Thematische Bibliographien / Innate defense

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Innate defense“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 25. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Innate defense"

Yuan, Qian, und W. Allan Walker. „Innate Immunity of the Gut: Mucosal Defense in Health and Disease“. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 38, Nr. 5 (Mai 2004): 463–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.2004.tb12203.x.

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ABSTRACTThe intestine is an important immune organ consisting of a complex cellular network, secreted peptides and proteins and other host defenses. Innate immunity plays a central role in intestinal immune defense against invading pathogens. It also serves as a bridge to the activation of the adaptive immune system. Pattern recognition molecules of microorganisms are an essential component for identifying invading pathogens. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), CARD15/NOD2 and scavenger receptors all serve as the pattern recognition receptors in the innate immune defense system. Secreted bactericidal peptides or defensins produced by the intestinal epithelia represent another crucial element of innate mucosal immune defense. Mutations in pattern recognition receptors and dysfunction of secretory bactericidal peptides may impair host immune defenses leading to an invasion of pathogens resulting in chronic inflammation of the gut. This review updates our current understanding of innate immunity of the gastrointestinal tract.

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Drummond, R. A., S. L. Gaffen, A. G. Hise und G. D. Brown. „Innate Defense against Fungal Pathogens“. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 5, Nr. 6 (10.11.2014): a019620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a019620.

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Darby, Creg, und Scott J. Hultgren. „Innate defense evicts bacterial squatters“. Nature Immunology 3, Nr. 7 (Juli 2002): 602–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni0702-602.

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Schoggins, John W., und Glenn Randall. „Lipids in Innate Antiviral Defense“. Cell Host & Microbe 14, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2013): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2013.09.010.

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Sollinger, Hans W. „Innate Alloimmunity. Part 1: Innate Immunity and Host Defense“. Transplantation 90, Nr. 1 (Juli 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/tp.0b013e3181e1704b.

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Ma’at, Suprapto. „Toll-like Receptor (TLR) dan Imunitas Natura“. INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 15, Nr. 3 (16.03.2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v15i3.978.

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In all living species, the first line of defence against microbial aggressions is constituted by innate immunity. Toll-like receptors(TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that are activated by specific components of microbes and certain host molecules.They constitute the first line of defense against many pathogens and play a crucial role in the function of the innate immune system.Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) by TLR, alone or heterodimerization with other TLR or non-TLR receptors,induces signals responsible for the activation of genes important for an effective host defense, especially proinflammatory cytokines, orinitiates signal transduction pathways, which trigger expression of genes. These gene products control innate immune responses andfurther instruct development of antigen-specific acquired immunity.

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ZASLOFF, MICHAEL. „Vernix, the Newborn, and Innate Defense“. Pediatric Research 53, Nr. 2 (Februar 2003): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200302000-00001.

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Weindl, G., J. Wagener und M. Schaller. „Epithelial Cells and Innate Antifungal Defense“. Journal of Dental Research 89, Nr. 7 (15.04.2010): 666–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034510368784.

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Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi, Mohamed Lamkanfi und Amal O. Amer. „Innate Immune Pathways in Host Defense“. Mediators of Inflammation 2012 (2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/708972.

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Fritz, J. H., S. E. Girardin und D. J. Philpott. „Innate Immune Defense Through RNA Interference“. Science Signaling 2006, Nr. 339 (06.06.2006): pe27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/stke.3392006pe27.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Innate defense"

Taylor, Kristen Rea. „Activation of cutaneous innate defense by glycosaminoglycans“. Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3211370.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 13, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 142-162).

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Krynak, Katherine L. „ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ONAMPHIBIAN INNATE IMMUNE DEFENSE TRAITS“. Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1435590530.

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Hill, David Richard. „THE ROLE OF HYALURONAN IN INNATE INTESTINAL DEFENSE“. Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1364999901.

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Subramanian, Vignesh Kavitha. „Zinc: An Immunomodulator of Innate Defense against Pathogenic Infection“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1383909171.

