Dissertationen: „Institutional norms and rules“

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Linhart, Rasmus, und Daniel Nyborg. „Adapt or die : A qualitative study on how institutional pressures influence the strategies of sustainable investors and their holdings“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446936.

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Large institutional actors in the financial arena are moving their capital in a sustainable direction. This implies a change of the institutional norms and rules regarding sustainable investing. One of the problematic aspects of sustainable investing is how investors use different strategies to influence their holdings and what implications this choice might have on a sector level. The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine how the strategies from institutional investors are an expression of the current norms and rules in the field of sustainable investing. It also intends to illustrate how institutional pressures influence the strategies of investors and their holdings. By interviewing respondents from eleven institutional investors, we present data regarding norms and rules for sustainable investing and the consequences of the investor’s strategies. Our findings indicate there has been an immense increase in demand for sustainable products in recent years, resulting in institutional pressures that have influenced both the investors and their holdings. This exposes the field to selection processes which may force organizations to the point of adapt or die. Finally, our conclusion provides practical implications on what role institutional investors have in the quest for sustainable development.

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Sandstedt, Thomas. „Om rekrytering i akademin - exemplen prefekter och forskarstuderande“. Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för pedagogik (PED), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-25622.

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Sandstedt, Thomas (2013) – On Recruitment in Academia in the Cases of Department Heads and Research Students This thesis study how academic and scientific culture act and handle the balance between different interests, demands and preferences and what is considered central and valuable in the leading and managing within universities in Sweden. These are set against each other whenever department heads and research students are to be recruited. Questions are asked whether procedures come into play when recruiting heads of department, and whether the final choice is determined by regulations and/or academic norms. There has only been marginal research in the field. The recruitment of department heads has not been statutory since 1993, while admission to research studies is regulated in detail. The study was implemented before the autonomy reform of 2011. Central and local regulatory systems between 1993 and 2011 form the juridical framework of the study. My frame of reference is a New Institutional Theory approach together with studies of the environment, history and traditions of academia. The basis of the studied context is the scholarly community of academics. Demands from government and parliament as expressed in regulatory systems, general guidelines, funding, policies and letters of regulation have also been taken into account within the reference frame. The empirical material consists of interviews with professors including associate professors conducted in seven universities and eight departments between 2007 and 2009. The results show that there are certain rules of the game that are applied when department heads and research students are being recruited, which give an indication of what is considered valuable for internal management within Swedish universities. The recruitment processes are informal, collegial and institutionalized. When department heads are recruited all colleagues have the possibility to participate, whereas when research students are recruited the group involved is more limited. In the latter case it is financing as well as the role of the supervisor that seem to play the crucial role in finding the most suitable doctoral student. Internal criteria are reformulated into rules of the game by colleagues and the process is situation-bound. These rules are based on collegial and scholarly interests, demands, norms, traditions and values. Informal criteria offer the opportunity for flexibility and situational adaptation when departments choose their head. These criteria contribute to limiting the number of candidates, which may make it difficult to find the right person. The students admitted to research education are expected to be able to profit by such education and to possess a scientific attitude. These requirements may vary from one admission to another, and the impression is that the circle of potential research students is limited.

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Avelhan, Bruna Liria. „Análise de incentivos para o cumprimento de leis em sistemas agroindustriais“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-21112013-193944/.

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É comum no Brasil, a afirmação de que existem leis que \"não pegam\". Nesse sentido, o presente estudo visa a analisar como os incentivos influenciam no cumprimento de normas positivadas em sistemas agroindustriais (SAG). Sendo assim, as leis escolhidas foram: a lei de uso e conservação do solo, com foco no combate e controle da erosão e a lei dos agrotóxicos, com ênfase no armazenamento na propriedade agrícola e retorno das embalagens. A base teórica adota a linha da Nova Economia Institucional, tratando assim do conceito e da importância do ambiente institucional, dos custos sociais, dos custos de transação e mensuração, da questão dos bens comuns e dos direitos de propriedade. Partindo-se desses conceitos foram fundamentadas cinco hipóteses de trabalho, os cinco tipos de incentivos ao cumprimento das normais formais, os quais são: alinhamento da norma formal às normas sociais; a influência do interesse privado; a influência do interesse do Estado; custos ao Estado e aos agentes econômicos. Para a parte empírica optou-se pelo método de estudo de casos, contemplados por análises de estatísticas descritivas. Foram utilizados, portanto, dados qualitativos e quantitativos. Destaca-se que foi feito um recorte com relação às culturas agrícolas e regiões para a coleta de dados. As culturas selecionadas foram a da cana-de-açúcar e a da pastagem (bovinocultura). Assim, as regiões nas quais foram feitas as entrevistas e questionários foram: Andradina, Araçatuba, Presidente Prudente, São José do Rio Preto e Ribeirão Preto. Como resultado verificou-se que quatro das cinco hipóteses de trabalho apresentaram evidências para sua não rejeição. A exceção ficou por conta da hipótese associada ao efeito do custo de adesão pelos agentes econômicos. Embora tal hipótese tenha sido rejeitada pelos números obtidos, observa-se que ela deve ser levada em consideração na análise de incentivos, mas não de forma isolada. Os custos a que se refere essa hipótese podem estar associados a outros incentivos, como, por exemplo, as outras hipóteses de estudo. Por meio de tais resultados, concluiu-se que normas que tratam dos bens comuns (em alguma medida) possuem um mecanismo de cumprimento mais complexo, já que não se trata de uma questão puramente econômica. Ações que promovam o conhecimento de tais normas e a conscientização da amplitude do tema são importantes para que as normas sociais, que não se modificam rapidamente, estejam alinhadas à norma formal promovendo o seu cumprimento voluntário. Além disso, as normas que tratam da temática ambiental devem envolver toda a cadeia (SAG), dado que, particularmente nesse tipo de cadeia, há uma dependência grande entre os atores. Assim, devem-se analisar conjuntamente os efeitos da norma formal em questão.
It is common in Brazil, the affirmation that there are laws that \"do not catch\". In this sense, this study aims to analyze how incentives influence the compliance of rules in agribusiness systems. Thus, the laws that were chosen are: the law of use and conservation ground, focusing on combating and controlling erosion, and the agrochemicals law, with an emphasis on storage on the farm and the return of packages. The theoretical basis adopts the line of the New Institutional Economics, thus treating the concept and the importance of the institutional environment, the social costs, the transaction and measurement costs, the question of the commons and property rights. Based on these concepts were developed five working hypotheses, the five types of incentives to comply formal rules which are: the alignment of the formal norms to social norms, the influence of private interest, the influence of the interest of the State, the costs to the State, and the costs to economic agents. For the empirical part it was chosen the method of cases study, contemplated by analysis of descriptive statistics. Therefore qualitative and quantitative data were employed. It is highlighted that a cut was made with respect to agricultural crops and regions for data collection. The cultures that were selected are the sugar cane and the pasture (cattle). Thus, the interviews and questionnaires were made in the following regions: Andradina Araçatuba, Presidente Prudente, São José do Rio Preto and Ribeirão Preto. As a result it was found that four of five working hypotheses showed no evidences for its rejection. The exception was the hypothesis associated with the effect of the adhesion costs by economic agents. Although this hypothesis has been rejected by data obtained, it is observed that this hypothesis must be taken into account in the analysis of incentives, but not in an isolated way. The costs that are treated on that hypothesis may be associated with other incentives, such as the incentives that are treated in the other hypotheses of this research. Through these results, it was concluded that formal rules that deal with commons (in some measure) have a compliance mechanism more complex, once it is not a purely economic question. Activities that promote knowledge of the formal norm and the awareness of the breadth of the subject are important for that the social norms (which do not change quickly) are aligned with the formal norm, promoting the voluntary compliance of this. Moreover, the formal rules that deal with environmental issues should involve the all chain (agribusiness system), inasmuch as, particularly in this type of chain there is a great dependency between actors. Thus one should make an analysis considering, in a set, the effects of the formal norm in question.

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Douet, Guérin Mylène. „Pratiques sportives, normes et socialisation : représentations sociales de la norme en basket-ball, escalade et paintball“. Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01001845.

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Toute pratique sportive est dépendante d'un système de règles qui simultanément prescrivent et prohibent. Codifiées, ces règles participent de l'institutionnalisation sportive propre au sport compétitif contemporain. La modalité sportive reposant sur une pratique fédérale, en club, nous intéresse ici. Ce travail de thèse rend compte de la transmission du code du jeu, des représentations sociales des acteurs du sport - pratiquants, entraineurs, arbitres et dirigeants - ainsi que de la gestion de la norme sportive - espaces, durées, règles du jeu - par les institutions référentes. Notre recherche repose sur une approche comparative entre trois sports, distincts par leur degré d'institutionnalisation : le basket-ball, l'escalade et le paintball. Ce travail s'appuie simultanément sur l'usage des observations -séances d'entrainements en club, compétitions -, des entretiens semi-directifs (n = 52) et de la méthode des comparaisons par paires. Il en ressort une perception différenciée de l'application de la règle sportive qui dépend tout autant du niveau d'institutionnalisation - le paintball étant le moins sportifié des trois sports - que des caractéristiques de la pratique (situations sociomotrices ou psychomotrices). La transmission du code du jeu est consubstantielle à une culture en acte de la pratique alors que les représentations sociales se distinguent en fonction de la carrière sportive. La gestion de la norme repose sur des principes différenciés selon le processus de sportification de la pratique. Le basket-ball en club se joue sur un format pérenne et un terrain normalisé, ce qui n'est pas le cas du paintball où de multiples formats de jeu sont encore d'actualité. L'escalade se situe quant à elle dans un entre-deux, sommée de sélectionner une discipline au détriment des autres en vue d'une future olympisation. L'intérêt principal de cette étude réside notamment dans le fait de rendre compte de la socialisation sportive comme inductrice de la réalisation subjective des individus. Cette socialisation s'opère par le biais du rapport à l'institution qu'entretiennent les pratiquants avec la normativité sportive.

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Swift, Crystal L. „Conflating rules, norms, and ethics in intercollegiate forensics“. Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1313950.

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This paper explores the concepts of rules, norms, and ethics as they pertain to intercollegiate forensic competition. The perspective is taken that these concepts tend to be conflated. Definitions of rules and ethics are drawn primarily from the National Forensics Association (NFA). The pertinent literature is reviewed, methods are explained, and results are reported and discussed. The conclusions pertain to the idea that forensics coaches and students alike are hesitant to accept universal rules and ethics, and prefer more contextualized standards. Suggestions for future research are also offered.
Department of Communication Studies

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Bekombo, jabea Claude. „L'interaction entre la lex sportiva nationale et la lex sportiva "internationale" : reflexion à partir du cas du Cameroun“. Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3012/document.

