation to Psychological Distress and Pain Measures“. Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, Nr. 11 (05.11.2020): 3560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113560.

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Neural functional connectivity changes in the default mode network (DMN), Central executive network (CEN), and insula have been implicated in fibromyalgia (FM) but stem from a sparse set of small-scale studies with limited power for the investigation of confounding effects. We investigated whether anxiety, depression, pain sensitivity, and pain intensity modulated functional connectivity related to DMN nodes, CEN nodes, and insula. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 31 females with FM and 28 age-matched healthy controls. Connectivity was analysed with a region-based connectivity analysis between DMN nodes in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex, CEN nodes in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and bilateral insula. FM patients displayed significantly higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms than controls. The right IPS node of the CEN showed a higher level of connectivity strength with right insula in FM with higher pain intensity compared to controls. More anxiety symptoms in FM correlated with higher levels of connectivity strength between the vmPFC DMN node and right sensorimotor cortex. These findings support the theory of altered insular connectivity in FM and also suggest altered IPS connectivity in FM. Interestingly, no change in insular connectivity with DMN was observed.

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Casanova, José Patricio, Marcelo Aguilar-Rivera, María de los Ángeles Rodríguez, Todd P. Coleman und Fernando Torrealba. „The activity of discrete sets of neurons in the posterior insula correlates with the behavioral expression and extinction of conditioned fear“. Journal of Neurophysiology 120, Nr. 4 (01.10.2018): 1906–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00318.2018.

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The interoceptive insular cortex is known to be involved in the perception of bodily states and emotions. Increasing evidence points to an additional role for the insula in the storage of fear memories. However, the activity of the insula during fear expression has not been studied. We addressed this issue by recording single units from the posterior insular cortex (pIC) of awake behaving rats expressing conditioned fear during its extinction. We found a set of pIC units showing either significant increase or decrease in activity during high fear expression to the auditory cue (“freezing units”). Firing rate of freezing units showed high correlation with freezing and outlasted the duration of the auditory cue. In turn, a different set of units showed either significant increase or decrease in activity during low fear state (“extinction units”). These findings show that expression of conditioned freezing is accompanied with changes in pIC neural activity and suggest that the pIC is important to regulate the behavioral expression of fear memory. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we show novel single-unit data from the interoceptive insula underlying the behavioral expression of fear. We show that different populations of neurons in the insula codify expression and extinction of conditioned fear. Our data add further support for the insula as an important player in the regulation of emotions.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Insular State"

Brito, José Luís do Livramento Monteiro Alves de. „As privatizações num país pequeno, insular e arquipelágico : o caso de Cabo Verde“. Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3397.

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Mestrado em Gestão / MBA
A investigação visou, passados dez anos, uma avaliação técnica das privatizações em Cabo Verde no sentido de, através de respostas a várias questões, nomeadamente, sobre i) o seu papel na opção estratégica de desenvolvimento do país e a coerência com os objectivos, modefo, programa, ritmo e processo adoptados, ii) a evolução das empresas privatizadas em termos da performance económico - financeira e iii) o impacto dessa evolução na macroeconomia e competitividade do País, se formular uma tese sobre "As privatizações num País pequeno, insular e arquipelágico: o caso de Cabo Verde ". Nesse âmbito, o trabalho apresenta uma parte dedicada às questões de natureza teórica e análise da literatura e outra para as questões de natureza aplicada. Mais especificamente, para cumprir com a formulação do problema, desenvolveu-se, em termos teóricos, i) a análise conceptual prevalecente na dinâmica das privatizações a nível internacional , questionando as diversas lógicas e fins, ii) a revisão da literatura sobre o desempenho económico - financeiro das empresas privatizadas e em tenvos aplicados, iii) a mensuracão dos resultados das privatizações a nível do desenvolvimento económico - social de Cabo Verde, iv) a avaliação dos resultados também a nível das empresas privatizadas para, a partir daí, v) tirar as conclusões, tomando três referências de comparação, a situação da empresa antes da respectiva privatização, estudos da Price Waterhouse sobre as empresas públicas cabo-verdianas antes das Privatizações e estudos internacionais sobre empresas privatizadas. O estudo empírico baseou - se numa amostra de 11 empresas privatizadas entre 1993 e 1999 e conclui que, apesar do pouco tempo decorrido, há evidências claras de i) uma redução significativa do peso do Estado na economia, ii) uma contribuição muito positiva para os indicadores macroeconómicos do país e iii) melhorias significativas no pós - privatização dos indicadores de rendibilidade, eficiência operativa, vendas e endividamento, com poucas excepções como no caso da ELECTRA (empresa de electricidade e água), justificado pelo impacto da profunda reestruturação estratégica de que foi alvo antes da privatização.
This dissertation makes a technical assessment of Cape Verde privatizations in order to conclude about "Privatization in a small, insular and archipelago country - the Cape Verde Republic case", by the answer to a lot of questions, namely, i) the role of privatization in the strategic development option of Cape Verde and the coherence of the adopted model, program, cadence and process, ii) the evolution of the economic and financial performance of the privatized firms and iii) the impact of this evolution on the macroeconomic performance and competitiveness of the country. For that, the work is based on one part dedicated to theoretical analysis and literature research and another one to applied questions. Specifically, to find an answer to the proposed problem, it is developed, in a theoretical approach, i) a concept analysis prevailing in the dynamic of the international privatizations, ii) a literature research concerning the result on the privatized firms performance , in the applied questions, iii) the measurement of the privatization impact in the Cape Verde economic development, iv) the measurement of the privatization impact in the firms level and, finally, v) conclusions, using three references, namely, the firm situation before privatization, Price Waterhouse research about Cape Verde State Owned Enterprises before privatizations and international studies about privatized firms. The empirical research was based on a sample of 11 cape - verdeans State Owned Enterprises privatized between 1993 and 1999 and the conclusion is, in spite of the short elapsed time, there are clear evidences of i) meaningful reduction of State weight in the cape -verdean economy, ii) a positive contribution from the privatized enterprises to the macroeconomic ratios of the country and iii) improvements in the post - privatization ratios of profitability, operating efficiency, outputs and leverage, with few exceptions like ELECTRA (water and electricity enterprise), justified by the strategic alteration before privatization.