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Rose-Martel, Megan. „Innate Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Defense Associated with the Avian Eggshell“. Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32299.

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During the course of evolution, the avian egg has developed multiple physical and chemical barriers in order to resist microbial challenges. These barriers are essential for the successful reproduction of avian species as well as to maintain safe and nutritious food for human consumption of the table egg. The calcified eggshell is a biomineralized barrier with an integrated organic matrix containing antimicrobial proteins, a hallmark of sophisticated biological structures. Calcium carbonate is deposited onto the outer shell membranes to form the calcified mammillary, palisade and vertical crystal layers; the final layer to be deposited is the outer eggshell cuticle. In this thesis, mass spectrometry-based technology was used to investigate the proteome of the outer cuticle, the mammillary cones and the shell membranes in order to gain insight into biomineralization and antimicrobial functions of the avian eggshell. Proteomics analysis of the eggshell cuticle revealed multiple antimicrobial proteins, supporting the hypothesis that the outermost cuticle layer is the first barrier against invading pathogens. The two most abundant cuticle proteins identified are similar to Kunitz-like protease inhibitor (ovocalyxin-25) and ovocalyxin-32. Multiple antimicrobial proteins were also revealed to be associated with the shell membrane fibres. Among the most abundant proteins were lysozyme C, avian β-defensin-11, ovotransferrin, ovocalyxin-36 and gallin. The biomineralized shell is also an important physical barrier against invading pathogens. Proteomics analysis of the mammillary cones, the initiation sites for shell calcification, revealed several candidate proteins involved in calcitic biomineralization. Promising candidates include nucleobindin-2 and SPARC, two calcium binding proteins previously shown to modulate mineralization. In-depth analysis of the comprehensive proteomes generated by this study revealed the presence of histones in the shell membranes, shell and cuticle compartments. Histones are cationic antimicrobial peptides, which are key molecules of the innate immune defense system of many species. This thesis reports the minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations of histones extracted from avian erythrocytes against Gram-positive, Gram-negative and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Results suggest that the underlying antimicrobial mechanism is based on the interaction between histones and lipopolysaccharides / lipoteichoic acids, which are negatively charged components of bacterial cell membranes. Histones also inhibit the growth of Gram-positive biofilms; the minimal biofilm eradication concentrations were determined for S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Sensitive proteomics analyses have provided great insight into the protein constituents of the eggshell matrix, with two primary roles in the innate immune defense of the egg: regulation of calcitic biomineralization and antimicrobial protection. Further research on these proteins and their functions can provide a new focus for selective breeding programs looking to enhance the egg’s natural defenses, or provide inspiration for alternatives to conventional antibiotics, such as the histones.

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Madera, Laurence. „Mechanisms of immune response regulation by innate defense regulator peptides“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43066.

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The growing threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria necessitates the development of new anti-infective therapeutics. Innate defense regulator (IDR) peptides are a novel class of immunomodulatory agents shown to combat bacterial pathogens in murine models of infection via the augmentation of host immune functions, including the stimulation of chemokine production and enhancement of leukocyte recruitment, while suppressing bacterial-induced inflammation. Although IDR-peptides present the potential for future broad-range anti-infective agents, our limited understanding of how they modulate host immunity remains an obstacle in their development as clinical therapeutics. I hypothesized that IDR-peptides impact host immunity by modulating the immune responses of monocytes, a cell population necessary for IDR-mediated protection against infection. In this study, IDR-1002 was found to be a multi-faceted regulator of monocyte migration. IDR-1002 induced the production of monocyte-specific chemokines MCP-1 and MCP-3, as well as neutrophil-specific chemokines, IL-8 and GRO-α in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), correlating with the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), p38 and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2, in monocytes. IDR-1002 was also found to enhance human monocyte migration towards chemokines through the enhancement of β1-integrin-mediated adhesion to fibronectin via regulation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signalling pathway. In addition, IDR-1002 increased monocyte responsiveness to the chemokines MIP-1α and RANTES via modulation of CCR5 expression. These results demonstrate an overall promotion of monocyte motility by IDR-1002. In contrast to the immune-strengthening effects of IDR-1002, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human PBMCs stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was suppressed by the peptide, and correlated with a suppression of LPS-induced NFκB and p38 MAPK signalling and activation of PI3K-Akt signalling in monocytes. These results demonstrate that IDR-peptides are potent modulators of human monocyte function via their extensive regulation of monocyte signalling networks, potentially accounting for their multifunctional effects on host immunity in murine models of bacterial infection.

