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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Infant Infections“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Infant Infections"
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Fiocchi, Alessandro, Jan Knol, Sibylle Koletzko, Liam O’Mahony, Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos, Seppo Salminen, Hania Szajewska und Anna Nowak-Węgrzyn. „Early-Life Respiratory Infections in Infants with Cow’s Milk Allergy: An Expert Opinion on the Available Evidence and Recommendations for Future Research“. Nutrients 13, Nr. 11 (26.10.2021): 3795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13113795.
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Acute respiratory infections are a common cause of morbidity in infants and young children. This high rate of respiratory infections in early life has a major impact on healthcare resources and antibiotic use, with the associated risk of increasing antibiotic resistance, changes in intestinal microbiota composition and activity and, consequently, on the future health of children. An international group of clinicians and researchers working in infant nutrition and cow’s milk allergy (CMA) met to review the available evidence on the prevalence of infections in healthy infants and in those with allergies, particularly CMA; the factors that influence susceptibility to infection in early life; links between infant feeding, CMA and infection risk; and potential strategies to modulate the gut microbiota and infection outcomes. The increased susceptibility of infants with CMA to infections, and the reported potential benefits with prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics with regard to improving infection outcomes and reducing antibiotic usage in infants with CMA, makes this a clinically important issue that merits further research.
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Kourtis, Athena P., Jeffrey Wiener, Tiffany S. Chang, Sheila C. Dollard, Minal M. Amin, Sascha Ellington, Dumbani Kayira, Charles van der Horst und Denise J. Jamieson. „Cytomegalovirus IgG Level and Avidity in Breastfeeding Infants of HIV-Infected Mothers in Malawi“. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 22, Nr. 12 (30.09.2015): 1222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00460-15.
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ABSTRACTCytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is common among infants of HIV-infected mothers in resource-limited settings. We examined the prevalence and timing of infant CMV infection during the first year of life using IgG antibody and avidity among HIV-exposed infants in Malawi and correlated the results with the presence of detectable CMV DNA in the blood. The Breastfeeding, Antiretrovirals and Nutrition (BAN) study randomized 2,369 mothers and their infants to maternal antiretrovirals, infant nevirapine, or neither for 28 weeks of breastfeeding, followed by weaning. Stored plasma specimens were tested for CMV IgG and antibody avidity from a random subset of infants who had been previously tested with blood CMV PCR and had available specimens at birth and at 24 and 48 weeks of age. Ninety-four of 127 infants (74.0%) tested at 24 weeks of age had CMV IgG of low or intermediate avidity, signifying primary CMV infections. An additional 22 infants (17.3%) had IgG of high avidity; 19 of them had CMV DNA detected in their blood, indicating infant infections. Taken together, these results show that the estimated prevalence of CMV infection at 24 weeks was 88.9%. By 48 weeks of age, 81.3% of infants had anti-CMV IgG; most of them (70.9%) had IgG of high avidity. The CMV serology and avidity testing, combined with the PCR results, confirmed a high rate of primary CMV infection by 6 months of life among breastfeeding infants of HIV-infected mothers. The CMV PCR in blood detected most, but not all, infant CMV infections.
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Hernandez-Alvarado, Nelmary, Ryan Shanley, Mark R. Schleiss, Jensina Ericksen, Jenna Wassenaar, Lulua Webo, Katherine Bodin, Katelyn Parsons und Erin A. Osterholm. „Clinical, Virologic and Immunologic Correlates of Breast Milk Acquired Infections in Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Infants in a Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Setting“. Viruses 13, Nr. 10 (22.09.2021): 1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13101897.
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections acquired by very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants are incompletely characterized. To examine CMV transmission in VLBW infants, we evaluated maternal DNAlactia, infant DNAemia, and presence of clinical disease in a blinded study in VLBW infants in our newborn intensive care unit (NICU). To examine these issues, 200 VLBW infants were enrolled in a surveillance study, with weekly breast milk and infant whole blood samples collected, as available. Virologic (breast milk and infant whole blood real time PCR) and immunologic (IgG, IgM, and IgG avidity) correlates were evaluated. A chart review examined whether infants had symptoms compatible with CMV disease. DNAlactia was identified in 65/150 (43%) of lactating mothers. Nine CMV infections were identified in 9/75 CMV-exposed infants (12% of exposed infants). A higher median breast milk viral load (DNAlactia) correlated with an increased likelihood of DNAemia (p = 0.05). Despite potential symptoms compatible with CMV infection, clinicians had not considered the diagnosis of CMV in 6/9 cases (66%). All of these infants had chronic lung disease at discharge. There was no correlation between IgG antibody titer or IgG avidity index and the likelihood of transmission or CMV disease. In conclusion, in VLBW infants receiving milk from seroposi-tive mothers, CMV infections are commonly acquired, and are frequently unrecognized. Future studies are needed to determine whether routine surveillance for CMV of either breast milk or infant plasma is beneficial in preventing or recognizing infection.
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Shodikin, Muhammad Ali, Inke Kusumastuti und Wahidah Nur Indasyah. „The Correlation Between Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections in Pregnancy and Low Birth Weight Infants“. Journal of Health Sciences 14, Nr. 3 (29.08.2021): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/jhs.v14i3.2186.
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Background: The prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in pregnancy were increase in developing countries. The existence of infection interferes with the absorption of nutrients due to accumulation of inflammatory cells in the placenta can cause the infant born with low birth weight.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation of HIV infections in pregnancy and low birth weight infant.
Methods: This research used an observational analytic design with a retrospective approach. The samples were positive and negative HIV mother with their infants that hospitalized at dr. Soebandi Hospital, Jember, from August 2014 - July 2017. The data were analysed by Fisher's Exact.
Results: This study was found 52 positive HIV mother with their infants and 52 negative HIV mother with their infants. Nine from 52 infants (17.3%) who born from positive HIV mother were low birth weight. Only 3 from 52 infants (5.8%) who born from negative HIV mother were low birth weight. Data analysis using Fisher’s Exact was obtained p value = 0.06.
Conclusion: There was no significant correlation of HIV infections in pregnancy and low birth weight infant.
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NORBERG, SARAH, CATHERINE STANTON, R. PAUL ROSS, COLIN HILL, GERALD F. FITZGERALD und PAUL D. COTTER. „Cronobacter spp. in Powdered Infant Formula“. Journal of Food Protection 75, Nr. 3 (01.03.2012): 607–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-285.
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Cronobacter species are opportunistic pathogens, and a mortality rate of 40 to 80% is associated with infections. This pathogen can cause a range of serious diseases such as meningitis, septicemia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and brain abscesses and has been responsible for a variety of sequelae such as quadriplegia. Although Cronobacter can cause disease in both adults and infants, infant infections associated with powdered formula are the focus of this review. Since the first reported Cronobacter infection outbreak in 1958, powdered infant formula has been identified as a major source of these outbreaks, resulting in many recalls of powdered infant formula worldwide. This contamination has created an immense problem for the powdered infant formula industry. In this review, we discuss the taxonomy of Cronobacter species, the natural habitat of Cronobacter and its presence in foods, the physiology, pathogenicity, and virulence of Cronobacter species, and available detection methods. We also discuss reported cases of Cronobacter infection linked to powdered infant formula consumption and then focus specifically on the official World Health Organization guidelines for preparation of powdered infant formula.
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Belnoue, Elodie, Paola Fontannaz-Bozzotti, Stéphane Grillet, Paul-Henri Lambert und Claire-Anne Siegrist. „Protracted Course of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus WE Infection in Early Life: Induction but Limited Expansion of CD8+ Effector T Cells and Absence of Memory CD8+ T Cells“. Journal of Virology 81, Nr. 14 (09.05.2007): 7338–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00062-07.
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ABSTRACT Viral infections in human infants frequently follow a protracted course, with higher viral loads and delayed viral clearance compared to viral infections in older children. To identify the mechanisms responsible for this protracted pattern of infection, we developed an infant infection murine model using the well-characterized lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) WE strain in 2-week-old BALB/c mice. In contrast to adult mice, in which viral clearance occurred as expected 8 days after infection, LCMV titers persisted for several weeks after infection of infant mice. LCMV-specific effector CD8+ T cells were elicited in infant mice and fully functional on day 7 but rapidly waned and could not be recovered from day 12 onwards. We show here that this results from the failure of LCMV-specific CD8+ T cells to expand and the absence of protective LCMV-specific memory CD8+ T cells. Under these early life conditions, viral control and clearance are eventually achieved only through LCMV-specific B cells that contribute to protect infant mice from early death or chronic infection.
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Tarca, Elena, Simona Gavrilescu, Laura Florescu, Alina Mariela Murgu, Monica Ungureanu, Vasile Valeriu Lupu und Dana Elena Mindru. „INFECTIONS AND PREMATURITY, IMPORTANT RISK FACTORS FOR NEONATAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY“. Romanian Journal of Infectious Diseases 19, Nr. 4 (31.12.2016): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjid.2016.4.2.
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Infant mortality is a major problem in developing countries and, unfortunately, this is the case of our country as well, given that Romania ranks first in the European Union in this respect, with an infant mortality rate of 9 ‰, compared to an average of roughly 4 ‰. Worldwide, over 15 million babies are born prematurely each year and, out of these, more than a million die due to prematurity and infections, which are the main risk factors for neonatal mortality. The risk of infection is several times higher in preterm newborns than in full-term newborns – about 80% of neonatal infections occur in premature infants. A significant proportion of the survivors of prematurity will have important neurological sequelae because of neonatal infections as well as of intracerebral bleeding or hypoxia at birth. Continuing medical education in both the general population and the medical sector is crucial in preventing premature births and neonatal infections and, consequently, in decreasing infant morbidity and mortality rates in our country.
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Jason, Janine M. „Infectious Disease-Related Deaths of Low Birth Weight Infants, United States, 1968 to 1982“. Pediatrics 84, Nr. 2 (01.08.1989): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.2.296.
