Bücher zum Thema „Innate types of thinking“
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1
Evseev, Vadim. Methods of research work in the youth environment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1227510.
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The textbook examines the components of the research culture of the youth environment, the information environment of research and methods of system analysis of the youth environment. Research methods and calculations of economic efficiency from the introduction of new social technologies, types of researchers and their professional parameters are given. Special attention is paid to the technology of extracting knowledge from the object of research, as well as types of knowledge, problems and thinking. Examples of specific application of research methods are given. The disadvantages that hinder the development of research potential are considered. Aspects of the presentation of the research results are considered.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as graduate students, teachers, and professional researchers. It can be useful for those who are engaged in research in the socio-political and social spheres, the field of personnel management, in particular, the study of the youth environment.
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Broekhuis, Hans, und Norbert Corver. Syntax of Dutch. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463720502.
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The multi-volume work Syntax of Dutch presents a synthesis of current thinking on Dutch syntax. The text of the seven already available volumes was written between 1995 and 2015 and issued in print between 2012 and 2016. The various volumes are primarily concerned with the description of the Dutch language and, only where this is relevant, with linguistic theory. They will be an indispensable resource for researchers and advanced students of languages and linguistics interested in the Dutch language. This volume is the final one of the series and addresses issues relating to coordination. It contains three chapters. Chapter 1 discusses the syntactic and semantic properties of coordinate structures and their constituting elements, that is, the coordinators and the coordinands they link. Chapter 2 discusses the types of ellipsis known as conjunction reduction and gapping found in coordinate structures. Chapter 3 discusses elements seemingly exhibiting coordination-like properties, such as dan ‘than’ in comparative constructions like Jan is groter dan zij ‘Jan is taller than she’.
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Pogodina, Svetlana. The development of children's visual creativity under the influence of artistic standards within the framework of the concept of transformable aesthetic archetypes. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1857069.
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The monograph, based on many years of experimental research and analysis of scientific sources, analyzes psychological and pedagogical ideas in the field of children's productive activity and substantiates a new methodology for the development of visual creativity in preschool and primary school children in educational institutions of various types. The educational model of the development of children's visual creativity, proposed and substantiated by the author, creates favorable environmental and methodological conditions for the manifestation of creative initiative, stimulates imaginative thinking, eliminates artistic standards and stereotypes of perception of the world and its expressive display in creative activity, releases the primordial deep experience of imaginative perception of the world by a child and directs it to create a high-quality artistic product when with the help of expressive means mastered by the child during training. The grounded and tested scale of assessment of quality of development of children's fine art and pedagogical technology of development of children's fine art under the influence of artistic standards are presented.
For a wide range of readers interested in the upbringing and education of children.
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Brogi Bercoff, Giovanna, und Maria Grazia Bartolini, Hrsg. Kiev e Leopoli: Il 'testo' culturale. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-666-2.
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Kiev has always revealed a surprising capacity for assimilation, giving rise over time to multi-ethnic, multi-faith and multi-cultural contexts of various types. Thinking of the "Kiev text" leads inevitably to consideration of the other emblematic text of the Ukrainian identity, the no less composite reality of Lviv. This publication contains the contributions presented at a Conference (Milan, February 2007) addressed to the "cultural text" of Kiev and Lviv. The authors are specialists with different cultural profiles, and the book is of a deliberately inter-disciplinary character. In view of the richness and variety of the information it is offered, within the Italian and international context, as a useful source even for the non-specialist public, and is one of a very small number of books dedicated to Ukraine available in Italian. Clearly, the arguments addressed represent only a tiny part of the vast spectrum of issues and questions inherent to the specificity and plurality of Kiev and Lviv. The hope is that the seed sewn here will grow into further fruitful interest.
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Biryukov, Vladimir, und Pavel Sharonin. Theory of economic analysis. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1851552.
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The textbook reveals the theoretical and organizational foundations, information support of economic analysis. It contains a description of the techniques, methods and methods of analytical research used both in the practical activities of economic entities and in scientific research; a description of the types of economic analysis; a methodology for determining the value of intra-production reserves.
