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Jalali, Ali, Shannon Hicks-Jalali, Robert J. Sica, Alexander Haefele und Thomas von Clarmann. „A practical information-centered technique to remove a priori information from lidar optimal-estimation-method retrievals“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, Nr. 7 (18.07.2019): 3943–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3943-2019.
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Abstract. Lidar retrievals of atmospheric temperature and water vapor mixing ratio profiles using the optimal estimation method (OEM) typically use a retrieval grid with a number of points larger than the number of pieces of independent information obtainable from the measurements. Consequently, retrieved geophysical quantities contain some information from their respective a priori values or profiles, which can affect the results in the higher altitudes of the temperature and water vapor profiles due to decreasing signal-to-noise ratios. The extent of this influence can be estimated using the retrieval's averaging kernels. The removal of formal a priori information from the retrieved profiles in the regions of prevailing a priori effects is desirable, particularly when these greatest heights are of interest for scientific studies. We demonstrate here that removal of a priori information from OEM retrievals is possible by repeating the retrieval on a coarser grid where the retrieval is stable even without the use of formal prior information. The averaging kernels of the fine-grid OEM retrieval are used to optimize the coarse retrieval grid. We demonstrate the adequacy of this method for the case of a large power-aperture Rayleigh scatter lidar nighttime temperature retrieval and for a Raman scatter lidar water vapor mixing ratio retrieval during both day and night.
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Zhou, Minqiang, Bavo Langerock, Mahesh Kumar Sha, Nicolas Kumps, Christian Hermans, Christof Petri, Thorsten Warneke et al. „Retrieval of atmospheric CH<sub>4</sub> vertical information from ground-based FTS near-infrared spectra“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, Nr. 11 (25.11.2019): 6125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6125-2019.
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Abstract. The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) column-averaged dry air mole fraction of CH4 (XCH4) measurements have been widely used to validate satellite observations and to estimate model simulations. The GGG2014 code is the standard TCCON retrieval software used in performing a profile scaling retrieval. In order to obtain several vertical pieces of information in addition to the total column, in this study, the SFIT4 retrieval code is applied to retrieve the CH4 mole fraction vertical profile from the Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) spectrum at six sites (Ny-Ålesund, Sodankylä, Bialystok, Bremen, Orléans and St Denis) during the time period of 2016–2017. The retrieval strategy of the CH4 profile retrieval from ground-based FTS near-infrared (NIR) spectra using the SFIT4 code (SFIT4NIR) is investigated. The degree of freedom for signal (DOFS) of the SFIT4NIR retrieval is about 2.4, with two distinct pieces of information in the troposphere and in the stratosphere. The averaging kernel and error budget of the SFIT4NIR retrieval are presented. The data accuracy and precision of the SFIT4NIR retrievals, including the total column and two partial columns (in the troposphere and stratosphere), are estimated by TCCON standard retrievals, ground-based in situ measurements, Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment – Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) satellite observations, TCCON proxy data and AirCore and aircraft measurements. By comparison against TCCON standard retrievals, it is found that the retrieval uncertainty of SFIT4NIR XCH4 is similar to that of TCCON standard retrievals with systematic uncertainty within 0.35 % and random uncertainty of about 0.5 %. The tropospheric and stratospheric XCH4 from SFIT4NIR retrievals are assessed by comparison with AirCore and aircraft measurements, and there is a 1.0 ± 0.3 % overestimation in the SFIT4NIR tropospheric XCH4 and a 4.0 ± 2.0 % underestimation in the SFIT4NIR stratospheric XCH4, which are within the systematic uncertainties of SFIT4NIR-retrieved partial columns in the troposphere and stratosphere respectively.
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Rubin, Ohad, und Jonathan Berant. „Retrieval-Pretrained Transformer: Long-range Language Modeling with Self-retrieval“. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 12 (2024): 1197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00693.
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Abstract Retrieval-augmented language models (LMs) have received much attention recently. However, typically the retriever is not trained jointly as a native component of the LM, but added post-hoc to an already-pretrained LM, which limits the ability of the LM and the retriever to adapt to one another. In this work, we propose the Retrieval-Pretrained Transformer (RPT), an architecture and training procedure for jointly training a retrieval-augmented LM from scratch and applying it to the task of modeling long texts. Given a recently generated text chunk in a long document, the LM computes query representations, which are then used to retrieve earlier chunks in the document, located potentially tens of thousands of tokens before. Information from retrieved chunks is fused into the LM representations to predict the next target chunk. We train the retriever component with a semantic objective, where the goal is to retrieve chunks that increase the probability of the next chunk, according to a reference LM. We evaluate RPT on four long-range language modeling tasks, spanning books, code, and mathematical writing, and demonstrate that RPT improves retrieval quality and subsequently perplexity across the board compared to strong baselines.
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Fournier, N., P. Stammes, M. de Graaf, R. van der A, A. Piters, M. Grzegorski und A. Kokhanovsky. „Improving cloud information over deserts from SCIAMACHY Oxygen A-band measurements“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, Nr. 1 (25.01.2006): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-163-2006.
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Abstract. The retrieval of column densities and concentration profiles of atmospheric trace gas species from satellites is sensitive to light scattered by clouds. The SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) instrument on the Envisat satellite, principally designed to retrieve trace gases in the atmosphere, is also capable of detecting clouds. FRESCO (Fast Retrieval Scheme for Clouds from the Oxygen A-band) is a fast and robust algorithm providing cloud information from the O2 A-band for cloud correction of ozone. FRESCO provides a consistent set of cloud products by retrieving simultaneously effective cloud fraction and cloud top pressure. The FRESCO retrieved values are compared with the SCIAMACHY Level 2 operational cloud fraction of OCRA (Optical Cloud Recognition Algorithm) but, also, with cloud information from HICRU (Heidelberg Iterative Cloud Retrieval Utilities), SACURA (SemiAnalytical CloUd Retrieval Algorithm) and the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument. The results correlate well, but FRESCO overestimates cloud fraction over deserts. Thus, to improve retrievals at these locations, the FRESCO surface albedo databases are decontaminated from the presence of desert dust aerosols. This is achieved by using the GOME Absorbing Aerosol Index. It is shown that this approach succeeds well in producing more accurate cloud information over the Sahara.
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Lokhande, Kalyani, und Dhanashree Tayade. „English-Marathi Cross Language Information Retrieval System“. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 7, Nr. 8 (30.08.2017): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v7i8.34.
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Nowadays, different types of content in different languages are available on World Wide Web and their usage is increasing rapidly. Cross Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) deals with retrieval of documents in another language than the language of the requested query. Various researchers worked on Cross Language Information Retrieval systems for Indian languages using different translation approaches. There is still CLIR system to be developed which allow user to retrieve Marathi documents when English query is given. In the proposed English to Marathi Cross Language Information Retrieval system, translation is based on query translation approach. The proposed system retrieves Marathi documents depending on matching terms in query. The performance of the proposed system is improved by query pre-processing and query expansion using WordNet.
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Frankenberg, C., O. Hasekamp, C. O'Dell, S. Sanghavi, A. Butz und J. Worden. „Aerosol information content analysis of multi-angle high spectral resolution measurements and its benefit for high accuracy greenhouse gas retrievals“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, Nr. 2 (16.04.2012): 2857–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-2857-2012.
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Abstract. New generations of space-borne spectrometers for the retrieval of atmospheric abundances of greenhouse gases require unprecedented accuracies as atmospheric variability of long-lived gases is very low. These instruments, such as GOSAT and OCO-2, typically use a high spectral resolution oxygen channel (O2 A-band) in addition to CO2 and CH4 channels to discriminate changes in the photon path-length distribution from actual trace gas amount changes. Inaccurate knowledge of the photon path-length distribution, determined by scatterers in the atmosphere, is the prime source of systematic biases in the retrieval. In this paper, we investigate the combined aerosol and greenhouse gas retrieval using multiple satellite viewing angles simultaneously. We find that this method, hitherto only applied in multi-angle imagery such as from MISR, greatly enhances the ability to retrieve aerosol properties by 2–3 degrees of freedom. We find that the improved capability to retrieve aerosol parameters significantly reduces interference errors introduced into retrieved CO2 and CH4 total column averages. Instead of focussing solely on improvements in spectral and spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratios or sampling frequency, multiple angles reduce uncertainty in space based greenhouse gas retrievals more effectively and provide a new potential for dedicated aerosols retrievals.