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Infant mortality rates in the United States are higher than in any other developed country. Low birth weight (LBW) is the primary determinant of infant mortality. Despite city, state, and federal programs to prevent LBW, decreases in infant mortality in the 1980s appear to be largely secondary to improved survival of LBW infants rather than to a decline in the rate of LBW births. Because prevention of mortality due to infectious disease is feasible, it was of interest to examine the role of infectious diseases in LBW infant mortality. US vital statistics mortality data for 1968 through 1982 were analyzed in terms of LBW infant mortality associated with infectious and noninfectious diseases. These analyses indicated that the rates of infectious disease-associated early neonatal and postneonatal LBW mortality increased during this time; late neonatal rates did not decline appreciably. Infectious diseases were associated with 4% of all LBW infant deaths in 1968; this had increased to 10% by 1982. Although LBW infant mortality rates associated with noninfectious diseases did not differ for white and black populations, infectious disease-associated mortality rates were consistently higher for blacks than whites in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. Chorioamnionitis was involved in 28% of infectious disease-associated early neonatal LBW deaths. Sepsis was an increasingly listed cause of death in all infant age periods, whereas respiratory tract infections were decreasingly listed. Necrotizing enterocolitis increased as a cause of late neonatal mortality. These data suggest that infectious diseases are an increasing cause of LBW infant mortality and these deaths occur more frequently in the black population targeted by prevention programs. More research concerning specific causes and prevention of infections in the LBW infant may help reduce US infant mortality.
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Wang, Wei-Hao, Fang-Yu Chiu, Tzu-Tung Kuo und Yu-Hsuan Joni Shao. „Maternal Prenatal Infections and Biliary Atresia in Offspring“. JAMA Network Open 7, Nr. 1 (03.01.2024): e2350044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.50044.
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ImportanceInvestigations into the association of antepartum maternal infections with the pathogenesis of biliary atresia (BA) in human offspring are insufficient.ObjectiveTo examine the association between prenatal infections in mothers and the development of BA in their offspring.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis population-based case-control study obtained administrative data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database with linkage to the Taiwan Maternal and Child Health Database, capturing demographic and medical information on nearly all 23 million of the Taiwan population. The cohort comprised 2 905 978 singleton live births among mother-infant dyads between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2020, in Taiwan. The case group of infants with BA was identified from use of International Classification of Diseases diagnostic codes for BA and subsequent Kasai procedure or liver transplant. The control group was randomly selected from infants without BA, representing approximately 1 in 1000 study population. Data analyses were performed from May 1 to October 31, 2023.ExposurePrenatal maternal infections, including intestinal infection, influenza, upper airway infection, pneumonia, soft-tissue infection, and genitourinary tract infection.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was exposure to prenatal maternal infections. Inverse probability weighting analysis was performed by building a logistic regression model to estimate the probability of the exposure observed for a particular infant and using the estimated probability as a weight in subsequent analyses. The weighted odds ratio (OR) estimated by logistic regressions was then used to assess the risk of BA in offspring after prenatal maternal infections.ResultsAmong the mother-infant dyads included, 447 infants with BA were cases (232 females [51.9%]) and 2912 infants without BA were controls (1514 males [52.0%]). The mean (SD) maternal age at childbirth was 30.7 (4.9) years. Offspring exposed to prenatal intestinal infection (weighted OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.17-1.82) and genitourinary tract infection (weighted OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.05-1.41) in mothers exhibited a significantly higher risk of BA. Furthermore, maternal intestinal infection (weighted OR, 6.05; 95% CI, 3.80-9.63) and genitourinary tract infection (weighted OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.13-2.11) that occurred during the third trimester were associated with an increased risk of BA in offspring.Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this case-control study indicate an association between prenatal intestinal infection and genitourinary tract infection in mothers and BA occurrence in their offspring. Further studies are warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms of this association.
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Nampijja, Margaret, Barbara Apule, Swaib Lule, Hellen Akurut, Lawrence Muhangi, Emily L. Webb, Charlie Lewis, Alison M. Elliott und Katie J. Alcock. „Effects of Maternal Worm Infections and Anthelminthic Treatment during Pregnancy on Infant Motor and Neurocognitive Functioning“. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 18, Nr. 6 (November 2012): 1019–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617712000768.
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AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that maternal worm infections in pregnancy affect infant motor and neurocognitive development, and that anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy can reverse these effects. We used measures which examine infant motor, cognitive and executive function, including inhibition. We assessed 983 Ugandan infants aged 15 months, using locally appropriate measures within the Entebbe Mother and Baby Study, a trial of anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy. Key exposures were maternal worm infections and anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy. Effects of other health and social factors were controlled for statistically. Of the five major worm species found in the pregnant women, two had influences on the developmental measures: Maternal Mansonella perstans and Strongyloides stercoralis infections showed negative associations with the A-not B-task, and Language, respectively. Performance on other psychomotor and cognitive measures was associated with illnesses during infancy and infants’ behavior during assessment, but not with maternal worm infections. There were no positive effects of maternal anthelminthic treatment on infant abilities. Mansonella perstans and Strongyloides stercoralis infection during pregnancy seem associated with impaired early executive function and language, respectively, but single-dose anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy was not beneficial. The biological mechanisms that could underlie these neurocognitive effects are discussed. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1019–1030)
Dissertationen zum Thema "Infant Infections"
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Krack, Andrew T. „Leukopenia and Neutropenia as Predictors for Serious Bacterial Infections in Febrile Infants 60 Days and Younger“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1627658704260617.
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Petersson, Christer. „Preschool children day-care, diseases and drugs : studies of risk factors for respiratory tract infections /“. Lund : Dept. of Community Health Sciences, Lund University, 1994. http://books.google.com/books?id=Vs9sAAAAMAAJ.
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Honkila, M. (Minna). „Chlamydia trachomatis infections in neonates and infants“. Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526219875.
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Abstract Around 3% of pregnant women in Finland have genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection, which can be transmitted from mother to newborn at birth. The risk of transmission has been reported to be 10–70% in vaginal deliveries resulting in conjunctivitis in 10–30% of cases and lower respiratory tract infection in 0–20% of cases. Although usually benign, Chlamydia trachomatis infections in infancy may result in long-term consequences, including conjunctival and corneal scarring, chronic cough and abnormal lung function. Based on the transmission rates published in prior studies, chlamydial conjunctivitis should occur in approximately 200 infants and chlamydial lower respiratory tract infection in 100 infants each year in our country, but in clinical practice we rarely encounter or diagnose infants with Chlamydia trachomatis infections. To investigate the reason for this discrepancy and to improve the recognition of Chlamydia trachomatis-infected infants, we set out to study the risk of vertical transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis in a population-based setting, to describe the typical features of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in infants and to evaluate the occurrence of Chlamydia trachomatis in both neonatal conjunctivitis and lower respiratory tract infections in infants. When studying the probability of vertical transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis a search through two national health registers for 1996–2011 yielded 206 children aged less than four years with a possible Chlamydia trachomatis infection. In a cohort of 933 823 births this represented an occurrence of 0.22 per 1000 live births (95% confidence interval 0.19–0.25). The risk of vertical transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis leading to a symptomatic infection in infancy was 0.8–1.8%. A review of patient charts to evaluate the typical features of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in infants (124/206) revealed that one-third of the infants with chlamydial conjunctivitis (33/124) had spontaneous bloody discharge from the infected eyes. Almost half of the infants with chlamydial lower respiratory tract infection (15/32) had wheezing, but the characteristic staccato cough was not recorded in any of them. The median diagnostic delay from the onset of symptoms was 13 (range 4–374) days for conjunctivitis and 25 (range 10–149) days for lower respiratory tract infection. One neglected child developed bilateral corneal scars due to untreated chlamydial conjunctivitis. To investigate the occurrence of Chlamydia trachomatis in neonatal conjunctivitis, 173 neonates with clinical conjunctivitis at child health clinics were examined prospectively during 2010–2015 and none of the 163 cases tested had chlamydial or gonococcal conjunctivitis (0%; 95% confidence interval 0%–2.2%). Viral conjunctivitis was diagnosed in 8/167 cases (4.8%; 95% confidence interval 2.1%–9.2%) and non-chlamydial bacterial conjunctivitis in 58/160 (36%; 95% confidence interval 29%–44%). To investigate the occurrence of Chlamydia trachomatis in lower respiratory tract infections, 228 infants aged less than six months with lower respiratory tract infection presenting at the paediatric emergency department of Oulu University Hospital were examined prospectively over a period of a complete epidemiological year. One infant (0.4%; 95% confidence interval 0.01%–2.4%) had lower respiratory tract infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and another was diagnosed with whooping cough (0.4%; 95% confidence interval 0.01%–2.4%). The majority of the infants with lower