It is structured in such a way that the student can understand not only the essence of economic analysis, but also develop practical skills for conducting economic analysis of organizations' activities. The material is illustrated with structural and logical schemes, generalizing analytical tables and many practical examples. To consolidate knowledge, at the end of each chapter there are questions for self-control and tasks in a test form.
The fifth edition of the textbook is supplemented with practical tasks on all topics of the course, which allows students to develop and consolidate analytical thinking skills.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For bachelors studying in the field of training 38.03.01 "Economics" of all profiles, graduate students, teachers of economic universities, specialists of economic and financial services of organizations, auditors.
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Typology: two innate types of thinking - developmental and destructive. Norway: Olha Kovalchuk, 2024.
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Robertson, S. Ian. Types of Thinking. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.
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Robertson, S. Ian. Types of Thinking. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203754634.
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Types of Thinking. Routledge, 2013.
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Robertson, S. Ian. Types of Thinking. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.
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Types of thinking. London: Routledge, 1999.
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Envy Is Not Innate: A New Model of Thinking. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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Envy Is Not Innate: A New Model of Thinking. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.
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Envy Is Not Innate: A New Model of Thinking. Karnac Books, 2012.
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Polledri, Patricia. Envy Is Not Innate: A New Model of Thinking. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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Coll, Katharine. All about Active Thinking : Tips for Developing Your Thinking Skills: Types of Thinking. Independently Published, 2021.
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Polledri, Patricia. Forensic Psychotherapy Monograph : Envy Is Not Innate: A New Model of Thinking. Karnac Books, 2012.
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18
Dewey, John. Types of Thinking Including a Survey of Greek Philosophy. Open Road Integrated Media, Inc., 2022.
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Oliverio, Monnie. How to Improve Critical Thinking : Become a Master at Decision-Making: Types of Thinking Skills. Independently Published, 2021.
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Birchwood, Jake. Retrain My Mind : How to Retrain Your Brain: Thinking Different Types. Independently Published, 2021.
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The four types of knowing: Metaphysical, scientific, narrative, and pragmatic : a metaepistemology of mind. Lewiston, N.Y: Edwin Mellen Press, 2011.
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22
Hanks, Peter. Types of Speech Acts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738831.003.0005.
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Classical speech act theory, in the tradition of Austin and Searle, is based on a picture of propositional content due to Frege. This picture takes propositions to be the primary bearers of truth conditions, and it incorporates a sharp distinction between content and force. In this paper I defend an alternative picture of propositional content, on which the primary bearers of truth conditions are the actions we perform in thinking and speaking about the world. Propositions are types of these actions, and they inherit their truth conditions from them. This picture abandons the distinction between content and force and it leads to a three-way distinction between different kinds of propositions. Here I explore the consequences of this alternative picture for the nature and taxonomy of speech acts.
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Joplin, Lorenzo. Washington D. C. Swamp : the Perfect Way to Understand the Warped Thinking of Big Government Types: Budding Bureaucrats. Independently Published, 2021.
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Okasha, Samir. Agential Thinking and its Rationale. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0002.
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Evolutionary biologists often use the language of intentional psychology in an extended or metaphorical sense. This is a symptom of agential thinking, the practice of invoking concepts such as interests, goals, and strategies in evolutionary analysis. Agential thinking comes in two types. In type 1, the agent with the goal is an evolved entity, typically an individual organism. In type 2, the agent is the evolutionary process itself, often personified as ‘mother nature’. Agential thinking of type 2 is misleading. That of type 1 is a valid expression of adaptationist assumptions, but it relies on a crucial presupposition. It presumes that the organism exhibits a unity-of-purpose, in that all of its evolved traits must contribute to a single overall goal. Where this unity fails to obtain, as for example if there is within-organism conflict, it becomes impossible to treat an organism as akin to a rational agent pursuing a goal.
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Bhasavanich, Preeyaporn. The effects of different child rearing practices and types of curriculum approaches upon the creative thinking of kindergarten students in Thailand. 1993.
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Matthews, Charles. Algorithmic Thinking and Central Javanese Gamelan. Herausgegeben von Roger T. Dean und Alex McLean. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190226992.013.25.