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Silveira, Maria do Carmo Trovoada Pires de Carvalho. „O Ambiente Macroeconómico como Fator Crítico da Construção da Resiliência Económica de Pequenos Estados Insulares: O caso de São Tomé e Príncipe“. Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/23430.

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Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Sociais na especialidade em Desenvolvimento Socioeconómico
A tese investiga a temática da resiliência económica de Pequenos Estados Insulares. Tomando como estudo de caso, São Tomé e Príncipe, pretende-se analisar e compreender os desafios das políticas macroeconómicas na construção da resiliência económica de uma pequena economia insular e compreender por que razão as políticas macroeconómicas implementadas neste país não têm contribuído para promover a sua resiliência económica. A investigação fundamentada na análise da bibliografia sobre a temática, nos indicadores sociais e económicos e na perceção de alguns policymakers obtida através de entrevistas de elite semiestruturadas permite-nos considerar que em São Tomé e Príncipe não foram criadas, pelos governos, as condições básicas para a construção da sua resiliência económica. Da investigação emergiram um conjunto de fatores que levam a considerar que a falta de uma visão estratégica para o crescimento económico e o desenvolvimento no médio/longo prazos, as políticas macroeconómicas não têm merecido a devida relevância no contexto das políticas públicas, ao contrário do que se observou em outros países com características similares. A fragilidade institucional aliada à falta de sentido de interesse geral condicionam o contributo das políticas macroeconómicas na promoção do crescimento económico sustentável, em particular e a promoção de mudanças para o desenvolvimento, em geral.
The thesis investigates the theme of the economic resilience of Small Island States. Taking São Tomé and Príncipe as a case study, we intend to analyze the contribution / challenges of macroeconomic policies in building the economic resilience of a small island economy to understand why policies implemented in this country have not contributed to promote its economic resilience. The research, based on the analysis of the literature on the subject, social and economic indicators as well as the perception of policymakers obtained through semistructured interviews allow us to consider that in São Tome and Príncipe the government has not created sustainable essential conditions for building the country’s economic resilience. From this research emerged a set of factors that allow to consider that due to lac of strategic vision for economic growth and development in medium/long terms, macroeconomic policies have not been given due relevance in the context of public policies, in contrast of what has been observed in other countries with similar characteristics. The institutional weakness along with lack of the sense of general interest have conditioned the contribution of macroeconomic policies in promoting sustainable economic growth, in particular, and the promotion of changes for development, in general.
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Miller, Morgan Nicholas. „State Estimation of Glucose and Insulin Dynamics“. Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1470954867.

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Aili, Fagerholm Siri. „Insulin signaling in primary adipocytes in insulin sensitive and insulin resistant states“. Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för cellbiologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-95562.

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Increasing numbers of people world-wide develops the disease type 2 diabetes. Development of type 2 diabetes is characterized by a shift from an insulin sensitive state to an insulin resistant state in peripheral insulin responding organs, which originates from the development of insulin resistance in the adipose tissue. Insulin resistance in combination with reduced pancreatic insulin secretion lead to overt type 2 diabetes. In this thesis, the insulin signaling network in primary adipocytes was analyzed. Key proteins and mechanisms were studied to gain deeper knowledge of signaling both in the insulin sensitive state and in the insulin resistant state produced by rapid weight gain as well as in type 2 diabetes. The surface of the adipocyte is dotted with invaginations in the cell membrane called caveolae that act as important metabolic and signaling platforms in adipocytes, and also harbor the insulin receptor. In paper I we show that insulin stimulation of primary adipocytes results in a rapid phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and caveolin-1, and that internalization of the proteins is mediated by endocytosis of caveolae. Weight gain due to overfeeding and obesity has been associated with the development of insulin resistance in insulin sensitive tissues such as the adipose tissue. In paper II we show that short-term overfeeding for one month of lean subjects results in an insulin resistant state. At the end of the study, the subjects had developed a mild systemic insulin resistance. Moreover, in isolated subcutaneous adipocytes we found several alterations of the insulin signaling pathway that mimicked alterations found in isolated subcutaneous adipocytes from subjects with type 2 diabetes. In paper III we present a first dynamic mathematical model of the insulin signaling network in human adipocytes that are based on experimental data acquired in a consistent fashion. The model takes account of insulin signaling in both the healthy, insulin sensitive state and in the insulin resistant state of type 2 diabetes. We show that attenuated mTORC1-mediated positive feedback to control of phosphorylation of IRS1 at Ser307 is an essential component of the insulin resistant state of type 2 diabetes. A future application of the model is the identification and evaluation of drug targets for the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In paper IV we examine the protein kinase that catalyzes the insulin stimulated mTORC1- mediated feedback to IRS1. We find that the phosphorylation of IRS1 at Ser307 is not likely to be catalyzed by the kinases S6K1, mTOR or PKB. However, a catalyzing protein kinase for the in vitro phosphorylation of IRS1 at Ser307 was found to be associated with the complex mTORC1. In conclusion, this thesis provide new insights and characterize mechanisms of the intrinsically complex insulin signaling network of primary adipocytes, both in insulin sensitive and insulin resistant states.