respiratory tract infection (203/228) had a respiratory viral infection. It may be concluded that the risk of mother-to-child transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis leading to a clinical illness in the infant in this era of nucleic acid-based diagnostics was less than 2%, which is significantly lower than in earlier studies. The population-based prevalence of neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis in primary care was less than 2% and that of chlamydial lower respiratory tract infection in a hospital setting less than 2.5%. The long-term prognosis for Chlamydia trachomatis infections in infancy was good. Common respiratory viruses were detected in 5% of the neonatal conjunctivitis casesTiivistelmä Noin 3 %:lla suomalaisista raskaana olevista naisista on klamydian (Chlamydia trachomatis) aiheuttama sukupuolitauti, joka voi tarttua äidistä lapseen synnytyksessä. Tartuntariskin on raportoitu olevan alatiesynnytyksessä noin 10–70 %. Noin 10–30 % tartunnan saaneista lapsista sairastuu silmätulehdukseen ja 0–20 % keuhkokuumeeseen. Vaikka imeväisten klamydiainfektiot ovat useimmiten lieviä tauteja, imeväisiällä sairastettu klamydiainfektio voi aiheuttaa silmän side- ja sarveiskalvon arpeutumista, pitkittynyttä yskää ja keuhkofunktion alenemaa. Aiempien tutkimusten perusteella arvioimme, että Suomessa sairastuu vuosittain noin 200 imeväistä klamydian aiheuttamaan silmätulehdukseen ja noin 100 imeväistä klamydiakeuhkokuumeeseen. Kliininen kokemuksemme on kuitenkin, että kohtaamme klamydiaa sairastavia imeväisiä varsin harvoin. Tämän ongelman ratkaisemiseksi ja klamydiaa sairastavien imeväisten paremmaksi tunnistamiseksi suunnittelimme tutkimuksen, jonka tarkoituksena on selvittää väestöpohjainen riski klamydian tarttumiselle äidistä vastasyntyneeseen, kuvata imeväisten klamydiainfektioiden tyypilliset piirteet sekä selvittää klamydian osuus imeväisten silmätulehduksissa ja alle kuuden kuukauden ikäisten imeväisten alahengitystieinfektioissa. Klamydian sairastaneet lapset poimittiin kahdesta suomalaisesta terveydenhuoltorekisteristä vuosina 1996–2011. Tuona aikana 206 lasta oli sairastanut mahdollisen klamydiainfektion, joten klamydian ilmaantuvuus oli 0,22/1000:tta elävänä syntynyttä kohti (95 % luottamusväli 0,19–0,25). Väestöpohjainen riski äidin sukupuoliklamydian tarttumiselle vastasyntyneeseen niin että lapselle aiheutuu oireinen infektio oli 0,8–1,8 %. Saatavilla olevien potilasasiakirjojen (124/206) perusteella kolmasosalla (33/124) imeväisistä, jotka sairastivat klamydian aiheuttamaa silmätulehdusta, oli oireena spontaani verinen kyynel- tai rähmäerite. Klamydiakeuhkokuumetta sairastavista puolella (15/32) esiintyi hengityksen vinkumista, mutta klamydiakeuhkokuumeelle tyypillistä hakkaavaa yskää (”staccato-yskä”) ei todettu yhdelläkään imeväisellä. Diagnostinen viive oli verrattain pitkä: 13 päivää (vaihteluväli 4–374) silmätulehduksessa ja 25 päivää (vaihteluväli 10–149) keuhkokuumeessa. Yhdelle laiminlyödylle lapselle kehittyi molemminpuoliset sarveiskalvoarvet hoitamattoman klamydiainfektion seurauksena. Vastasyntyneen silmätulehdustutkimukseen rekrytoitiin 173 alle 30 päivän ikäistä lasta Oulun kaupungin lastenneuvoloissa vuosina 2010–2015. Klamydian tai tippurin aiheuttamaa silmätulehdusta ei todettu yhdelläkään 163:sta tutkitusta vauvasta (0 %; 95 % luottamusväli 0 %–2,2 %). Viruksen aiheuttama silmätulehdus todettiin kahdeksalla vauvalla (4,8 %; 95 % luottamusväli 2,1 %–9,2 %) ja jonkin muun bakteerin kuin klamydian aiheuttama silmätulehdus 58:lla vauvalla (36 %; 95 % luottamusväli 29 %–44 %). Imeväisten alahengitystieinfektiotutkimukseen rekrytoitiin 228 alle kuuden kuukauden ikäistä imeväistä yliopistosairaalan lastenpäivystyksessä yhden epidemiologisen vuoden aikana. Klamydian aiheuttama hengitystieinfektio diagnosoitiin yhdellä imeväisellä (0,4 %; 95 % luottamusväli 0,01 %–2,4 %) ja hinkuyskä niin ikään yhdellä (0,4 %; 95 % luottamusväli 0,01 %–2,4 %). Valtaosalla (203/228) alahengitystieinfektio-oireisista imeväisistä oli viruksen aiheuttama infektio. Yhteenvetona voimme todeta, että klamydia tarttui äidistä lapseen alle 2 %:ssa synnytyksistä, mikä on huomattavasti harvinaisempaa kuin aiemmin on luultu. Klamydian aiheuttamien silmätulehdusten esiintyvyys oli alle 2 % ja alahengitystieinfektioiden alle 2,5 % alueemme lapsiväestössä. Klamydian aiheuttamat pitkäaikaishaitat olivat harvinaisia. Tavallisten hengitystievirusten osuus vastasyntyneiden silmätulehduksissa oli 5 %
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Nolte, Jeanine Lucasta. „The formulation and refinement of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for early diagnosis of paediatric HIV infection and genetic analysis of variants involved in vertical transmission of HIV-1“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26361.
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Paediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a major socio-economic health problem in recent years as the number of HIV-1 infected children steadily increases. The majority of these infants are infected through mother-to-child transmission, with the frequency of vertical transmission varying between 12,9% and 65%. In order to implement appropriate management and possible treatment of these infected neonates, it is essential to have reliable laboratory tests for the early diagnosis of an HIV infection. At the time that this study was initiated, the diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in the Groote Schuur Hospital Virology Laboratory depended almost exclusively on serological assays. Such assays are of limited value for infants under 18 months of age, as maternal lgG antibody to HIV-1 is transferred via the placenta and may persist in the baby for up to 18 months. Available lgG antibody tests do not distinguish reliably between passively acquired maternal antibody and that produced by the infant itself. A valuable method of establishing the presence of true infection is provided by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique which allows the identification, and subsequent exponential amplification of low levels of specific viral nucleic acid using specific oligonucleotide primers. A major aim of this study was to develop and instigate a (PCR) assay for the early diagnosis of HIV infection in infected infants. This was successfully achieved by the adaptation and optimization of an existing standard PCR protocol to suit the specific needs of a routine diagnostic service. Preliminary requirements involved the selection of primers and probes and establishing optimal parameters for: ionic strength, Taq DNA polymerase concentration, primer concentration, deoxynucleotide triphosphate concentration, and hybridization conditions for most efficient functioning of the test. The devised method entailed the extraction of proviral DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, amplification of HIV-1 specific sequences by PCR, and identification by Southern blot hybridization with digoxigenin (DIG)-labelled probes. Thereafter the efficacy of the assay was tested on 45 infants (under 15 months of age) all born to seropositive mothers and therefore at risk for HIV infection. Forty-two of these infants had antibodies to HIV-1 and the remaining 3 were seronegative. The latter 3 also tested negative for HIV proviral DNA when PCR was performed, using at least 2 different HIV-1 primer pairs and their respective DIG-labelled probes. However, 27 (64%) of the 42 seropositive infants were also HIV-PCR positive and the remaining 15 (36%) seropositive infants were negative for HIV proviral DNA. Positive PCR tests correlated well with clinical data indicative of active HIV-1 infection for the majority of infants in the neonatal period, although it could not provide proof of infection in newborn babies (less than 1 week of age). The development of an in-house PCR protocol specific for HIV-1 has not only provided a valuable diagnostic assay for neonatal infection, but has also given insight into the parameters required for high sensitivity and the stringent precautionary measures that need to be applied to avoid contamination problems. The second part of this study was devoted to DNA sequence analysis of cloned HIV isolates from an infected mother and her 3-month-old infant. Nucleotide sequence variation between isolates of HIV-1 has been well documented. Examination of the third variable region (particularly the V3- loop) in the env gene of HIV-1 of our mother-infant pair confirmed this variation and provided the first genetic epidemiological data of this nature in the local community. Proviral DNA from both mother and baby was amplified using V3-specific degenerate primers and cloned. Clones containing the insert DNA were 2 identified by colony-blot hybridization. Their nucleotide and amino acid sequences were analyzed by using various computer programs. The degree of similarity between variants from the mother and infant in this study differed to a large extent from previous studies. The virus population harboured by the mother displayed highly homogeneous V3 sequences (1,04% variation) compared to the isolates from her 3-month-old infant, which showed a higher degree (1,8%) of heterogeneity. Phylogenetic analysis of the different isolates from mother and infant demonstrated that an HIV-1 subtype C virus was the infectious agent. This classification was confirmed by the characteristic amino-acid sequence of the tetrapeptide motif of the V3 loop present in the isolates from both mother and infant as well as the absence of a potential N-linked glycosylation site proximal to the first cysteine of the V3 loop, which is characteristic of subtype C viruses. Based on the amino acids present at positions 306 and 320 of the V3 loop, it could also be concluded that isolates from both the mother and her baby were consistent with the non-syncytium inducing (NSI) phenotype of HIV-1, thus indicating that, contrary to popular belief, NSI variants can be responsible for initiating infection. Data obtained from these genetic investigations of variants involved in vertical transmission of HIV-1 can form a useful basis for future comparative studies.
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Karami, Nahid. „Antibiotic resistance and fitness of Escherichia coli in the infantile commensal microbiota /“. Göteborg : Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Göteborg University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/4418.
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Paixão, Paulo Jorge Pereira Cruz. „Contributo para o estudo da infecção congénita pelo vírus citomegálico em Portugal“. Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/5101.
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Resumo
O vírus citomegálico humano (CMV) é o principal agente de infecção congénita,
atingindo cerca de 0.2 a 2.2% de todos os recém-nascidos. As crianças que nascem
infectadas por este vírus têm cerca de 11% a 12.7% de probabilidades de apresentarem
sintomas e sinais de doença citomegálica ao nascimento, podendo cerca de 40 a 58%
destas virem a apresentar sequelas neurológicas permanentes. Das crianças infectadas
que terão infecção assintomática no período neo-natal, 5 a 15% poderão vir igualmente
a sofrer de sequelas tardias, sobretudo a surdez ou o atraso mental.
Em Portugal, desconhece-se a dimensão deste problema. O primeiro objectivo desta
dissertação foi, desta forma, a determinação da prevalência através do recurso aos
cartões do diagnóstico precoce (“Guthrie cards”), utilizando uma técnica de nested-PCR
dirigida para o vírus. Foram estudados 3600 cartões, seleccionados de todo o território
nacional (continente e ilhas), de uma forma proporcional ao número de nascimentos em
cada distrito, dos quais 38 foram positivos, o que dá uma prevalência de 1.05%
(intervalo de confiança para 95%: 0.748-1.446).