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Kohatsu, Luciana. „Novel roles for human lectins in innate defense against pathogens“. Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1155572661&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Sang, Yongming. „Porcine innate antiviral immunity : host defense peptides and toll-like receptors“. Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/960.

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Kim, Yeojung. „The Role of Hyaluronan in Innate Host Defense against Bacterial Infection“. Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1499340461710323.

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Ribeiro, Andrea. „Activation of innate immune defense mechanisms contributes to polyomavirus BK-associated nephropathy“. Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-165813.

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Bücher zum Thema "Innate defense"

The myth of homeland security. Indianapolis, Ind: Wiley Pub., 2004.

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Dina, Temple-Raston, Hrsg. In defense of our America: The fight for civil liberties in the age of terror. New York: William Morrow, 2007.

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Indefensible space: The architecture of the national insecurity state. New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis, 2007.

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1947-, Williams Cindy, Hrsg. Buying national security: How America plans and pays for its global role and safety at home. New York: Routledge, 2009.

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T, Tow William, Hrsg. Asia-Pacific security: US, Australia and Japan and the new security triangle. New York, NY: Routledge, 2007.

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Blood and oil: The dangers and consequences of America's growing dependency on imported petroleum. New York: Henry Holt, 2005.

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Klare, Michael T. Blood and oil: The dangers and consequences of America's growing petroleum dependency. New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt & Co., 2004.

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Sangre y petróleo: Peligros y consecuencias de la dependencia del crudo. Barcelona: Tendencias Editores, 2006.

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Elumalai, Preetham, und Sreeja Lakshmi. Lectins: Innate Immune Defense and Therapeutics. Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2021.

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Host Defense and Infection. CRC, 1994.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Innate defense"

Boucias, Drion G., und Jacquelyn C. Pendland. „Insect Immune Defense System, Part I: Innate Defense Reactions“. In Principles of Insect Pathology, 439–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4915-4_13.

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Dongari-Bagtzoglou, Anna. „Innate Defense Mechanisms in Oral Candidiasis“. In Fungal Immunology, 13–35. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25445-5_2.

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Chignard, Michel. „Innate Defense against Aspergillus: the Phagocyte“. In Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillosis, 229–38. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815523.ch18.

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Gorr, Sven-Ulrik. „Antimicrobial Peptides in Periodontal Innate Defense“. In Frontiers of Oral Biology, 84–98. Basel: KARGER, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000329673.

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Thakur, Meenakshi, und A. C. Udayashankar. „Lipoxygenases and Their Function in Plant Innate Mechanism“. In Bioactive Molecules in Plant Defense, 133–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27165-7_8.

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Afshar, Maryam, und Richard L. Gallo. „Innate Immune Defense System of the Skin“. In Advances in Veterinary Dermatology, 33–41. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118644317.ch5.

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Hornef, Mathias W., Staffan Normark, Birgitta Henriques-Normark und Mikael Rhen. „Bacterial Evasion of Innate Defense at Epithelial Linings“. In Chemical Immunology and Allergy, 72–98. Basel: KARGER, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000086652.

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Kagnoff, Martin F. „Upregulation of Innate Defense Mechanisms by Enteric Infections“. In Microbial Pathogenesis and the Intestinal Epithelial Cell, 155–74. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817848.ch10.

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Afacan, Nicole J., Laure M. Janot und Robert E. W. Hancock. „Host Defense Peptides: Immune Modulation and Antimicrobial Activity In Vivo“. In Antimicrobial Peptides and Innate Immunity, 321–58. Basel: Springer Basel, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0541-4_13.