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Frankenberg, C., O. Hasekamp, C. O'Dell, S. Sanghavi, A. Butz und J. Worden. „Aerosol information content analysis of multi-angle high spectral resolution measurements and its benefit for high accuracy greenhouse gas retrievals“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 5, Nr. 7 (27.07.2012): 1809–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1809-2012.
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Abstract. New generations of space-borne spectrometers for the retrieval of atmospheric abundances of greenhouse gases require unprecedented accuracies as atmospheric variability of long-lived gases is very low. These instruments, such as GOSAT and OCO-2, typically use a high spectral resolution oxygen channel (O2 A-band) in addition to CO2 and CH4 channels to discriminate changes in the photon path-length distribution from actual trace gas amount changes. Inaccurate knowledge of the photon path-length distribution, determined by scatterers in the atmosphere, is the prime source of systematic biases in the retrieval. In this paper, we investigate the combined aerosol and greenhouse gas retrieval using multiple satellite viewing angles simultaneously. We find that this method, hitherto only applied in multi-angle imagery such as from POLDER or MISR, greatly enhances the ability to retrieve aerosol properties by 2–3 degrees of freedom. We find that the improved capability to retrieve aerosol parameters significantly reduces interference errors introduced into retrieved CO2 and CH4 total column averages. Instead of focussing solely on improvements in spectral and spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratios or sampling frequency, multiple angles reduce uncertainty in space based greenhouse gas retrievals more effectively and provide a new potential for dedicated aerosols retrievals.
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Shi, Chong, Makiko Hashimoto und Teruyuki Nakajima. „Remote sensing of aerosol properties from multi-wavelength and multi-pixel information over the ocean“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, Nr. 4 (26.02.2019): 2461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2461-2019.
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Abstract. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of a multi-pixel scheme in the inversion of aerosol optical properties for multispectral satellite instruments over the ocean. Different from the traditional satellite aerosol retrievals conducted pixel by pixel, we derive the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) of multiple pixels simultaneously by adding a smoothness constraint on the spatial variation of aerosols and oceanic substances, which helps the satellite retrieval, with higher consistency from pixel to pixel. Simulations are performed for two representative oceanic circumstances, open and coastal waters, as well as the land–ocean interface region. We retrieve the AOT for fine, sea spray, and dust aerosols simultaneously using synthetic spectral measurements, which are from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite and Thermal and Near Infrared Sensor for Carbon Observation – Cloud and Aerosol Imager (GOSAT∕TANSO-CAI), with four wavelengths ranging from the ultraviolet to shortwave infrared bands. The forward radiation calculation is performed by a coupled atmosphere–ocean radiative transfer model combined with a three-component bio-optical oceanic module, where the chlorophyll a concentration, sediment, and colored dissolved organic matter are considered. Results show that accuracies of the derived AOT and spectral remote-sensing reflectance are both improved by applying smoothness constraints on the spatial variation of aerosol and oceanic substances in homogeneous or inhomogeneous surface conditions. The multi-pixel scheme can be effective in compensating for the retrieval biases induced by measurement errors and improving the retrieval sensitivity, particularly for the fine aerosols over the coastal water. We then apply the algorithm to derive AOTs using real satellite measurements. Results indicate that the multi-pixel method helps to polish the irregular retrieved results of the satellite imagery and is potentially promising for the aerosol retrieval over highly turbid waters by benefiting from the coincident retrieval of neighboring pixels. A comparison of retrieved AOTs from satellite measurements with those from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) also indicates that retrievals conducted by the multi-pixel scheme are more consistent with the AERONET observations.
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Wood, Norman B., und Tristan S. L'Ecuyer. „What millimeter-wavelength radar reflectivity reveals about snowfall: an information-centric analysis“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, Nr. 2 (04.02.2021): 869–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-869-2021.
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Abstract. The ability of single-frequency, millimeter-wavelength radar reflectivity observations to provide useful constraints for retrieval of snow particle size distribution (PSD) parameters, snowfall rates, and snowfall accumulations is examined. An optimal estimation snowfall retrieval that allows analyses of retrieval uncertainties and information content is applied to observations of near-surface W-band reflectivities from multiple snowfall events during the 2006–2007 winter season in southern Ontario. Retrieved instantaneous snowfall rates generally have uncertainties greater than 100 %, but single-event and seasonal snow accumulations from the retrieval results match well with collocated measurements of accumulations. Absolute fractional differences are mainly below 30 % for individual events that have more substantial accumulations and, for the season, 12.6 %. Uncertainties in retrieved snowfall rates are driven mainly by uncertainties in the retrieved PSD parameters, followed by uncertainties in particle model parameters and, to a lesser extent, the uncertainties in the fall-speed model. Uncertainties attributable to assuming an exponential distribution are negligible. The results indicate that improvements to PSD and particle model a priori constraints provide the most impactful path forward for reducing uncertainties in retrieved snowfall rates. Information content analyses reveal that PSD slope is well-constrained by the retrieval. Given the sensitivity of PSD slope to microphysical transformations, the results show that such retrievals, when applied to radar reflectivity profiles, could provide information about microphysical transformations in the snowing column. The PSD intercept is less well-constrained by the retrieval. While applied to near-surface radar observations in this study, the retrieval is applicable as well to radar observations aloft, such as those provided by profiling ground-based, airborne, and satellite-borne radars under lighter snowfall conditions when attenuation and multiple scattering can be neglected.
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P, Jennifer. „Indexing Techniques on Information Retrieval“. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, Nr. 1 (20.01.2020): 1716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i1/pr200271.
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Ben Ayed, Alaidine, Ismaïl Biskri und Jean-Guy Meunier. „An End-to-End Efficient Lucene-Based Framework of Document/Information Retrieval“. International Journal of Information Retrieval Research 12, Nr. 1 (Januar 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijirr.289950.
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In the context of big data and the 4.0 industrial revolution era, enhancing document/information retrieval frameworks efficiency to handle the ever‐growing volume of text data in an ever more digital world is a must. This article describes a double-stage system of document/information retrieval. First, a Lucene-based document retrieval tool is implemented, and a couple of query expansion techniques using a comparable corpus (Wikipedia) and word embeddings are proposed and tested. Second, a retention-fidelity summarization protocol is performed on top of the retrieved documents to create a short, accurate, and fluent extract of a longer retrieved single document (or a set of top retrieved documents). Obtained results show that using word embeddings is an excellent way to achieve higher precision rates and retrieve more accurate documents. Also, obtained summaries satisfy the retention and fidelity criteria of relevant summaries.
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Dr. V. Suma. „A Novel Information retrieval system for distributed cloud using Hybrid Deep Fuzzy Hashing Algorithm“. September 2020 02, Nr. 03 (28.08.2020): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jitdw.2020.3.003.
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The recent technology development fascinates the people towards information and its services. Managing the personal and pubic data is a perennial research topic among researchers. In particular retrieval of information gains more attention as it is important similar to data storing. Clustering based, similarity based, graph based information retrieval systems are evolved to reduce the issues in conventional information retrieval systems. Learning based information retrieval is the present trend and in particular deep neural network is widely adopted due to its retrieval performance. However, the similarity between the information has uncertainties due to its measuring procedures. Considering these issues also to improve the retrieval performance, a hybrid deep fuzzy hashing algorithm is introduced in this research work. Hashing efficiently retrieves the information based on mapping the similar information as correlated binary codes and this underlying information is trained using deep neural network and fuzzy logic to retrieve the necessary information from distributed cloud. Experimental results prove that the proposed model attains better retrieval accuracy and accuracy compared to conventional models such as support vector machine and deep neural network.