A revisão sobre a experiência acumulada nos últimos 15 anos, na área do
diagnóstico pré-natal, juntamente com um estudo adicional sobre a técnica da avidez,
permitiu retirar algumas ilações, nomeadamente que este diagnóstico constitui uma
arma diagnostica fiável para a avaliação pré-natal desta infecção congénita e que a
selecção dos casos para amniocentese deverá obedecer a indicações serológicas
precisas, como a “seroconversão para IgG” ou a “IgM confirmada” (devendo o método
de confirmação ser a avidez das IgG com um índice <0,6) e as alterações ecográficas de
etiologia não esclarecida.
A possibilidade de utilizar pools de urinas para detectar a infecção congénita por
CMV foi abordada na terceira parte do trabalho experimental. A metodologia aí descrita
teve correlação total com o método de referência, permitindo uma redução bastante
significativa nos tempos de execução e nos custos em consumíveis, pelo que abre a
possibilidade da sua utilização para o rastreio da infecção congénita por CMV nos
recém-nascidos.
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Borrego, Luís Miguel Nabais. „Crianças com sibilância recorrente: estudo de função respiratória, avaliação imunológica e polimorfismos genéticos“. Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/5149.
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RESUMO
Nos últimos anos têm sido identificados vários factores de risco para asma brônquica
em crianças com sibilância recorrente, não se encontrando clara a importância da
avaliação funcional respiratória nestas crianças. De igual modo, têm sido documentados resultados contraditórios na avaliação imunológica das populações de células reguladoras bem como na expressão de polimorfismos para a asma. O objectivo deste
estudo consistiu na avaliação e comparação de parâmetros de avaliação funcional
respiratória, imunológica e de polimorfismos genéticos em crianças entre 8 e 20 meses
de idade, com três ou mais episódios de sibilância (n=50), sem qualquer terapêutica
anti-inflamatória prévia, diagnosticados por um médico, com e sem factores de risco
para asma brônquica (história de asma parental ou história pessoal de eczema ou pelo menos dois dos seguintes: história pessoal de rinite alérgica, sibilância fora do contexto infeccioso e contagem de eosinófilos no sangue periférico > 4%), comparados com um grupo controlo (n=30). Nestas crianças foram efectuadas provas de função respiratória em volume corrente e em volume aumentado através de técnicas de compressão torácica, avaliação de populações celulares por citometria de fluxo, expressão de citocinas por mARN em culturas de células estimuladas com PMA (leitura às 24 horas)
e com extractos de ácaros do pó doméstico (leitura ao 7º dia) e expressão de
polimorfismos para alguns genes associados a asma (ADAM 33, DPP10, GPRA). Na comparação entre as crianças com sibilância recorrente em relação ao grupo controlo foram observadas reduções significativas nos Z-scores para FVC (diferença média [95%
IC]: -0,7 [-1,2; -0,1], p=0,01), FEV0.5 (-1,0 [-1,5; -0,5], p=0,0001), FEF75 (-0,6
[-1,0; -0,2], p=0,0001) e FEF25-75 (-0,8 [-1,2; -0,4], p=0,0001), bem como valores
significativamente mais baixos para a quantificação do número absoluto de
CD4+CD25forte (-47,9 [-89,6; -6,1], p=0,03), do número absoluto e percentual de
CD4+CD25+CTLA-4 (p=0,0001) e da expressão de CTLA-4 (p=0,03) e IFN- (p=0,04)
nas culturas com extractos de ácaros. As crianças sibilantes com alto risco para asma
tinham, em relação ao grupo sem factores de risco, Z-scores significativamente mais
baixos para FVC (-0,7 [-1,4; -0,04], p=0,04) e FEF25-75 (-0,6 [-1,2; -0,1], p=0,03),2
valores significativamente inferiores do número absoluto das populações CD4+CD25+
(-118,8 [-210,0; -27,5], p=0,01) e CD4+CD25forte (-56,2 [-109,9; -2,5], p=0,04) e ainda uma expressão diminuída de IFN- (p=0,03) em culturas de células estimuladas com extractos de ácaros. Foram encontradas diferenças na expressão de polimorfismos para
os genes GPRA e ADAM 33, não sendo possível tecer extrapolações pelo reduzido número de crianças em estudo. As crianças com sibilância recorrente e alto risco de
asma apresentavam alterações na avaliação funcional respiratória, bem como no número
absoluto de populações celulares com função reguladora e na expressão de IFN- em
culturas celulares estimuladas com extractos de ácaros. Estes resultados realçam a
eventual importância da avaliação das provas de função respiratória e de parâmetros
imunológicos, em crianças com sibilância recorrente e alto risco clínico para asma, nos primeiros dois anos de vida, apesar da sua controversa aplicabilidade individual. O
seguimento prospectivo destas crianças poderá aferir o seu valor preditivo para asma em idade escolar.
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Fischler, Björn. „Neonatal cholestasis : clinical and aetiological aspects, with special reference to viral infections transmitted from mother to infant /“. Stockholm, 1998. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1998/91-628-3259-X.
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Korngold, Caleb Bosler. „Febrile Infants and Common Respiratory Viruses: Epidemiology and Clinical Implications“. Yale University, 2009. http://ymtdl.med.yale.edu/theses/available/etd-03062009-075645/.
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Fever in infants younger than 2 months of age causes a significant number of emergency department visits and is particularly worrisome because of the potential for serious infection. Management of febrile infants is problematic because clinical observation is not a reliable indicator of serious bacterial illness (SBI), such as bacteremia, meningitis, and urinary tract infection (UTI). Numerous investigators have proposed methods of screening laboratory tests to ascertain the risk of SBI in febrile infants. These screening tests could potentially avoid the invasive and costly sepsis work-up, which usually includes complete blood count (CBC), blood culture, urinalysis, urine culture, and lumbar puncture. We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional study that examined the prevalence of rhinovirus (RV) and coronavirus (CoV), which are two of the most common causes of upper respiratory infections in the first year of life, and human metapneumovirus (hMPV), which is a common cause of bronchiolitis, in infants younger than 2 months of age. This study also examined whether febrile infants with RV were more or less likely to also have a SBI than infants without a viral respiratory infection. Methodology: Fever was defined as rectal temperatures greater than 37.9C or a historical fever greater than 100.3F. Nasal swabs were tested with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) techniques for rhinoviruses (RV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and coronaviruses (CoV). Nasal samples were also tested for RSV, influenza A and B, parainfluenza types 1, 2 and 3, and adenovirus via direct fluorescent antibody (DFA). Conclusion: Rhinovirus (RV) was the most commonly detected respiratory viral pathogen in our cohort (14% out of 98 total enrolled patients). Coronovirus (CoV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) were both detected but in only one patient (1%) each. RV occurred predominantly in the summer (79%). This cohort of patients showed no difference between the incidence of serious bacterial illness (SBI) with and without RV infection (p=0.84).
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Milcent, Karen. „Outils diagnostiques pour la reconnaissance des infections bactériennes sévères chez les nourrissons fébriles âgés de moins de trois mois consultant aux urgences pédiatriques“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS224/document.
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Les nourrissons âgés de moins de trois mois ont la particularité d’être à relativement haut risque d’infections bactériennes sévères (IBS), majoritairement représentées par les infections urinaires et en particulier celles plus invasives (IBI) que sont les méningites et les bactériémies. On ne dispose actuellement pas d’outil suffisamment fiable et d’un rapport coût-bénéfice bien évalué pour différencier les nourrissons fébriles porteurs d’une affection virale banale de ceux porteurs d’une infection bactérienne.Le travail doctoral avait pour objectifs d’évaluer l’épidémiologie et les pratiques de prise en charge françaises des infections bactériennes de l’enfant fébrile âgé de moins de trois mois admis aux urgences pédiatriques ainsi que des outils diagnostiques, tels que la bandelette urinaire et la procalcitonine dans cette population. Plus de 2000 nourrissons ont été inclus dans une étude prospective observationnelle multicentrique (PRONOUR) sur une période de trente mois d’octobre 2008 à Mars 2011.Nous avons dans un premier temps décrit les modalités de prise en charge de ces jeunes nourrissons fébriles et montré que les pratiques étaient hétérogènes entre les centres participants et variaient par rapport aux recommandations existantes.Nous avons dans un second temps, étudié les pratiques de dépistage des infections urinaires, IBS la plus fréquente dans cette tranche d’âge, et en particulier les performances de la bandelette urinaire. La majorité des urines étaient prélevées par poche collectrice et la bandelette urinaire avait une sensibilité pour la détection d’infection urinaire comparable à celle de l’analyse par microscopie avec cette méthode de recueil.Puis, nous avons réévalué les performances des algorithmes décisionnels existants pour la détection des enfants à faible risque d’IBS dans une nouvelle population (PRONOUR). Nous avons montré qu’ils avaient une valeur prédictive négative satisfaisante comme précédemment décrit, mais une faible valeur prédictive positive pour la distinction des enfants porteurs ou non d’une IBS.Enfin, les performances de la procalcitonine (PCT) dans la détection des IBS et IBI ont été calculées et comparées avec celles d’autres marqueurs inflammatoires usuels. La capacité discriminative de la PCT était excellente pour le diagnostique d’IBI et meilleure que celles des autres marqueurs inflammatoires. Pour la détection d’une IBS, la PCT avait des performances similaires à celles de la C-réactive protein.La prise en charge des nourrissons fébriles âgés de moins de trois mois est hétérogène et pourrait être améliorée par de nouveaux outils prédictifs La prise en charge des nourrissons fébriles âgés de moins de trois mois est hétérogène et pourrait être améliorée par de nouveaux outils prédictifs tels que l’utilisation de la procalcitonine et de la bandelette urinaire dans cette tranche d’âgeThe prevalence of severe bacterial infections (SBI),mainly represented by urinary tract infections is relatively high in infants less than three months of age and particularly those more invasive (IBI) that are meningitis and bacteremia. Current strategies to distinguish young infants with SBIs from those with viral infections are not absolutely reliable and their cost-effectiveness and the associated iatrogenic morbidity have not been extensively evaluated.The purposes of the study were to characterize the spectrum of disease, clinical outcomes and management of febrile infants aged three months or younger admitted to pediatric emergency department in France and to evaluate the performances of diagnostics tests that are urinary dipstick test and procalcitonin assay in this population. A prospective multicenter cohort study was conducted in 15 French pediatric emergency departments over a period of 30 months between October 2008 and March 2011(PRONOUR). More than 2000 infants were enrolled.First, we have described the management of these young febrile infants. We have showed that practices were heterogeneous between the participating centers and varied from the current guidelines.We have analyzed screening strategies of urinary tract infection, the most common SBI in this age group, and in particular we aimed to assess the test performances of urine dipstick test. Most of urine specimens were collected by bag. Dipstick tests on bag urine samples detected urinary tract infections in infants aged 7 to 92 days similarly to microscopy.Then, we have re-evaluated the performances of current strategies for identifying infants at low risk for SBI in a new population (PRONOUR). We have showed that current protocols maintained their good previously reported negative predictive values but have low positive predictive values to detect young infants with SBIs.Finally, the performances parameters of procalcitonine (PCT) for detecting SBI and IBI in this population were calculated and compared with usual biomarkers. Procalcitonin has better diagnostic accuracy than CRP for detecting IBI. The two tests perform similarly for identifying SBI in febrile infants aged 7 to 91 days.The management of febrile infants less than three months of age varied between centers should be improved by new predictive tests. The performance of PCT testing should encourage the development of decision-making rules incorporating PCT and urinary dipstick test
Bücher zum Thema "Infant Infections"
1
Richard, Moxon E., Hrsg. Neonatal infections. Oxford [England]: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991.