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Vidhyasekaran, P. „Ubiquitin-Proteasome System-Mediated Protein Degradation in Defense Signaling“. In PAMP Signals in Plant Innate Immunity, 409–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7426-1_10.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Innate defense"

Mahgoub, Yasmine, Rida Arif und Susu Zughaier. „Pyocyanin pigment from Pseudomonas aeruginosa modulates innate immune defenses in macrophages“. In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0137.

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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a well-known opportunistic pathogen. The gram-negative bacillus, commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections, utilizes the host’s impaired immune responses to establish infection. Of its many virulence factors, pyocyanin is essential for P. aeruginosa to establish its full infectivity. Macrophages act as sentinels of the innate immune system, as well as play other roles in homeostasis, tissue remodeling, and bridging between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of pyocyanin on macrophage innate immune defenses by assessing the function of macrophages treated with pyocyanin and TLR ligands. Phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan, LPS-induced nitric oxide release and cytokine release were used as measures of functional responses. Results: This study found that pyocyanin inhibited phagocytosis-induced ROS release in a dose-dependent manner and reduced nitric oxide release from macrophages induced with P. aeruginosa LPS. In addition, pyocyanin modulated cytokines and chemokines release from macrophages exposed to P. aeruginosa LPS in a dose-dependent manner. Pyocyanin significantly enhanced IL-1β release as well as several chemokines. Therefore, pyocyanin facilitates Pseudomonas aeruginosa to persevere in the immunocompromised host through modulating macrophage’s innate immune defenses. Conclusion: Pyocyanin inhibits macrophage functional defense responses to facilitate Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.

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Evans, Christopher M., Michelle Roy, Melissa L. McElwee, Ryan Boerner, Victoria N. Mdoe, Jeffrey O. Cleaver, Seyed J. Moghaddam und Scott E. Evans. „Critical Role For Muc5b In Innate Immune Defense In Vivo“. In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a5105.

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Voth, S. B., S. Piechocki, M. S. Gwin, C. M. Francis und T. Stevens. „Pulmonary Endothelium Generates Antimicrobial Prions as an Innate Defense Mechanism“. In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a1984.

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Kusano, R., D. Pullum und H. Akinbi. „Role of MMP-9 in Innate Host Defense of the Lungs.“ In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a5690.

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Potts, EN, S. Zheng, J. Stiles, K. Shianna, JA Voynow und WM Foster. „NQO1 as Essential Co-Factor for Innate Defense of Airway Epithelial Surfaces.“ In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a2573.

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Kamareddine, Layla, Hoda Najjar, Abeer Mohbeddin, Nawar Haj Ahmed und Paula Watnick. „Between Immunity, Metabolism, and Development: A story of a Fly Gut!“ In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0141.

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In addition to its role in initiating immune response in the body, the innate immune system seems to also play a critical role in maintaining homeostatic balance in the gut epithelium. Our recent studies in the Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly model suggest that different innate immune pathways contribute to this homeostatic balance through activating the transcription of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides. We provide evidence that several metabolic parameters are altered in immune deficient flies. We also highlight a role of the gut flora, particularly through its short chain fatty acid, in contributing to this metabolic balance. Interestingly, our data suggest that impaired immunity and metabolic alteration, in turn, exhibit an effect on host development. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that innate immune pathways not only provide the first line of defense against infection but also contribute to host metabolism and development.

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Gela, Anele, Gopinath Kasetty, Sandra Jovic, Maria Ekoff, Gunnar Nilsson, Sven Kjellstrom, James Pease und Arne Egesten. „Eotaxin-3 exerts innate host defense activities that are modulated by mast cell proteases“. In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa4032.

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JAWAD, Israa, Adian Abd Alrazak DAKL und Hussein Jabar JASIM. „CHARACTERIZATION, MECHANISM OF ACTION, SOURCES TYPES AND USES OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, REVIEW“. In VII. INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESSOF PURE,APPLIEDANDTECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress7-13.