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Maoulida, Fahad. „Modélisation et optimisation d'un système hybride de génération d'énergie pour l'habitat rural en Afrique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LORR0043.

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Cette thèse se concentre sur le développement de solutions énergétiques basées sur les énergies renouvelables pour répondre à la demande croissante et aux prix fluctuants des énergies fossiles. En partenariat avec le LERMAB de l'Université de Lorraine et LEMA de l'Université des Comores, l'étude propose des systèmes hybrides combinant solaire, éolien et diesel avec une gestion optimisée du stockage d'énergie pour les milieux ruraux aux Comores. Utilisant des logiciels comme Homer Energy, Trnsys et Polysun, l'étude dimensionne ces systèmes en exploitant le potentiel solaire (5 kWh/m²/jour) et éolien (plus de 6 m/s) des Comores pour une distribution continue et décarbonée de l'énergie par la SONELEC. Deux solutions hybrides sont développées dans cette thèse. La première, destinée à un village rural, intègre éolien, solaire photovoltaïque et un générateur diesel d'appoint. Elle produit un excédent de 660 087 kWh/an, soit 74,2% de surplus d’énergie, avec un coût de 0,29 dollar/kWh, inférieur à celui de la SONELEC. La production est dominée par le solaire (82%), suivi de l’éolien (18%), et le diesel est réduit à presque 0 %, assurant une part de 100% renouvelables et zéro émission de gaz. Le système PV-Éolien-Diesel-Batterie optimise les ressources locales et inclut des batteries pour une alimentation stable malgré les fluctuations. La deuxième solution, validée à l'IUT de Longwy, concerne les habitats individuels avec des systèmes PV/T pour l'énergie électrique et l'eau chaude sanitaire. Combinant des panneaux photovoltaïques et des collecteurs thermiques, ces systèmes permettent une double production d'électricité et de chaleur. Un modèle de collecteur hybride PV/T, conçu et validé par des études expérimentales au Lermab, couvre 70% des besoins en eau chaude sanitaire et 80% des besoins en énergie électrique, avec un rendement total de 40%. Performants toute l'année, ils restent efficaces même dans des conditions climatiques variables. Cette recherche propose une politique énergétique durable pour les Comores, visant à réduire la dépendance au diesel, améliorer la qualité de vie et stimuler l'économie locale. Elle met en avant l'importance des mécanismes de financement, la formation des communautés locales et l'intégration de systèmes hybrides avec collecteurs PV/T pour une efficacité énergétique optimale
This thesis focuses on the development of renewable energy solutions to address the growing demand and fluctuating prices of fossil fuels. In collaboration with LERMAB of the University of Lorraine and LEMA of the University of Comoros, the study proposes hybrid systems combining solar, wind, and diesel with optimized energy storage management for rural areas in Comoros. Using software such as Homer Energy, Trnsys, and Polysun, the study designs these systems by leveraging the solar potential (5 kWh/m²/day) and wind potential (over 6 m/s) of Comoros for continuous and decarbonized energy distribution by SONELEC. Two hybrid solutions are developed in this thesis. The first, intended for a rural village, integrates wind, solar photovoltaic, and a backup diesel generator. It produces an excess of 660,087 kWh/year, representing a 74.2% energy surplus, with a cost of dollar 0.29/kWh, lower than that offered by SONELEC. Production is dominated by solar (82%), followed by wind (18%), with diesel minimized to nearly 0%, ensuring a 100% renewable share and zero gas emissions. The PV-Wind-Diesel-Battery system optimizes local resources and includes batteries to ensure stable power supply despite fluctuations. The second solution, validated at the IUT of Longwy, targets individual homes with PV/T systems for electrical energy and hot water. Combining photovoltaic panels and thermal collectors, these systems allow for dual production of electricity and heat. A hybrid PV/T collector model, designed and validated by experimental studies at LERMAB, covers 70% of hot water needs and 80% of electrical energy needs, with a total efficiency of 40%. Effective year-round, these systems remain efficient even in variable climatic conditions. This research proposes a sustainable energy policy for Comoros, aiming to reduce dependence on diesel, improve quality of life, and stimulate the local economy. It highlights the importance of financing mechanisms, training of local communities, and the integration of hybrid systems with PV/T collectors for optimal energy efficiency

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Connor, Sean Denis. „Metal insulator semiconductor structures on gallium arsenide“. Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303649.

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Frangioudakis, Georgia St Vincent's Clinical School UNSW. „Insulin signal transduction in vivo in states of lipid-induced insulin resistance“. Awarded by:University of New South Wales. St Vincent's Clinical School, 2004. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/27419.