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This chapter explores the idea of central Javanese gamelan (also known as karawitan) as rule-based music, examining areas where algorithmic thinking can take place in both performance and composition. Different types of performance techniques are discussed, exploring the degree to which rules can be used to generate melodic content from a notated outline called the balungan (meaning ‘skeleton’ or ‘frame’ in Javanese). Several applications of algorithms in the contexts of ethnomusicology and composition are presented, with a focus on grammars and rewriting systems. This leads to a discussion of the author’s work with rule-based systems in composition and performance, including integration of computer parts in a live gamelan ensemble through augmented instruments. The chapter concludes with an overview of Pipilan: a piece of software developed in Max/MSP for computer-aided composition, which has also been used to facilitate audience participation in performance and installation settings.
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Pila, Justine. A Framework for Thinking about Intellectual Property Subject Matter. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688616.003.0003.
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This chapter proposes a framework for thinking about the subject matter protectable by intellectual property (IP) and related questions of analytic assistance. The proposed framework is built around certain devices of philosophy, including the artifact, types and tokens, the category, and the property. In combination, these devices support a paradigmatic or focal conception of the subject matter protectable by European and UK IP law. According to that conception, IP subject matter are artifact types distinguished by their properties and categorized accordingly. The analytic and normative value of this conception is discussed, and certain distinctions of importance for IP subject matter outlined, complementing those identified in Chapter 2. The questions of analytic assistance derived from the framework concern the essential properties of IP subject matter, the method of their individuation, their relationship with their concrete instances or tokens, and the manner by which their and their tokens’ existence is known.
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Books, Yara Activity. Variety Activity Book for Adults 2021 : The BRAIN TRAINING: An Activity Book to Improve Your Thinking Skills and Keep the Mind Young,a Mind-Blowing Challenge of Logic ,14 Puzzle Types. Independently Published, 2021.
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Neumann, Elena, Klaus Frommer und Ulf Müller-Ladner. Acute-phase responses and adipocytokines. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0058.
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Adipokines, also called adipocytokines, are highly bioactive substances mainly expressed by adipose tissue. In addition to adipocytes, different cell types resident in various tissues produce adipokines under pathophysiological conditions. Adipokines include a growing number of pluripotent molecules such as adiponectin, resistin, leptin, and visfatin. Since distinct effects of adipokines on inflammation have been described, their influence on the (innate) immune system has been investigated in rheumatology, gastroenterology, and endocrinology. This review gives an overview on the current knowledge about the influence which adipokines have on the immune system and chronic inflammation in rheumatic diseases.
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Rushton, Cynda Hylton. The Many Faces of Resilience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190619268.003.0006.
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Resilience allows some clinicians to navigate the inevitable ethical challenges and moral suffering they face without the despair and hopelessness that others experience. It is the ability to withstand, adapt, recover or grow in response to adversity, trauma, or stress. It presumes that humans have an innate resilient potential that can be influenced and includes a process that unfolds in response to diverse types of adversity. Resilience is a multifaceted construct that has been applied in various contexts, including neurobiology, psychology, social ecology, and clinical practice. This chapter examines each of these contexts and highlights their implications for conceptualizing moral resilience.
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Universe, Lokman. Mom You Are a-Maz-Ing : 4 Types, 8 Styles, 3 Difficulty Levels Maze Book: For Adults, a Maze Puzzle Activity Book for Enhancing Your Problem Solving and Critical Thinking Skills with Solutions and Inspirational Quotes. Independently Published, 2020.
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Lutgens, Esther, Marie-Luce Bochaton-Piallat und Christian Weber. Atherosclerosis: cellular mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0013.
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Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven, chronic inflammatory disease of the large and middle-sized arteries that affects every human being and slowly progresses with age. The disease is characterized by the presence of atherosclerotic plaques consisting of lipids, (immune) cells, and debris that form in the arterial intima. Plaques develop at predisposed regions characterized by disturbed blood flow dynamics, such as curvatures and branch points. In the past decades, experimental and patient studies have revealed the role of the different cell-types of the innate and adaptive immune system, and of non-immune cells such as platelets, endothelial, and vascular smooth muscle cells, in its pathogenesis. This chapter highlights the roles of these individual cell types in atherogenesis and explains their modes of communication using chemokines, cytokines, and co-stimulatory molecules.