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Torabian, Saba, Zhe Chen, Beth A. Ober und Gregory K. Shenaut. „Analogical Retrieval of Folktales: A Cross-Cultural Approach“. Journal of Cognition and Culture 17, Nr. 3-4 (06.10.2017): 281–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340008.
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Abstract This cross-cultural study addressed how individuals retrieve and transfer naturally learned information (i.e., folktales) from long-term memory by analogy with a previously unencountered story, concept, or problem. American and Iranian participants read target stories constructed to be analogous to folktales either familiar or unfamiliar to their culture, all having high structural familiarity and either high or low surface similarity to the source folktales. Participants reported whether targets (analogues) reminded them of any specific folktale they had learned in the past; positive responses plus additional justification (i.e., the folktale’s name or its gist) were interpreted as successful analogical retrievals. The current experiment demonstrated a high overall rate of analogical retrieval for familiar folktales and essentially no retrieval for unfamiliar folktales. There was also reliably more retrieval for analogue stories having higher versus lower surface similarity to target folktales. The high salience of surface similarity was also revealed when participants rated retrieved folktales for similarity to the target. Personal familiarity with folktales increased the retrieval rate, but presenting the folktale’s name as a cue produced mixed effects on retrieval. In summary, individuals readily retrieved culturally familiar folktales from long-term memory when they encountered structurally similar analogues, but retrieval was modulated by surface similarity.
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Geddes, A., und H. Bösch. „Aerosol profile information from high resolution oxygen A-Band measurements from space“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, Nr. 6 (17.06.2014): 6021–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-6021-2014.
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Abstract. Aerosols are an important factor of the Earth climatic system and they play a key role for air quality and public health. Observations of the oxygen A-Band at 760 nm can provide information on the vertical distribution of aerosols from passive satellite sensors, that can be of great interest for operational monitoring applications with high coverage if the aerosol information is obtained with sufficient precision, accuracy and vertical resolution. To address this issue, retrieval simulations of the aerosol vertical profile retrieval from O2 A Band observations by GOSAT, the upcoming OCO-2 and Sentinel 5-P mission and the proposed CarbonSat mission have been carried out. Precise retrievals of AOD within the boundary layer were found to favour low resolution, high SNR instruments such as Sentinel-5 P, whereas higher resolution instruments such as OCO-2 showed greater performance at higher altitudes and in information content above the boundary layer. Accurate retrievals of the AOD in the 0–2 km range appears difficult from all studied instruments and the retrieval errors typically exceed a value of 0.05. Constraining the surface albedo is a promising and effective way of improving the retrieval of aerosol, but the required level of a priori knowledge is very high. Due to the limited information content of the aerosol profile retrieval, the use of a parameterised aerosol distribution has been assessed and we show that the AOD and height of an aerosol layer can be retrieved well if the aerosol layer is uplifted to the free troposphere but errors are often large for aerosol layers in the boundary layer. Additional errors will be introduced by incorrect assumptions on surface pressure and aerosol type which can both bias retrieved AOD and height by up to 40%. We conclude the aerosol profile retrievals from O2 A Band using existing or upcoming satellite sensors will only provide limited information on aerosols in the boundary layer but such observations can be of great value for observing and mapping aerosol plumes in the free troposphere.
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Qaiser Abbas. „Classical and Probabilistic Information Retrieval Techniques: An Audit“. Lahore Garrison University Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 5, Nr. 3 (12.09.2021): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgurjcsit.2021.0503221.
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Information retrieval is acquiring particular information from large resources and presenting it according to the user’s need. The incredible increase in information resources on the Internet formulates the information retrieval procedure, a monotonous and complicated task for users. Due to over access of information, better methodology is required to retrieve the most appropriate information from different sources. The most important information retrieval methods include the probabilistic, fuzzy set, vector space, and boolean models. Each of these models usually are used for evaluating the connection between the question and the retrievable documents. These methods are based on the keyword and use lists of keywords to evaluate the information material. In this paper, we present a survey of these models so that their working methodology and limitations are discussed. This is an important understanding because it makes possible to select an information retrieval technique based on the basic requirements. The survey results showed that the existing model for knowledge recovery is somewhere short of what was planned. We have also discussed different areas of IR application where these models could be used.
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Brenner, Everett H. „Information-Retrieval“. Science & Technology Libraries 8, Nr. 1 (29.04.1988): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j122v08n01_06.
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BRAZIER, F. M. T., und J. J. BEISHUIZEN. „INFORMATION RETRIEVAL“. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 19, Nr. 4 (April 1988): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/43950.1047122.
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Editorial Submission, Haworth. „Information Retrieval“. Collection Management 8, Nr. 3-4 (22.11.1986): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j105v08n03_63.
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Xu, Hong. „Multimodal bird information retrieval system“. Applied and Computational Engineering 53, Nr. 1 (28.03.2024): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/53/20241282.
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Multimodal bird information retrieval system can help people popularize bird knowledge and help bird conservation. In this paper, we use the self-built bird dataset, the ViT-B/32 model in CLIP model as the training model, python as the development language, and PyQT5 to complete the interface development. The system mainly realizes the uploading and displaying of bird pictures, the multimodal retrieval function of bird information, and the introduction of related bird information. The results of the trial run show that the system can accomplish the multimodal retrieval of bird information, retrieve the species of birds and other related information through the pictures uploaded by the user, or retrieve the most similar bird information through the text content described by the user.
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Luo, Youmeng, Wei Li, Xiaoyu Ma und Kaiqiang Zhang. „Image Retrieval Algorithm Based on Locality-Sensitive Hash Using Convolutional Neural Network and Attention Mechanism“. Information 13, Nr. 10 (24.09.2022): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13100446.
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With the continuous progress of image retrieval technology, in the field of image retrieval, the speed of a search for a desired image from a great deal of image data becomes a hot issue. Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN) have been used in the field of image retrieval. However, many image retrieval systems based on CNN have a poor ability to express image features, resulting in a series of problems such as low retrieval accuracy and robustness. When the target image is retrieved from a large amount of image data, the vector dimension after image coding is high and the retrieval efficiency is low. Locality-sensitive hash is a method to find similar data from massive high latitude data. It reduces the data dimension of the original spatial data through hash coding and conversion, and can also maintain the similarity between the data. The retrieval time and space complexity are low. Therefore, this paper proposes a locality-sensitive hash image retrieval method based on CNN and the attention mechanism. The steps of the method are as follows: using the ResNet50 network as the feature extractor of the image, adding the attention module after the convolution layer of the model, and using the output of the network full connection layer to retrieve the features of the image database, then using the local-sensitive hash algorithm to hash code the image features of the database to reduce the dimension and establish the index, and finally measuring the features of the image to be retrieved and the image database to get the most similar image, completing the content-based image retrieval task. The method in this paper is compared with other image retrieval methods on corel1k and corel5k datasets. The experimental results show that this method can effectively improve the accuracy of image retrieval, and the retrieval efficiency is significantly improved. It also has higher robustness in different scenarios.
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Rieger, L. A., A. E. Bourassa und D. A. Degenstein. „Stratospheric aerosol particle size information in Odin-OSIRIS limb scatter spectra“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, Nr. 3 (07.06.2013): 5065–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-5065-2013.