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This review aimed to identify the general characteristics of , mechanism of action, types and uses of antimicrobial peptides in animals, antimicrobial peptides were lass of small peptides that widely exist naturally, they varied greatly in structure, composition are found in the animal's species, and were standard structural features, twenty to sixty residue long, cationic and amphipathic peptides, have a positive charge that interacted with negatively charged molecules on the bacterial cell surfaces, a have an expansive field of inhibitory effects and were made as the first line of protection by both multicellular organisms. An essential component of the innate immune method of various organisms can have broad movement to instantly destroy bacteria, parasites, yeasts, fungi, viruses, and even cancer cells, Several antimicrobial peptides were expressed in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the animals where they can modulate innate immune responses and the intestinal microbial, act some protective microbial species and modulate an immune response. Its interactions with innate immunity and the intestinal microbial reveal attractive drug targets, act as a new therapeutic approach against gastrointestinal infections, damage, and inflammations, and modulate obesity and metabolic diseases. In addition, its acts as a biomarker of gastrointestinal diseases. They have been useful parts of the host's defense systems for a long time. Because microbes become resistant to antimicrobial peptides more slowly than to traditional antibiotics, they could be used as alternative treatments in the future. Several thousand antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from microorganisms, plants, insects, crustaceans, creatures, and even humans. Conclusion: Antimicrobial peptides are small proteins found in plant and animal species. They are the first defense against infections caused by microorganisms. and work against a wide range of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, both gram-positive and gram-negative. They are related together to innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

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Abt, Michael C., Brittany B. Lewis, Lilan Ling, Rebecca A. Carter, Boj Susac und Eric G. Pamer. „Abstract A100: Cooperative defense against acuteClostridium difficileinfection is mediated by two innate lymphoid cell subsets“. In Abstracts: CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2326-6074.cricimteatiaacr15-a100.

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Ricks, David M., Rekha R. Rapaka, John F. Alcorn, Shabaana A. Khader, Mingquan Zheng, Scott Plevy und Jay K. Kolls. „Conserved Natural IgM Antibodies Mediate Innate And Adaptive Immune Responses And Host Defense Against Opportunistic Fungi“. In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a5219.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Innate defense"

Gafni, Yedidya, Moshe Lapidot und Vitaly Citovsky. Dual role of the TYLCV protein V2 in suppressing the host plant defense. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597935.bard.

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TYLCV-Is is a major tomato pathogen, causing extensive crop losses in Israel and the U.S. We have identified a TYLCV-Is protein, V2, which acts as a suppressor of RNA silencing. Intriguingly, the counter-defense function of V2 may not be limited to silencing suppression. Our recent data suggest that V2 interacts with the tomato CYP1 protease. CYP1 belongs to the family of papain-like cysteine proteases which participate in programmed cell death (PCD) involved in plant defense against pathogens. Based on these data we proposed a model for dual action of V2 in suppressing the host antiviral defense: V2 targets SGS3 for degradation and V2 inhibits CYP1 activity. To study this we proposed to tackle three specific objectives. I. Characterize the role of V2 in SGS3 proteasomal degradation ubiquitination, II. Study the effects of V2 on CYP1 maturation, enzymatic activity, and accumulation and, III. Analyze the effects of the CYP1-V2 interaction on TYLCV-Is infection. Here we describe results from our study that support our hypothesis: the involvement of the host's innate immune system—in this case, PCD—in plant defense against TYLCV-Is. Also, we use TYLCV-Is to discover the molecular pathway(s) by which this plant virus counters this defense. Towards the end of our study we discovered an interesting involvement of the C2 protein encoded by TYLCV-Is in inducing Hypersensitive Response in N. benthamianaplants which is not the case when the whole viral genome is introduced. This might lead to a better understanding of the multiple processes involved in the way TYLCV is overcoming the defense mechanisms of the host plant cell. In a parallel research supporting the main goal described, we also investigated Agrobacteriumtumefaciens-encoded F-box protein VirF. It has been proposed that VirF targets a host protein for the UPS-mediated degradation, very much the way TYLCV V2 does. In our study, we identified one such interactor, an Arabidopsistrihelix-domain transcription factor VFP3, and further show that its very close homolog VFP5 also interacted with VirF. Interestingly, interactions of VirF with either VFP3 or VFP5 did not activate the host UPS, suggesting that VirF might play other UPS-independent roles in bacterial infection. Another target for VirF is VFP4, a transcription factor that both VirF and its plant functional homolog VBF target to degradation by UPS. Using RNA-seqtranscriptome analysis we showed that VFP4 regulates numerous plant genes involved in disease response, including responses to viral and bacterial infections. Detailed analyses of some of these genes indicated their involvement in plant protection against Agrobacterium infection. Thus, Agrobacterium may facilitate its infection by utilizing the host cell UPS to destabilize transcriptional regulators of the host disease response machinery that limits the infection.