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Wouter, Werner, und Gordon Geoff. Part II Approaches, Ch.25 Kant, Cosmopolitanism, and International Law. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198701958.003.0026.
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This chapter explores the way in which Kantian ideas have been adopted and transformed in contemporary international law and international theory, with the twofold aim of introducing some core topics on Kantian philosophy, cosmopolitanism, and international law, as well as demonstrating the importance of acknowledging different forms of cosmopolitanism at work in international law, thereby shedding new light on the ‘forgotten’ tradition of innate cosmopolitanism. The work of Kant not only occupies an important place in the history of ideas in international legal theory; his work also constitutes an enduring source of inspiration for widely diverging contemporary approaches to international law. On that note, the chapter references four core Kantian ideas incorporated in contemporary cosmopolitan thinking: the categorical imperative, the roughly contractual notion of a federation of free republics, the conception of a cosmopolitan right of hospitality, and the idea of an innate cosmopolitanism.
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Books, Yara Activity. VARIETY ACTIVITY BOOK for ADULTS : Mixed Puzzle Activity : Includes Easy Puzzles,the BRAIN TRAINING: An Activity Book to Improve Your Thinking Skills and Keep the Mind Young,14 Puzzle Types,Sudoku,CalcuDoku,Worde Puzzle,Four in Row... and More. Independently Published, 2021.
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Dambuza, Ivy M., Jeanette Wagener, Gordon D. Brown und Neil A. R. Gow. Immunology of fungal disease. Herausgegeben von Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum und Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0009.
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Advances in modern medicine, such as organ transplantations and the appearance of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), have significantly increased the patient cohort at risk of developing chronic superficial and life-threatening invasive fungal infections. To tackle this major healthcare problem, there is an urgent need to understand immunity against fungal infections for the purposes of vaccine design or immune-mediated interventions. In this chapter, we give an overview of the components of the innate and adaptive immune system and how they contribute to host defence against fungi. The various cell types contributing to fungal recognition and the subsequent stimulation of phagocytosis, the activation of inflammatory and B- and T-cell responses, and fungal clearance are discussed using the major fungal pathogens as model systems.
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Ruse, Michael. Two Visions of War. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867577.003.0003.
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Jesus apparently proscribed violence, which meant that—as was understood by early Christians—war is prohibited. As Christianity became the state religion, by focusing on our innate unhappy nature—“original sin”—Augustine devised “just war theory,” legitimizing the Christian use of war and specifying the conditions under which it could be fought. Augustinian philosophy influenced Anglican theology, although, by the nineteenth century, thinking about war was fashioned more to the needs of empire building. Darwin discussed war in detail in the Descent, in respects accepting Augustinian thinking about our original violent nature, but putting this in the context of natural selection making for a progressive climb to humankind. Unlike the Christian who thinks that war will be with us always, Darwin envisioned a war-free future.
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Shields, Kerri. Leading Innovation. eCampusOntario Open Authoring Platform, 2022.
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Ruse, Michael. Darwinism After Darwin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867577.003.0004.
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In the forty-plus years, from the time of the Descent in 1871 to the time of the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, people influenced by or responding to Darwin’s thinking wrote extensively on the nature of war. Often, religious upbringing—as for Herbert Spencer and Alfred Russel Wallace—infused discussions showing how really the whole debate was as much religious as scientific. Thomas Henry Huxley showed his innate Calvinism and Prince Petr Kropotkin equally showed his Russian roots. American thinkers tended to worry about the eugenical effects of war, and William James proposed a kind of proto Peace Corps to harness the violent tendencies of the young. Across in Germany, Friedrich von Bernhardi was hymning the necessity of war, although in major respects his ideas owed more to Germanic philosophy, especially Hegel, than to anything coming out of England, a country he feared and despised.
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Smith, David Livingstone. On Inhumanity. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923006.001.0001.
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The Rwandan genocide, the Holocaust, the lynching of African Americans, the colonial slave trade: these are horrific episodes of mass violence spawned from racism and hatred. We like to think that we could never see such evils again—that we would stand up and fight. But something deep in the human psyche—deeper than prejudice itself—leads people to persecute the other: dehumanization, or the human propensity to think of others as less than human. This book looks at the mechanisms of the mind that encourage us to see someone as less than human. There is something peculiar and horrifying in human psychology that makes us vulnerable to thinking of whole groups of people as subhuman creatures. When governments or other groups stand to gain by exploiting this innate propensity, and know just how to manipulate words and images to trigger it, there is no limit to the violence and hatred that can result.