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A côté des ordres juridiques sécrétés au niveau étatique et interétatique, existent ceux issus des champs corporatistes de toutes natures (c’est l’internormativité liée au pluralisme juridique). Le problème est souvent de savoir comment coexistent des systèmes juridiques juxtaposés sans aucune base hiérarchique entre eux ? La lex sportiva internationale étant à notre avis un ensemble de normes corporatives d’origine coutumière, est issue de ce que nous avons appelé l’institution sportive (à l’image d’une maison) international, et forme, nous l’avons démontré, un ordre juridique unique et autonome au niveau matériel et formel, contrairement à la majorité de la doctrine qui l’envisage de manière disparate. Cet ordre juridique sportif unique de l’institution sportive est mis en œuvre et coexistent, non seulement, avec d’autres ordres juridiques juxtaposés dans le champ international, mais aussi avec le droit national lié au sport sécrété par les Etats que nous avons appelé la lex sportiva nationale. Nous avons alors essayé d’étudier le cadre théorique et la spécificité de l’interaction avec la lex sportiva nationale, en prenant le Cameroun comme exemple. Cela a permis de voir qu’au Cameroun la lex sportiva internationale fait l’objet de résistances nationales (par les acteurs nationaux, dont l’Etat, financier exclusif du sport), parce que sa téléologie est mal comprise par les acteurs sociaux et qu’émerge un véritable « service public normatif » du sport (au Cameroun en particulier depuis 1960, de manière non exhaustive, 105 normes sportives adoptées avec 9 lois, 52 décrets, 31 arrêtés, 11décisions, 1 circulaires et 1 instruction Ministérielle) avec comme force centripète « l’exécutif normatif du sport » (65 sur 105 c’est-à-dire 65% depuis 1960 au Cameroun), avec des règles légifèrent sur le domaine de la lex sportiva internationale
Beside the State legal system, there are autonomous social legal systems (sign of legal pluralism and internormativity). The quest of that legal pluralism system analysis is to find the way forward to solve the intercourse between the two systems existing without hierarchy rules to render their relationships. We have identified international lex sportiva as a unique law order from what we have called the “sport institution”(showing as a house) which is cooperating with other law system in the international legal field. We have focused our study on the interaction between international and national lex sportiva, to see how those legal relationships are implemented. In so doing, we choose Cameroon as our example. The study therefore revealed that the application of international lex sportiva is subject to national resistances because in Africa its aim is misunderstood by the national actors (State authorities, judges, sports actors). Moreover, there is a “sport rule public service” which sometime interfere in the domain of the international sports laws(lex sportiva) in Africa rendered by the State (in Cameroon for example since 1960, 105 sports rules were taken by the State, 9 laws, 52 decrees, 31 arêtes, 11 decisions, 1 circular letter, 1 ministerial instruction), with the President of the Republic as major “legislator” (65 of the above mentioned 105 sports rules taken in Cameroon, that’s a percentage of 65%)

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Assar, Nandini Narain. „Gender hierarchy among Gujarati immigrants linking immigration rules and ethnic norms /“. [Blacksburg, Va. : University Libraries, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2000. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-04262000-18590048.

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Friedman, Muriel Rebecca. „A Taxonomy of Rules: Authority, Dangers, and Possibilities“. The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-03202009-115827/.

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Rules, originally a means toward group solidarity, are the alternative to the need for ongoing physical dominance. Seemingly omnipresent in modern life, rules can be overt or subtle, explicit or tacit, rigidly enforced or overlooked. They may clash with our autonomy. This thesis names and explores different functional types of rules: safety, personal, socio-cultural, legal-religious, and technical. Rules in general are discussed from social and ethical theoretical viewpoints and using ideal type methodology. Understanding that there are different types of rules and the authority behind them makes it easier to determine ones obligations to follow them, especially with the notion of prima facie duties. A century after Max Weber wrote of his admiration--and fear--of bureaucratic authority, we should be alarmed at the march toward bureaucratic, algorithmic rule by a rule that, in its attempts toward fairness and certainty, in fact dominates us by turning us into standardized machines rather than thoughtful, intuitive, creative people.

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Poole, Avery Dorothy Howard. „Institutional change in regional organizations : the emergence and evolution of ASEAN norms“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44530.

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In November 2007, the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) signed their first Charter, and hailed it as a ‘milestone’ for regional cooperation. The Charter was designed to provide the ‘legal and institutional framework’ for ASEAN, and to give it a ‘legal personality’. It refers to ‘strengthening’ the principle of democracy and to ‘promoting and protecting’ human rights. It also states that ASEAN ‘shall establish an ASEAN human rights body’. The Charter raises an empirical puzzle given the ASEAN norms of sovereignty and ‘non-interference in the internal affairs of one another’, which are reiterated in ASEAN declarations and agreements (including the Charter). Moreover, the significant political, ethnic and cultural diversity among member states traditionally underpins the understanding that regime type and human rights are ‘off the table’ in (official) ASEAN dialogue. Thus, why did ASEAN member states adopt text in the Charter referring to democracy and human rights? Further, why was the debate about the references to human rights far more contentious than that about the references to democracy? This dissertation traces the negotiations leading to the ASEAN Charter, and explores the processes through which member states accepted the references to democracy and human rights, and agreed to establish an ASEAN human rights body. I argue that perceptions of legitimacy influence states’ positions on regional ‘normative statements’. The emergence and evolution of regional norms are shaped by political elites’ perceptions of how members of a regional organization view the legitimacy of the organization and its norms (which I call ‘internal regional legitimacy’). These are in turn shaped by elites’ perceptions of how their societies regard the legitimacy of their national governments (‘domestic political legitimacy’). Regional norms are also shaped by elites’ perceptions of how those outside the region view the legitimacy of the regional organization and its norms (‘external regional legitimacy’). The dissertation’s exploration of various actors’ perceptions of legitimacy in the adoption of the Charter helps to explain the diverse understandings of norms by member states. Moreover, it contributes to theoretical understandings of the emergence and evolution of norms in an environment of ‘normative contestation’.

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Schleifer, Philip. „Whose rules? : the institutional diffusion and variation of private participatory governance“. Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/938/.

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As a mode of global sustainability regulation, private participatory governance first emerged in the forestry sector in the early 1990s and from there spread rapidly and widely in the global economy. The literature on the topic points to a good fit with democratic norms, neoliberal norms, social movement pressure, and the entrepreneurial activities of civil society actors and progressive firms as the main drivers behind this process of institutional diffusion. Today, multi-stakeholder initiatives operate in many industry sectors, ranging from apparel manufacturing and diamond mining to aquaculture production and soybean farming. Drawing on new developments in the philosophy of democracy, some see these arrangements as part of a ‘deliberative turn’ in sustainability politics with the potential to democratise global governance institutions. However, the legitimacy of multi-stakeholder initiatives remains contested, and there is evidence to suggest that the diffusion of private participatory governance in the global economy has introduced variation in a key dimension of institutional design: whereas some schemes involve a wide range of actors in their governance and standard-setting activities, others are significantly less inclusive. In order to explore this puzzle, this dissertation unpacks the process of institutional diffusion. It develops an analytical framework that distinguishes three stages in the diffusion process: source selection, transmission, and adoption. For the different stages, hypotheses are formulated about the factors that “intervene” in the diffusion process, leading to more or less inclusive institutional outcomes. This framework is put to work in three case study chapters, examining the diffusion of private participatory governance in the biofuels, soy, and sugarcane sectors. A major finding of this study is that varying levels of coercive institutional pressures influenced the diffusion outcome in the cases studied. In environments characterised by strong coercive pressures (biofuels and soy), adopting a more inclusive approach served institutional designers as a strategy to gain political authority – that is, legitimate decision-making power – in these arenas. In comparison, in the low conflict environment of the sugarcane sector, no comparable process of ‘institutional fitting’ could be observed. Furthermore, this dissertation shows that ideas about private participatory governance are far from set in stone. While multi-stakeholder institutions diffuse in the global economy, late adopters learn from the experiences of prior adopters. Based on these experiences and the lessons they draw from them, they interpret, innovate, and de- and recontextualise the model, giving rise to institutional variation.

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Nyroos, Lina. „The Social Organization of Institutional Norms : Interactional Management of Knowledge, Entitlement and Stance“. Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för nordiska språk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-169506.

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The present thesis explores talk in institutional settings, with a particular focus on how institutionality and institutional norms are constructed and reproduced in interaction. A central aim is to enhance our understanding of how institutional agendas are talked into being. In line with the ethnomethodological approach, norms are viewed as accomplished in everyday interaction, whereas institutionality represents dimensions of talk where participants demonstrably orient to particular contextual constraints. Five studies were conducted using Conversation Analysis (CA), focusing on how institutional constraints impact sequential trajectories and shape different opportunities for participants. The data consists of two corpora of video recordings: group tutorials at a Swedish university (UTs), and performance appraisal interviews in an organization (PAIs). The thesis pays particular attention to the interactional management of knowledge, entitlement and stance, and analytic foci include how speakers manage epistemic claims and rights at a certain point in interaction, and how they accomplish social positioning. The UT studies examine the negotiation of rights to speak for others in a group (Study I), and how diverging understandings of the institutional activity-at-hand can be negotiated on the basis of students’ advice-seeking questions (Study II). In Study III, orientations to institutional and sociocultural norms are investigated in the PAIs, where managers and employees treat negative stances on stress as problematic. The relationship between theory and institutional practice in the use of question templates in PAIs is also examined, through an analysis of the delivery and receipt of a particular question in different interviews (Study IV). Focusing on different adaptations of a preset item, this analysis shows how the same question sets up for a variety of subsequent actions. Finally, deployment of the verb känna (‘feel’) in managing epistemic access and primacy is examined (Study V). It is argued that ‘feel’ allows for a reduction of accountability when making epistemic claims. The studies highlight the relationship between linguistic formats and social actions and illustrate how institutional agendas have consequences for participant conduct. Attention to the details of actions in institutional interaction can thus shed light on social and linguistic underpinnings of the enactment of institutional norms.

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Lawler, Joanna R. „Harnessing Social Norms to Increase Men's Interest in HEED Careers“. Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7539.

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Men’s underrepresentation in the female-dominated domains of healthcare, early education, and the domestic sphere, or HEED roles, remains a persistent problem despite the fact that such careers often afford more job security and wage growth than blue-collar work. A growing body of evidence suggests that their lack of participation in HEED roles is not merely due to a skills mismatch, but rather an identity mismatch. I hypothesized that using descriptive and injunctive norms to reframe a stereotypically feminine career as more compatible with manhood could effectively reduce this identity mismatch. More specifically, I predicted that using a dynamic descriptive norm framing that highlighted the growing number of men taking on a female-dominated career and an injunctive norm framing that highlighted its compatibility with men’s gender rules would increase men’s interest in the occupation. Furthermore, I believed that such framings would be particularly effective among men who are highly communal and those who do not strongly endorse traditional male role norms. To test my predictions, 342 men took part in an online study in which they were assigned to read a newspaper article about a HEED role, nursing, that was designed to manipulate the perceived prevalence of male nurses and the job’s compatibility with male gender rules. Then, they completed a variety of measures designed to assess their interest in and perceptions of nursing and other HEED careers. Minimal support was found for my hypotheses, and I discuss limitations and future directions to shed light on these null results.

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Zimmerman, Darlene. „Rules, Practices and Narratives: Institutional Change and Canadian Federal Staffing 1908 to 2018“. Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39155.

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Within the Canadian government, studies associated with staffing the federal public service have been endemic for over a century. Despite this, concerns about lack of change and dissatisfaction with staffing (too slow, too complex) remain hallmarks. The Public Service Modernization Act (PSMA) was introduced in 2003 as a means to bring about transformative change and yet, following a nearly two year study, the PSMA Review Report (2011) found that virtually no one was satisfied with changes in key aspects of the human resource and staffing regime. A strong desire for change was noted as existing, however, a diluted sense of ownership and powerlessness to change were also noted, even among the most powerful federal communities – deputy ministers, executives, and central agencies. As Canada’s largest employer, with an annual payroll that has been estimated at $22 billion and, with another era of potential change launched with the Public Service Commission’s 2016 introduction of New Directions in Staffing, federal staffing can be viewed as both timely and warranting academic examination. This dissertation combines the strengths of institutional change literature from political science, sociology and economics to examine the institution of federal staffing in the core public administration. It focuses on an extended period of time in order to identify if any substantive changes have occurred despite popular views of negligible change and to examine why change may not have occurred to advance toward the long expressed goal of simplified, efficient staffing of highly qualified (meritorious) public servants. This mixed methods case study uses documentary, archival, and qualitative and quantitative secondary source material as well as input from 49 semi-structured interviews with a variety of Canadian federal managerial and human resource representatives. It identifies and addresses issues that have only at times been identified and, others not typically detailed in government reports, particularly those associated with culture and path dependent history. Issues examined include power relations and key narratives as well as evolving ideas and logics of appropriateness that shape behaviour, some of which continue to exert pressure on current organizational and institutional choices despite having been in existence for, in some cases, 50 or 100 years. Some ideas for change are offered but this study suggests without attention to long-standing and systemic issues only highly incremental change should be expected.