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Insulin resistance is the major metabolic defect in obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Increased lipid accumulation is strongly associated with insulin resistance. A significant component of insulin resistance is thought to be a reduced ability of insulin to activate the cascade of phosphorylation events that lead to the metabolic effects of this hormone. The broad aims of this thesis were to examine the effect of high-fat diets containing different fat subtypes on in vivo insulin signalling, under conditions normally used to detect whole body insulin resistance, and to compare the effects of acute and chronic lipid oversupply on insulin signalling in vivo. Time-course and dose-response effects of insulin stimulation on site-specific phosphorylation of key signalling proteins were studied in rat tissues in vivo, to establish an appropriate experimental system to examine the onset of activation of the insulin signalling pathway. It was determined that short insulin infusions with concurrent glucose infusion, similar to the beginning of a euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp, significantly increased the phosphorylation of major intermediates of the insulin signalling pathway in important tissues of insulin action (skeletal muscle [RQ], liver [LIV] and white adipose tissue [EPI]). These experiments provided a platform to study insulin signalling under the same conditions used to study lipid-induced insulin resistance. The provision of diets enriched in polyunsaturated or saturated fatty acids (FA) resulted in the corresponding enrichment of these fat subtypes in rat plasma and tissues. However, the effects on insulin signalling were essentially the same. Both fat diets induced defects in sitespecific phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and protein kinase B (PKB) in RQ and LIV, but not EPI. This suggests that the amount of fat in the diet, rather than enrichment in a particular fat subtype, had a greater impact on the development of signalling defects and that the response to high-fat feeding was tissue-specific. A 3hr elevation of circulating FA (using a lipid/heparin infusion), to a level that is relevant in clinical Type 2 diabetes, impaired insulin-stimulated PKB phosphorylation with no significant effect on IRS-1 phosphorylation. This suggests that there may be differences in the way acute and chronic exposure to increased FA impair insulin signalling. The phosphorylation defects observed in both chronic and acute studies did not seem to be associated with activation of major stress signalling pathways (JNK and NFkB), which have been suggested to have a role in lipidinduced insulin resistance. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that impaired IRS-1 and PKB phosphorylation do have a role in the reduced insulin action observed with lipid oversupply in vivo, because the changes were detected under similar conditions as those used to determine whole body insulin resistance.

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Walker, Adrian Bernard. „The effect of insulin on resistance artery function in insulin-resistant states“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312450.

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Sathyapalan, Thozhukat. „Cardiovascular risk reduction in insulin resistant states“. Thesis, University of Hull, 2009. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5768.

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Introduction: Insulin resistance is the hall mark of a number of pathological conditions and is thought to play a major role in the cardiovascular risk associated with them. This thesis critically evaluates two insulin resistant conditions - polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) - where there are many unresolved issues. During the course of these studies, the effect of weight loss and medications in modifying cardiovascular risk in these conditions was evaluated. Methods: The first studies focused on a randomised open labelled parallel study of metformin and rimonabant in obese patients with PCOS. Subsquently, an extension to this study was undertaken where patients who were on rimonabant were changed over to metformin, whereas those on metformin were continued on metformin for another 3 months. As part of this study the effect of rimonabant and metformin on incretin hormones in patients with PCOS was studied. The next studies focused on a randomised double blind placebo controlled study on the pleotrophic effect of atorvastatin in patients with PCOS. Subsequent metformin therapy after atorvastatin treatment was undertaken. This study led to the investigation of the effect of simvastatin and atorvastatin on biological variation of lipids in patients with T2DM that has got implications in treating to lipid targets. A corollary to this study was whether the biological variation of LDL calculated using Friedewald formula differed from that of direct LDL. Results: In the first series of studies, after 12 weeks of rimonabant there was a significant reduction in anthropometric and metabolic parameters as well as biochemical hyperandrogenemia in patients with PCOS. There was no change in any of these parameters in the metformin treated group. In three months extension arm to this study, metformin maintained the weight loss as well as enhanced the metabolic and biochemical parameters achieved by treatment with rimonabant, compared to 6 months of metformin treatment alone. There was a significant and reversible increase in glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIF) levels after 3 months of rimonabant treatment. There were no changes in GIF or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels with metformin. In the second series of studies it has shown that atorvastatin was effective in reducing inflammation, biochemical hyperandrogenemia and metabolic parameters in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome after a 12 week period compared to placebo. The subsequent effect of three months metformin treatment was augmented by atorvastatin pre-treatment compared to placebo pre-treatment. In the subsequent study it was shown that the coefficient of variation (CV) of TC, LDL, HDL and TG on simvastatin was significant but comparable to atorvastatin in patients with T2DM. However, subsequent directly measured LDL cholesterol was shown to be an order of magnitude more stable when taking equivalent doses of atorvastatin rather than simvastatin. Conclusion: Both weight loss using rimonabant and atorvastatin were effective in reducing biochemical hyperandrogenemia and metabolic profile in patients with PCOS. The effect of rimonabant might be partly mediated through modulating GIF levels.

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Umapathy, Chandravadhana. „THE STATE AND FUTURE OF CLOSED LOOP INSULIN PUMPS / ARTIFICIAL PANCREAS“. Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1301604304.

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Bücher zum Thema "Insular State"

Office, General Accounting. Surface mining: State management of abandoned mine land funds : report to the Chairman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1987.

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Office, General Accounting. Surface mining: Interior and state management of regulatory grants : report to the Chairman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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United States. General Accounting Office., Hrsg. Cultural resources: Results of questionnaire on state historic preservation activities : fact sheet for the Chairman, Subcommittee on Public Lands, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1986.

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Lambert, Simon M. U.S. insular areas: Select issues. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Bock, Judy. Scholastic encyclopedia of the United States. New York: Scholastic Reference, 1999.