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Gowaty, Patricia Adair. On Being and Becoming Female and Male. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190658540.003.0004.
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This chapter introduces a new way to think about the evolution of behavioral sex differences, one that contrasts with the classical evolutionary view. The classical scenario—sex as destiny—holds that key sex differences in behavior are fixed traits of an individual, because innate sex “roles” that evolved in concert with morphology and genes are “the blueprints” for expressed behavior. Mating theory (Gowaty & Hubbell, 2009) shows that such genetically deterministic behavior is often maladaptive, meaning that individuals with fixed behavior are most likely selected against. In this new theory, whenever environments vary, the most evolutionarily successful individuals will be those who are flexible in their behavior. On this view, individuals’ behavior—regardless of membership in a genetically defined or anatomically defined sex category—is always “becoming,” sometimes behaving in ways we consider “female typical” and sometimes in ways we consider “male typical.” Thinking this way provides a new lens through which to view linkages between research in biology and in psychology.
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Albert, Tyler J., und Erik R. Swenson. The blood cells and blood count. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0265.
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Blood is a dynamic fluid consisting of cellular and plasma components undergoing constant regeneration and recycling. Like most physiological systems, the concentrations of these components are tightly regulated within narrow limits under normal conditions. In the critically-ill population, however, haematological abnormalities frequently occur and are largely due to non-haematological single- or multiple-organ pathology. Haematopoiesis originates from the pluripotent stem cell, which undergoes replication, proliferation, and differentiation, giving rise to cells of the erythroid, myeloid, and lymphoid series, as well as megakaryocytes, the precursors to platelets. The haemostatic system is responsible for maintaining blood fluidity and, at the same time, prevents blood loss by initiating rapid, localized, and appropriate blood clotting at sites of vascular damage. This system is complex, comprising both cellular and plasma elements, i.e. platelets, coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades, the natural intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of anticoagulation, and the vascular endothelium. A rapid, reliable, and inexpensive method of examining haematological disorders is the peripheral blood smear, which allows practitioners to assess the functional status of the bone marrow during cytopenic states. Red blood cells, which are primarily concerned with oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, have a normal lifespan of only 120 days and require constant erythropoiesis. White blood cells represent a summation of several circulating cell types, each deriving from the hematopoietic stem cell, together forming the critical components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Platelets are integral to haemostasis, and also aid our inflammatory and immune responses, help maintain vascular integrity, and contribute to wound healing.
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DeJonge, Michael P. Into the Conspiracy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824176.003.0013.
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This chapter begins examination of the third phase of Bonhoeffer’s resistance, beginning in 1939 and characterized by his participation in a conspiracy to kill Adolf Hitler and overthrow the Third Reich. Notwithstanding the novel character of this kind of resistance in Bonhoeffer’s resistance activity and thinking, much of his thinking about resistance remains stable in this third phase. As this chapter shows with reference especially to Ethics, the main text from this phase, Bonhoeffer remains committed to the two kingdoms, the orders (although these are now named mandates), and the relationship of church and state articulated early in the resistance. Similarly, Bonhoeffer continues to affirm the types of ecclesial resistance developed in the first two phases of resistance (types 2 through 5).
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Romanowski, Robert, Hrsg. Sustainable development: Innovations in business. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-084-5.