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Solano, Pedro. „Legislation and applicable concepts to protected natural areas in Peru“. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115939.

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There are 78 protected areas in Peru covering 22 million hectares corresponding almost 17 percent of national territory. This article reviews essential aspects of protected natural areas studying scopes, purposes, types, categories and levels such as: requirements for setting, amendment and repeal; activities allowed and forbidden within them; institutional management, among others. Finally, this work concludes with some brief thoughts on legal and institutional challenges of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas NaturalesProtegidas por el Estado (SINANPE) (National System of State ProtectedNatural Areas).
En el Perú existen setenta y ocho áreas protegidas de nivel nacional, que en su conjunto cubren más de veinte y dos millones de hectáreas que equivalen casi al diecisiete por ciento del territorio nacional. El presente artículo, tras abordar los alcances, objetivos, tipos, categorías y niveles de las áreas naturales protegidas, pasa revista a los más trascendentes aspectos que las envuelven, tales como los requerimientos para su establecimiento, modificación y derogación; las actividades permitidas y prohibidas dentro de ellas; su gestión institucional; entre otros. Finalmente arriba a unas concisas reflexiones sobre los retos legales e institucionales que el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado (Sinanpe) debería afrontar.

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Assar, Nandini Narain. „Gender Hierarchy Among Gujarati Immigrants: Linking Immigration Rules and Ethnic Norns“. Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11115.

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Immigration policy and tradition dovetail in their impact on the social organization of immigrant communities, linking the material and non-material aspects of gender. I focus on Asian Indian Patels, who dominate the budget motel business in the United States. I conducted semi-structured interviews with Patel men, women, and teenagers. I stayed overnight in the motels to observe families at work. I was almost always invited to prepare and share a meal, so I observed families at home. My analysis is based on transcribed interviews with participants, fieldnotes, observations, community publications, and information from three key contacts. Most Patels enter the U.S. under family reunification rules in a chain migration. These rules do not recognize families as labor; therefore a majority of documented immigrants are exempt from labor certification. Traditions define Patel women as housewives. The nature of motel work allows women to contribute their labor full-time and still remain housewives: they are not recognized as workers. Community financing and family labor, both escapes from the market economy, allow for the economic success of Patels. When families take on subsequent links in the chain migration, they must meet the costs of migration for new immigrants, and maintain traditional gender hierarchy. When they are the last link in the chain, there is a challenge to this hierarchy. In the second generation, when they remain in the motel business, Patels maintain traditional gender hierarchy. When either partner is linked to the labor market, there is a challenge to traditional gender hierarchy.
Ph. D.

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Rudolph, Lívia Tiemi Bastos. „Clean rules and dirty clothes: institutional approach to ethics in fashion and apparel retail“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-14062017-102707/.

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Fashion and apparel retail firms have been scrutinized over the past few years regarding the regular occurrence of precarious labor conditions and slave labor in firms composing their supply chains. Even though this phenomenon presents many issues that comprise the theoretical scope of the institutional economics field of literature, scarce contributions have been found using this literature applied in this sector. From this starting point, this thesis combines theoretical and empirical efforts to develop a analytical framework grounded in institutional economics to observe the issues and propose solutions to ethical concerns regarding precarious labor conditions and contemporary slavery in fashion and apparel retail, in terms of institutional change. The overall methodological approach of the thesis is exploratory and qualitative, developed in four different but interconnected papers that comprise the development chapters of the thesis. The first two papers are theoretical, and combine contributions from four key literature backgrounds regarding our theme: business ethics, institutional economics, labor conditions and fashion and apparel retail. These were used to compose a theoretical proposition and a preliminary framework. The last two papers are empirical, both used to clarify the understanding over the proposed analytical framework. As a result, these empirical papers provide novel and contemporary evidence concerning the practices implemented by private and public agents in order to reduce and eradicate precarious labor conditions in this sector, and how they relate between each other, supporting and giving feedback, in terms of institutional change. The overall contribution of this thesis is to propose a novel approach, with analytical framework and propositions, to issues concerning labor conditions in fashion and apparel retail, as well as extending the scope of institutional change analysis to this contemporary phenomenon.
As empresas do varejo de moda e vestuário têm passado por grande pressão e escrutínio nos últimos anos em relação à ocorrência regular de condições precárias de trabalho e trabalho análogo ao escravo em firmas que compõem suas cadeias de suprimentos. Embora esse fenômeno apresente muitas questões que compõem o escopo teórico do campo da economia institucional, foram encontradas apenas contribuições escassas com esta literatura aplicada neste setor. A partir desse ponto inicial, a presente tese combina esforços teóricos e empíricos para desenvolver um arcabouço analítico fundamentado na economia institucional para observar as questões e propor soluções para as preocupações éticas sobre condições precárias de trabalho e escravidão contemporânea no varejo de moda e vestuário, em termos de mudança institucional. A abordagem metodológica geral da tese é exploratória e qualitativa, desenvolvida em quatro trabalhos diferentes, mas interligados, que compõem os capítulos de desenvolvimento da tese. Os dois primeiros artigos são teóricos e combinam contribuições de quatro arcabouços chave de literatura quanto ao nosso tema: ética empresarial, economia institucional, condições de trabalho e varejo de moda e vestuário. Estes temas foram utilizados para compor uma proposição teórica e um quadro analítico preliminar. Os dois últimos artigos são empíricos, ambos usados para esclarecer o entendimento sobre o quadro analítico proposto. Como resultado, esses trabalhos empíricos fornecem evidências novas e contemporâneas sobre as práticas implementadas por agentes públicos e privados para reduzir e erradicar condições precárias de trabalho neste setor e como elas se relacionam entre si, apoiando e fornecendo feedback, em termos de mudança institucional. A contribuição global desta tese é propor uma abordagem inovadora, com um quadro analítico e proposições, à questões relativas às condições de trabalho no varejo da moda e do vestuário, bem como ampliar o escopo da análise da mudança institucional para este fenômeno contemporâneo.

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Heim, Teodora. „Decisions Made in the Frame - Rational Choice, Institutional Norms and Public Ethos Against Corruption in Mauritius“. Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22930.

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The purpose of this thesis is to increase our knowledge about corruption issues. It examines the connection between the institutional frame and the individual’s choice made in his institutional role. The study is based on the theories of rational choice institutionalism and public ethos and the empirical data is analyzed from a social constructivist perspective. The addressed research questions are:-How is the institutional frame within the Mauritian public sphere being created, with special focus on shaping the norms saying that corruption is not accepted?-Does the institutional frame, and specifically the public ethos as a norm, influence the individual’s rational choice when deciding not to act corruptly?The empirical material has been collected in Mauritius, and the study uses the Mauritian local government as the example for the institution. According to the theory of rational choice institutionalism, public servants make rational choices, within the frames of the institution. Institutions are to be seen as a wider concept, where both the formal and informal institutions are included, such as norms, institutionalized actions and processes. The public ethos, a norm specifically connected to the democratic, public areas of the society, states that the public servant’s institutional role is different from a private person’s role. According to the theory about the social construction of the reality, the individual’s perception and understanding of his surroundings, the image of his reality, is shaped by the institutional frame and this frame delimits the options to choose among. The analysis is made with the help of a model which illustrates the layers of the institution, and the individual in the institutional frame, which thereby affects his rational calculations. The model is also used to illustrate the result of the analysis, by showing the factors that influence the norm-shaping process. The analysis and the conclusions of the study indicate that the creation of the institutional frame is strongly influenced from the society with an anti-corruption agenda, in form of legislation and government agencies, which have a resilient effect on the norm-shaping. Further, the presence of the public ethos norm is shown as an element of the institutional frame. The public servant, when making a rational calculation to decide to act or not to act corruptly, is situated within this institutional frame. The conclusion of the thesis indicates that the individual’s rational choice is strongly affected by the institutional frame, showing that the public servant does take in consideration the public ethos norms in his institutional role. Even though economic reasons influence how the public servant decides to act, those are reinforced by the institutional norms.

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Jonsson, Stefan. „Making and breaking norms : competitive imitation patterns in the Swedish mutual fund industry“. Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institute of International Business (IIB), 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1468.

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Brace, Elizabeth. „The sexual lives and identities of women with learning disabilities : exploring the significance of social norms and institutional practices“. Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/117.

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This thesis explores how a small group of women with learning disabilities give meaning to sexuality, and how institutional processes within family and service settings influence this. It focuses on empirical data gained primarily from interviews with sixteen women, supplemented and contextualised by data drawn from a focus group with six women, and observations of a course on sexuality for men and women with learning disabilities. The theoretical framework draws on the social model of disability, which suggests that disability is socially produced; Foucauldian concepts of regulation and normalisation; and symbolic interactionist notions of how sexuality is constructed through social interaction, alongside Foucault’s notion of sexuality being ‘produced’ via normative discourses. The research is therefore embedded within a framework that explores how women with learning disabilities are subject to a number of very particular regulatory sexual accounts and discourses, including those that relate specifically to ‘learning disability’, as well as gendered normative accounts that can act to compete with those in relation to learning disability, or work with, and underscore them. The study therefore explores where and how this group learnt about sexuality, teasing out some of the institutional accounts and discourses around sexuality, learning disability and gender that respondents reported coming into contact with; the kinds of institutional practices that influenced the agency of respondents, thus underlining or challenging the kinds of accounts and discourses of sexuality they reported encountering; and the various accounts and discourses of sexuality reflected in respondents’ own opinions in relation to sexuality, gender and learning disability. Findings suggest that respondents were subject to contradictory accounts, discourses and practices in relation to sexuality within institutional contexts, and that these both underscored norms related to the label of ‘learning disability’, as well as gendered and (hetero)sexual norms. Respondents themselves expressed a range of views in relation to sexuality. However, many accounts reflected the norms they reported encountering within family and service settings.

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Kasper, Matthias. „How do Institutional, Social, and Individual Factors Shape Tax Compliance Behavior? Evidence from 14 Eastern European Countries“. WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5153/1/SSRN%2Did2825994.pdf.

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This paper uses micro-level data from a nationally representative survey of 22,000 individuals in 14 Eastern European countries to investigate the effects of institutional, social, and individual factors on taxpayers' perceptions of power, motivations to comply, and non-compliant behaviors. The results indicate that institutional, social, and individual aspects shape taxpayer behavior: attitudes of peers, individual compliance norms, and the tax burden impact on non-compliance. Moreover, I find several effects of the subjective appraisal of the interaction with tax administrations. Positive experiences strengthen perceptions of power and intrinsic motivations to comply. They also increase the propensity to report non-compliant behavior in the past, suggesting educational effects of taxpayer services and tax audits. (author's abstract)
Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series

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Trauczynski, Nicole. „Gestão fraudulenta e concurso de normas na lei dos crimes contra o sistema financeiro nacional“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-20012015-153607/.