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2
Anne, Greenough, Osborne John FRCOG und Sutherland Sheena, Hrsg. Congenital, perinatal, and neonatal infections. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.
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3
National guidelines for early infant diagnosis. [Kathmandu]: National Centre for AIDS and STD Control, Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal, 2012.
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Carole, Kenner, und Polak Judith D, Hrsg. Neonatal infection: Assessment, diagnosis, and management. Petaluma, CA: NICU INK, 1994.
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5
Grundfast, Kenneth. Ear infections in your child. Hollywood, Fla: Compact Books, 1987.
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Grundfast, Kenneth. Ear infections in your child. Hollywood, Fla: Compact Books, 1987.
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John, De Louvois, und Harvey David, Hrsg. Infection in the newborn. Chichester, West Sussex, England: Wiley, 1990.
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1931-, Remington Jack S., und Klein Jerome O. 1931-, Hrsg. Infectious diseases of the fetus & newborn infant. 4. Aufl. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1995.
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Remington, Jack S. Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant. 4. Aufl. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1994.
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10
UNICEF, World Health Organization, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. und United Nations Population Fund, Hrsg. HIV and infant feeding: Guidelines for decision-makers. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2003.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Infant Infections"
1
Dagan, Ron, und Marilyn A. Menegus. „Nonpolio Enteroviruses and the Febrile Infant“. In Human Enterovirus Infections, 239–54. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818326.ch11.
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Primhak, Sarah, Evangelia Myttaraki und Elizabeth Whittaker. „Congenital infections of the respiratory tract“. In Respiratory Diseases of the Newborn Infant, 245–58. Sheffield, United Kingdom: European Respiratory Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/2312508x.10014720.
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Smith, Andrew G., und Eric D. McCollum. „Infant Nasal Bubble Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in Resource-Limited Settings“. In Noninvasive Ventilation in High-Risk Infections and Mass Casualty Events, 221–26. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1496-4_25.
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Smith, Andrew G., und Eric D. McCollum. „Infant Nasal Bubble Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) in Resource-Limited Settings“. In Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation in High Risk Infections, Mass Casualty and Pandemics, 223–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29673-4_25.
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Filteau, Suzanne, und Andrew Tomkins. „Infant feeding and infectious disease“. In Infant Nutrition, 143–62. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3212-9_6.
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Koay, Wei Li A., und Allison L. Agwu. „Management of HIV-Exposed Infants“. In Neonatal Infections, 127–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90038-4_14.
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Atan Şahin, Özlem Naciye, Nuray Bayar Muluk und Ayşe Engin Arısoy. „Otitis Media in Infants“. In Pediatric ENT Infections, 373–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80691-0_32.
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„Infant Botulism“. In Anaerobic Infections, 79–86. Informa Healthcare, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/9780849382581.009.
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„Infant Botulism“. In Pediatric Anaerobic Infections, 139–48. CRC Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/9780203904022-16.
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Arnon, Stephen S. „Infant Botulism“. In Anaerobic Infections in Humans, 601–9. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-256745-2.50032-5.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Infant Infections"
1
Pike, Katy, Ashley Rajappan, Hazel Inskip, Keith Godfrey und Jane Lucas. „Maternal but not paternal BMI is associated with childhood wheeze and infant respiratory infections“. In ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.oa3304.
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Medeleanu, M. V., M. E. Reyna, R. Dai, P. Mandhane, S. Turvey, P. Gustafsson, M. R. Sears, T. J. Moraes und P. Subbarao. „Proximate Effects of Infant Lower Respiratory Tract Infections on Lung and Immune Dysfunction: Findings From the CHILD Study“. In American Thoracic Society 2023 International Conference, May 19-24, 2023 - Washington, DC. American Thoracic Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2023.207.1_meetingabstracts.a6203.
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Lima, Maysa Ramos de, Rafaella Fiquene de Brito Filgueira, Pietra Wanderley Pires und Laryssa Marques Pereira Crizanto. „THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER TREATMENT OF LACTATIONAL MASTITIS“. In XXIV Congresso Brasileiro de Mastologia. Mastology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942022v32s1078.
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Introduction: Lactational mastitis is an inflammatory process of the breast that may or may not cause uncomfortable clinical manifestations. It is also an important cause of weaning, according to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), increasing the cost of care, and hence becoming a public health problem. In addition, it can be observed that, as it is a harmful process, it interferes with the quality of life of the woman-mother and, consequently, the motherchild relations. In addition, an increased risk of transmission of the virus has been reported in those with this infection. Objective: This study analyzed the importance of adequate treatment of lactational mastitis. Methods: This is a literature review carried out in January 2022, through searches in the PubMed and SciELO search interface. The descriptors were used: “Mastitis” and “Lactational,” combined with the Boolean operator “AND.” The inclusion criteria were texts available in full, in English and Portuguese, which addressed the proposed theme. In contrast, duplicate articles were excluded, granted only in the form of abstracts and which did not answer the guiding question, and ending with five publications. Results: The greater mammary glandular activity together with breastfeeding, which induces a great deal of manipulation of the breast, causes the inflammatory processes to greatly affect the puerperal breast. The nipple, through galactophore channels, can become a gateway to infections, and the following are the most common microorganisms to cause this pathology: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus group A or B, Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides sp. The predisposing factors are nipple anomalies and poor hygienic breastfeeding conditions, but the determining cause is sucking by the infant. During breastfeeding, the pain felt by the woman is the predominant symptom in the diagnosis, but bloody vomiting or stools with pure blood in the infant can also be warning signs. Thus, breast infection during breastfeeding requires an immediate and adequate treatment, since if left untreated it can lead to the interruption of breastfeeding, as well as more serious complications, such as the formation of a breast abscess. In this context, the treatment of mastitis can basically be done with an antibiotic therapy and emptying of the breast. Eventually, surgical drainage is performed in cases of abscess formation. Thus, the choice of the appropriate treatment becomes essential for the cure and prevention of complications in the mother and in the infant. Conclusion: In view of this, it is concluded that one of the factors related to early weaning is that the knowledge of its clinical characteristics allows the implementation of intervention measures that, when carried out in a preventive way, favor the reduction of new cases. It also consists of a serious condition that can be avoided with good quality primary health care. However, other studies need to be carried out to determine the incidence and predisposing factors for this pathology, in order to adopt a more appropriate approach.
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Allinson, J., N. Chaturvedi, A. Wong, I. Shah, G. C. Donaldson, J. A. Wedzicha und R. J. Hardy. „Infant Lower Respiratory Infections and the Premature Death of Adults From Respiratory Disease - a Seventy-three Year Longitudinal Nationally Representative Birth Cohort Study“. In American Thoracic Society 2023 International Conference, May 19-24, 2023 - Washington, DC. American Thoracic Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2023.207.1_meetingabstracts.a6240.
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Kurniati, Nurul. „Analysis of Factors and Management of Hepatitis B Virus Screening in Mothers and Infants: A Scoping Review“. In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.67.
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ABSTRACT Background: The importance of screening for HBV infection is to identify the risk of perinatal transmission from infected mothers. People infected with HBV during infancy or childhood are more likely to suffer chronic infection to cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. Early detection and prompt treatment are essential for HBV infection. This study aimed to review the factors and management of hepatitis B virus screening in mothers and infants. Subjects and Method: A scoping review method was conducted in eight stages including (1) Identification of study problems; (2) Determining priority problem and study question; (3) Determining framework; (4) Literature searching; (5) Article selection; (6) Critical appraisal; (7) Data extraction; and (8) Mapping. The search included PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, and Scopus databases. The inclusion criteria were English/ Indonesian-language and full-text articles (scoping review, meta-analysis, systematic review)/ documents/ reports/ policy brief/ guidelines from WHO/ other organizations published between 2009 and 2019. The data were selected by the PRISMA flow chart. Results: The searched database obtained a total of 27.862 articles. After screening, 27.325 articles were excluded because of unmet the inclusion criteria. After conducting critical appraisal for the remaining 537 articles, only 11 articles were eligible for further review. The selected articles obtained from developing countries (China, South Africa, and Tanzania) and developed countries (Netherlands, Japan, Denmark, Northern Europe, and Canada) with quantitative studies design (cross-sectional, case series, and cohort) met the inclusion criteria. The findings emphasized on four main topics around hepatitis B virus screening in mothers and infants, namely demographic factors, risk factors, post-screening benefit, and challenges in screening uptake. Conclusion: Early detection of HBV infection with prenatal screening reduce the HBV prenatal transmission, especially from infected pregnancy. Screening plays an important role in the administration of universal infant HBV vaccination and postexposure prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) at birth. Keywords: pregnant women, hepatitis B virus, perinatal transmission, screening Correspondence: Setianingsih. Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta. Jl. Siliwangi (Ringroad Barat) No. 63, Nogotirto, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55292. Email: nsetia580@gmail.com. Mobile: 082242081295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.67
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Kalajdzic, Besim, Ruth Jill Urbanic, Andre Khayat und Anna Farias. „Utilizing Advanced Manufacturing Technologies to Develop a Reconfigurable Lumbar Puncture Training Model“. In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86851.