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Noga, Edward J., Angelo Colorni, Michael G. Levy und Ramy Avtalion. Importance of Endobiotics in Defense against Protozoan Ectoparasites of Fish. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586463.bard.

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Infectious disease is one of the most serious causes of economic loss in all sectors of aquaculture. There is a critical need to understand the molecular basis for protection against infectious disease so that safer, more reliable and more cost-effective strategies can be designed for their control. As part of this effort, the major goal of our BARD project was to determine the importance of endobiotics as a defense against protozoan ectoparasites in fish. Endobiotics, or antimicrobial polypeptides, are peptides and small proteins that are increasingly recognized as having a vital role in the innate defense of virtually all animals. One objective of our BARD project was to determine the antiparasitic potency of one specific group of endobiotics that were isolated from hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M chrysops). We found that these endobiotics, which we had previously named histone-like proteins (HLPs), exhibited potent activity against Amyloodinium and that the putative levels of HLPs in the skin were well within the levels that we found to be lethal to the parasite in vitro. We also found evidence for the presence of similar antibiotics in sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We also examined the effect of chronic stress on the expression of HLP in fish and found that HLP levels were dramatically decreased after only one week of a crowding/high ammonia sublethal stress. We also began to explore the feasibility of upregulating endobiotics via immunostimulation. However, we did not pursue this objective as fully as we originally intended because we spent a much larger effort than originally anticipated on the last objective, the attempted isolation of novel endobiotics from hybrid striped bass. In this regard, we purified and identified four new peptide endobiotics. These endobiotics, which we have named piscidins (from "Pisces" meaning fish), have potent, broad-spectrum activity against a number of both fish and human pathogens. This includes not only parasites but also bacteria. We also demonstrated that these peptides are present in the mast cell. This was the first time that the mast cell, the most common tissue granulocyte in vertebrates, was shown to possess any type of endobiotic. This finding has important implications in explaining the possible function of mast cells in the immune response of vertebrates. In summary, the research we have accomplished in this BARD project has demonstrated that endobiotics in fish have potent activity against many serious pathogens in aquaculture and that there is considerable potential to use these compounds as stress indicators in aquaculture. There is also considerable potential to use some of these compounds in other areas of medicine, including treatment of serious infectious diseases of humans and animals.

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Avni, Adi, und Gitta L. Coaker. Proteomic investigation of a tomato receptor like protein recognizing fungal pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600030.bard.