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O presente trabalho visa analisar as implicações e desafios impostos ao direito penal na tutela da criminalidade econômica atual, especialmente no que tange ao delito de gestão fraudulenta de instituição financeira, previsto no caput do artigo 4º da Lei 7.492/86, delito mais severamente apenado na Lei dos Crimes contra o Sistema Financeiro Nacional. Em razão de sua descrição absolutamente genérica e da gravidade da sanção cominada buscar-se-á interpretar suas elementares típicas de forma conectada aos motivos que ensejaram a sua edição, bem como relacionada ao bem jurídico tutelado pela norma, aplicando-se redutores teleológicos no desiderato de conferir ao tipo uma identidade própria, agregando coerência interna na própria lei e minimizando os recorrentes problemas quanto ao âmbito de incidência de seus dispositivos legais, por vezes dispostos em situação de conflito aparente de normas. Nesses termos, o crime de gestão fraudulenta de instituição financeira será decomposto em todos os seus elementos típicos, objetivos e subjetivos, observando-se sua objetividade jurídica, objeto material, sujeitos ativos, passivos, concurso de pessoas, consumação e tentativa. Posteriormente, será adentrado à problemática do concurso aparente de normas entre o crime estudado gestão fraudulenta de instituição financeira e os demais tipos penais previstos na Lei 7.492/86, especialmente em relação aos tipos penais previstos nos artigos 5º, 6º, 9º, 10, 11, 16, 17, 21 e 22. A análise será feita com base nas relações lógico-conceituais entre os preceitos normativos, seguida de uma interpretação teleológica e valorativa, com base nos critérios de resolução de conflito aparente de normas propostos pela doutrina especialidade, subsidiariedade, consunção e alternatividade. Ao final, as conclusões encontradas serão confrontadas com o recorte jurisprudencial dos julgados atinentes à matéria, proferidos pelo Tribunal Regional Federal da 3º Região nos últimos 10 anos (01/01/2003 a 31/12/2013).
This work intends to analyze the implications and challenges imposed on criminal law for the defense of current economic crimes, especially in regards to the crime of mismanagement of financial institutions provided for in the main provision of Article 4 of Law No. 7492/86, a crime punished by maximum sentence in the Law of Crimes against the National Financial System. As a result of its completely general description and the severity of the sanction imposed, the interpretation of its typical elements shall be made in connection with the motives which originated the enactment thereof, as well as relating to the legal interest protected by the rule, while applying teleological reducers for the purpose of conferring a proper identity to the definition of the crime, adding internal consistency to the law itself and minimizing recurring problems regarding the scope of incidence of the legal provisions thereof, at times applied in situations of apparent conflict of rules. This way, the crime of mismanagement of financial institutions will be decomposed into all its typical objective and subjective elements, addressing legal objectivity, material object, perpetrators, victims, co-perpetration, consummation and attempt. Next, it will address the issue of the apparent joinder of rules between the crime examined - mismanagement of financial institution - and other criminal offenses established by Law 7492/86, especially in relation to criminal offenses provided for in Articles 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 21 and 22. The analysis will be based on logical-conceptual relations between the normative precepts, followed by a teleological and judgmental interpretation, based on the solution criteria of apparent conflict of rules proposed by the jurists - specialty, subsidiarity, merger and alternativity. Finally, the conclusions reached will be confronted with case law clippings of decisions regarding the matter granted by the Federal Regional Court of the third Region in the past 10 years (01/01/2003 to 12/31/2013).

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Oliveira, Leonardo Augusto dos Santos. „Identifying the sources of firms' institutional entrepreneurship capability: the influence of firms on recent changes in brazilian electricity sector´s norms and regulations“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/19106.

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Our research draws on the Institutional Entrepreneurship Capability (DiMaggio, 1988) intending to uncover the sources of institutional entrepreneurship capabilities and if these capabilities developed at home can be used by overseas subsidiaries to deal with local institutions. Scholars have focused on describing Institutional Entrepreneurship, not analyzing it, assuming agency exists; they have failed to explain how actors overcome the institutional environment in which they are embedded to be able to alter it (Mutch, 2007). So far, we have not been able to find any research that has specifically defined and put together the organization´s characteristics providing the ability to influence and change institutions. This paper contributes to the Institutional Entrepreneurship literature by filling this gap. We first identify which specific resources are providing companies with institutional entrepreneurship capability, providing us with a framework for measuring the ability to influence and change institutions. We identify four dimensions of institutional entrepreneurship capability: Political Power; Technological Power; Social Power; and Financial Power. We further developed Hypotheses about which of these sources of institutional entrepreneurship capabilities can be transferred from headquarters to overseas subsidiaries, thus, contributing to international business literature by introducing the institutional entrepreneurship capability, of both headquarters and subsidiaries, on subsidiaries' analysis. We further develop a measurement model for Institutional Entrepreneurship Capability (IEC), determining the degree of its presence in firms by disaggregating and describing IEC power dimensions to obtain a model to measure this capability. It assesses firm capability to change existing institutional arrangements. As there usually exist several institutional entrepreneurs in any field, measuring their IEC is relevant to understand the field, and how institutional change takes place, considering firm-specific capabilities. Intending to bridge the gap between abstract theoretical constructs and empirical measures, we define IEC through a network of associations with its observable properties and proxies, determining possible measurement techniques. This study concerns the recent changes in the Brazilian energy sector, which resulted in a set of new rules and regulations for the production and distribution of electrical energy in the national territory. We have analyzed all public hearings ranging from 2010 to 2015 at the National Agency for Electrical Energy (ANEEL) that resulted in changes the regulatory framework. About this period, we have identified 86 public hearings, with the participation of 217 entities, including state-owned and private companies, associations and state and federal governmental entities and individual contributions. About these 86 public hearings, we have identified 625 participations totaling 3170 contributions. Results showed the proposed model for measuring Institutional Entrepreneurship Capability of firms had a good fit and that this construct explained 56% of the variance in Firms´ driven institutional change. A theoretical contribution was made on the transferability of IEC from headquarters to subsidiaries oversee. We proposed further research.

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Al, Rifai Aroub A. Y. „Stakeholders and corporate philanthropy of non-economic nature in a developing country of intense Islamic beliefs, values and norms : an institutional framework“. Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7647.

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The widespread use of Corporate Philanthropy (CP) in the US and the UK has resulted in a significant body of literature on the phenomena and its use. However, the literature generated around CP is criticised for being of an economic nature and for being biased toward the context of developed Western countries. This thesis suggests that the context of developing countries is important in relation to the non-economic nature of CP, due to the existence of intense religious beliefs and values. However, there has been little attempt to explicitly examine how the institutional pressures within this context shape the CP of a non-economic and more precisely of an altruistic nature, and how firms act in response to these influences. This thesis leverages institutional theory by proposing that stakeholders – including communities, competitors, NGOs and politicians – may impose coercive and mimetic pressures encouraging isomorphic field-level CP of a non-economic nature in a context of intense Islamic beliefs, values and norms. However, the way in which firms perceive and act upon these pressures may differ depending on specific factors related to the firm itself, including the identity of the firm, the competitive position of the firm, and shareholder pressures. These differences between firms result in the adoption of different CP strategies as decided by each firm, expressing its appropriate responses to field pressures. This study uses a qualitative methodology using data collected from 27 of the key personnel responsible for CP decisions (shareholders and managers) in the Kuwaiti banking sector. Questions were developed to assess the relationships between institutional pressures at the field and organisational levels of analysis. Data was collected through multiple sources such as in-depth interviews, documentation, and archival records. The contributions of the thesis are in relation to: a) the institutional theory; b) gaining more understanding of CP in developing countries; C) offering a robust understanding of altruistic CP influenced by an Islamic context; and d) practical implementations of CP in Islamic banks.

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Callaghan, John. „Slavery and Major Power Warfare: Similar Paths to Obsolescence?“ University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1291051347.

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Carvalho, Oliveira Joao Pedro F. F. „Power and organisational change : a case study“. Thesis, University of Dundee, 2010. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/ee082d56-43de-4f97-abe6-d03824405a75.

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This thesis reports the results of a case study conducted in a Portuguese manufacturing organisation, a part of a large group, which endured profound organisational changes. The initial objective of the research was to explore, in a processual way, the long-term interactions between an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system, the consultants that implemented it and management accounting and control, in this organisation. However, during the fieldwork, the researcher was confronted with an apparent puzzle: in the past, formally powerful ‘central’ actors had been confronted with important limitations – including in their relations with formally less powerful actors, particularly ‘local’ actors at the plant level. At the time of the fieldwork, however, the situation had substantially changed. The researcher was therefore confronted with a puzzle, which seemed to be about the distribution of power in the organisation, about who the powerful actors were and, more fundamentally, what caused (or limited) actors’ relational power. Three innovations introduced by central actors appeared to have played an important role in this fundamental change in the organisation and in the distribution of power within it. At stake were a technological innovation – the adoption of the financial module of an ERP system (SAP FI) – and two organisational innovations: the relocation of the Corporate Centre (CC); and the creation of a Shared Services Centre (SSC), in the same location of the group headquarters and of the Chairman and majority shareholder. Clegg’s (1989) framework of ‘Circuits of Power’, based on a Foucauldian and Actor-Network Theory (ANT) approach, was drawn upon as interpretive lenses to address the empirical puzzle about power. The researcher’s mobilisation of the framework facilitated the understanding of what caused (or limited) actors’ relational power, not only in the past but, particularly, at the time of the fieldwork, when the ongoing repercussions of the three innovations were taking place. Such in-depth understanding was constructed through a qualitative, interpretive and processual research, adopting the method of an explanatory case study combining both retrospective and longitudinal components. During the three-year’ fieldwork, 54 interviews with 29 respondents, lasting more than 90 hours, were supplemented by other information generating techniques, such as documentation analysis and observation of meetings, presentations and artefacts in numerous socio-technicalinteractions. The researcher’s interpretation of the case study insights highlighted that the previous power limitations perceived by the formally powerful, ‘central’ actors could be traced to characteristics of the circuit of social integration (rules of meaning and membership across the organisation, as interpreted, accepted and enacted by actors) and of the circuit of system integration (techniques of discipline and production). The three technical and organisational innovations – SAP FI, the CC and the SSC - introduced by central actors in the circuit of system integration (conceptualised, in ANT terms, as nonhuman and collective actors, respectively) had significant repercussions across the various circuits of power. These repercussions had a structural nature, since the innovations collectively succeeded in giving rise to a network of complementary, mutually dependent and mutually reinforcing Obligatory Passage Points. The emerging network of Obligatory Passage Points was essential in promoting the introduction, interpretation, acceptance and enactment of rules across the organisation as desired by central actors. This thesis proposes several contributions concerning the repercussions of the collective of innovations across the circuits of power. Some examples are embedding rules in technology (Volkoff et al., 2007) and organisational processes, redefining the scope of agencies, creating non-zero sum outcomes, and the emergence of the perception of control inevitability and naturalness within organisational normalcy. Collectively, these innovations promoted rules enactment (by both human and nonhuman actors) in ways that benefited the interests of central actors. In addition, this thesis proposes contributions related with the two theoretical frameworks and literatures framing the research. It proposes several refinements to Clegg’s (1989) framework, comprising changes in its graphical layout, linkages and even concepts. The second contribution is an ANT-inspired, OIE model of rule-based action. This model draws on Burns and Scapens’ (2000) macro structure and concepts, but it proposes additional structures and substantially different perspectives, mechanisms and even concepts. It adopts a wide definition of rules, also viewing them as internal structures orienting actors. Thus defined, rules underlie routines and fill a gap in routines-focused frameworks – in particular, when there are no established routines as regards particular issues.The model acknowledges intra-organisational diversity and focuses on the processes of introduction, interpretation, acceptance and enactment of rules. It also relates rules with material conditions, in particular since rules may be technologically and organisationally embedded. Finally, the model highlights that rules may be enacted by both human actors (individual and collective) and nonhuman actors. The model provides a novel way to conceptualise how actors’ interests may be achieved through the various intersections between rules and material conditions, and by the ultimate enactment of rules by both human and non-human actors.