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Abstract. The Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imaging System (OSIRIS) on-board the Odin satellite has now taken over a decade of limb scatter measurements that have been used to retrieve the Version 5 stratospheric aerosol extinction product. This product is retrieved using a representative particle size distribution to calculate scattering cross sections and scattering phase functions for the forward model calculations. In this work the information content of OSIRIS measurements with respect to stratospheric aerosol is systematically examined for the purpose of retrieving particle size information along with the extinction coefficient. The benefit of using measurements at different wavelengths and scattering angles in the retrieval is studied and it is found that incorporation of the 1530 nm radiance measurement is key for a robust retrieval of particle size information. It is also found that using OSIRIS measurements at different solar geometries simultaneously provides little additional benefit. Based on these results, an improved aerosol retrieval algorithm is developed that couples the retrieval of aerosol extinction and mode radius of a log-normal particle size distribution. Comparison of these results with coincident measurements from SAGE III show agreement in retrieved extinction to within approximately 10% over the bulk of the aerosol layer, which is comparable to Version 5. The retrieved particle size, when converted to Ångström coefficient, shows good qualitative agreement with SAGE II measurements made at somewhat shorter wavelengths.
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Herbin, H., L. C. Labonnote und P. Dubuisson. „Multispectral information from TANSO-FTS instrument – Part 2: Application to aerosol effect on greenhouse gas retrievals“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, Nr. 11 (28.11.2013): 3313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3313-2013.
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Abstract. This article is the second in a series of studies investigating the benefits of multispectral measurements to improve the atmospheric parameter retrievals. In the first paper, we presented an information content (IC) analysis from the thermal infrared (TIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands of Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observations–Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) instrument dedicated to greenhouse gas retrieval in clear sky conditions. This second paper presents the potential of the spectral synergy from TIR to visible for aerosol characterization, and their impact on the retrieved CO2 and CH4 column concentrations. The IC is then used to determine the most informative spectral channels for the simultaneous retrieval of greenhouse gas total columns and aerosol parameters. The results show that a channel selection spanning the four bands can improve the computation time and retrieval accuracy. Therefore, the spectral synergy allows obtaining up to almost seven different aerosol parameters, which is comparable to the most informative dedicated instruments. Moreover, a channel selection from the TIR to visible bands allows retrieving CO2 and CH4 total columns simultaneously in the presence of one aerosol layer with a similar accuracy to using all channels together to retrieve each gas separately in clear sky conditions.
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Eskes, H. J., und K. F. Boersma. „Averaging kernels for DOAS total-column satellite retrievals“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 3, Nr. 1 (18.02.2003): 895–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-3-895-2003.
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Abstract. The Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method is used extensively to retrieve total column amounts of trace gases based on UV-visible measurements of satellite spectrometers, such as ERS-2 GOME. In practice the sensitivity of the instrument to the tracer density is strongly height dependent, especially in the troposphere. The resulting tracer profile dependence may introduce large systematic errors in the retrieved columns that are difficult to quantify without proper additional information, as provided by the averaging kernel (AK). In this paper we generalise the AK concept to total column retrievals, and derive an explicit expression for the DOAS AK. It is shown that the additional AK information corrects for the a priori dependence of the retrieval. The availability of averaging kernel information as part of the total column retrieval product is essential for the interpretation of the observations, and for applications like chemical data assimilation and detailed satellite validation studies.
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Levitan, Nathaniel, Barry Gross, Fred Moshary und Yonghua Wu. „Potential Retrieval of Aerosol Microphysics From Multistatic Space-Borne Lidar“. EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 05017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817605017.
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HSRL lidars are being considered for deployment to space to retrieve aerosol microphysics. The literature is mostly focused on the monostatic configuration; but, in this paper, we explore whether additional information for the retrieval of microphysics can be obtained by adding a second detector in a bistatic configuration. The information gained from the additional measurements can under certain conditions reduce the ill-posed nature of aerosol microphysics retrieval and reducing the uncertainty in the retrievals.
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Mielonen, T., J. F. de Haan, J. C. A. van Peet, M. Eremenko und J. P. Veefkind. „Towards the retrieval of tropospheric ozone with the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, Nr. 2 (09.02.2015): 671–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-671-2015.
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Abstract. We have assessed the sensitivity of the operational Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) ozone profile retrieval algorithm to a number of a priori and radiative transfer assumptions. We studied the effect of stray light correction, surface albedo assumptions and a priori ozone profiles on the retrieved ozone profile. Then, we studied how to modify the algorithm to improve the retrieval of tropospheric ozone. We found that stray light corrections have a significant effect on the retrieved ozone profile but mainly at high altitudes. Surface albedo assumptions, on the other hand, have the largest impact at the lowest layers. Choice of an ozone profile climatology which is used as a priori information has small effects on the retrievals at all altitudes. However, the usage of climatological a priori covariance matrix has a significant effect. Based on these sensitivity tests, we made several modifications to the retrieval algorithm: the a priori ozone climatology was replaced with a new tropopause-dependent climatology, the a priori covariance matrix was calculated from the climatological ozone variability values, and the surface albedo was assumed to be linearly dependent on wavelength in the 311.5–330 nm channel. As expected, we found that the a priori covariance matrix basically defines the vertical distribution of degrees of freedom for a retrieval. Moreover, our case study over Europe showed that the modified version produced over 10% smaller ozone abundances in the troposphere which reduced the systematic overestimation of ozone in the retrieval algorithm and improved correspondence with Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Instrument (IASI) retrievals. The comparison with ozonesonde measurements over North America showed that the operational retrieval performed better in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS), whereas the modified version improved the retrievals in the lower troposphere and upper stratosphere. These comparisons showed that the systematic biases in the OMI ozone profile retrievals are not caused by the a priori information but by some still unidentified problem in the radiative transfer modelling. Instead, the a priori information pushes the systematically wrong ozone profiles towards the true values. The smaller weight of the a priori information in the modified retrieval leads to better visibility of tropospheric ozone structures, because it has a smaller tendency to damp the variability of the retrievals in the troposphere. In summary, the modified retrieval unmasks systematic problems in the radiative transfer/instrument model and is more sensitive to tropospheric ozone variation; that is, it is able to capture the tropospheric ozone morphology better.
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D, Lande, Soboliev A und Dmytrenko O. „Intelligent technologies in information retrieval systems“. Artificial Intelligence 27, jai2022.27(1) (20.06.2022): 260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/jai2022.01.260.
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This paper considers the use of modern intelligent technologies in information retrieval systems. A general scheme for the implementation of Internet search engines is presented. The existing and prospective approaches to the intellectualization of individual components of this scheme are presented. An approach to the creation of a system of intelligent agents for information collection is presented. These agents are combined into teams and exchange the results of their work with each other. They form a reliable basis for the information base of search engines, ensure uninterrupted operation of the system in case of failure of individual agents. Methods for the formation of semantic networks corresponding to the texts of individual documents are also considered. These networks are considered as search patterns of documents for information retrieval and detection of duplicates or similar documents. Machine learning methods are used to conduct sentiment analysis. The paper describes an approach that made it possible to make the transition from the use of a naive Bayesian model to a modern machine learning system. The issues of cluster analysis and visualization of search results are also considered.
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S, Sangeetha, und Srividhya S.R. „Deconstructing Information Retrieval Systems with Plumbara“. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 11, Nr. 0009-SPECIAL ISSUE (25.09.2019): 868–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v11/20192645.
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Manjula, D., und T. V. Geetha. „Relation-Based Information Retrieval“. Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 04, Nr. 02 (Juni 2005): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649205001055.
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The traditional Boolean word-based approach to information retrieval (IR) considers only words for indexing. Irrelevant information is retrieved because of non-inclusion of semantic information like word senses and word context. In this work, the importance of representing the documents along another semantic dimension in addition to sense context information is considered. The incorporation of semantic relations as an additional dimension gives a better insight into the interpretation of the document. The micro-contexts generated from the documents are also used in indexing. The retrieval performance is measured in terms of precision and recall. The results tabulated show better performance.
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Rajagopal, Prabha, Taoufik Aghris, Fatima-Ezzahra Fettah und Sri Devi Ravana. „Clustering of Relevant Documents Based on Findability Effort in Information Retrieval“. International Journal of Information Retrieval Research 12, Nr. 1 (06.01.2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijirr.315764.