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Affairs, United States Congress House Committee on Interior and Insular. To provide for the renegotiation of certain leases of the Seneca Nation: Hearing before the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session on H.R. 5367 ... hearing held in Washington, DC, September 13, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Settlement of land claims of the Puyallup tribe of Indians in the State of Washington: Hearing before the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session on H.R. 932, Puyallup Tribe of Indians Settlement Act of 1989, hearing held in Washington, DC, February 23, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area in the state of Idaho: Report (to accompany H.R. 2141 which ... was referred jointly to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries and the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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Environment, United States Congress House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs Subcommittee on Energy and the. The agreement between the state of New York and the Long Island Lighting Company to close the Shoreham Nuclear Powerplant: Oversight hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session ... hearing held in Washington, DC, November 9, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Insular State"

Shen, Shun-Qing. „Topological Insulator“. In Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, 231–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4606-3_12.

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Carroll, Marilyn E., Peter A. Santi, Joseph Zohar, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Peter Verheart, Per Svenningsson, Per E. Andrén et al. „Insulin-Resistant Brain State“. In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 649. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_1389.

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Kramer, Bernhard, Gerd Bergmann und Yvan Bruynseraede. „Metal-Insulator Transition“. In Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, 257–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82516-3_30.

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Shen, Shun-Qing. „Topological Anderson Insulator“. In Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, 191–201. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32858-9_11.

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Imada, Masatoshi, Fakher F. Assaad, Hirokazu Tsunetsugu und Yukitoshi Motome. „Metal-Insulator and Superconductor-Insulator Transitions in Correlated Electron Systems“. In Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, 120–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60041-8_11.

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Tyschenko, I. E., K. S. Zhuravlev, A. G. Cherkov, Andrzej Misiuk und V. P. Popov. „Сavity Effect in Hydrogen Ion Implanted Silicon-On-Insulator Structures“. In Solid State Phenomena, 477–82. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-13-2.477.

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Barzilay, Joshua. „The Pre-Diabetic, Insulin-Resistant State“. In The Epidemiology of Aging, 433–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5061-6_25.

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Quine, Maria Sophia. „The Rise of Giolitti’s ‘Insurer State’“. In Italy's Social Revolution, 67–95. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403919793_4.

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Imai, M., Y. Miyamura, D. Murata und A. Ogi. „Characterization of SiGe Layer on Insulator by In-Plane Diffraction Method“. In Solid State Phenomena, 451–56. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-13-2.451.

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Takahashi, M., und J. Kanamori. „Metal-Insulator Transition in Ni Compounds“. In Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, 211–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84968-8_21.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Insular State"

Song, Hanfa, Taebin Kim und Vien Van. „Nonlinear All-Bands-Flat Floquet topological photonic insulator with ultrawide edge state continuum“. In CLEO: Fundamental Science, FM2N.5. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_fs.2024.fm2n.5.

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We demonstrate a Floquet-Lieb topological insulator with all flat bands using 2D microring lattice. An ultrawide edge mode bandwidth of 40 nm is achieved, enabling broadband frequency generation by four-wave mixing on the topological platform.

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Klyueva, Yuliya, Viktor Emelyanov und Irina Danilova. „Age peculiarities of morphological and functional state of the insular apparatus of the pancreas of rats“. In VII Information school of a young scientist. Central Scientific Library of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32460/ishmu-2019-7-0047.

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Ramos, Sara, Marta Gonçalves und Carlos Guedes Soares. „A Method for Identifying Compatible Locations for Wave Energy Exploration With Different WECs“. In ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-62949.

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Abstract This paper aims to assess the marine space availability for the nearshore and offshore wave energy exploration while avoiding conflict with any technical, environmental, legal or other use restriction. Within the available areas retrieved in a GIS environment, it is presented a method to evaluate the performance of various state-of-the-art Wave Energy Converter technologies in terms of the expected Power Output Capacity Factor and Capture Width, when potentially working in the characteristic sea states found on the selected areas. The method is applied to a case study in the Archipelago of Azores. The data of the wave resource utilized comes from a hindcast model refined down to a spatial resolution of 0.05° that makes possible the detailed analysis and spatial comparison of results at insular local scales. The results intend to provide stakeholders and decision-makers with meaningful information about the suitable locations for the wave energy exploration and about the most efficient converter devices in such locations for the potential deployment of a wave energy exploration facility.

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Almeida, Igor Tadeu Lombardi de, und Almir Francisco Reis. „AGLOMERACIÓN URBANA DE FLORIANÓPOLIS“. In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Bogotá: Universidad Piloto de Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.10191.