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Yasuda, Yumiko. „Going with the flow or swimming against the current? : the influence of rules and norms on advocacy strategies of NGO coalitions along the Mekong River“. Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/22195226-b0e8-42f6-8eec-a142ea3d61a9.

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Nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) have come to play a major role in contemporary governance systems, and particularly in the fields of water and the environment. Adopting a new institutional theoretical perspective, this thesis examines how rules and norms affect the advocacy strategies of coalitions of NGOs in Vietnam and Cambodia, utilising a comparative case study analysis of the Xayaburi hydropower dam planned on the Mekong River in Laos. The comparison was conducted between the Rivers Coalition in Cambodia and the Vietnam Rivers Network during the planning period for the dams in 2011-2013.The main findings of the study is that rules, norms, actors, biophysical and material conditions interact with each other in creating influence over advocacy strategies. Different patterns of interactions were identified; these are 1) complementary interactions between formal rules, informal rules and norms 2) competing interactions between formal rules, informal rules and norms. Actors play important roles in both of these forms of interactions. Through identification of the barriers and opportunities NGO actors face within the Mekong region, the thesis concludes with two recommendations: 1) modifications to the formal rules which could facilitate further integration of NGOs and civil society actors into decision-making processes of transboundary water governance and 2) use of analytical framework by NGO and civil society actors in identifying windows of opportunities for advocacy strategies.

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Hedlund, Erik. „Yrkesofficersutbildning, yrkeskunnande och legitimitet : En studie av yrkesofficersprogrammet i spänningsfältet mellan förändring och tradition“. Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för undervisningsprocesser, kommunikation och lärande (UKL), 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-118.

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The new Swedish Armed Forces will be radically different from the previous invasion-oriented defence and the Armed Forces will be a smaller and more flexible organization, better adapted to the international sphere. With the aim of meeting up with the demands of the transformed Armed Forces posture for professional competence, the Regular Officer Programme (YOP) was introduced in the autumn of 1999. This dissertation aims at attempting to illustrate, address the problems and investigate to what degree the basic officer training of the Regular Officer Programme (Swedish: YOP) and the professional competence of newlygraduated Second Lieutenants can be seen as being legitimate within the scope of professional practices of the Swedish Armed Forces, and how this legitimacy can be described and understood. The theoretical framework of the dissertation is comprised of a sociocultural perspective and institutional theory. The five central concepts of the dissertation are: professional practice, institutional rules, professional competence, learning and legitimacy. The empirical elements of the dissertation were collected during 2001 and 2002 and comprise data from six part-studies. The informants were officer cadets after their first year of the Basic Officer Training Programme (YOP) and officers up to the rank of general. The methods for collecting data have been in the form of a questionnaire study, focus group conversations at thirteen military units, three document studies and a study with questions via e-mail. The questionnaire study was processed by using the computer programme SAS. The focus group conversations, the document studies and the answers via e-mail to questions were analyzed and put into categories contents wise according to the sentence category principle in positive and negative statements, respectively, in relation to YOP and the professional competence of the newly-graduated Second Lieutenants. Results show that both YOP as well as the professional competence of the newly-graduated Second Lieutenants cannot be regarded as being fully legitimate among the informants or within the all the professional practices of the Armed Forces.

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Pellegrino, Lucas Nunes [UNESP]. „Reconhecimento e legitimação jurisprudencial do Goodwill no Brasil: uma interpretação a partir da teoria econômica de John R. Commons“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154426.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O texto objetivou analisar – de uma perspectiva do institucionalismo original – o processo de emergência, reconhecimento e legitimação jurídica/legal das formas de riqueza capitalistas intangíveis e incorpóreas em um país de capitalismo periférico, o Brasil. Claramente inspirado nas reflexões do economista institucionalista norte americano John R. Commons sobre a riqueza incorpórea e intangível, em especial o goodwill, e no papel do sistema legal na sua institucionalização, o texto toma a presença dessas formas de riqueza como sendo a expressão de maturidade do capitalismo monopolista, dada a imensa possibilidade que oferecem para a valorização do capital. O texto mostrou que no Brasil, à diferença dos EUA e outros países de capitalismo central, a presença de tais formas de riqueza foi inicialmente tardia (posterior aos anos 1920), e de certo modo limitada (circunscrita majoritariamente às atividades imobiliárias). Com a própria evolução e consolidação do capitalismo brasileiro, quando as novas formas de riqueza capitalistas foram ganhando peso e destaque, o sistema jurídico progressivamente foi se estruturando e se especializando para analisar e decidir sobre os conflitos originados da própria evolução do capitalismo brasileiro, em especial aqueles que envolveram o goodwill. Deste modo, buscamos compreender como tem sido o processo de regulamentação do goodwill pelo Estado na evolução do capitalismo e das instituições no Brasil, de modo a identificar e analisar casos jurídicos que possivelmente fundamentaram a lei, assim como as possíveis mudanças de entendimentos dos Tribunais de Cúpula (Supremo Tribunal Federal e Superior Tribunal de Justiça) daquilo que é considerado como prática “razoável” no que diz respeito ao goodwill, buscando delimitar os limites de ação dos indivíduos envolvidos e identificar as variáveis responsáveis por tais mudanças, sob a ótica da teoria de Commons. Vemos que parece haver consolidação incremental de jurisprudências acerca do goodwill ao longo das décadas (legitimando-o cada vez mais), principalmente em função do pequeno número de casos que subiram à terceira instância para decisão/delimitação das regras operacionais das transações que possam envolver esse ativo.
The text aimed to analyze - from a perspective of the original institutionalism - the process of emergence, recognition and law / legal legitimation of intangible and incorporeal capitalist wealth forms in a country of peripheral capitalism, Brazil. Clearly inspired by the reflections of North American institutional economist John R. Commons on incoporeal and intangible wealth, especially goodwill, and on the role of the legal system in its institutionalization, the text takes the presence of these forms of wealth as the expression of maturity of monopoly capitalism, given the immense possibility they offer for the valorization of capital. The text showed that in Brazil, unlike the USA and other countries of central capitalism, the presence of such forms of wealth was initially late (after the 1920s), and to a certain extent limited (mostly limited to real estate activities). With the evolution and consolidation of Brazilian capitalism itself, when the new forms of capitalist wealth gained weight and prominence, the legal system gradually became structured and specialized to analyze and decide on the conflicts originated from the very evolution of Brazilian capitalism, in particular those that involved goodwill. In this way, we seek to understand how the process of regulation of goodwill by the State in the evolution of capitalism and institutions in Brazil has been, in order to identify and analyze legal cases that possibly based the law, as well as the possible changes of understandings of the Courts of (Supreme Court and Superior Court of Justice) of what is considered a "reasonable" practice with respect to goodwill, seeking to delimit the limits of action of the individuals involved and to identify the variables responsible for such changes, from the point of view of the theory of Commons. We see that there seems to be an incremental consolidation of jurisprudence over goodwill over the decades (legitimating it more and more), mainly due to the small number of cases that have risen to the third instance for decision / delimitation of the operational rules of the transactions that may involve this active.
148129/2016-1.

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Persson, Madeleine. „Twitch vs YouTube - How Media Logic affects the production process. : A study about content creators’ usage of norms, methods, and rules to appeal to the target audience“. Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-46004.

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This study examines how Media Logic of YouTube and Twitch affects individual creators who works with creating content on the two platforms. It touches upon the different structures of Media Logic that exists over social media platforms and a little bit on how they have changed over the years. Most importantly it examines what a content creators work process and structure looks like and how that is affected by the different Media Logic structures. This subject is original since there is not previously made another likewise study around this particular subject. This not only makes it an exploratory study but more importantly starts the conversation about the subject. By writing about this subject, it gives creators a voice that could both help other creators in the future, but also make creators feel heard. In today’s society there is a lot of content creators on both platform and it’s a growing industry. So, when talking about their creative process and how the platforms in any way impacts that, it can open up for even more conversations such as how viewers perceive content differently depending on the platforms Media Logic of how creators perceive themselves on the platform. The study has an overall abductive approach and to gather the information, five semi-structured interviews took place. Within these interviews it was possible to get a preliminary insight into how a few content creators feel about their jobs and the platforms they use in their work. The collected data was gathered and analysed together with information collected about the platforms and theory of choice, Media Logic. It was then possible to reach a tentative conclusion. The results showed that even though the creators were not previously aware of Media Logic they all indirectly were affected by it. They could be affected through the way they choose to structure and plan their videos or in how they decided to express themselves online; all five of the content creators that participated in the study were in one way or another affected by the logics of the platforms YouTube and Twitch during their content creation process. In collecting this it created a stable ground for future researchers that wants to investigate the area.

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Matushima, Marcos Kazuo [UNESP]. „Especialização produtiva e aglomeração industrial: uma análise da indústria de confecções de Ibitinga - SP“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104367.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este trabalho estuda o desenvolvimento da aglomeração industrial de Ibitinga-SP, a partir do processo de reestruturação produtiva que atinge a indústria brasileira na última década. A origem da indústria de Ibitinga está relacionada a uma combinação de fatores eminentemente endógenos, que possibilitaram o surgimento e a evolução do ramo de confecção, constituindo um cluster industrial. A indústria de confecções local se torna, já nos anos 1970, a principal atividade econômica do município de Ibitinga, e teve como principal característica a produção de artigos de cama, mesa e banho bordados à máquina. A partir da crise dos anos 1980 e do processo de abertura econômica dos anos 1990, a indústria local passa por um processo de reestruturação para se adaptar à nova realidade nacional e mundial, com a ampliação do espectro produtivo, através da introdução de maquinário moderno e novos produtos. Soma-se a isso a importância do conhecimento tácito difundido na aglomeração industrial, o qual assume um papel relevante no processo de estruturação do ramo de confecções como principal atividade industrial em Ibitinga. Concluiu-se que o relativo sucesso no surgimento e na consolidação desta aglomeração industrial está ligado a uma combinação de fatores e processos endógenos, entre eles um bom desempenho articulado das normas, convenções e instituições locais, que procuraram reestruturar a indústria de confecções para mantê-la competitiva, mesmo quando desafiada por determinações oriundas das escalas geográficas nacional e mundial.
This investigation studies the development of industrial agglomeration of Ibitinga-SP, at the beginning of productive restructuration affects the Brazilian industry in the last decade. The origin of Ibitinga industry is related with a combination of factors eminently endogenous, that possibility the appearance and the evolution of field of clothes, constituting an industrial cluster . The local clothes industry become already in the seventies, the main economic activity of Ibitinga municipality , and had as main characteristic the production of bed, table and shower articles embroidery by the sewing machine. The crisis of the eighties and the process of opening of the nineties, the local factory passes a process of restructuration in order to adapt a new reality, with an enlargement of productive spectrum, and the introduction of modern machines and new products. Besides that, the importance of tacit knowledge widespread in the industrial agglomeration, accept an importance in the process of structuration in the field of clothes as main industrial activity in Ibitinga. Reach a conclusion, therefore, the relative success of this industrial agglomeration is related with a combination of factors and process in several levels, by articulation of rules, conventions and local institutions, gave the possibility of the clothes industry restructure and remain competitive, same when challenged by determinations originating from of the national and world geographical scales.