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Maximizing food production with minimal negative effects on the environment remains a long-term challenge for sustainable food production. Microbial pathogens cause devastating diseases, minimizing crop losses by controlling plant diseases can contribute significantly to this goal. All plants possess an innate immune system that is activated after recognition of microbial-derived molecules. The fungal protein Eix induces defense responses in tomato and tobacco. Plants recognize Eix through a leucine-rich-repeat receptor- like-protein (LRR-RLP) termed LeEix. Despite the knowledge obtained from studies on tomato, relatively little is known about signaling initiated by RLP-type immune receptors. The focus of this grant proposal is to generate a foundational understanding of how the tomato xylanase receptor LeEix2 signals to confer defense responses. LeEix2 recognition results in pattern triggered immunity (PTI). The grant has two main aims: (1) Isolate the LeEix2 protein complex in an active and resting state; (2) Examine the biological function of the identified proteins in relation to LeEix2 signaling upon perception of the xylanase elicitor Eix. We used two separate approaches to isolate receptor interacting proteins. Transgenic tomato plants expressing LeEix2 fused to the GFP tag were used to identify complex components at a resting and activated state. LeEix2 complexes were purified by mass spectrometry and associated proteins identified by mass spectrometry. We identified novel proteins that interact with LeEix receptor by proteomics analysis. We identified two dynamin related proteins (DRPs), a coiled coil – nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeat (SlNRC4a) protein. In the second approach we used the split ubiquitin yeast two hybrid (Y2H) screen system to identified receptor-like protein kinase At5g24010-like (SlRLK-like) (Solyc01g094920.2.1) as an interactor of LeEIX2. We examined the role of SlNRC4a in plant immunity. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrates that SlNRC4a is able to associate with different PRRs. Physiological assays with specific elicitors revealed that SlNRC4a generally alters PRR-mediated responses. SlNRC4a overexpression enhances defense responses while silencing SlNRC4 reduces plant immunity. We propose that SlNRC4a acts as a non-canonical positive regulator of immunity mediated by diverse PRRs. Thus, SlNRC4a could link both intracellular and extracellular immune perception. SlDRP2A localizes at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of SlDRP2A increases the sub-population of LeEIX2 inVHAa1 endosomes, and enhances LeEIX2- and FLS2-mediated defense. The effect of SlDRP2A on induction of plant immunity highlights the importance of endomembrane components and endocytosis in signal propagation during plant immune . The interaction of LeEIX2 with SlRLK-like was verified using co- immunoprecipitation and a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. The defence responses induced by EIX were markedly reduced when SlRLK-like was over-expressed, and mutation of slrlk-likeusing CRISPR/Cas9 increased EIX- induced ethylene production and SlACSgene expression in tomato. Co-expression of SlRLK-like with different RLPs and RLKs led to their degradation, apparently through an endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation process. We provided new knowledge and expertise relevant to expression of specific be exploited to enhance immunity in crops enabling the development of novel environmentally friendly disease control strategies.

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Citovsky, Vitaly, und Yedidya Gafni. Suppression of RNA Silencing by TYLCV During Viral Infection. United States Department of Agriculture, Dezember 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592126.bard.

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The Israeli isolate of Tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus (TYLCV-Is) is a major tomato pathogen, causing extensive (up to 100%) crop losses in Israel and in the south-eastern U.S. (e.g., Georgia, Florida). Surprisingly, however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of TYLCV-Is interactions with tomato cells. In the current BARD project, we have identified a TYLCV-Is protein, V2, which acts as a suppressor of RNA silencing, and showed that V2 interacts with the tomato (L. esculentum) member of the SGS3 (LeSGS3) protein family known to be involved in RNA silencing. This proposal will use our data as a foundation to study one of the most intriguing, yet poorly understood, aspects of TYLCV-Is interactions with its host plants – possible involvement of the host innate immune system, i.e., RNA silencing, in plant defense against TYLCV-Is and the molecular pathway(s) by which TYLCV-Is may counter this defense. Our project sought two objectives: I. Study of the roles of RNA silencing and its suppression by V2 in TYLCV-Is infection of tomato plants. II. Study of the mechanism by which V2 suppresses RNA silencing. Our research towards these goals has produced the following main achievements: • Identification and characterization of TYLCV V2 protein as a suppressor of RNA silencing. (#1 in the list of publications). • Characterization of the V2 protein as a cytoplasmic protein interacting with the plant protein SlSGS3 and localized mainly in specific, not yet identified, bodies. (#2 in the list of publications). • Development of new tools to study subcellular localization of interacting proteins (#3 in the list of publications). • Characterization of TYLCV V2 as a F-BOX protein and its possible role in target protein(s) degradation. • Characterization of TYLCV V2 interaction with a tomato cystein protease that acts as an anti-viral agent. These research findings provided significant insights into (I) the suppression of RNA silencing executed by the TYLCV V2 protein and (II) characterization some parts of the mechanism(s) involved in this suppression. The obtained knowledge will help to develop specific strategies to attenuate TYLCV infection, for example, by blocking the activity of the viral suppressor of gene silencing thus enabling the host cell silencing machinery combat the virus.