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A user expresses their information need in the form of a query on an information retrieval (IR) system that retrieves a set of articles related to the query. The performance of the retrieval system is measured based on the retrieved content to the query, judged by expert topic assessors who are trained to find this relevant information. However, real users do not always succeed in finding relevant information in the retrieved list due to the amount of time and effort needed. This paper aims 1) to utilize the findability features to determine the amount of effort needed to find information from relevant documents using the machine learning approach and 2) to demonstrate changes in IR systems' performance when the effort is included in the evaluation. This study uses a natural language processing technique and unsupervised clustering approach to group documents by the amount of effort needed. The results show that relevant documents can be clustered using the k-means clustering approach, and the retrieval system performance varies by 23%, on average.
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Rieger, L. A., A. E. Bourassa und D. A. Degenstein. „Stratospheric aerosol particle size information in Odin-OSIRIS limb scatter spectra“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, Nr. 2 (13.02.2014): 507–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-507-2014.
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Abstract. The Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imaging System (OSIRIS) onboard the Odin satellite has now taken over a decade of limb scatter measurements that have been used to retrieve the version 5 stratospheric aerosol extinction product. This product is retrieved using a representative particle size distribution to calculate scattering cross sections and scattering phase functions for the forward model calculations. In this work the information content of OSIRIS measurements with respect to stratospheric aerosol is systematically examined for the purpose of retrieving particle size information along with the extinction coefficient. The benefit of using measurements at different wavelengths and scattering angles in the retrieval is studied, and it is found that incorporation of the 1530 nm radiance measurement is key for a robust retrieval of particle size information. It is also found that using OSIRIS measurements at the different solar geometries available on the Odin orbit simultaneously provides little additional benefit. Based on these results, an improved aerosol retrieval algorithm is developed that couples the retrieval of aerosol extinction and mode radius of a log-normal particle size distribution. Comparison of these results with coincident measurements from SAGE III shows agreement in retrieved extinction to within approximately 10% over the bulk of the aerosol layer, which is comparable to version 5. The retrieved particle size, when converted to Ångström coefficient, shows good qualitative agreement with SAGE II measurements made at somewhat shorter wavelengths.
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Turner, David D., und Ulrich Löhnert. „Ground-based temperature and humidity profiling: combining active and passive remote sensors“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, Nr. 4 (26.04.2021): 3033–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3033-2021.
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Abstract. Thermodynamic profiles in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) are important observations for a range of atmospheric research and operational needs. These profiles can be retrieved from passively sensed spectral infrared (IR) or microwave (MW) radiance observations or can be more directly measured by active remote sensors such as water vapor differential absorption lidars (DIALs). This paper explores the synergy of combining ground-based IR, MW, and DIAL observations using an optimal-estimation retrieval framework, quantifying the reduction in the uncertainty in the retrieved profiles and the increase in information content as additional observations are added to IR-only and MW-only retrievals. This study uses ground-based observations collected during the Perdigão field campaign in central Portugal in 2017 and during the DIAL demonstration campaign at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site in 2017. The results show that the information content in both temperature and water vapor is higher for the IR instrument relative to the MW instrument (thereby resulting in smaller uncertainties) and that the combined IR + MW retrieval is very similar to the IR-only retrieval below 1.5 km. However, including the partial profile of water vapor observed by the DIAL increases the information content in the combined IR + DIAL and MW + DIAL water vapor retrievals substantially, with the exact impact vertically depending on the characteristics of the DIAL instrument itself. Furthermore, there is a slight increase in the information content in the retrieved temperature profile using the IR + DIAL relative to the IR-only; this was not observed in the MW + DIAL retrieval.
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Mahmood, Maha, Wijdan Jaber AL-kubaisy und Belal Al-Khateeb. „Multimedia information retrieval using artificial neural network“. IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 12, Nr. 1 (01.03.2023): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v12.i1.pp146-154.
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<span lang="EN-US">The importance of the multimedia information retrieval (MIR) is highlighted by the extensive amount of the information on the internet. Image, audio, video, and text are all examples of the characteristics of the raw multimedia data. It is greatly challenging to represent a concept of human perception and how the machine-level language can grasp it (semantic gap of MIR). However, this paper aims to improve the information retrieval model that retrieves data from multimedia. This can be implemented by leveraging the use of variety of algorithms that go through training and testing to extract the model. One of these algorithms extracts text information based on the query language's nature as the vector space model (VSM) and the latent semantic index (LSI) were used. The other technique uses curvelet decomposition and statistic parameters like mean, standard deviation, and signal energy to recover these properties. Additionally, a discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) and signal characteristics-based method is used to retrieve audio signals. Finally, the neural network learning is modeled and trained on a collection of different multimedia images. The learned features have been utilized for presenting a highly sufficient system of multimedia retrieval which operates for a large set of multi-modal datasets. </span>
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Grzegorski, M., M. Wenig, U. Platt, P. Stammes, N. Fournier und T. Wagner. „The Heidelberg iterative cloud retrieval utilities (HICRU) and its application to GOME data“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, Nr. 2 (07.03.2006): 1637–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-1637-2006.
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Abstract. Information about clouds, in particular the accurate identification of cloud free pixels, is crucial for the retrieval of tropospheric vertical column densities from space. The Heidelberg Iterative Cloud Retrieval Utilities (HICRU) retrieve effective cloud fraction using spectra of two instruments designed for trace gas retrievals from space: The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) on the European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-2) and the SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) on ENVISAT. HICRU applies the widely used threshold method to the so-called Polarization Monitoring Devices (PMDs) with higher spatial resolution compared to the channels used for trace gas retrievals. Cloud retrieval and in particular the identification of cloud free pixels is improved by HICRU through a sophisticated, iterative retrieval of the thresholds which takes their dependency on different instrumental and geometrical parameters into account. The lower thresholds, which represent the surface albedo and strongly affect the results of the algorithm, are retrieved accurately through a four stage classification scheme using image sequence analysis. The design and the results of the algorithm applied to GOME data are described and compared to several other cloud algorithms for GOME. The differences to other cloud algorithms are discussed with respect to the particular characteristics of the algorithms.
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Grzegorski, M., M. Wenig, U. Platt, P. Stammes, N. Fournier und T. Wagner. „The Heidelberg iterative cloud retrieval utilities (HICRU) and its application to GOME data“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, Nr. 12 (05.10.2006): 4461–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-4461-2006.
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Abstract. Information about clouds, in particular the accurate identification of cloud free pixels, is crucial for the retrieval of tropospheric vertical column densities from space. The Heidelberg Iterative Cloud Retrieval Utilities (HICRU) retrieve effective cloud fraction using spectra of two instruments designed for trace gas retrievals from space: The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) on the European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-2) and the SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) on ENVISAT. HICRU applies the widely used threshold method to the so-called Polarization Monitoring Devices (PMDs) with higher spatial resolution compared to the channels used for trace gas retrievals. Cloud retrieval and in particular the identification of cloud free pixels is improved by HICRU through a sophisticated, iterative retrieval of the thresholds which takes their dependency on different instrumental and geometrical parameters into account. The lower thresholds, which represent the surface albedo and strongly affect the results of the algorithm, are retrieved accurately through a four stage classification scheme using image sequence analysis. The design and the results of the algorithm applied to GOME data are described and compared to several other cloud algorithms for GOME. The differences to other cloud algorithms are discussed with respect to the particular characteristics of the algorithms.
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Uma, R., und B. Latha. „An efficient voice based information retrieval using bag of words based indexing“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 3.3 (08.06.2018): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.33.14850.