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Innovation and sustainable development have become buzzwords in the 21st century with the idea of creative destruction launched by Joseph Alois Schumpeter being the base for evolutionary economics. However, new institutional economics helps to understand the necessity of support provided to entrepreneurs and innovators by science and administration to reduce the risk of launching the said innovations. This e-book is devoted to selected types of innovation. Every type of innovation is described with the use of theoretical background and is enriched by adequate case study. Traditional division into four types of innovation, proposed by J.A. Schumpeter (1934), containing product, process, organizational and marketing innovations, was widely accepted, including European Union institutions (OECD/Eurostat, 2008). The concept of innovation has long been dominated by a technical approach to the innovation process, despite the economic arguments exposed by one of the precursors of the theory of innovation and, at the same time, the school of evolutionary economics—Joseph Alois Schumpeter. Frequently, in the context of innovation, it is indicated that organizational and marketing aspects play a part in the successful introduction of innovation onto the market. The structure of the book is based on the typology proposed by Keeley, Walters, Pikkel and Quinn (2013), which focuses on the economic character of innovations. Ten types of innovation are directly related to Schumpeter’s and Oslo Manual classification. A new set of innovations emphasize the economic side of innovation process. The technical novelties are to support new configuration, offering or customers’ experience. This new approach is based on presumptions coming from design thinking idea, leading to user—driven innovation and on cooperation with institutions and entities supporting innovation process. The chapters are devoted to every type of innovation, grouped into three major parts: innovations based on configuration, offering and experience. In the book, configuration includes types of innovations focused on innermost workings of an enterprise and its business system. Offering part contains the types of innovations, that are focused on an enterprise’s core product (good or service), or a collection of its products. The last part, dedicated to innovations based on experience, is focused on more customer-facing elements of an enterprise and its business system.
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Kantzer Komline, Han-luen. Augustine on the Will. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190948801.001.0001.
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By analyzing a variety of texts from across Augustine’s career, the book traces the development of Augustine’s thinking on the human will. Augustine’s most creative contributions to the notion of the human will do not derive from articulating a monolithic, universal definition. He identifies four types of human will: the created will, which he describes as a hinge; the fallen will, a link in a chain binding human beings to sin; the redeemed will, which is a root of love; and the fully free will, to be enjoyed in the next life, when perfection is made complete. His mature view is theologically differentiated, consisting of four distinct types of human will, which vary according to these diverse theological scenarios. His innovation consists in distinguishing these types with a detail and clarity unprecedented by any thinker before him. Augustine’s mature view of the will is constructed in intensive dialogue with other Christian thinkers and, most of all, with the Christian scriptures. Its basic features shape, and are shaped by, his doctrines of Christ and the Holy Spirit, as well as creation and grace, making it impossible to abstract his views on willing from his account of the central Christian doctrines of Christology, Pneumatology, and the Trinity. The multiple facets of Augustine’s conception of will have been cut to fit the shape of his theology and the biblical story it seeks to describe. From Augustine we inherit a theological account of the will.
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Lyman, R. Lee. Graphing Culture Change in North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198871156.001.0001.
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Documentation, analysis, and explanation of culture change have long been goals of archaeology. The earliest archaeological spindle graphs appeared in the 1880s and 1890s, but had no influence on subsequent archaeologists. Line graphs showing change in frequencies of specimens in each of several artifact types were used in the 1910s and 1920s. Seriograms or straight-sided spindles diagraming interpretations of culture change were published in the 1930s, but were seldom subsequently mimicked. Spindle graphs of centered and stacked columns of bars, each column representing a distinct artifact type, each bar the empirically documented relative frequency of specimens in an assemblage, were developed in the 1940s, became popular in the 1950s and 1960s, and are often used to illustrate culture change in textbooks published during the twentieth century. Graphs facilitate visual thinking, different graph types suggest different ontologies and theories of change, and particular techniques of parsing temporally continuous morphological variation of artifacts into types influence graph form. Line graphs, bar graphs, spindle diagrams, and phylogenetic trees of artifacts and cultures indicate archaeologists often mixed elements of Darwinian variational evolutionary change with elements of Midas-touch-like transformational change. Today there is minimal discussion of graph theory or graph grammar in both introductory archaeology textbooks and advanced texts, and elements of the two theories of evolution are often mixed. Culture has changed, and despite archaeology’s unique access to the totality of humankind’s cultural past, there is minimal discussion on graph theory, construction, and decipherment in the archaeological literature.
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Nassauer, Anne. Situational Breakdowns. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922061.001.0001.