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Leymann, Gunnar [Verfasser], Sarianna [Akademischer Betreuer] Lundan, Sarianna [Gutachter] Lundan und Guido [Gutachter] Möllering. „Shifting the Rules of the Game : Institutional Change as a Barrier to MNE Investment Activity / Gunnar Leymann ; Gutachter: Sarianna Lundan, Guido Möllering ; Betreuer: Sarianna Lundan“. Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1187906972/34.

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Hultén, Peter. „Managing a cross-institutional setting : a case study of a Western firm's subsidiary in the Ukraine“. Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-67937.

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This study explores the development of a Western firm's subsidiary in the Ukraine and sets out to contribute to the theoretical development about the managing of subsidiaries in the Post-Soviet market. The cross-institutional approach to analyse the subsidiary has been adopted to explore influence from the institutional setting of the parent firm and from local institutions. In the theoretical framework, special attention is directed to studies analysing the challenges that Western firms encounter when operating in the Post-Soviet market. Institutional theory therefore serves as a framework for theories on market entries, networks and management transfers.The empirical study is based on a case study conducted in connection to a training project for local employees of a Western firm's subsidiary operating in the Ukraine. Besides being a source of inspiration, the training project provided good access to respondents and insights about the challenges that the subsidiary faced.The analysis shows that the introduction of the Western firm's management in the subsidiary reflects in the local employees' forming of identities. A clear pattern is that local employees' development of identities in line with the Western firm's norms is supported by socialisation in settings dominated by the Western firm. A setting dominated by conflicts between Western and local norms, in contrast, resulted in developments of conflict identities. The analysis of the subsidiary's managing of influences from the local institutional setting indicates that this concerned filtering. Striking was that the subsidiary was successful in managing influences when the filtering conditions were characterised by consonance. Looking into aspects making the filtering of external influences difficult, the analysis points out barter trade and local actors' boundary spanning towards authorities in the Ukrainian society as aspects creating dissonances and vacuum. Thus, influences characterised by dissonance and/or vacuum made it particularly difficult for the subsidiary to manage these influences.One of the major contributions of this thesis is the cross-institutional approach to analyse developments in a subsidiary in the Post-Soviet market. By applying this approach the study suggests that the managing of a cross-institutional setting concerns both internal and external boundary spanning. Of vital importance for the internal boundary spanning are issues influencing local employees' forming of a 'we' with the Western firm's representatives. The standpoint is that this concerns local employees' identity identification, which is a new perspective on management transfers towards a subsidiary in the Post-Soviet market. Concerning the managing of external boundary spanning, the study points towards the importance of observing local actors' ways of dealing with dissonances and vacuum in local networks.
digitalisering@umu

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Moon, Sanghyun. „CONSTRUCTING GOVERNANCE IN GLOBAL ELECTRONIC COMMERCE“. The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1038941025.

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Yuan, Fangzhi [Verfasser], Gralf-Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Calliess, Gralf-Peter [Gutachter] Calliess und Thomas [Gutachter] Wieske. „Digitalization of Maritime Transport Documents : a study of the interplay of public rules and private norms amid social changes / Fangzhi Yuan ; Gutachter: Gralf-Peter Calliess, Thomas Wieske ; Betreuer: Gralf-Peter Calliess“. Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202334253/34.

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Afolabi, Adeoye Amuda. „The key challenge of corporate governance of firms : empirical evidence from Sub-Saharan African anglophone (SSAA) countries“. Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7654.

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Motivation: In the Sub-Saharan Africa countries there are several factors contributing to the collapse of firms. Most firms have failed due to poor corporate governance practices. The recent collapse of some firms in the financial and non-financial sectors in the Sub-region shows that there are challenges hindering effective corporate governance of firms in the Subregion. Consequently, this study uses empirical evidence to identify views about the important components of good corporate governance practice for listed firms: institutional characteristics; the board of directors; and the effects of external factors. Research question: The pertinent research question that this study addresses is the identification of the components that are essential for good corporate governance of firms in the Sub-region. This study tries to prioritise the components. Methodology: Data were collected by questionnaire administered to stakeholders of corporate governance of listed firms in Ghana, Nigeria and South Africa. Regression is used to estimate the relationship between institutional characteristic, responsibilities of the board of directors and external factors on corporate governance system. Main findings: 1. Enforcement, disclosure, transparency and regulatory frameworks may be necessary to improve corporate governance practice in all the countries in the Sub-region (SSAA). 2. There is evidence that commitment of board members to disclosure and communication may provide effective corporate governance practice. 3. Board duality (separation of role between chairman and CEO) is likely to hinder corporate governance practices. 4. We found that in all the countries in the Sub-region accounting system plays a major role to promote sound corporate governance practice. However, the political environment, societal and cultural factor, corruption, and economic factors such as macro-economic policies may hinder corporate governance practices.Policy recommendations: This study recommends that corporate governance stakeholders should adopt a whistle blowing method and also that institutional bodies should be more prudent in monitoring of rules and laws with stringent penalties. In addition, there should be adequate information and disclosure on the rights and obligation of the shareholder of firms in the sub-region region. There is need to increase the number and role of independent directors, increase the use of advisory vote by shareholders on executive compensation and facilitation of shareholders activism. Furthermore, there is a need to have autonomous regulatory bodies and supervisory agencies free from any political/ government interference in the implementation of the Code and Guideline of corporate governance. The regulatory bodies and the supervisory agencies should be manned or be under the leadership of people of goodwill, good character and trust. The Code or Guideline of corporate governance of Sub-Saharan Africa Anglophone countries should take cognisance of and be aligned with socio-cultural environment of the countries in the Sub-region.

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Johansson, Magnus. „Do Non Player Characters dream of electric sheep? : A thesis about Players, NPCs, Immersion and Believability“. Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för data- och systemvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-89293.

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This is a thesis that deals with the norms and rules of players playing online games together. It is also a thesis about believability, the current capabilities of non-player characters (NPCs) and the attitudes amongst game developers towards dynamic and systemic games AI. The primary theme of this thesis considers which means of communication and coordination in terms of norms and rules are present in groups of players and particularly in guilds and clans playing Massively Multi Online Games (MMOGs) and First Person Shooters (FPSs) respectively. The presence of norms in these types of groups has been overlooked in previous research even though guilds have been addressed to some extent. When rules have been discussed in games research, the actual use, meaning and interpretation behind these rules from a player perspective has been omitted. In this thesis rules and norms are interpreted from a guild and clan perspective as important means for coordination, used in order to keep the group together. The implicit rules are further seen as implicit rules made explicit through guild and clan forums where these groups of players express how to preserve the shared game experience. The absence of rituals, norms and rules has also been studied in temporary groups of one MMOG, with the explanation that existing relations with other players are maintained in these game sessions, but new relations are usually seen as too costly to invest in. The second theme is directed at believability and the state of current NPCs, how immersion is influenced by NPCs that do not act in believable ways. The second theme is also influenced by the first theme, whereby rules and norms are seen as valuable tools for creating believability in NPCs, directly targeting the social layer, a slightly overlooked area of research. The last section is directed at applying the results from the first section, how players play by the rules and norms of the group, and how this could foster believability in NPCs.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: In press. Paper 5: In press. Paper 6: In press.

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Tapsoba, René. „Inflation targeting and fiscal rules in developing countries : interactions and macroeconomic consequences“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF10394/document.

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Cette thèse s’intéresse au rôle du Ciblage d’inflation (CI) et des règles budgétaires (RBs), ainsi qu’à celui de leurs interactions, sur l’environnement macroéconomique. Après avoir posé les bases conceptuelles et empiriques de ces deux cadres de politique basés sur des règles (Chapitre 1), la thèse met en évidence de nouveaux résultats relatifs à leurs conséquences macroéconomiques. Premièrement, l’adoption du CI permet d’attirer plus d’investissements directs étrangers dans les pays en développement (Chapitre 2). Deuxièmement, dans ces pays, l’adoption du CI incite fortement les gouvernements à entreprendre des réformes destinées à améliorer la qualité des institutions (Chapitre 3). Troisièmement, l’introduction des RBs numériques au niveau national constitue un remède crédible contre l’indiscipline budgétaire, surtout dans les pays politiquement stables et avec un grand nombre de RBs en place. Mais cet effet disciplinaire des RBs diminue avec la durée de temps consécutive à leur adoption et est affaibli en présence de RBs supranationales et dans les pays à gouvernement fragmenté. Plus intéressant, cet effet varie en fonction du type de règles : tandis que les règles de solde budgétaire et les règles de dépense exercent un effet disciplinaire sur la conduite de la politique budgétaire, l’effet des règles de dette s’avère statistiquement non significatif (Chapitre 4). Les trois derniers chapitres de la thèse analysent le rôle de l’interaction entre le CI et les RBs, et dans une plus grande mesure de l’interaction entre les autorités monétaires et budgétaires. Le premier résultat qui en découle est que le CI, qui est un cadre de conduite de la politique monétaire, s’avère aussi suffisamment contraignant pour les autorités budgétaires de sorte à les inciter fortement à améliorer la discipline budgétaire, notamment dans les pays en développement (Chapitre 5). Par ailleurs, d’une part, le CI et les RBs agissent de façon complémentaire, puisqu’adopter à la fois le CI et les Rbs conduit à de meilleurs résultats budgétaires et inflationnistes qu’adopter seulement l’un ou l’autre de ces deux cadres de politique. D’autre part, la séquence qui consiste à introduire d’abord les RBs avant d’adopter le CI produit de meilleures performances inflationnistes et budgétaires que la séquence inverse (Chapitre 6). Finalement, une meilleure cohérence du Policy-Mix, c'est-À-Dire une meilleure coordination des politiques monétaire et budgétaire conduit à une plus grande croissance économique dans la Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) (Chapitre 7)
This thesis is concerned with the role of Inflation Targeting (IT) and Fiscal Rules (FRs), as well as of their interactions, on macroeconomic environment. After laying the conceptual and empirical backgrounds of both these rules-Based policy frameworks (Chapter 1), the dissertation highlights new evidence on their macroeconomic consequences. First, IT adoption does help attracting more Foreign Direct Investment into Developing Countries (Chapter 2). Second, inthese countries, IT adoption provides strong incentives for governments to undertake reforms designed to improve the quality of institutions (Chapter 3). Third, the introduction of national-Level numerical FRs does stand as a credible remedy against fiscal indiscipline in these countries, all the more in politically stable economies and where the numberof FRs in place is important. But this discipline-Enhancing effect of FRs decreases with the time length since their adoption, and is weakened in the presence of supranational rules and in countries with more fragmented government. Interestingly, this effect varies with the type of rules: while Budget Balance Rules and Expenditure Rules have significant disciplineenhancing effects, the effect of Debt Rules proved not significantly different from zero (Chapter 4). The last three chapters of the thesis focus on the role of the interaction between IT and FRs, and to a broader extent, on the interplay between monetary and fiscal authorities. The first result that emerges is that IT, which is a framework for conducting monetary policy, proves also sufficiently binding for fiscal authorities to providing them with strong incentives for improving fiscal discipline, notably in developing countries (Chapter 5). In addition, on the one hand, IT and FRs act complementarily, as adopting both IT and FRs leads to better results in terms of running fiscal surpluses and in terms of bringing down average inflation than adopting only one of these two frameworks. On the other hand, the sequence which consists of introducing FRs first before adopting IT yields better inflationary and fiscal performances than the opposite sequence (Chapter 6). Finally, better Policy Mix coherence, that is, better coordination between monetary and fiscal policies, is conducive to higher economic growth in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) (Chapter 7)

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Gerbeshi, Kaltrina. „Vägen till att bli en del av samhället : - en studie om integrationsarbetet på ett HVB-hem för ensamkommande unga“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-71759.