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Data mining is one of the leading and drastically growing researches nowadays. One of the main areas in data mining is Information Retrieval (IR). Information retrieval is a broad job and it is finding information without any structured nature. Infor-mation retrieval retrieves the user required information from a large collection of data. The existing approaches yet to improve the accuracy in terms of relevant accuracy. In this paper, it is motivated to provide an Information Retrieval System (IRS) where it can retrieve information with high relevancy. The proposed IRS is specially designed for physically challenged people like blind people where the input and the output taken/given is voice. The functionality of proposed IRS consists of three stages such as: (i) Voice to Text input, (II). Pattern Matching, and (III). Text to Voice output.In order to improve the accuracy and relevancy the proposed IRS uses an indexing method called Bag of Words (BOW). BOW is like an index-table which can be referred to store, compare and retrieve the information speedily and accurately. Index-table utilization in IRS improves the accuracy with minimized computational complexity. The proposed IRS is simulated in DOTNET software and the results are compared with the existing system results in order to evaluate the performance.
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Geddes, A., und H. Bösch. „Tropospheric aerosol profile information from high-resolution oxygen A-band measurements from space“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, Nr. 2 (20.02.2015): 859–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-859-2015.
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Abstract. Aerosols are an important factor in the Earth climatic system and they play a key role in air quality and public health. Observations of the oxygen A-band at 760 nm can provide information on the vertical distribution of aerosols from passive satellite sensors that can be of great interest for operational monitoring applications with high spatial coverage if the aerosol information is obtained with sufficient precision, accuracy and vertical resolution. To address this issue, retrieval simulations of the aerosol vertical profile retrieval from O2 A-band observations by GOSAT, the upcoming Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) and Sentinel 5-P missions, and the proposed CarbonSat mission have been carried out. Precise retrievals of aerosol optical depth (AOD) within the boundary layer were found to favour low-resolution, high signal-to-noise instruments such as Sentinel-5 P, whereas higher-resolution instruments such as OCO-2 showed greater performance at higher altitudes and in information content above the boundary layer. Retrieval of the AOD in the 0–2 km range with precision appears difficult from all studied instruments and the retrieval errors typically exceed a value of 0.05 for AODs up to 0.3. Constraining the surface albedo is a promising and effective way of improving the retrieval of aerosol, but the accuracy of the required prior knowledge is very high. Due to the limited information content of the aerosol profile retrieval, the use of a parameterised aerosol distribution is assessed, and we show that the AOD and height of an aerosol layer can be retrieved well if the aerosol layer is uplifted to the free troposphere; however, errors are often large for aerosol layers in the boundary layer. Additional errors are introduced by incorrect assumptions on surface pressure and aerosol mixture, which can both bias retrieved AOD and height by up to 45%. In addition, assumptions of the boundary layer temperature are found to yield an additional error of up to 8%. We conclude that the aerosol profile retrievals from O2 A-band using existing or upcoming satellite sensors will only provide limited information on aerosols in the boundary layer but such observations can be of great value for observing and mapping aerosol plumes in the free troposphere.
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McNab, Alison. „Call Resources: Electronic Retrieval of Information“. ReCALL 3, Nr. 4 (Mai 1991): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0958344000002494.
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The retrieval of information by electronic means can involve several media: remote searching of large commercially-produced databases, utilising CD-ROM and multimedia applications, and electronic mail. Both the information retrieval techniques used in this process and the information retrieved are of relevance to those involved in computer-assisted language learning.
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Cha, Ting-Yu, und Michael M. Bell. „Comparison of single-Doppler and multiple-Doppler wind retrievals in Hurricane Matthew (2016)“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, Nr. 5 (18.05.2021): 3523–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3523-2021.
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Abstract. Hurricane Matthew (2016) was observed by the ground-based polarimetric Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) in Miami (KAMX) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration WP-3D (NOAA P-3) airborne tail Doppler radar near the coast of the southeastern United States for several hours, providing a novel opportunity to evaluate and compare single- and multiple-Doppler wind retrieval techniques for tropical cyclone flows. The generalized velocity track display (GVTD) technique can retrieve a subset of the wind field from a single ground-based Doppler radar under the assumption of nearly axisymmetric rotational wind, but it has been shown to have errors from the aliasing of unresolved wind components. An improved technique that mitigates errors due to storm motion is derived in this study, although some spatial aliasing remains due to limited information content from the single-Doppler measurements. A spline-based variational wind retrieval technique called SAMURAI can retrieve the full three-dimensional wind field from airborne radar fore–aft pseudo-dual-Doppler scanning, but it has been shown to have errors due to temporal aliasing from the nonsimultaneous Doppler measurements. A comparison between the two techniques shows that the axisymmetric tangential winds are generally comparable between the two techniques, and the improved GVTD technique improves the accuracy of the retrieval. Fourier decomposition of asymmetric kinematic and convective structure shows more discrepancies due to spatial and temporal aliasing in the retrievals. The strengths and weaknesses of each technique for studying tropical cyclone structure are discussed and suggest that complementary information can be retrieved from both single- and dual-Doppler retrievals. Future improvements to the asymmetric flow assumptions in single-Doppler analysis and steady-state assumptions in pseudo-dual-Doppler analysis are required to reconcile differences in retrieved tropical cyclone structure.
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Li, Li, Wei Jiang Li und Yuan Yuan Fan. „Topic-Oriented Information Retrieval“. Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (Juli 2014): 4845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.4845.
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With the rapid development of Internet, more and more information has been displayed to people. More and more researcher pay more attention to how to find useful information from this huge information ocean. We design the topic-oriented information retrieval system in order to overcome the drawback of generic crawler. The system retrieves topic information efficiently and helps user get useful information rapidly and exactly.
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Shen, Jin Xing. „Ontology-Based Semantic Retrieval for Management Information System“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 278-280 (Januar 2013): 2069–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.2069.
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In order to achieve semantic retrieval for scientific research information in WWW, this paper applies an ontology-based framework to information retrieval system for management information system. After analyze the limitations of traditional method, bring a semantic search forward, and mainly introduce the thought of the semantic retrieval as well as the way to constitute ontology entity and the language that describes it. Moreover, semantic retrieval system based on ontology is also given. The application to retrieve project information shows that the framework can overcome the localization of other ontology’s models, and this research facilitates the semantic retrieval of management information through semantic retrieval concepts on the Semantic Web.
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Tang, Xiaoya. „Social Informatics and Information Retrieval Systems“. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 26, Nr. 3 (31.01.2005): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bult.155.
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Dubovik, O., M. Herman, A. Holdak, T. Lapyonok, D. Tanré, J. L. Deuzé, F. Ducos, A. Sinyuk und A. Lopatin. „Statistically optimized inversion algorithm for enhanced retrieval of aerosol properties from spectral multi-angle polarimetric satellite observations“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, Nr. 6 (16.11.2010): 4967–5077. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-4967-2010.
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Abstract. The proposed development is an attempt to enhance aerosol retrieval by emphasizing statistical optimization in inversion of advanced satellite observations. This optimization concept improves retrieval accuracy relying on the knowledge of measurement error distribution. Efficient application of such optimization requires pronounced data redundancy (excess of the measurements number over number of unknowns) that is not common in satellite observations. The POLDER imager on board of the PARASOL micro-satellite registers spectral polarimetric characteristics of the reflected atmospheric radiation at up to 16 viewing directions over each observed pixel. The completeness of such observations is notably higher than for most currently operating passive satellite aerosol sensors. This provides an opportunity for profound utilization of statistical optimization principles in satellite data inversion. The proposed retrieval scheme is designed as statistically optimized multi-variable fitting of the all available angular observations of total and polarized radiances obtained by POLDER sensor in the window spectral channels where absorption by gaseous is minimal. The total number of such observations by PARASOL always exceeds a hundred over each pixel and the statistical optimization concept promises to be efficient even if the algorithm retrieves several tens of aerosol parameters. Based on this idea, the proposed algorithm uses a large number of unknowns and is aimed on retrieval of extended set of parameters affecting measured radiation. The algorithm is designed to retrieve complete aerosol properties globally. Over land, the algorithm retrieves the parameters of underlying surface simultaneously with aerosol. In all situations, the approach is anticipated to achieve a robust retrieval of complete aerosol properties including information about aerosol particle sizes, shape, absorption and composition (refractive index). In order to achieve reliable retrieval from PARASOL observations even over very reflective desert surfaces, the algorithm was designed as simultaneous inversion of a large group of pixels within one or several images. Such, multi-pixel retrieval regime takes advantage from known limitations on spatial and temporal variability in both aerosol and surface properties. Specifically the variations of the retrieved parameters horizontally from pixel-to-pixel and/or temporary from day-to-day are enforced to be smooth by additional appropriately set a priori constraints. This concept is expected to provide satellite retrieval of higher consistency, because the retrieval over each single pixel will be benefiting from co-incident aerosol information from neighboring pixels, as well, from the information about surface reflectance (over land) obtained in preceding and consequent observations over the same pixel. The paper provides in depth description of the proposed inversion concept, illustrates the algorithm performance by a series of numerical tests and presents the examples of preliminary retrieval results obtained from actual PARASOL observations. It is should be noted that many aspects of the described algorithm design considerably benefited from experience accumulated in the preceding effort on developments of currently operating AERONET and PARASOL retrievals, as well as, several core software components were inherited from those earlier algorithms.