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The lumbar puncture (LP) procedure is a diagnostic procedure that is performed to identify the root cause behind symptoms which can often be caused by various diseases or infections. Currently, medical students will either perform LPs directly on live patients with only theoretical knowledge of the procedure, or they will first be trained using unrealistic models that give a poor representation of the procedure. Traumatic taps (poorly performed LPs) were found to occur in approximately 15% of adult patients, and 35% in children. To reduce these complications, it is necessary that medical students receive the best training possible, which can be made possible through utilizing advanced design and manufacturing technologies. The training mannequin should be flexible, have realistic tissue force resistance, and be reconfigurable for different body types, and age groups. A parametric CAD model is developed that can be modified to represent key structural dimensions from infant to adults, force testing is conducted on a cadaver to determine the puncture forces, and more realistic ‘tissue’ materials are derived via experimentation as the existing training models have noticeably different resistance characteristics. The individual elements for a new training mannequin solution have been determined. Additive manufacturing processes can readily fabricate the vertebrae and pelvis elements, as well as the specialty molds. A final model assembly, and field testing, needs to be performed.
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Carlson, Sam, Farhanuddin Fazaluddin Kazi, Abigail R. Clarke-Sather, Jomara Sandbulte und Sonya Wang. „INITIAL COMPARISON OF VITAL SIGNS MONITORING ON THE WRIST WITH THE ANKLE AND BICEP“. In 2023 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2023-6390.
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Abstract Kangaroo care is a vital component of infant care that can lead to reduced morbidity and mortality amongst infants born prematurely. While it is known that kangaroo care, or more simply, skin-to-skin contact, can lead to better health outcomes for both the infant and the mother, the correlation between duration of kangaroo care and positive health outcomes remains a mystery. Not all mothers are able to perform kangaroo mother care, or 24-hour kangaroo care, so it is important to know how much kangaroo care is necessary to achieve positive health outcomes for infants born prematurely. To determine the relationship between maternal-infant interactions, a system of health monitoring devices is presented to measure the duration and frequency of kangaroo care, along with the effects of kangaroo care before, during, and after the act. One specific parameter of interest is the heartrate of the mother and infant. The maternal heartrate can be measured with a commercially available Garmin Venu® Sq smartwatch, but it typically cannot be worn on the wrist in NICUs due to their infection control guidelines. The viability of wearing a Garmin® smartwatch to measure maternal heartrate on the ankle or bicep compared to the wrist was determined by wearing three smartwatches simultaneously on the specified locations. It was found that the smartwatch located at the ankle undercounted the heartrate by an average of 0.5 bpm and the smartwatch located at the bicep overcounted by an average of 0.05 bpm. From statistical analysis, it was determined that the smartwatch worn at the bicep would be an acceptable alternative to wearing a smartwatch on the wrist to gather maternal heartrate data for use in the complete kangaroo care monitoring system.
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Tan Hui En, Glenda, Koay Tze Erhn und Shen Bingquan. „Anti-Virus Autobots: Predicting More Infectious Virus Variants for Pandemic Prevention through Deep Learning“. In 4th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2022). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.121102.
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More infectious virus variants can arise from rapid mutations in their proteins, creating new infection waves. These variants can evade one’s immune system and infect vaccinated individuals, lowering vaccine efficacy. Hence, to improve vaccine design, this project proposes Optimus PPIme – a deep learning approach to predict future, more infectious variants from an existing virus (exemplified by SARS-CoV-2). The approach comprises an algorithm which acts as a “virus” attacking a host cell. To increase infectivity, the “virus” mutates to bind better to the host’s receptor. 2 algorithms were attempted – greedy search and beam search. The strength of this variant-host binding was then assessed by a transformer network we developed, with a high accuracy of 90%. With both components, beam search eventually proposed more infectious variants. Therefore, this approach can potentially enable researchers to develop vaccines that provide protection against future infectious variants before they emerge, preempting outbreaks and saving lives.
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Lusher, J. M., L. M. Aledort, M. Hiltgartner, J. Mosley und E. Operskalski. „TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION TO HOUSEHOLD CONTACTS OF PERSONS WITH CONGENITAL HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS“. In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644679.
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The Transfusion Safety Study is collecting data concerning the transmission of transfusion-acquired infections from patients with congenital hematologic disorders to household members. Of 233 patients for whom information is presently available, 128 (55%) were anti-HIV-positive. The 128 positive patients lived in 123 households with 174 members; 16 contacts were positive by EIA and immunoblot.These data provide further evidence of relatively high risk of HIV infection of sexual contacts. The three anti-HIV-positive children are all infants born to anti-HIV-positive wivesof infected hemophiliacs. Passively acquired antibody has not been excluded for two; the third was positive at ten months of age. Thus, vertical transmission may be a very important mechanism of perpetuating the HIV reservoir.
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Oliveira, Juliana D. de, Thainá Batista Mendes, Dayana Luiza Silveira, Josinaldo de Aguiar S. Junior, Amanda Reinhold Macedo, Thaise Hellen Estrela, Amanda Sales Stehling, Arllen Laureano Galvão, Davi Abrantes L. Messias und Layza de Souza Chaves Deininger. „Prevalence of leukemia in childhood and adolescence from 2017 to 2022 in the state of Paraíba“. In III SEVEN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/seveniiimulti2023-194.
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Leukemia is a form of blood cancer that mainly affects children and adolescents but can also affect young people and adults. This disease is a result of the accumulation of cells in the bone marrow which compromises the manufacture of red blood cells giving rise to anemia, also affecting the production of white blood cells causing infections. When reaching the platelets causes hemorrhages, this disease advances very quickly, needing to be treated quickly for successful treatment. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of leukemia in children and adolescents in Paraíba, from 2017 to 2022. This is a documental, retrospective-descriptive study with a quantitative approach, in which the data collection took place in April 2023, using the records and data from DATASUS, which were selected data regarding the prevalence of Leukemia in children and adolescents between 0 and 19 years in Paraíba in the years 2017 to 2022. The results regarding the number of prevalence in the sense of residence, diagnosis and treatment in relation to the years 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 among the five types of leukemia, in the age group from 0 to 19 years (infant-juvenile) evidenced the predominance for the types Lymphoid Leukemia (10.78%) and Myeloid Leukemia (4.44%), having affected more females (51.58%). In general, the state of Paraíba follows the behavior at the national level, since the most observed subtype of leukemia in the age group between 0 and 19 years at the national level is Acute Lymphoid Leukemia, reaching 51% of cases. Thus, these results elucidate the importance of strengthening public policies aimed at the early diagnosis and treatment of leukemia in childhood and youth, in order to increase the survival of these patients.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Infant Infections"
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Jones, Sara, Rebecca Ellis, Susan Dvorak, Abbie Dolling, Tara McNamara, Daisy Bradford, Amy Brown et al. Exploring the safety of at home powdered formula preparation. Food Standards Agency, Oktober 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.zhk828.
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Infant formula is a breastmilk substitute fed to babies when mums are unable or do not want to breastfeed. In the UK, almost three quarters of babies will have consumed infant formula by six weeks of age, and almost all will have by six months (McAndrew et al., 2012). Formula fed babies are at greater risk of gastrointestinal infections than breastfed babies because breastfeeding is protective against infections as it helps babies’ immune systems develop, and because bottles of formula are at risk of bacterial contamination. Bacterial contamination is thought to occur in two ways; first, powdered infant formula (PIF) is not sterile and can contain harmful bacteria, including Salmonella and Cronobacter if not prepared properly (Crawley, Westland & Sibson, 2022), and second, bottles and teats are vulnerable to contamination during preparation (Redmond et al., 2009; Cho et al., 2019). It is estimated that in the UK over 3,000 babies end up in hospital each year, and a further 10,000 are reviewed by GPs, due to gastrointestinal infections which may be attributed to formula feeding (Renfrew et al., 2012). NHS (2019) guidance states that PIF must be mixed with water at a temperature of 70o Celsius (oC) or greater, to kill any bacteria which may be present in the PIF. The use of boiled water from a kettle cooled to at least 70oC is recommended, which is then mixed with the PIF before allowing it to cool further before feeding. This should be repeated every time a bottle is needed to ensure the formula is safe. Bacteria can survive and multiply in formula, even if it is stored in a fridge. NHS guidance also contains steps to minimise contamination of baby feeding equipment, including washing hands, disinfecting preparation surfaces, and washing and sterilising all baby feeding equipment. However, research shows many parents do not carry out all these steps, and a third of parents do not feel confident about preparing PIF (Brown, Jones and Evans, 2020). Furthermore, there has been an increase in UK parents using formula preparation machines and their efficacy has not yet been sufficiently investigated.
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Kotler, Moshe, Larry Hanson und Shane Burgess. Replication Defective Cyprinid Herpes Virus-3 (CyHV-3) as a Combined Prophylactic Vaccine in Carps. United States Department of Agriculture, Dezember 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697104.bard.
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Aquacultured koi and common carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) are intensively bred as ornamental and food fish in many countries worldwide. Hatcheries of carp and koi have recently suffered massive financial damages due to two viral diseases caused by the Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3), previously designated as Carp Interstitial Nephritis and Gill Necrosis Virus (CNGV) and Koi herpesvirus (KHV), and by the Spring Viremia of Carp Virus (SVCV). CyHV-3 is a large dsDNA virus, which is infectious mostly to koi and common carp, while SVCV is a rhabdovirus with a relatively broad host range. Both viruses induce contagious disease with mortality rate up to 90%. Strategies for the control of viral infection in fish are of limited use. While efforts to prevent introduction of infectious agents into culture facilities are desirable, such exclusion strategies are far from fail-safe. Extensive vaccination methods that are useful for use in aquaculture facilities produce weak immunity, when used with proteins or inactivated viruses. Methods to overcome this obstacle are to vaccinate the fish with large amounts of antigen and/or use adjuvant and immune modulators over a long period. These techniques usually require individual handling of the fish. On the other hand, live attenuated virus is efficient and economical when used as an immersionvaccine. However, this technique poses certain environmental risks and thus may be difficult to license and scale up. Another option is a vaccine based on the replication defective virus (RDV) (pseudovirus), which can infect cells, but is unable to produce infectious particles. This vaccine may circumvent many of the problems related to attenuated-live vaccine (e.g., inadvertent infection and reversion to the virulent strain).