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The main purpose of this study is to research about how the staff at a residental care home strives to make the unaccompanied youths feel like they are a part of the society in Sweden. The purpose is also to explain how the staff at the care home legitimises their integrating actions. To accomplish the purpose, a qualitative approach was made; four staffs and three youths were interviewed at a care home in the southern part of Sweden. The theoretical approach were: social integration and social exclusion. The theoretical concepts in this study were: rules, norms, social norms and moral norms. The findings of this study was that the staff, mentors and the guardians of the youths were people that helped them understand the ”new” society by teaching them the mutual norms, values and attitudes in the society. The norms, rules and routines that were taught at the care home, were interpreted as social and moral norms that sets the framework of a ”correct behavior” in a given situation. To make the system of norms appear as legitimate to the youths, the staff explained why the norms are important to internalize as well as explaining what could happen if you would go against them. In this way, the youths corrected their behavior in relation to what the staff mediated and to what they thought was important themselves. To understand how the society works, including learning the norms, values and behaviours, were according to the staff a way for the youths to create a good start into the Swedish society.

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Jacobs, Inga M. „Norms and transboundary co-operation in Africa : the cases of the Orange-Senqu and Nile rivers“. Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2139.

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The inter-scalar interaction of norms is pervasive in African hydropolitics due to the nature of freshwater on the continent – shared, strategic and that which necessitates cooperation. However, with few exceptions, particular norms created at specific levels of scale have been researched in isolation of those existing at other levels. It is argued that this exclusionary approach endangers the harmonised and integrated development of international water law and governance, producing sub-optimal cooperative strategies. The notable contributions of Ken Conca and the Maryland School’s research on the contestation of norms occurring at different levels of scale, and Anthony Turton’s Hydropolitical Complex (HPC), will be examined through a Constructivist theoretical lens, in terms of their applicability to furthering an understanding of multi-level normative frameworks. Through the use of the Orange-Senqu River basin, and the Nile Equatorial Lakes sub-basin (NELSB) as case studies, it is argued that norm convergence is possible, and is occurring in both case studies analysed, although to varying degrees as a result of different causal factors and different biophysical, historical, socio-political and cultural contexts. This is demonstrated through an examination of regional dynamics and domestic political milieus. Notwithstanding their varying degrees of water demand, Orange-Senqu and NELSB riparians present fairly different political identities, each containing existing constellations of norms, which have affected the ways in which they have responded to the influence of external norms, how the norm is translated at the local level and to what extent it is incorporated into state policy. In so doing, the interface between international norms and regional/domestic norms will be explored in an attempt to understand which norms gain acceptance and why. It is therefore advocated that a multi-level interpretation of norm development in Africa’s hydropolitics is essential to an understanding of the interconnectedness of context, interests and identities. Each level of scale, from the international to the subnational, give meaning to how norms are translated and socialised, and how they in turn, transform contexts.

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Olsson, Pär. „Hur kan det pedagogiska och det sociala klimatet förklara skolors förutsättningar för framtida effektivitetsutveckling? : En jämförande studie av två kommunala högstadieskolor“. Thesis, Södertörn University College, Lärarutbildningen, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1230.

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Pupil achievement and behaviour in schools was earlier seen as given by socioeconomic and biological factors. But since the late 1970s the school effectiveness research has come to give school factors a much greater role for pupils’ attainments. Research has shown that schools´ pedagogical and social climate, which is to be seen as a complex product of deeply felt values and norms held by school principals and teachers and developed through practical actions, can explain variations in effectiveness between schools. Effectiveness is here to be seen as a higher mean cognitive and non cognitive student outcome than is expected with regard to initial attainment or family background. In this context all schools can be effective.

The purpose of this dissertation is to study the pedagogical and the social climate in two secondary schools in order to answer the question of how the climate can describe their conditions for future evolvement in effectiveness. The method of data collection is qualitative enquiries and has been conducted through interviews with principals, teachers and pupils. Our two schools are based in the same council and have a similar intake of pupils. The results derived from the study show that one school has a better pedagogical and social climate than the other which at the same time gives it greater conditions for future effectiveness.

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Almusharraf, Ahlam. „DIVERGENCE IN STAKEHOLDER PERCEPTIONS OF SECURITY POLICIES: A REPGRID ANALYSIS FOR NORM-RULE COMPLIANCE“. VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4346.

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Many organizations have a problem with synchronizing individual values regarding information security with expectations set by the relevant security policy. Such discordance leads to failure in compliance or simply subversion of existing or imposed controls. The problem of the mismatch in understanding the security policies amongst individuals in an organization has devastating effect on security of the organization. Different individuals hold different understanding and knowledge about IS security, which is reflected on IS security policies design and practice (Vaast, 2007). Albrecthsen and Hovdena (2009) argue that users and managers practice IS security differently because they have different rationalities. This difference in rationalities may reflect the mismatch between the security policies and individuals’ values. In this research, we argue that occurrence of security breach can change individuals’ values in light of security policy of organization. These changes in the values can be reflected on the compliance between individuals’ norms and security rules and standards. Indeed, organizations need to guarantee the compliance between security policy and values of their employees. Thus, they can alleviate or prevent violations of security of organization. However, it is difficult to find a common method that all organizations can adopt to guarantee the synch between security rules and individuals’ norms. The main aim of this research is to investigate how people perceive information security policy and how their perceptions change in response to security breaches. Besides, this research aims to investigate the relationship between individuals’ values and security policy. Thus, organizations can have the intended level of compliance between individual norms and security rules and standards. With the aid of the Repertory Grid technique, this research examines how a security breach shapes people’s values with respect to security policy of an organization. To conduct the argument, this research offers an assessment mechanism that aids the organization to evaluate employees’ values in regard to security policy. Based on that evaluation, the organization can develop a proper mechanism to guarantee compliance between individuals’ norms and security rules. The results of this research show that employees in an organization hold different perceptions regarding the security policy. These perceptions change in response to security incident. This change in perceptions dose not necessarily result in better compliance with the security policy. Factors like the type of breach and people’s experience can affect the amount of change in the perceptions. Contributions, implications, and directions for future research of this study will be discussed.

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Schevisbiski, Renata Schlumberger. „Regras institucionais e processo decisório de políticas públicas: uma análise sobre o conselho nacional de saúde (1990-2006)“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-06122007-111359/.

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Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar os determinantes institucionais que afetam a capacidade de atuação de organismos colegiados como os Conselhos Gestores de Políticas Sociais na produção de políticas públicas. Para tanto, realiza um estudo de caso sobre o Conselho Nacional de Saúde (CNS), no período compreendido entre 1990 e 2006. Verificamos que as regras institucionais definem recursos importantes nas mãos do Poder Executivo, os quais servem como mecanismo de controle sobre o processo decisório da instituição. Trata-se do que denominamos \"instrumentos reguladores\", recursos definidos institucionalmente, utilizados pelo Ministro de Estado da Saúde para controlar a tomada de decisão por parte do Conselho, afetando o perfil de suas políticas.
The aim of the present dissertation is to analyze the institutional determinants that affect the action of collegiate bodies, such as the Managing Boards of Social Policies in the making of Public Policies. Thus, a case study is conducted on the National Health Council, in the period between 1990 and 2006. This study confirms that the institutional rules define important resources concentrated in the hands of the Executive Power and that rules are used to control the institution\'s decision-making process. Its focus is what we call regulating instruments, institutionally defined resources, used by the Health Minister in order to control the Council\'s decision making powers.

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Ahlgren, Anna. „Trivsel, ordning och en ideal elev : En diskursanalys av skolors skrivna regler“. Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Pedagogik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-40604.

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This study presents a critical discourse-inspired analysis of written rules in Swedish primary schools, with the purpose to identify an image of an ”ideal student”. Swedish schools form local rules and regulations, where each pricipal is responsible for content and form. Therefore, an attempt is here made to find and discuss varations in the rules from different schools. The empirical findings are analysed with help of a theoretical framework based on Michel Foucault’s power theory, Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis and Zygmynt Bauman’s views of ethics, morality and identity. The findings portray an ideal student who is kind, friendly and helpful to others. Some additional described ”good” behaviors, such as appropiate language and honesty, are here suggested to have cultural and traditional connotations. Variations in descriptions of preferred traits and practices are found in rules from different schools. With inspiration from Foucault and Bauman it is here argued that this can challenge the formation of school norms and student’s values. Based on these findings and reflections, I suggest that school rules should represent essential educational and practical requirements and be communicated and formatted with clear purpose and possibilities for understanding and implementation.

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Svensson, Malin. „Borde jag säga det? : En essä om mötet mellan pedagog och föräldrar i förskolans utvecklingssamtal“. Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Lärarutbildningen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-32864.

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This essay is about my experience of planning and implementing two separate parent-teacher conferences. In these two parent-teacher conferences I am faced with various options which I perceive as difficult to assess. What is difficult to assess is how I maintain and develop a strong relationship with the parents without contradicting with other parts of my duty. The purpose of the essay is to examine what the parent-teacher conferences mean and what its content should or can be. Questions treated in the essay are: What is the purpose of the parent-teacher conferences and how can we talk about the child in the parent-teacher conferences? How can the power relationship appear between the teacher and parents in the parent-teacher conferences? How can we understand the content of the parent-teacher conference in relation to the view on norms? Reflection and writing is used in this essay as method to examine these questions. Important theoretical concepts for the essay are development, assessment, documentation, power, discourse, norms and rules, which are concepts that I go into dialogue with in order to understand my experiences in new ways. Through writing the essay I have discovered that different understandings of the concept development can influence what parents and educators believe that the parent-teacher conference should be about. I have also discovered how I can discuss children's development and learning in a way that is consistent with the regulation of the Swedish pre-school, that both teachers and parents have the power of controlling the content of the parent-teacher conferences and that teachers’ and parents' different views on rules can create different views regarding the children.
Denna vetenskapliga essä handlar om mina erfarenheter av att planera och genomföra två skilda utvecklingssamtal. I dessa två utvecklingssamtal står jag inför olika alternativ vilka jag upplever som svårbedömda. Vad som blir svårbedömt är hur jag bevarar och utvecklar en stark relation till föräldrarna utan att samtidigt strida mot andra delar av mitt uppdrag. Syftet med essän är att undersöka vad utvecklingssamtalen innebär och vad innehållet bör och kan vara. Frågor som behandlas i essän är: Vad är syftet med utvecklingssamtalen och hur kan vi samtala om barnet i utvecklingssamtalen? Hur kan maktrelationen se ut mellan pedagog och föräldrar i utvecklingssamtalen? Hur kan vi förstå utvecklingssamtalets innehåll i relation till synen på normer? Reflektion och skrivandet används i denna essä som metod för att undersöka dessa frågor. Viktiga teoretiska begrepp för essän är utveckling, bedömning, dokumentation, makt, diskurs, normer och regler, vilka är begrepp som jag går i dialog med för att förstå mina erfarenheter på nya sätt. Genom essäskrivandet har jag upptäckt att olika förståelser av begreppet utveckling kan påverka vad föräldrar och pedagoger anser att utvecklingssamtalet ska handla om. Jag har också upptäckt hur jag kan samtala om barns utveckling och lärande på ett sätt som är förenligt med regleringen för svensk förskola, att både pedagoger och föräldrar har makt i att styra innehållet i utvecklingssamtalen samt att pedagogers och föräldrars olika syn på regler kan skapa olika syn på barnen.

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Jonsson, Andreas, und Annika Andersson. „Införandet av en ny redovisningsstandard : Tillämpning av komponentavskrivning i kommunala fastighetsbolag“. Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för handel och företagande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-9681.