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Dubovik, O., M. Herman, A. Holdak, T. Lapyonok, D. Tanré, J. L. Deuzé, F. Ducos, A. Sinyuk und A. Lopatin. „Statistically optimized inversion algorithm for enhanced retrieval of aerosol properties from spectral multi-angle polarimetric satellite observations“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, Nr. 5 (31.05.2011): 975–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-975-2011.
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Abstract. The proposed development is an attempt to enhance aerosol retrieval by emphasizing statistical optimization in inversion of advanced satellite observations. This optimization concept improves retrieval accuracy relying on the knowledge of measurement error distribution. Efficient application of such optimization requires pronounced data redundancy (excess of the measurements number over number of unknowns) that is not common in satellite observations. The POLDER imager on board the PARASOL micro-satellite registers spectral polarimetric characteristics of the reflected atmospheric radiation at up to 16 viewing directions over each observed pixel. The completeness of such observations is notably higher than for most currently operating passive satellite aerosol sensors. This provides an opportunity for profound utilization of statistical optimization principles in satellite data inversion. The proposed retrieval scheme is designed as statistically optimized multi-variable fitting of all available angular observations obtained by the POLDER sensor in the window spectral channels where absorption by gas is minimal. The total number of such observations by PARASOL always exceeds a hundred over each pixel and the statistical optimization concept promises to be efficient even if the algorithm retrieves several tens of aerosol parameters. Based on this idea, the proposed algorithm uses a large number of unknowns and is aimed at retrieval of extended set of parameters affecting measured radiation. The algorithm is designed to retrieve complete aerosol properties globally. Over land, the algorithm retrieves the parameters of underlying surface simultaneously with aerosol. In all situations, the approach is anticipated to achieve a robust retrieval of complete aerosol properties including information about aerosol particle sizes, shape, absorption and composition (refractive index). In order to achieve reliable retrieval from PARASOL observations even over very reflective desert surfaces, the algorithm was designed as simultaneous inversion of a large group of pixels within one or several images. Such multi-pixel retrieval regime takes advantage of known limitations on spatial and temporal variability in both aerosol and surface properties. Specifically the variations of the retrieved parameters horizontally from pixel-to-pixel and/or temporary from day-to-day are enforced to be smooth by additional a priori constraints. This concept is expected to provide satellite retrieval of higher consistency, because the retrieval over each single pixel will be benefiting from coincident aerosol information from neighboring pixels, as well, from the information about surface reflectance (over land) obtained in preceding and consequent observations over the same pixel. The paper provides in depth description of the proposed inversion concept, illustrates the algorithm performance by a series of numerical tests and presents the examples of preliminary retrieval results obtained from actual PARASOL observations. It should be noted that many aspects of the described algorithm design considerably benefited from experience accumulated in the preceding effort on developments of currently operating AERONET and PARASOL retrievals, as well as several core software components were inherited from those earlier algorithms.
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Jeong, U., J. Kim, C. Ahn, O. Torres, X. Liu, P. K. Bhartia, R. J. D. Spurr, D. Haffner, K. Chance und B. N. Holben. „An online aerosol retrieval algorithm using OMI near-UV observations based on the optimal estimation method“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, Nr. 12 (18.06.2015): 16615–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-16615-2015.
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Abstract. An online version of the OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) near-ultraviolet (UV) aerosol retrieval algorithm was developed to retrieve aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and single scattering albedo (SSA) based on the optimal estimation (OE) method. Instead of using the traditional look-up tables for radiative transfer calculations, it performs online radiative transfer calculations with the Vector Linearized Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer (VLIDORT) model to eliminate interpolation errors and improve stability. The OE-based algorithm has the merit of providing useful estimates of uncertainties simultaneously with the inversion products. The measurements and inversion products of the Distributed Regional Aerosol Gridded Observation Network campaign in Northeast Asia (DRAGON NE-Asia 2012) were used to validate the retrieved AOT and SSA. The retrieved AOT and SSA at 388 nm have a correlation with the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) products that is comparable to or better than the correlation with the operational product during the campaign. The estimated retrieval noise and smoothing error perform well in representing the envelope curve of actual biases of AOT at 388 nm between the retrieved AOT and AERONET measurements. The forward model parameter errors were analyzed separately for both AOT and SSA retrievals. The surface albedo at 388 nm, the imaginary part of the refractive index at 354 nm, and the number fine mode fraction (FMF) were found to be the most important parameters affecting the retrieval accuracy of AOT, while FMF was the most important parameter for the SSA retrieval. The additional information provided with the retrievals, including the estimated error and degrees of freedom, is expected to be valuable for future studies.
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Friedrich, Martina Michaela, Claudia Rivera, Wolfgang Stremme, Zuleica Ojeda, Josué Arellano, Alejandro Bezanilla, José Agustín García-Reynoso und Michel Grutter. „NO<sub>2</sub> vertical profiles and column densities from MAX-DOAS measurements in Mexico City“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, Nr. 4 (02.05.2019): 2545–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2545-2019.
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Abstract. We present a new numerical code, Mexican MAX-DOAS Fit (MMF), developed to retrieve profiles of different trace gases from the network of MAX-DOAS instruments operated in Mexico City. MMF uses differential slant column densities (dSCDs) retrieved with the QDOAS (Danckaert et al., 2013) software. The retrieval is comprised of two steps, an aerosol retrieval and a trace gas retrieval that uses the retrieved aerosol profile in the forward model for the trace gas. For forward model simulations, VLIDORT is used (e.g., Spurr et al., 2001; Spurr, 2006, 2013). Both steps use constrained least-square fitting, but the aerosol retrieval uses Tikhonov regularization and the trace gas retrieval optimal estimation. Aerosol optical depth and scattering properties from the AERONET database, averaged ceilometer data, WRF-Chem model data, and temperature and pressure sounding data are used for different steps in the retrieval chain. The MMF code was applied to retrieve NO2 profiles with 2 degrees of freedom (DOF = 2) from spectra of the MAX-DOAS instrument located at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) campus. We describe the full error analysis of the retrievals and include a sensitivity exercise to quantify the contribution of the uncertainties in the aerosol extinction profiles to the total error. A data set comprised of measurements from January 2015 to July 2016 was processed and the results compared to independent surface measurements. We concentrate on the analysis of four single days and additionally present diurnal and annual variabilities from averaging the 1.5 years of data. The total error, depending on the exact counting, is 14 %–20 % and this work provides new and relevant information about NO2 in the boundary layer of Mexico City.
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Zhu, Qiuyu, Dongmei Li, Cong Dai, Qichen Han und Yi Lin. „PLSA-Based Personalized Information Retrieval with Network Regularization“. Journal of Information Technology Research 12, Nr. 1 (Januar 2019): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitr.2019010108.