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Wang, Xiaoyu. Pediatric tuina in treating recurrent respiratory tract infection in children: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.4.0075.
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Review question / Objective: Is pediatric tuina an effective treatment for recurrent respiratory tract infection in children? Condition being studied: Recurrent respiratory tract infection (RRTI) is a common disease in children, which refers to the recurrence of upper and lower respiratory tract infections within a year, exceeding the prescribed number of times. It is more common in infants under 3 years old. The disease is easy to relapse and lasts for a long time, affecting the normal growth and development of children and physical and mental health, easily causing other diseases, leading to a variety of chronic wasting diseases, and damaging the function of organs and the immune system. Immunotherapy and nutritional therapy are commonly used in Western medicine. At present, the treatment of RRTI in children with traditional Chinese medicine has achieved a certain effect, and the treatment mainly includes internal treatment and external treatment. Tuina therapy is one of the common therapies for the treatment of RRTI in children with traditional Chinese medicine. Because of its advantages, there are many literature reports on tuina treatment of this disease, with a good total effective rate, but whether its therapeutic effect is higher than other therapies has not been determined as a whole. This study used the method of systematic review to collect the published clinical research literature on the treatment of RRTI in children at home and abroad for systematic review, so as to provide a reference for clinical research.
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Kintz, Erica, Erin Lewis und Victoria Cohen. Qualitative assessment of the risk of SARS-CoV-2 to human health through food exposures to deer in the UK. Food Standards Agency, März 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.jip603.
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SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for the infectious disease COVID-19 (Gorbalenya et al 2020 (Opens in a new window)), was first detected in the human population in December 2019 (Zhu et al 2020 (Opens in a new window)). It has since spread to become a global pandemic. Previously, two other novel coronaviruses caused illness in the human population. The first, SARS-CoV (for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) was recognised as a new illness in 2004 and the second, MERS-CoV (for Middle East respiratory syndrome) in 2012 (de Wit et al. 2016). These previous coronavirus outbreaks in humans occurred after bat coronaviruses passed through intermediate hosts (civet cats and camels, respectively) and then transmitted to infect humans (de Wit et al. 2016). SARS-CoV-2 infections in companion animals such as dogs, cats and ferrets and also in captive or farmed animals such as tigers and mink have been observed, likely as spill over events from contact with infected humans (WOAH 2022). There is now a large body of evidence from the United States that SARS-CoV-2 is capable of infecting white-tailed deer and that it can then spread further in the deer population (details in “What is the risk of SARS-CoV-2 being introduced into the cervid population in Great Britain?” (Defra, 2022). Assuming a worst-case scenario where SARS-CoV-2 is circulating within the UK deer population, this risk assessment was performed to determine whether handling and/or consuming UK-produced deer meat and/or offal may pose a risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 in humans.
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Davidson, Irit, Hsing-Jien Kung und Richard L. Witter. Molecular Interactions between Herpes and Retroviruses in Dually Infected Chickens and Turkeys. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7575275.bard.
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Tumors in commercial poultry are caused mainly by infection with avian herpes and retroviruses, the herpesvirus Marek's disease virus (MDV) and the retroviruses, reticuloendotheliosis (REV), lymphoid leukosis, subgroups A-I and J (ALV and ALV-J) in chickens, or Iymphoprolipherative disease (LPDV) in turkeys. Infection with one virus aggravates the clinical outcome of birds that are already infected by another oncogenic virus. As these viruses do not interfere for infection, MDV and one or more retroviruses can infect the same flock, the same bird and the same cell. While infecting the same cell, herpes and retroviruses might interact in at least three ways: a) Integration of retrovirus genomes, or genomic fragments (mainly the LTR) into MDV;b) alteration of LTR-driven expression of retroviral genes by MDV immediate- early genes, and c) by herpesvirus induced cellular transcriptional factors. The first type of molecular interaction have been demonstrated to happen efficiently in vitro by Dr. Kung, in cases multiple infection of cell cultures with MDV and REV or MDV and ALV. Moreover, Dr. Witter showed that an in vitro-created recombinant, RM1, had altered in vitro replication and in vivo biological properties. A more comprehensive characterization of RM1 was carried out in the present project. We sought to highlight whether events of such integrations occur also in the bird, in vivo. For that, we had first to determine the prevalence of dually-infected individual birds in commercial flocks, as no systematic survey has been yet reported. Surprisingly, about 25% of the commercial flocks infected with avian oncogenic viruses had a multiple virus infection and 5% of the total samples ana lysed had multiple virus sequences. Then, we aimed to evaluate and characterize biologically and molecularly the resulting recombinants, if formed, and to analyse the factors that affect these events (virus strains, type and age of birds and time interval between the infection with both viruses). The perception of retrovirus insertions into herpesviruses in vivo is not banal, as the in vivo and in vitro systems differ in the viral-target cells, lymphocytes or fibroblasts, in the MDV-replicative type, transforming or productive, and the immune system presence. We realized that previous methods employed to study in vitro created recombinant viruses were not adequate for the study of samples taken directly from the bird. Therefore, the Hot Spot-combined PCR was developed based on the molecularly known RM1 virus. Also, the PFGE that was used for tissue cultured-MDV separation was inefficient for separating MDV from organs, but useful with feather tips as a source of bird original MDV. Much attention was dedicated now to feathers, because if a recombinant virus would be formed in vivo, its biological significance would be evident by horizontal dissemination through the feathers. Major findings were: a) not only in vitro, but also in vivo MDV and retrovirus co-infections lead to LTR integrations into MDV. That was shown by the detection of chimeric molecules. These appeared in low quantities and as quasispecies, thus interfering with sequence analysis of cloned gel-purified chimeric molecules. Mainly inserts were located in the repeat long MDV fragments. In field birds chimeric molecules were detected at a lower frequency (2.5%) than in experimentally infected birds (30-50%). These could be transmitted experimentally to another birds by inoculation with chimeric molecules containing blood. Several types of chimeric molecules were formed, and same types were detected in birds infected by a second round. To reproduce viral integrations, in vivo infection trials were done with field inoculate that contained both viruses, but the chimeric molecule yield was undetectable.
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Splitter, Gary A., Menachem Banai und Jerome S. Harms. Brucella second messenger coordinates stages of infection. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7699864.bard.
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Aim 1: To determine levels of this second messenger in: a) B. melitensiscyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate-regulating mutants (BMEI1448, BMEI1453, and BMEI1520), and b) B. melitensis16M (wild type) and mutant infections of macrophages and immune competent mice. (US lab primary) Aim 2: To determine proteomic differences between Brucelladeletion mutants BMEI1453 (high cyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate, chronic persistent state) and BMEI1520 (low cyclicdimericguanosinemonophosphate, acute virulent state) compared to wild type B. melitensisto identify the role of this second messenger in establishing the two polar states of brucellosis. (US lab primary with synergistic assistance from the Israel lab Aim 3: Determine the level of Brucellacyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate and transcriptional expression from naturally infected placenta. (Israel lab primary with synergistic assistance from the US lab). B. Background Brucellaspecies are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause brucellosis, the most prevalent zoonosis worldwide. Brucellosis is characterized by increased abortion, weak offspring, and decreased milk production in animals. Humans are infected with Brucellaby consuming contaminated milk products or via inhalation of aerosolized bacteria from occupational hazards. Chronic human infections can result in complications such as liver damage, orchitis, endocarditis, and arthritis. Brucellaspp. have the ability to infect both professional and non-professional phagocytes. Because of this, Brucellaencounter varied environments both throughout the body and within a cell and must adapt accordingly. To date, few virulence factors have been identified in B. melitensisand even less is known about how these virulence factors are regulated. Subsequently, little is known about how Brucellaadapt to its rapidly changing environments, and how it alternates between acute and chronic virulence. Our studies suggest that decreased concentrations of cyclic dimericguanosinemonophosphate (c-di-GMP) lead to an acute virulent state and increased concentrations of c-di-GMP lead to persistent, chronic state of B. melitensisin a mouse model of infection. We hypothesize that B. melitensisuses c-di-GMP to transition from the chronic state of an infected host to the acute, virulent stage of infection in the placenta where the bacteria prepare to infect a new host. Studies on environmental pathogens such as Vibrio choleraeand Pseudomonas aeruginosasupport a mechanism where changes in c-di-GMP levels cause the bacterium to alternate between virulent and chronic states. Little work exists on understanding the role of c-di-GMP in dangerous intracellular pathogens, like Brucellathat is a frequent pathogen in Israeli domestic animals and U.S. elk and bison. Brucellamust carefully regulate virulence factors during infection of a host to ensure proper expression at appropriate times in response to host cues. Recently, the novel secondary signaling molecule c-di-GMP has been identified as a major component of bacterial regulation and we have identified c-di-GMP as an important signaling factor in B. melitensishost adaptation. C. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements 1. The B. melitensis1453 deletion mutant has increased c-di-GMP, while the 1520 deletion mutant has decreased c-di-GMP. 2. Both mutants grow similarly in in vitro cultures; however, the 1453 mutant has a microcolony phenotype both in vitro and in vivo 3. The 1453 mutant has increased crystal violet staining suggesting biofilm formation. 4. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an abnormal coccus appearance with in increased cell area. 5. Proteomic analysis revealed the 1453 mutant possessed increased production of proteins involved in cell wall processes, cell division, and the Type IV secretion system, and a decrease in proteins involved in amino acid transport/metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid production, and iron acquisition suggesting less preparedness for intracellular survival. 6. RNAseq analysis of bone marrow derived macrophages infected with the mutants revealed the host immune response is greatly reduced with the 1453 mutant infection. These findings support that microlocalization of proteins involved in c-di-GMP homeostasis serve a second messenger to B. melitensisregulating functions of the bacteria during infection of the host.