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In Florianópolis, capital of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, the policies of prioritizing the autos and the consequent urban sprawling, have generated new areas of centrality. In a previous study, through the Space Syntax Theory, we have identified the potential centralities of the urban agglomeration. The three main centralities surveyed – Island Centrality, Continental Centrality and Palhoça Centrality – present global level influence, that is, acts on the dynamics of all urban agglomeration. Thus, in this paper, an analysis of four urban attributes related to spatial quality in the main centralities: urban ambience, verticalization, historical relevance and relevance of the landscape. The centrality that most contemplated satisfactory qualities with respect to the features evaluated was the Island Centrality. The other centralities didn’t contemplate equally satisfying attributes, which indicates the low spatial quality and the not recognition, up to the moment, of the urban potential existing in these localities. Keywords: centrality, spatial quality, urban agglomeration, Florianópolis. En Florianópolis, capital del estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, las políticas de priorización de los autos y la dispersión urbana ocasionada, han generado nuevas zonas de centralidad. En un estudio anterior, a través de la Teoría de Sintaxis Espacial, hemos identificado las centralidades de la aglomeración urbana. Las tres principales centralidades planteadas – Centralidad Insular, Centralidad Continental y Centralidad Palhoça – tienen influencia a nivel global, o sea, actúan sobre las dinámicas de toda la aglomeración urbana. Así, en ese trabajo se realizó una avaluación de cuatro atributos relacionados a la calidad espacial en las principales centralidades: ambientación urbana, verticalización, relevancia histórica y relevancia del paisaje. La centralidad que más contempló cualidades satisfactorias con respecto a los aspectos evaluados fue la Centralidad Insular. Las demás centralidades no contemplaron atributos igualmente satisfactorios, lo que indica baja calidad espacial y el no reconocimiento, hasta el momento, del potencial urbano existente en esas localidades. Palabras clave: centralidad, calidad espacial, aglomeración urbana, Florianópolis.

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Brida, Daniele, Simon Wall, Stephen Clark, Henri Ehrke, Dieter Jaksch, Arzhang Ardavan, Stefano Bonora et al. „Quantum Interference between Photo-Excited States in a Solid-State Mott Insulator“. In Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/qels.2010.qwc4.

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Rastogi, A., A. K. Kushwaha, T. Shiyani, A. Gangawar, R. C. Budhani, Alka B. Garg, R. Mittal und R. Mukhopadhyay. „Electro-Optical Switching Behavior of a Mott Insulator—Band Insulator Interface“. In SOLID STATE PHYSICS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 55TH DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2010. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3606181.

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Shiraishi, K., M. Saito und T. Ohno. „Charge state dependent point defect in high-k dielectric HfO₂“. In Extended Abstracts of International Workshop on Gate Insulator. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwgi.2003.159178.

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Dai, Tianxiang, Yutian Ao, Jueming Bao, Jun Mao, Yulin Chi, Zhaorong Fu, Yilong You et al. „Topologically Protected Entanglement Emitters“. In CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2022.fw1a.1.

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We report topologically-protected entanglement emitters, that emit topological Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen state and multiphoton entangled state from a plug-and-play silicon-photonic chip in ambient conditions. The device emulating a photonic anomalous Floquet insulator allows the generation of four-photon topological entangled states at nontrivial edge modes.

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Chen, C. H., W. C. Lin und J. F. He. „GaN Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Ultraviolet Photodetectors with a Magnesium Fluoride Insulator“. In 2014 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2014.ps-7-9.

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Paul, Sanhita, Anirudha Ghosh und Satyabrata Raj. „Metal-insulator transition in NaxWO3: Photoemission spectromicroscopy study“. In SOLID STATE PHYSICS: Proceedings of the 58th DAE Solid State Physics Symposium 2013. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4872883.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Insular State"

Kohlman, R. S., und A. J. Epstein. Insulator-Metal Transition and Inhomogeneous Metallic State in Conducting Polymers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada330213.

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Cantave, Cassandra. 2019 Washington State Residents 45-Plus Experiences with Prescription Drugs and Insulin. AARP Research, Februar 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26419/res.00378.001.

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Cantave, Cassandra. 2019 Washington State Residents 45-Plus Experiences with Prescription Drugs and Insulin: Annotated Questionnaire. AARP Research, Februar 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26419/res.00378.002.

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Yong, Jie, Yeping Jiang, Demet Usanmaz, Stefano Curtarolo, Xiaohang Zhang, Linze Li, Xiaoqing Pan, Jongmoon Shin, Ichiro Tachuchi und Richard L. Greene. Composition-spread Growth and the Robust Topological Surface State of Kondo Insulator SmB6 Thin Films. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Januar 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada610645.

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Easter, Rachel, Amy Friedrich-Karnik und Megan L. Kavanaugh. Any Restrictions on Reproductive Health Care Harm Reproductive Autonomy: Evidence from Four States. Guttmacher Institute, März 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/2024.300471.

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Key Points Key Points Research in four states—Arizona, Iowa, New Jersey and Wisconsin—that have varying sexual and reproductive health policies illustrates that restrictions appearing to target one type of reproductive health care have ripple effects on all aspects of reproductive care, including abortion and contraception. Research on the Trump administration’s 2019 Title X Final Rule, also known as the “domestic gag rule,” and related state polices provides evidence that policies seemingly aimed only at abortion can negatively impact health care systems and provider delivery of sexual and reproductive health care, as well as patients’ experiences of person-centered care and reproductive autonomy. Living in a state where the policies are generally protective of sexual and reproductive health care does not necessarily insulate individuals from the impact of restrictive federal policies. For example, the number of clinics in the Title X network and the number of people served by those clinics declined in New Jersey after the domestic gag rule took effect, similar to declines seen in states with more restrictive policies, such as Iowa and Wisconsin. The 2019 Title X Final Rule negatively impacted both clinics that chose to stay in and those that left the Title X network, limiting their services and the provision of person-centered care beyond what was dictated by the policy. Policy restrictions trickle down to impact individuals' experiences with care. For example, diminished access to high-quality, more affordable and more comprehensive sexual and reproductive health care resulted in some patients shifting their contraceptive use to a contraceptive method that they preferred less. Policy restrictions on sexual and reproductive health care compound existing inequities. Federal and state policies should fully fund Title X, ensure comprehensive coverage of all contraceptive options, and remove restrictions that silo abortion to promote reproductive autonomy and person-centered care.