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López Trascasa, Margarita. El sistema del Complemento: un mecanismo innato de defensa. Sociedad Española de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular (SEBBM), April 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18567/sebbmdiv_rpc.2010.04.1.

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Fluhr, Robert, und Maor Bar-Peled. Novel Lectin Controls Wound-responses in Arabidopsis. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697123.bard.

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Innate immune responses in animals and plants involve receptors that recognize microbe-associated molecules. In plants, one set of this defense system is characterized by large families of TIR–nucleotide binding site–leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) resistance genes. The direct interaction between plant proteins harboring the TIR domain with proteins that transmit and facilitate a signaling pathway has yet to be shown. The Arabidopsis genome encodes TIR-domain containing genes that lack NBS and LRR whose functions are unknown. Here we investigated the functional role of such protein, TLW1 (TIR LECTIN WOUNDRESPONSIVE1). The TLW1 gene encodes a protein with two domains: a TIR domain linked to a lectin-containing domain. Our specific aim in this proposal was to examine the ramifications of the TL1-glycan interaction by; A) The functional characterization of TL1 activity in the context of plant wound response and B) Examine the hypothesis that wounding induced specific polysaccharides and examine them as candidates for TL-1 interactive glycan compounds. The Weizmann group showed TLW1 transcripts are rapidly induced by wounding in a JA-independent pathway and T-DNA-tagged tlw1 mutants that lack TLW1 transcripts, fail to initiate the full systemic wound response. Transcriptome methodology analysis was set up and transcriptome analyses indicates a two-fold reduced level of JA-responsive but not JA-independent transcripts. The TIR domain of TLW1 was found to interact directly with the KAT2/PED1 gene product responsible for the final b-oxidation steps in peroxisomal-basedJA biosynthesis. To identify potential binding target(s) of TL1 in plant wound response, the CCRC group first expressed recombinant TL1 in bacterial cells and optimized conditions for the protein expression. TL1 was most highly expressed in ArcticExpress cell line. Different types of extraction buffers and extraction methods were used to prepare plant extracts for TL1 binding assay. Optimized condition for glycan labeling was determined, and 2-aminobenzamide was used to label plant extracts. Sensitivity of MALDI and LC-MS using standard glycans. THAP (2,4,6- Trihydroxyacetophenone) showed minimal background peaks at positive mode of MALDI, however, it was insensitive with a minimum detection level of 100 ng. Using LC-MS, sensitivity was highly increased enough to detect 30 pmol concentration. However, patterns of total glycans displayed no significant difference between different extraction conditions when samples were separated with Dionex ICS-2000 ion chromatography system. Transgenic plants over-expressing lectin domains were generated to obtain active lectin domain in plant cells. Insertion of the overexpression construct into the plant genome was confirmed by antibiotic selection and genomic DNA PCR. However, RT-PCR analysis was not able to detect increased level of the transcripts. Binding ability of azelaic acid to recombinant TL1. Azelaic acid was detected in GST-TL1 elution fraction, however, DHB matrix has the same mass in background signals, which needs to be further tested on other matrices. The major findings showed the importance of TLW1 in regulating wound response. The findings demonstrate completely novel and unexpected TIR domain interactions and reveal a control nexus and mechanism that contributes to the propagation of wound responses in Arabidopsis. The implications are to our understanding of the function of TIR domains and to the notion that early molecular events occur systemically within minutes of a plant sustaining a wound. A WEB site (http://genome.weizmann.ac.il/hormonometer/) was set up that enables scientists to interact with a collated plant hormone database.

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