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Dawson, William O., und Moshe Bar-Joseph. Creating an Ally from an Adversary: Genetic Manipulation of Citrus Tristeza. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586540.bard.
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Citrus is one of the major agricultural crops common to Israel and the United States, important in terms of nutrition, foreign exchange, and employment. The economy of both citrus industries have been chronically plagued by diseases caused by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). The short term solution until virus-resistant plants can be used is the use of mild strain cross-protection. We are custom designing "ideal" protecting viruses to immunize trees against severe isolates of CTV by purposely inoculating existing endangered trees and new plantings to be propagated as infected (protected) citrus budwood. We crossed the substantial technological hurdles necessary to accomplish this task which included developing an infectious cDNA clone which allows in vitro manipulation of the virus and methods to then infect citrus plants. We created a series of hybrids between decline-inducing and mild CTV strains, tested them in protoplasts, and are amplifying them to inoculate citrus trees for evaluation and mapping of disease determinants. We also extended this developed technology to begin engineering transient expression vectors based on CTV as tools for genetic improvement of tree crops, in this case citrus. Because of the long periods between genetic transformation and the ultimate assay of mature tree characteristics, there is a great need for an effective system that allows the expression or suppression of target genes in fruiting plants. Virus-based vectors will greatly expedite progress in citrus genetic improvement. We characterized several components of the virus that provides necessary information for designing virus-based vectors. We characterized the requirements of the 3 ’-nontranslated replication promoter and two 3 ’-ORF subgenomic (sg) mRNA controller elements. We discovered a novel type of 5’-terminal sgRNAs and characterized the cis-acting control element that also functions as a strong promoter of a 3 ’-sgRNA. We showed that the p23 gene controls negative-stranded RNA synthesis and expression of 3 ’ genes. We identified which genes are required for infection of plants, which are host range determinants, and which are not needed for plant infection. We continued the characterization of native dRNA populations and showed the presence of five different classes including class III dRNAs that consists of infectious and self-replicating molecules and class V dRNAs that contain all of the 3 ’ ORFs, along with class IV dRNAs that retain non-contiguous internal sequences. We have constructed and tested in protoplasts a series of expression vectors that will be described in this proposal.
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Chejanovsky, Nor, und Bruce A. Webb. Potentiation of pest control by insect immunosuppression. United States Department of Agriculture, Juli 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587236.bard.
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Our original aims were to elucidate the mechanisms through which the immunosuppressive insect virus, the Campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus (CsV) promotes replication of a well-characterized pathogenic virus, the Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) in hosts that are mildly or non-permissive to virus replication. According to the BARD panels criticism we modified our short-term goals (see below). Thus, in this feasibility study (one-year funding) we aimed to show that: 1. S. littoralis larvae mount an immune response against a baculovirus infection. 2. Immunosuppression of an insect pest improves the ability of a viral pathogen (a baculovirus) to infect the pest. 3. S. littoralis cells constitute an efficient tool to study some aspects of the anti- viral immune response. We achieved the above objectives by: 1. Finding melanized viral foci upon following the baculoviral infection in S . littoralis larvae infected with a polyhedra - positive AcMNPV recombinant that expressed the GFP gene under the control of the Drosophila heat shock promoter. 2. Studying the effect of AcMNPV-infection in S . littoralis immunosuppressed by parasitation with the Braconidae wasp Chelonus inanitus that bears the CiV polydna virus, that resulted in higher susceptibility of S. littoralis to AcMNPV- infection. 3. Proving that S. littoralis hemocytes resist AcMNPV -infection. 4. Defining SL2 as a granulocyte-like cell line and demonstrating that as littoralis hemocytic cell line undergoes apoptosis upon AcMNPV -infection. 5. Showing that some of the recombinant AcMNPV expressing the immuno-suppressive polydna virus CsV- vankyrin genes inhibit baculoviral-induced lysis of SL2 cells. This information paves the way to elucidate the mechanisms through which the immuno- suppressive polydna insect viruses promote replication of pathogenic baculoviruses in lepidopteran hosts that are mildly or non-permissive to virus- replication by: - Assessing the extent to which and the mechanisms whereby the immunosuppressive viruses, CiV and CsV or their genes enhance AcMNPV replication in polydnavirus- immunosuppressed H. zea and S. littoralis insects and S. littoralis cells. - Identifying CiV and CsV genes involved in the above immunosuppression (e.g. inhibiting cellular encapsulation and disrupting humoral immunity). This study will provide insight to the molecular mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and improve our understanding of insect immunity. This knowledge is of fundamental importance to controlling insect vectored diseases of humans, animals and plants and essential to developing novel means for pest control (including baculoviruses) that strategically weaken insect defenses to improve pathogen (i.e. biocontrol agent) infection and virulence.
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Treadwell, Jonathan R., Mingche Wu und Amy Y. Tsou. Management of Infantile Epilepsies. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Oktober 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer252.
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Objectives. Uncontrolled seizures in children 1 to 36 months old have serious short-term health risks and may be associated with substantial developmental, behavioral, and psychological impairments. We evaluated the effectiveness, comparative effectiveness, and harms of pharmacologic, dietary, surgical, neuromodulation, and gene therapy treatments for infantile epilepsies. Data sources. We searched Embase®, MEDLINE®, PubMed®, the Cochrane Library, and gray literature for studies published from January 1, 1999, to August 19, 2021. Review methods. Using standard Evidence-based Practice Center methods, we refined the scope and applied a priori inclusion criteria to the >10,000 articles identified. We ordered full text of any pediatric epilepsy articles to determine if they reported any data on those age 1 month to <36 months. We extracted key information from each included study, rated risk of bias, and rated the strength of evidence. We summarized the studies and outcomes narratively. Results. Forty-one studies (44 articles) met inclusion criteria. For pharmacotherapy, levetiracetam may cause seizure freedom in some patients (strength of evidence [SOE]: low), but data on other medications (topiramate, lamotrigine, phenytoin, vigabatrin, rufinamide, stiripentol) were insufficient to permit conclusions. Both ketogenic diet and the modified Atkins diet may reduce seizure frequency (SOE: low for both). In addition, the ketogenic diet may cause seizure freedom in some infants (SOE: low) and may be more likely than the modified Atkins diet to reduce seizure frequency (SOE: low). Both hemispherectomy/hemispherotomy and non-hemispheric surgical procedures may cause seizure freedom in some infants (SOE: low for both), but the precise proportion is too variable to estimate. For three medications (levetiracetam, topiramate, and lamotrigine), adverse effects may rarely be severe enough to warrant discontinuation (SOE: low). For topiramate, non-severe adverse effects include loss of appetite and upper respiratory tract infection (SOE: moderate). Harms of diets were sparsely reported. For surgical interventions, surgical mortality is rare for functional hemispherectomy/hemispherotomy and non-hemispheric procedures (SOE: low), but evidence was insufficient to permit quantitative estimates of mortality or morbidity risk. Hydrocephalus requiring shunt placement after multilobar, lobar, or focal resection is uncommon (SOE: low). No studies assessed neuromodulation or gene therapy. Conclusions. Levetiracetam, ketogenic diet, modified Atkins diet, and surgery all appear to be effective for some infants. However, the strength of the evidence is low for all of these modalities due to lack of control groups, low patient enrollment, and inconsistent reporting. Future studies should compare different pharmacologic treatments and compare pharmacotherapy with dietary therapy. Critical outcomes underrepresented in the literature include quality of life, sleep outcomes, and long-term development.
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Chejanovsky, Nor, und Bruce A. Webb. Potentiation of Pest Control by Insect Immunosuppression. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592113.bard.
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The restricted host range of many baculoviruses, highly pathogenic to Lepidoptera and non-pathogenic to mammals, limits their use to single or few closely related Lepidopteran species and is an obstacle to extending their implementation for pest control. The insect immune response is a major determinant of the ability of an insect pathogen to efficiently multiply and propagate. We have developed an original model system to study the Lepidopteran antiviral immune response based on Spodoptera littoralis resistance to AcMNPV (Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus) infection and the fascinating immunosuppressive activity of polydnaviruses .Our aim is to elucidate the mechanisms through which the immunosuppressive insect polydnaviruses promote replication of pathogenic baculoviruses in lepidopteran hosts that are mildly or non-permissive to virus- replication. In this study we : 1- Assessed the extent to which and the mechanisms whereby the immunosuppressive Campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus (CsV) or its genes enhanced replication of a well-characterized pathogenic baculovirus AcMNPV, in polydnavirus-immunosuppressedH. zea and S. littoralis insects and S. littoralis cells, hosts that are mildly or non-permissive to AcMNPV. 2- Identified CsV genes involved in the above immunosuppression (e.g. inhibiting cellular encapsulation and disrupting humoral immunity). We showed that: 1. S. littoralis larvae mount an immune response against a baculovirus infection. 2. Immunosuppression of an insect pest improves the ability of a viral pathogen, the baculovirus AcMNPV, to infect the pest. 3. For the first time two PDV-specific genes of the vankyrin and cystein rich-motif families involved in immunosuppression of the host, namely Pvank1 and Hv1.1 respectively, enhanced the efficacy of an insect pathogen toward a semipermissive pest. 4. Pvank1 inhibits apoptosis of Spodopteran cells elucidating one functional aspect of PDVvankyrins. 5. That Pvank-1 and Hv1.1 do not show cooperative effect in S. littoralis when co-expressed during AcMNPV infection. Our results pave the way to developing novel means for pest control, including baculoviruses, that rely upon suppressing host immune systems by strategically weakening insect defenses to improve pathogen (i.e. biocontrol agent) infection and virulence. Also, we expect that the above result will help to develop systems for enhanced insect control that may ultimately help to reduce transmission of insect vectored diseases of humans, animals and plants as well as provide mechanisms for suppression of insect populations that damage crop plants by direct feeding.