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Key Points Research in four states—Arizona, Iowa, New Jersey and Wisconsin—that have varying sexual and reproductive health policies illustrates that restrictions appearing to target one type of reproductive health care have ripple effects on all aspects of reproductive care, including abortion and contraception. Research on the Trump administration’s 2019 Title X Final Rule, also known as the “domestic gag rule,” and related state polices provides evidence that policies seemingly aimed only at abortion can negatively impact health care systems and provider delivery of sexual and reproductive health care, as well as patients’ experiences of person-centered care and reproductive autonomy. Living in a state where the policies are generally protective of sexual and reproductive health care does not necessarily insulate individuals from the impact of restrictive federal policies. For example, the number of clinics in the Title X network and the number of people served by those clinics declined in New Jersey after the domestic gag rule took effect, similar to declines seen in states with more restrictive policies, such as Iowa and Wisconsin. The 2019 Title X Final Rule negatively impacted both clinics that chose to stay in and those that left the Title X network, limiting their services and the provision of person-centered care beyond what was dictated by the policy. Policy restrictions trickle down to impact individuals' experiences with care. For example, diminished access to high-quality, more affordable and more comprehensive sexual and reproductive health care resulted in some patients shifting their contraceptive use to a contraceptive method that they preferred less. Policy restrictions on sexual and reproductive health care compound existing inequities. Federal and state policies should fully fund Title X, ensure comprehensive coverage of all contraceptive options, and remove restrictions that silo abortion to promote reproductive autonomy and person-centered care.

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Barash, Itamar, und Robert E. Rhoads. Translational Mechanisms that Govern Milk Protein Levels and Composition. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586474.bard.

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Original objectives: The long term objective of the project is to achieve higher content of protein in the milk of ruminants by modulating the translational machinery in the mammary gland. The first specific aim of the BARD proposal was to characterize responsiveness of various experimental systems to combination of lactogenic hormones and amino acids with particular emphasis on discrimination between the control of total protein synthesis and milk protein synthesis. Based on the results, we planned to proceed by characterizing the stage of protein synthesis in which the stimulation by lactogenic hormones and amino acid occur and finally we proposed to identify which components of the translation machinery are modified. Background to the topic: Milk protein is the most valuable component in milk, both for direct human consumption and for manufacturing cheese and other protein-based products. Attempts to augment protein content by the traditional methods of genetic selection and improved nutritional regimes have failed. The proposal was based on recent results suggesting that the limiting factor for augmenting protein synthesis in the bovine mammary gland is the efficiency of converting amino acids to milk proteins. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Insulin and prolactin synergistically stimulate â-casein mRNA translation by cytoplasmatic polyadenylation. The interaction between insulin and prolactin was demonstrated two decades ago as crucial for milk-protein synthesis, but the molecular mechanisms involved were not elucidated. We found in differentiated CID 9 mouse mammary epithelial cells line that insulin and prolactin synergistically increases the rate of milk protein mRNA translation. We focused on â-casein, the major milk protein, and found that the increase in â-casein mRNA translation was reflected in a shift to larger polysomes, indicating an effect on translational initiation. Inhibitors of the PI3K, mTOR, and MAPK pathways blocked insulin-stimulated total protein and â-casein synthesis but not the synergistic stimulation. Conversely, cordycepin, a polyadenylation inhibitor, abolished synergistic stimulation of protein synthesis without affecting insulin-stimulated translation. The poly(A) tract of â-casein mRNA progressively increased over 30 min of treatment with insulin plus prolactin. The 3’-untranslated region of â-casein mRNA was found to contain a cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE), and in reporter constructs, this was sufficient for the translational enhancement and mRNA-specific polyadenylation. Furthermore, insulin and prolactin stimulated phosphorylation of cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPEB) but did not increase cytoplasmic polyadenylation.

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Groshong, Lisa, Paula Harms, Juan Zhang, Jeffrey Czajkowski und Miranda Dahman. Assessment of and insights from NAIC climate risk disclosure data. Center for Insurance Policy and Research, Oktober 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.52227/22130.2020.

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In 2010, the NAIC membership adopted the Insurer Climate Risk Disclosure Survey as a way for state insurance regulators, insurance companies, investors, and consumers to identify trends, vulnerabilities, and best practices by collecting information about how companies assess and manage climate risk. The survey’s eight questions cover topics including climate risk governance, climate risk management, modeling and analytics, stakeholder engagement and greenhouse gas management. About 1,200 companies participated in 2018. In this analysis, we used statistical methods to examine two main questions: 1) How do insurers across key characteristics assess and manage risks related to climate change? and 2) How have these responses changed over the past 10 years?

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Barash, Itamar, und Robert Rhoads. Translational Mechanisms Governing Milk Protein Levels and Composition. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696526.bard.