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År 2014 blev komponentavskrivning ett krav för alla bolag som följer K3-regelverket och har materiella anläggningstillgångar med komponenter av betydande värde. K3 är ett principbaserat regelverk vilket innebär att företagen behöver göra sin egen tolkning för hur det ska tillämpas. Den nya redovisningsförändringen innebär att organisationerna måste anpassa deras nuvarande regler och rutiner efter det nya regelverket.Syftet med denna uppsats är att skapa ökad förståelse för förändringsprocessen vid införande av en ny redovisningsstandard och att bidra med större medvetenhet kring dess komplexitet. För att uppnå syftet så användes i studien en kvalitativ metod där det genomfördes sex semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna genomfördes med kommunala fastighetsbolag i Västra Götalands län som alla nyligen infört komponentavskrivning. Den insamlande empirin analyserades sedan med en egenkonstruerad analysmodell med utgångspunkt från tidiga institutionella ekonomin. Genom analysen av den insamlade empirin skapades en ökad förståelse för hur interna regler och rutiner utvecklats i och med införandet av komponentavskrivning.Studien visar att utvecklingen av interna regler och rutiner är en lång process när det saknas vägledning. Motstånd på grund av osäkerhet är en stor bidragande faktor till fördröjningen av införandet. Organisationen behöver vid införandet av en ny redovisningsstandard göra en egen bedömning av vad regeln innebär och hur de ska tillämpa den. Vidare framkom i studien att externa och interna faktorer har stor påverkan på formandet av den interna regeln.
In 2014 component depreciation became a requirement for all who follow the K3 regulatory and have tangible assets with components of significant value. K3 is a principles-based regulatory, which means that companies need to make their own interpretation of how it should be applied. The new accounting change means that organizations must adapt their current rules and routines for the new regulations.The purpose of this paper is to increase understanding of the process of change with the introduction of a new accounting standard and to bring greater awareness of its complexity. To achieve the purpose of the study a qualitative method were used and six semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interviews were conducted with municipal property companies in Västra Götaland county who all recently introduced component depreciation. The collected empirical data were then analyzed with a self-constructed analysis model based of the old institutional economics. Through the analysis of the collected empirical data a greater understanding were created of how internal rules and routines evolved with the introduction of component depreciation.The study shows that the development of internal rules and routines is a long process in the absence of guidance. Resistance due to uncertainty is a major contributing factor to the delay of the introduction. At the introduction of a new accounting standard the organization need to make their own assessment of what the rule means and how to apply it. It also emerged in the study that external and internal factors have great influence on the formation of the internal rule.

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Liszbinski, Bianca Bigolin. „Implicações provocadas pela convergência às normas internacionais de contabilidade no reconhecimento de ativos intangíveis sob a perspectiva institucional: um estudo em empresas brasileiras de capital aberto“. Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2013. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4197.

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Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar as implicações provocadas pela adoção da normativa International Accounting Standard (IAS) 38 no reconhecimento contábil de ativos intangíveis em um grupo de empresas brasileiras, à luz da teoria institucional. Trata-se de estudo descritivo de evidências qualitativas e quantitativas que envolveu basicamente a consulta em demonstrações contábeis de uma amostra de cinquenta empresas classificadas no Índice Bovespa da BM&FBOVESPA. Optou-se em delimitar o estudo entre os anos de 2006 à 2012, visto que este espaço temporal compreende exercícios caracterizados pela antecedência à adoção da norma internacional de contabilidade relativa a intangíveis e exercícios com a institucionalização dessa nova normativa. A análise dos dados consistiu em duas fases principais. Primeiramente, verificaram-se os procedimentos adotados pelas empresas para o reconhecimento dos ativos intangíveis e a sua adequação aos padrões contábeis compulsórios que tangenciam este processo. Posteriormente, fez-se a identificação das classes de intangíveis reconhecidas no período e a sua respectiva valorização. Em geral, as evidências observadas demonstram que a implementação da nova matriz institucional sobre os intangíveis repercutiu nas práticas adotadas pelas empresas. O nível de conformidade aos padrões estabelecidos para o reconhecimento contábil dos ativos intangíveis passou de 32% no ano de 2006 para 84% no ano de 2012, demonstrando uma evolução na harmonização das práticas adotadas pelas empresas. Adicionalmente, embora não constatado aumento dos tipos de categorias reconhecidas após a institucionalização da nova normativa, identificou-se um significativo incremento na representatividade dos ativos intangíveis frente ao ativo total da amostra. Os valores médios contabilizados como intangíveis aumentaram 82% comparandose o período anterior e posterior à adoção desta norma.
This study aimed to analyze the implications caused by the adoption of the International Accounting Standard (IAS) 38 normative in accounting recognition of intangible assets in a group of Brazilian companies, guided by the institutional theory. It is a descriptive study of qualitative and quantitative evidences which involved basically the consult enquiry of financial statements of a fifty-company sample classified in the BM&FBOVESPA Bovespa Index. It was chosen to restrict the study from 2006 to 2012, since this period of time embraces exercises characterized by the adoption in advance of the international accounting related to intangibles and exercises with the institutionalization of this new normative. The data analysis consisted in two main phases. Primarily, the procedures adopted by the companies to the recognition of the intangible assets and its adaptation to the compulsory accounting standards which relates this process were verified. Subsequently, it was identified the classes of intangibles recognized in the period and its respective valuation. In general, the evidences observed show that the implementation of the new institutional matrix about the intangibles reflected on the practiced adopted by the companies. The level of compliance passed from 32% in 2006 to 84% in 2012, showing an evolution on the harmonization of the practices adopted by the companies. Furthermore, although a raise of kinds of categories recognized after the institutionalization of the new normative was not determined, a significant increase on the representativeness of the intangible assets facing the total asset of the sample was identified. The mean values counted as intangibles increased 82% comparing to the previous and subsequent periods to the adoption of this norm.

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Maláník, Ondřej. „Rozpočet EU jako vzor řešení problémů českých veřejných financí“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4340.

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The main objective of this thesis is to point out to situation of Public finance in Czech Republic and analyse it from perspective of institutional framework of budgeting system to find weak its weak points. Simultaneously the similar analysis is compiled for institutional framework and budgeting procedures of EU budget in an effort to find such components, which would be usefull for solving recognized problems in Czech parallel. Theoretical background is provided throught description of particular budgeting systems based on so called Interinstitutional Treatment in case of EU Budget and by Budgeting rule law in case of Czech institutional framework. For better comprehension of Bugeting system in Czech Republic there is incorporated part dealing its evolution since 1918 with accent to recent decades, when the distinctive changes in budgeting rule law were ammended.

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Niemann, Cajsa. „Villkorat förtroende : Normer och rollförväntningar i relationen mellan politiker och tjänstemän i Regeringskansliet“. Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-94771.

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The relationship between politicians and civil servants is ambiguous and potentially problematic in democratic terms. The aim of the thesis is to examine this relationship in the Swedish core executive, Regeringskansliet. More specifically, the analysis emphasises the respective role expectations of the two groups when interacting with each other. The thesis is based on two extensive qualitative interview studies with politicians and senior civil servants, one carried out in the early 1980’s and one undertaken more recently. Hence it also offers an opportunity to analyse whether these expectations have changed or remained stable during the last decades. The findings reveal that the role expectations of politicians and civil servants to a high extent correspond, and have remained relatively stable over time. The relationship between politicians and civil servants is based on norms such as (conditional) trust, delegation and yet relatively close interaction. If so, politicians are unloaded by the civil service in order to handle their external responsibilities. Although relatively informal, a passive hierarchy of roles ensures the superiority of politicians and more specifically of the minister. Civil servants adapt to roles taken by politicians, although providing guidance to the politicians on how to behave in office. The division of labour is not based on the different tasks performed in the policy-making process. Instead, politicians assume responsibility for all actions and decisions – also those undertaken by the civil servants – within the ministries, while civil servants offer politicians protection and security. Taken together these results indicate that the institutionalised norms that surround the relationship between politicians and civil servants are highly powerful. Nevertheless, the thesis also reveals tendencies towards a departure from these norms, suggesting that this relationship is to some extent fragile and exposed to various attempts at reform.

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Pinto, Carina Isabel Coelho. „Economia comportamental aplicada a dívidas ao estado : o caso das contraordenações rodoviárias“. Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8151.

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Mestrado em Economia e Políticas Públicas
O presente trabalho de investigação visa analisar a aplicabilidade de princípios da economia comportamental à área da segurança rodoviária. Considerando que, a aplicação de coimas visa reforçar o efeito disciplinador da fiscalização e dissuadir práticas de condução negligentes, que colocam em causa a segurança rodoviária, importa garantir que o seu efeito não é diminuído por uma elevada taxa de incumprimento no pagamento. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho pretende analisar, em contexto real, e através do envio de cartas diferenciadas, a aplicação de novas abordagens baseadas no papel das normas sociais, simplificação da linguagem, saliência de informação chave e apelos à responsabilidade cívica, a partir de uma amostra de infratores em situação de incumprimento pelo não pagamento voluntário de coimas por contraordenações rodoviárias. Os resultados sugerem um efeito significativo no pagamento de coimas consequente da receção de carta versus não receção de carta, contudo não se observam diferenças estatisticamente significativas em função do conteúdo diferenciado das cartas. Várias hipóteses explicativas são apresentadas. Em particular, os resultados parecem apoiar o argumento de que os comportamentos se adaptam ao contexto institucional e cultural em que os indivíduos estão inseridos.
The present study aims to analyse the applicability of behavioural economics principles to road safety. Considering that the application of traffic fines aims to reinforce the disciplinary effect of control and to dissuade negligent driving practices that jeopardize road safety, it is important to ensure that its effect is not diminished by a high rate of non-payment. In this sense, the present study aims to analyse, in natural context, and by mailing differentiated letters, the applicability of new approaches based on social norms, simplification of the language, salience of key information, and appeals to civic responsibility, using a sample composed by offenders in default by non-payment of their traffic ticket. Collected data suggest a significant effect on payment as a result of having received a letter versus not having received a letter. Notwithstanding, no statistically significant differences were observed as a result of the differentiated content of the letters. Several explanatory hypotheses are presented. In particular, the results seem to support the argument that behaviours adapt to the institutional and cultural context in which individuals are embedded.

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Wilkens, Robert. „Lehrer-Schüler-Interaktionen in Überschreitungssituationen. Eine Fallstudie zum Regelerwerb in der Grundschule“. Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-38678.

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Auf Grundlage der These, dass die Qualität der erzieherischen Intervention nach kindlichem Fehlverhalten ein entscheidendes Lernfeld für den Regelerwerb ist, wurden Lehrer-Schüler-Interaktionen in einer ersten Klasse durch Teilnehmende Beobachtung im Längsschnitt über ein halbes Jahr lang untersucht. Ziel war es, die Art und die Häufigkeit von Regelverletzungen (Überschreitungen) und Lehrerinterventionen zu eruieren und diese Ergebnisse in Beziehung zur Taxonomie von Martin L. Hoffman über elterliches Erziehungsverhalten zu setzen. Es wurden zwei Kategoriensysteme zur Analyse von Überschreitungen und Lehrerinterventionen entwickelt, welche in der Lage sind, Interaktionsverläufe im Anfangsunterricht detailliert zu beschreiben. Insgesamt konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Schüler in erster Linie durch Unaufmerksamkeit, verbale und physische Aktivitäten die Unterrichtsregeln übertreten, dass die Häufigkeiten von Überschreitungen im Verlauf des 1. Schulhalbjahres abnehmen, Jungen häufiger in Übertritte verwickelt sind und die untersuchte Lehrerin ein sehr konstantes Verhalten in ihren Reaktionen auf Fehlverhalten an den Tag legt.

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