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With the rapid development of the Internet, the information retrieval model based on the keywords matching algorithm has not met the requirements of users, because people with various query history always have different retrieval intentions. User query history often implies their interests. Therefore, it is of great importance to enhance the recall ratio and the precision ratio by applying query history into the judgment of retrieval intentions. For this sake, this article does research on user query history and proposes a method to construct user interest model utilizing query history. Coordinately, the authors design a model called PLSA-based Personalized Information Retrieval with Network Regularization. Finally, the model is applied into academic information retrieval and the authors compare it with Baidu Scholar and the personalized information retrieval model based on the probabilistic latent semantic analysis topic model. The experiment results prove that this model can effectively extract topics and retrieves back results more satisfied for users' requirements. Also, this model improves the effect of retrieval results apparently. In addition, the retrieval model can be utilized not only in the academic information retrieval, but also in the personalized information retrieval on microblog search, associate recommendation, etc.
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Durand, Michael, Joel T. Johnson, Jack Dechow, Leung Tsang, Firoz Borah und Edward J. Kim. „Retrieval of snow water equivalent from dual-frequency radar measurements: using time series to overcome the need for accurate a priori information“. Cryosphere 18, Nr. 1 (04.01.2024): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-139-2024.
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Abstract. Measurements of radar backscatter are sensitive to snow water equivalent (SWE) across a wide range of frequencies, motivating proposals for satellite missions to measure global distributions of SWE. However, radar backscatter measurements are also sensitive to snow stratigraphy, to microstructure, and to ground surface roughness, complicating SWE retrieval. A number of recent advances have created new tools and datasets with which to address the retrieval problem, including a parameterized relationship between SWE, microstructure, and radar backscatter, and methods to characterize ground surface scattering. Although many algorithms also introduce external (prior) information on SWE or snow microstructure, the precision of the prior datasets used must be high in some cases in order to achieve accurate SWE retrieval. We hypothesize that a time series of radar measurements can be used to solve this problem and demonstrate that SWE retrieval with acceptable error characteristics is achievable by using previous retrievals as priors for subsequent retrievals. We demonstrate the accuracy of three configurations of prior information: using a global SWE model, using the previously retrieved SWE, and using a weighted average of the model and the previous retrieval. We assess the robustness of the approach by quantifying the sensitivity of the SWE retrieval accuracy to SWE biases artificially introduced in the prior. We find that the retrieval with the weighted averaged prior demonstrates SWE accuracy better than 20 % and an error increase of only 3 % relative RMSE per 10 % change in prior bias; the algorithm is thus both accurate and robust. This finding strengthens the case for future radar-based satellite missions to map SWE globally.
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Cycowicz, Yael M., David Friedman und Martin Duff. „Pictures and Their Colors: What Do Children Remember?“ Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15, Nr. 5 (Juli 2003): 759–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2003.15.5.759.
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Theories regarding children's reliability as witnesses suggest that children are more likely to confuse memories from different sources especially when the sources are highly similar. To investigate the developmental aspects of source retrieval, we measured brain electrical activity from children and adults while they retrieved content and source information. Similar brain responses among the age groups were found when participants were asked to retrieve content information. However, retrieval of source information improved with age and was accompanied by different patterns of brain potentials. The results implicate immaturity of frontal lobe structures in children's difficulty in retrieving source information.
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Xie, Dan, und Chao Yin. „Exploration of Chinese cultural communication mode based on the Internet of Things and mobile multimedia technology“. PeerJ Computer Science 9 (18.04.2023): e1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1330.
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Image retrieval technology has emerged as a popular research area of China’s development of cultural digital image dissemination and creative creation with the growth of the Internet and the digital information age. This study uses the shadow image in Shaanxi culture as the research object, suggests a shadow image retrieval model based on CBAM-ResNet50, and implements it in the IoT system to achieve more effective deep-level cultural information retrieval. First, ResNet50 is paired with an attention mechanism to enhance the network’s capacity to extract sophisticated semantic characteristics. The second step is configuring the IoT system’s picture acquisition, processing, and output modules. The image processing module incorporates the CBAM-ResNet50 network to provide intelligent and effective shadow play picture retrieval. The experiment results show that shadow plays on GPU can retrieve images at a millisecond level. Both the first image and the first six photographs may be accurately retrieved, with a retrieval accuracy of 92.5 percent for the first image. This effectively communicates Chinese culture and makes it possible to retrieve detailed shadow-play images.
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Loveridge, Jesse, Aviad Levis, Larry Di Girolamo, Vadim Holodovsky, Linda Forster, Anthony B. Davis und Yoav Y. Schechner. „Retrieving 3D distributions of atmospheric particles using Atmospheric Tomography with 3D Radiative Transfer – Part 2: Local optimization“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 16, Nr. 16 (29.08.2023): 3931–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3931-2023.
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Abstract. Our global understanding of clouds and aerosols relies on the remote sensing of their optical, microphysical, and macrophysical properties using, in part, scattered solar radiation. Current retrievals assume clouds and aerosols form plane-parallel, homogeneous layers and utilize 1D radiative transfer (RT) models. These assumptions limit the detail that can be retrieved about the 3D variability in the cloud and aerosol fields and induce biases in the retrieved properties for highly heterogeneous structures such as cumulus clouds and smoke plumes. In Part 1 of this two-part study, we validated a tomographic method that utilizes multi-angle passive imagery to retrieve 3D distributions of species using 3D RT to overcome these issues. That validation characterized the uncertainty in the approximate Jacobian used in the tomographic retrieval over a wide range of atmospheric and surface conditions for several horizontal boundary conditions. Here, in Part 2, we test the algorithm's effectiveness on synthetic data to test whether the retrieval accuracy is limited by the use of the approximate Jacobian. We retrieve 3D distributions of a volume extinction coefficient (σ3D) at 40 m resolution from synthetic multi-angle, mono-spectral imagery at 35 m resolution derived from stochastically generated cumuliform-type clouds in (1 km)3 domains. The retrievals are idealized in that we neglect forward-modelling and instrumental errors, with the exception of radiometric noise; thus, reported retrieval errors are the lower bounds. σ3D is retrieved with, on average, a relative root mean square error (RRMSE) < 20 % and bias < 0.1 % for clouds with maximum optical depth (MOD) < 17, and the RRMSE of the radiances is < 0.5 %, indicating very high accuracy in shallow cumulus conditions. As the MOD of the clouds increases to 80, the RRMSE and biases in σ3D worsen to 60 % and −35 %, respectively, and the RRMSE of the radiances reaches 16 %, indicating incomplete convergence. This is expected from the increasing ill-conditioning of the inverse problem with the decreasing mean free path predicted by RT theory and discussed in detail in Part 1. We tested retrievals that use a forward model that is not only less ill-conditioned (in terms of condition number) but also less accurate, due to more aggressive delta-M scaling. This reduces the radiance RRMSE to 9 % and the bias in σ3D to −8 % in clouds with MOD ∼ 80, with no improvement in the RRMSE of σ3D. This illustrates a significant sensitivity of the retrieval to the numerical configuration of the RT model which, at least in our circumstances, improves the retrieval accuracy. All of these ensemble-averaged results are robust in response to the inclusion of radiometric noise during the retrieval. However, individual realizations can have large deviations of up to 18 % in the mean extinction in clouds with MOD ∼ 80, which indicates large uncertainties in the retrievals in the optically thick limit. Using less ill-conditioned forward model tomography can also accurately infer optical depths (ODs) in conditions spanning the majority of oceanic cumulus fields (MOD < 80), as the retrieval provides ODs with bias and RRMSE values better than −8 % and 36 %, respectively. This is a significant improvement over retrievals using 1D RT, which have OD biases between −30 % and −23 % and RRMSE between 29 % and 80 % for the clouds used here. Prior information or other sources of information will be required to improve the RRMSE of σ3D in the optically thick limit, where the RRMSE is shown to have a strong spatial structure that varies with the solar and viewing geometry.