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Original objectives: The long-term goal of the research is to achieve higher protein content in the milk of ruminants by modulating the translational apparatus of the mammary gland genetically, nutritionally, or pharmacologically. The short-term objectives are to obtain a better understanding of 1) the role of amino acids (AA) as regulators of translation in bovine and mouse mammary epithelial cells and 2) the mechanism responsible for the synergistic enhancement of milk-protein mRNA polyadenylation by insulin and prolactin. Background of the topic: In many cell types and tissues, individual AA affect a signaling pathway which parallels the insulin pathway to modulate rates and levels of protein synthesis. Diverse nutritional and hormonal conditions are funneled to mTOR, a multidomain serine/threonine kinase that regulates a number of components in the initiation and elongation stages of translation. The mechanism by which AA signal mTOR is largely unknown. During the current grant period, we have studied the effect of essential AA on mechanisms involved in protein synthesis in differentiated mammary epithelial cells cultured under lactogenic conditions. We also studied lactogenic hormone regulation of milk protein synthesis in differentiated mammary epithelial cells. In the first BARD grant (2000-03), we discovered a novel mechanism for mRNA-specific hormone-regulated translation, namely, that the combination of insulin plus prolactin causes cytoplasmic polyadenylation of milk protein mRNAs, which leads to their efficient translation. In the current BARD grant, we have pursued the signaling pathways of this novel hormone action. Major conclusions/solutions/achievements: The positive and negative signaling from AA to the mTOR pathway, combined with modulation of insulin sensitization, mediates the synthesis rates of total and specific milk proteins in mammary epithelial cells. The current in vitro study revealed cryptic negative effects of Lys, His, and Thr on cellular mechanisms regulating translation initiation and protein synthesis in mammary epithelial cells that could not be detected by conventional in vivo analyses. We also showed that a signaling pathway involving Jak2 and Stat5, previously shown to lead from the prolactin receptor to transcription of milk protein genes, is also used for cytoplasmic polyadenylation of milk protein mRNAs, thereby stabilizing these mRNAs and activating them for translation. Implications: In vivo, plasma AA levels are affected by nutritional and hormonal effects as well as by conditions of exercise and stress. The amplitude in plasma AA levels resembles that applied in the current in vitro study. Thus, by changing plasma AA levels in the epithelial cell microenvironment or by sensitizing the mTOR pathway to their presence, it should be possible to modulate the rate of milk protein synthesis. Furthermore, knowledge that phosphorylation of Stat5 is required for enhanced milk protein synthesis in response to lactogenic opens the possibility for pharmacologic approaches to increase the phosphorylation of Stat5 and, thereby, milk protein production.

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Boisclair, Yves R., und Arieh Gertler. Development and Use of Leptin Receptor Antagonists to Increase Appetite and Adaptive Metabolism in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697120.bard.

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Objectives The original project had 2 major objectives: (1) To determine the effects of centrally administered leptin antagonist on appetite and adaptive metabolism in the sheep; (2) To develop and prepare second-generation leptin antagonists combining high binding affinity and prolonged in vivo half-life. Background Periods of suboptimal nutrition or exaggerated metabolic activity demands lead to a state of chronic energy insufficiency. Ruminants remain productive for a surprisingly long period of time under these circumstances by evoking adaptations sparing available energy and nutrients. The mechanism driving these adaptations in ruminant remains unknown, but could involve a reduction in plasma leptin, a hormone acting predominantly in the brain. In laboratory animals, reduced leptin signaling promotes survival during nutritional insufficiency by triggering energy sparing adaptations such as reduced thyroid hormone production and insulin resistance. Our overall hypothesis is that similar adaptations are triggered by reduced leptin signaling in the brain of ruminants. Testing of this hypothesis in ruminants has not been possible due to inability to block the actions of endogenous leptin and access to ruminant models where leptin antagonistic therapy is feasible and effective. Major achievements and conclusions The Israeli team had previously mutated 3 residues in ovine leptin, with no effect on receptor binding. This mutant was renamed ovine leptin antagonist (OLA) because it cannot activate signaling and therefore antagonizes the ability of wild type leptin to activate its receptor. To transform OLA into an effective in vivo antagonist, the Israeli made 2 important technical advances. First, it incorporated an additional mutation into OLA, increasing its binding affinity and thus transforming it into a super ovine leptin antagonist (SOLA). Second, the Israeli team developed a method whereby polyethylene glycol is covalently attached to SOLA (PEG-SOLA) with the goal of extending its half-life in vivo. The US team used OLA and PEG-SOLA in 2 separate animal models. First, OLA was chronically administered directly into the brain of mature sheep via a cannula implanted into the 3rdcerebroventricule. Unexpectedly, OLA had no effect of voluntary feed intake or various indicators of peripheral insulin action but reduced the plasma concentration of thyroid hormones. Second, the US team tested the effect of peripheral PEG-SOLA administration in an energy sensitive, rapidly growing lamb model. PEG-SOLA was administered for 14 consecutive days after birth or for 5 consecutive days before sacrifice on day 40 of life. Plasma PEG-SOLA had a half-life of over 16 h and circulated in 225- to 288-fold excess over endogenous leptin. PEG-SOLA administration reduced plasma thyroid hormones and resulted in a higher fat content in the carcass at slaughter, but had no effects on feed intake, body weight, plasma glucose or insulin. These results show that the team succeeded in developing a leptin antagonist with a long in vivo half-life. Moreover, in vivo results show that reduced leptin signaling promotes energy sparing in ruminants by repressing thyroid hormone production. Scientific and agricultural implications The physiological role of leptin in ruminants has been difficult to resolve because peripheral administration of wild type leptin causes little effects. Our work with leptin antagonists show for the first time in ruminants that reduced leptin signaling induces energy sparing mechanisms involving thyroid hormone production with little effect on peripheral insulin action. Additional work is needed to develop even more potent leptin antagonists, to establish optimal administration protocols and to narrow down phases of the ruminant life cycle when their use will improve productivity.

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