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This book provides an account of how and why routine interactions break down and how such situational breakdowns lead to protest violence and other types of surprising social outcomes. It takes a close-up look at the dynamic processes of how situations unfold and compares their role to that of motivations, strategies, and other contextual factors. The book discusses factors that can draw us into violent situations and describes how and why we make uncommon individual and collective decisions. Covering different types of surprise outcomes from protest marches and uprisings turning violent to robbers failing to rob a store at gunpoint, it shows how unfolding situations can override our motivations and strategies and how emotions and culture, as well as rational thinking, still play a part in these events. The first chapters study protest violence in Germany and the United States from 1960 until 2010, taking a detailed look at what happens between the start of a protest and the eruption of violence or its peaceful conclusion. They compare the impact of such dynamics to the role of police strategies and culture, protesters’ claims and violent motivations, the black bloc and agents provocateurs. The analysis shows how violence is triggered, what determines its intensity, and which measures can avoid its outbreak. The book explores whether we find similar situational patterns leading to surprising outcomes in other types of small- and large-scale events: uprisings turning violent, such as Ferguson in 2014 and Baltimore in 2015, and failed armed store robberies.
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O'Connor, David E., und Christophe Faille. Basic Economic Principles. Greenwood, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400616600.
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This user-friendly guide explains economic concepts and principles in a lively, informative way. Clear and easy-to-understand definitions and explanations, with examples that relate to issues and problems relevant to teenagers, will help students gain a better understanding of economics. In 15 chapters, the guide covers all the basic information students need to understand the basic concepts and principles of economics, including: definition of economics in historical context; how various economics systems work; how prices are set in the U.S. economy; consumer behavior; factors of production; types of businesses; competition in the marketplace; the functions of money; banking and credit; types of investments; the federal budget and taxation; federal monetary and fiscal policies; income distribution in the United States; labor and management issues; international trade. Each chapter explores a key question in economics, is illustrated with graphs and tables, and features the latest economic data. Profiles of the major economic thinkers who influenced thinking on concepts and principles provide historical context. In addition to improving students' conceptual understanding, the guide also encourages critical thinking by investigating controversial issues related to topics as varied as the minimum wage, the decay of our natural environment, poverty, and business ethics of multinational corporations. An extensive glossary of key economic concepts, terms, and institutions is a handy tool. Unlike cut-and-dried, difficult to follow reference works on economics, this guide, designed and written especially for students, will help readers better understand economic information and issues.
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DeJonge, Michael P. The Beginnings of Resistance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824176.003.0006.
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With this chapter, the book transitions from a presentation of Bonhoeffer’s political thinking to an account of his resistance thinking in action. This chapter also begins the presentation of the first of the three phases of resistance, which lasts from 1932 until 1935. The chapter focuses on “The Church and the Jewish Question” (1933), the central text of this first phase, identifying in it the first two of Bonhoeffer’s six types of resistance: individual and humanitarian resistance to state injustice (type 1) and the church’s resistance through diaconal service to the victims of state injustice (type 2). These set the stage for Chapters 6–8’s considerations of resistance through the church’s preaching office, which is the central agent of resistance in the first phase.
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Merry, Alan F. Errors and Violations. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199366149.003.0003.
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Errors and violations are major contributors to iatrogenic harm in patients. Anesthesia is a complex process within the complex system that is healthcare. In complex systems, decisions need to be reviewed frequently and iteratively with reset baseline data. Errors are unintentional and cannot be avoided simply by trying harder or deterred by the threat of punishment; violations, on the other hand, are deliberate deviations from safe practice. Types of error are statistically predictable, and can be understood in relation to the cognitive processes involved in their generation: either System I thinking, or System II thinking. Safety depends on doing the right things correctly the first time, using a systems-based approach (drawing lessons from aviation and other high-reliability industries) within a just culture.
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Miksza, Peter, und Kenneth Elpus. Design and Analysis of Experimental Research II. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199391905.003.0009.
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This chapter introduces the reader to more possibilities for thinking about causal questions and for laying the foundational concepts necessary for conducting data analyses that correspond to more complex experimental designs. The discussion of experimental design types presented in chapter 8 is expanded to include within-subjects designs, factorial designs, mixed designs, and designs for multivariate outcomes. Prototypical examples of each design type are presented along with the typical analysis tools used for testing the associated experimental hypotheses. Hypothetical examples of research designs that are suitable for illustrating analyses with repeated-measures ANOVA, factorial or multiway ANOVA, and MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance).