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Cote, Linda R., und Marc H. Bornstein. „Mother-infant interaction and acculturation: II. Behavioural coherence and correspondence in Japanese American and South American families“. International Journal of Behavioral Development 25, Nr. 6 (November 2001): 564–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250042000555.
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This study examined cultural generality and specificity in relations among and between mothers’ and infants’ behaviours in 37 Japanese American and 40 South American acculturating families. Few relations among mothers’ behaviours emerged, except for that between mothers’ social behaviour and other types of maternal behaviour, which appear to reflect the common collectivist orientation of these two cultural groups. Few relations among infants’ behaviours emerged, suggesting that there is independence and plasticity in infant behavioural organisation. Several expected relations between mothers’ and infants’ behaviours emerged, pointing to some universal characteristics in mother-infant interactions.
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Bornstein, Marc H., Diane L. Putnick, Yoonjung Park, Joan T. D. Suwalsky und O. Maurice Haynes. „Human infancy and parenting in global perspective: specificity“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, Nr. 1869 (13.12.2017): 20172168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2168.
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We address three long-standing fundamental questions about early human development and parental caregiving within a specificity framework using data from 796 infant–mother dyads from 11 societies worldwide. Adopting a cross-society view opens a vista on universal biological origins of, and contextual influences on, infant behaviours and parenting practices. We asked: how do infant behaviours and parenting practices vary across societies? How do infant behaviours relate to other infant behaviours, and how do parent practices relate to other parent practices? Are infant behaviours and parent practices related to one another? Behaviours of firstborn five-month infants and parenting practices of their mothers were microanalysed from videorecords of extensive naturally occurring interactions in the home. In accord with behavioural specificity, biological expectations and cultural influences, we find that infants and mothers from diverse societies exhibit mean-level society differences in their behaviours and practices; domains of infant behaviours generally do not cohere, nor do domains of maternal practices; and only specific infant behaviours and mother practices correspond. Few relations were moderated by society.
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Goodwin, Amy, Alexandra Hendry, Luke Mason, Tessel Bazelmans, Jannath Begum Ali, Greg Pasco, Tony Charman, Emily Jones und Mark Johnson. „Behavioural Measures of Infant Activity but Not Attention Associate with Later Preschool ADHD Traits“. Brain Sciences 11, Nr. 5 (21.04.2021): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050524.
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Mapping infant neurocognitive differences that precede later ADHD-related behaviours is critical for designing early interventions. In this study, we investigated (1) group differences in a battery of measures assessing aspects of attention and activity level in infants with and without a family history of ADHD or related conditions (ASD), and (2) longitudinal associations between the infant measures and preschool ADHD traits at 3 years. Participants (N = 151) were infants with or without an elevated likelihood for ADHD (due to a family history of ADHD and/or ASD). A multi-method assessment protocol was used to assess infant attention and activity level at 10 months of age that included behavioural, cognitive, physiological and neural measures. Preschool ADHD traits were measured at 3 years of age using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and the Child Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ). Across a broad range of measures, we found no significant group differences in attention or activity level at 10 months between infants with and without a family history of ADHD or ASD. However, parent and observer ratings of infant activity level at 10 months were positively associated with later preschool ADHD traits at 3 years. Observable behavioural differences in activity level (but not attention) may be apparent from infancy in children who later develop elevated preschool ADHD traits.
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Fuertes, Marina, Marjorie Beeghly, Pedro Lopes dos Santos und Edward Tronick. „Predictors of infant positive, negative and self-direct coping during face to face still-face in a Portuguese preterm sample“. Análise Psicológica 29, Nr. 4 (25.11.2012): 553–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14417/ap.103.
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Past studies found three types of infant coping behaviour during Face-to-Face Still-Face paradigm (FFSF): a Positive Other-Directed Coping; a Negative Other-Directed Coping and a Self-Directed Coping. In the present study, we investigated whether those types of coping styles are predicted by: infants’ physiological responses; maternal representations of their infant’s temperament; maternal interactive behaviour in free play; and infant birth and medical status. The sample consisted of 46, healthy, prematurely born infants and their mothers. At one month, infant heart rate was collected in basal. At three months old (corrected age), infant heart-rate was registered during FFSF episodes. Mothers described their infants’ temperament using a validated Portuguese temperament scale, at infants three months of corrected age. As well, maternal interactive behaviour was evaluated during free play situation using CARE-Index. Our findings indicate that positive coping behaviours were correlated with gestational birth weight, heart rate (HR), gestational age, and maternal sensitivity in free play. Gestational age and maternal sensitivity predicted Positive Other-Direct Coping behaviours. Moreover, Positive Other-Direct coping was negatively correlated with HR during Still-Face Episode. Self-directed behaviours were correlated with HR during Still-Face Episode and Recover Episode and with maternal controlling/intrusive behaviour. However, only maternal behaviour predicted Self-direct coping. Early social responses seem to be affected by infants’ birth status and by maternal interactive behaviour. Therefore, internal and external factors together contribute to infant ability to cope and tore-engage after stressful social events.
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Bor, William, Patricia A. Brennan, Gail M. Williams, Jake M. Najman und Michael O'callaghan. „A Mother's Attitude Towards her Infant and Child Behaviour Five Years Later“. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2003): 748–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2003.01272.x.
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Objective: The relationship between maternal attitude to the infant at 6 months of age and behavioural outcomes at 5 years is explored, controlling for numerous demographic, child and psychosocial family factors. Method: Data was used from the Mater-University Study of Pregnancy, an Australian longitudinal study of over 7000 mothers and children followed from pregnancy to when the children were 5 years. Measures ranging from the key variables of maternal attitude and child behaviour as well as numerous confounders were dichotomised. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between maternal negative attitude toward the infant and clinically significant levels of child behaviour problems and other infant risks, early social risks, and concurrent social risks. Results: The results suggest that maternal negative attitude towards the infant at 6 months is an independent predictor of child behaviour problems at 5 years. This association remained significant for boys’ externalizing behaviours and girls’ internalizing behaviours. Conclusions: The findings lend support to the concept of a sensitive period in early infancy; the need for a broad perspective in the assessment of the mother-infant relationship and the need for early intervention with dysfunctional mother-infant dyads.
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Riddell, Rebecca Pillai, David B. Flora, Sara Stevens, Saul Greenberg und Hartley Garfield. „The Role of Infant Pain Behaviour in Predicting Parent Pain Ratings“. Pain Research and Management 19, Nr. 5 (2014): e124-e132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/934831.
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BACKGROUND: Research investigating how observers empathize or form estimations of an individual experiencing pain suggests that both characteristics of the observer (‘top down’) and characteristics of the individual in pain (‘bottom up’) are influential. However, experts have opined that infant behaviour should serve as a crucial determinant of infant pain judgment due to their inability to self-report.OBJECTIVE: To predict parents’ immunization pain ratings using archival data. It was hypothesized that infant behaviour (‘bottom up’) and parental emotional availability (‘top down’) would directly predict the most variance in parent pain ratings.METHODS: Healthy infants were naturalistically observed during their two-, four-, six- and/or 12-month immunization appointments. Cross-sectional latent growth curve models in a structural equation model context were conducted at each age (n=469 to n=579) to examine direct and indirect predictors of parental ratings of their infant’s pain.RESULTS: At each age, each model suggested that moderate amounts of variance in parent pain report were accounted for by models that included infant pain behaviours (R2=0.18 to 0.36). Moreover, notable differences were found for older versus younger infants with regard to parental emotional availability, infant sex, caregiver age and amount of variance explained by infant variables.CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that parent pain ratings are not predominantly predicted by infant behaviours, especially before four months of age. Current results suggest that recognizing infant pain behaviours during painful events may be an important area of parent education, especially for parents of very young infants. Further work is needed to determine other factors that predict parent judgments of infant pain.
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Shinohara, Ikuko, und Yusuke Moriguchi. „Adults’ Theory of Infants’ Mind: A Comparison between Parents and Nonparents“. Child Development Research 2017 (26.01.2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8724562.
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This study examined whether there were parental state differences in interpretations of infants’ behaviours as associated with some mental states. Parents, nonparent women, and nonparent men were shown video clips that displayed several infant behaviours (e.g., playing with his/her mother). Then they were given two tasks. In a rating task, participants were asked to rate the likelihood of the filmed infant to have a mental state. On the other hand, in a description task, participants were instructed to explicitly describe the filmed infants’ mental state in an open-ended manner. Importantly, all participants were asked to report the meaning of infants’ behaviour in specific acts from the same set of infants’ behaviours (e.g., the infants saw mother’s face and smiled). The results revealed that parents and nonparent women significantly higher rated that infants were likely to express a mental state in the rating task than nonparent men did. On the other hand, parents were more likely to describe the filmed infants’ mental states in the description task than nonparent women and nonparent men did. Results suggest that parents interpret more meanings from infants’ behaviours compared to nonparents, even when both parents and nonparents equally focused on infants’ behaviours.
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Bornstein, Marc H., und Linda R. Cote. „Mother-infant interaction and acculturation: I. Behavioural comparisons in Japanese American and South American families“. International Journal of Behavioral Development 25, Nr. 6 (November 2001): 549–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250042000546.
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This study examined similarities and differences in mothers’ and infants’ activities and interactions among 37 Japanese American and 40 South American dyads. Few relations between maternal acculturation level or individualism/collectivism and maternal parenting or infant behaviours emerged in either group. However, group differences were found in mothers’ and infants’ behaviours indicating that culture-of-origin continues to influence parenting behaviour in acculturating groups.
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Murray, Lynne, Laura Bozicevic, Pier Francesco Ferrari, Kyla Vaillancourt, Louise Dalton, Tim Goodacre, Bhismadev Chakrabarti et al. „The Effects of Maternal Mirroring on the Development of Infant Social Expressiveness: The Case of Infant Cleft Lip“. Neural Plasticity 2018 (17.12.2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5314657.
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Parent-infant social interactions start early in development, with infants showing active communicative expressions by just two months. A key question is how this social capacity develops. Maternal mirroring of infant expressions is considered an important, intuitive, parenting response, but evidence is sparse in the first two months concerning the conditions under which mirroring occurs and its developmental sequelae, including in clinical samples where the infant’s social expressiveness may be affected. We investigated these questions by comparing the development of mother-infant interactions between a sample where the infant had cleft lip and a normal, unaffected, comparison sample. We videotaped dyads in their homes five times from one to ten weeks and used a microanalytic coding scheme for maternal and infant behaviours, including infant social expressions, and maternal mirroring and marking responses. We also recorded maternal gaze to the infant, using eye-tracking glasses. Although infants with cleft lip did show communicative behaviours, the rate of their development was slower than in comparison infants. This group difference was mediated by a lower rate of mirroring of infant expressions by mothers of infants with cleft lip; this effect was, in turn, partly accounted for by reduced gaze to the infant’s mouth, although the clarity of infant social expressions (indexed by cleft severity) and maternal self-blame regarding the cleft were also influential. Results indicate the robustness of parent-infant interactions but also their sensitivity to specific variations in interactants’ appearance and behaviour. Parental mirroring appears critical in infant social development, likely supported by the mirror neuron system and underlying clinical and, possibly, cultural differences in infant behaviour. These findings suggest new avenues for clinical intervention.
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Morrell, Julian M. B. „The Infant Sleep Questionnaire: A New Tool to Assess Infant Sleep Problems for Clinical and Research Purposes“. Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review 4, Nr. 1 (Februar 1999): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360641798001816.
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Most published questionnaires for infant sleep problems form part of general questionnaires looking at a wider range of infant behaviours. This paper evaluates the Infant Sleep Questionnaire (ISQ), a maternal self- report questionnaire designed specifically to assess sleeping behaviour in 12–18-month-old infants. The sensitivity and specificity of the ISQ as compared to maternal sleep diary measures is reported. The use of the ISQ for clinical and research purposes is discussed.
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Filippa, Manuela, Maya Gratier, Emmanuel Devouche und Didier Grandjean. „Changes in infant-directed speech and song are related to preterm infant facial expression in the neonatal intensive care unit“. Interaction Studies 19, Nr. 3 (31.12.2018): 427–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.16019.fil.
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Abstract In their first weeks of life preterm infants are deprived of developmentally appropriate stimuli, including their mother’s voice. The current study explores the immediate association of two preterm infant behaviours (open eyes or smiling) with the quality of a mother’s infant-directed speech and singing. Participants are 20 mothers who are asked to speak and sing to their medically stable infants placed in incubators. Eighty-four vocal samples are extracted when they occur in the presence of an infant’s behavioural display and compared with random selections during periods of absence of target behavioural display. The results show that infant-directed maternal voice presents more marked emotional qualities when infants display a behavioural change than when infants are passive and expressionless. Specifically, higher values of mean pitch and maximum sound pressure level, as well as greater variability of these parameters are associated with a behavioural display.
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St James-Roberts, Ian, Marion Roberts, Kimberly Hovish und Charlie Owen. „Video evidence that parenting methods predict which infants develop long night-time sleep periods by three months of age“. Primary Health Care Research & Development 18, Nr. 03 (28.12.2016): 212–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463423616000451.
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AimTo examine two hypotheses about the longitudinal relationship between night-time parenting behaviours in the first few postnatal weeks and infant night-time sleep-waking at five weeks, three months and six months of age in normal London home environments.BackgroundMost western infants develop long night-time sleep periods by four months of age. However, around 20–30% of infants in many countries continue to sleep for short periods and cry out on waking in the night: the most common type of infant sleep behaviour problem. Preventive interventions may help families and improve services. There is evidence that ‘limit-setting’ parenting, which is common in western cultures, supports the development of settled infant night-time behaviour. However, this evidence has been challenged. The present study measures three components of limit-setting parenting (response delay, feeding interval, settling method), examines their stability, and assesses the predictive relationship between each of them and infant sleep-waking behaviours.MethodsLongitudinal observations comparing a General-Community (n=101) group and subgroups with a Bed-Sharing (n=19) group on infra-red video, diary and questionnaire measures of parenting behaviours and infant feeding and sleep-waking at night.FindingsBed-Sharing parenting was highly infant-cued and stable. General-Community parenting involved more limit-setting, but was less stable, than Bed-Sharing parenting. One element of General-Community parenting – consistently introducing a short interval before feeding – was associated with the development of longer infant night-time feed intervals and longer day-time feeds at five weeks, compared with other General-Community and Bed-Sharing infants. Twice as many General-Community infants whose parents introduced these short intervals before feeding in the early weeks slept for long night-time periods at three months of age on both video and parent-report measures, compared with other General-Community and Bed-Sharing infants. The findings’ implications for our understanding of infant sleep-waking development, parenting programmes, and for practice and research, are discussed.
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Bornstein, Marc H., Jane M. Gaughran und Ivelisse Segul. „Multimethod Assessment of Infant Temperament: Mother Questionnaire and Mother and Observer Reports evaluated and compared at Five Months using the Infant Temperament Measure“. International Journal of Behavioral Development 14, Nr. 2 (Juni 1991): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549101400202.
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This study of infant temperament had two goals. The first was to develop a design that allowed comparisons of global maternal opinion assessed via questionnaire, maternal report on direct observation, and observer report on direct observation of the same infant temperament behaviours. The second goal was to evaluate a common set of behaviours consensually thought to index temperament from these diverse perspectives. To meet these goals, individual variation, short-term stability, and convergence between mother and observer for a single series of temperament items were examined. On two home visits spaced six days apart, observers recorded infant behaviours during a structured series of vignettes, and mothers reported on those behaviours. Mothers also completed questionnaires corresponding to these assessments before the first and after the second home visit. Infants were five months old. Items were collected in the Infant Temperament Measure. Behavioural items in observational forms of the ITM proved psychometrically adequate; they showed both individual variation and short-term stability. No agreement between mother ratings made before and after the home visits with observer assessments was found, but mother-observer agreement for assessments based on the home visits was significant, if moderate. Mother and observer each showed overall reliability between the two home visits, and mothers showed moderate to high agreement in global ratings across the assessment series.
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Sun, Deyi, Yu Li, Zhongwei Yin, Kangkang Zhang, Heng Liu, Ying Liu und Jiang Feng. „Behavioural Patterns and Postnatal Development in Pups of the Asian Parti-Coloured Bat, Vespertilio sinensis“. Animals 10, Nr. 8 (31.07.2020): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081325.
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Behavioural development is an important aspect of research on animal behaviour. In bats, many studies have been conducted on the development of flight behaviour, but the postnatal behavioural development of bats remains largely unexplored. We studied the behaviours and postnatal development of infant bats by conducting controlled video recorded experiments. Our results showed that before weaning, Asian parti-coloured bats (Vespertilio sinensis) were able to exhibit four types of behaviours, namely, crawling, head moving, wing flapping, and wing spreading, and these behaviours are different from those observed in experiments with adult bats. The number of occurrences of these behaviours was correlated with age and scaled mass index. Furthermore, the number of occurrences of these behaviours in young bats could also reflect their physical developmental status. In young bats, wing flapping and spreading might be a type of play behaviour. These behaviours were negatively correlated with the time of the first flight, indicating that they might help to promote individual physical development. Our results provide fundamental data for revealing the ontogenetic and neurophysiological mechanisms of behavioural development in bats.
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Rome-Flanders, Tibie, und Carolyn Cronk. „A longitudinal study of infant vocalizations during mother–infant games“. Journal of Child Language 22, Nr. 2 (Juni 1995): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900009788.
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ABSTRACTThis study explored the development of verbal behaviours of infants during two mother–infant games. Twenty-five infants were videotaped as they played peek-a-boo and ball with their mothers at 0;6, 0;9, 1;0, 1;3, 1;6, and 2;0. The frequencies of eight categories of vocal/verbal behaviours were analysed as they evolved over time in both games. Despite differences in the structure and level of difficulty of peek-a-boo and ball, the development of these behaviours proved to be similar in the two games. One category, PRIMITIVE VOCALIZATIONS, which did not change in frequency over time, was seen to have a pragmatic rather than a linguistic function. Another category, PRELEXICAL COMMENT, demonstrated an early capacity for conveying topic and comment together in the form of speech sounds combined with an attentiongetting gesture well before the emergence of multiple-word utterances. The vocal behaviours produced during games were compared with the results of language tests administered during the experimental sessions. Strong correlations were found between the results of these two measures of language. The predictive nature of vocal behaviours during games is discussed.
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Koester, Lynne Sanford, Hanus Papousek und Mechthild Papousek. „Patterns of Rhythmic Stimulation by Mothers with Three-Month-Olds: A Cross-Modal Comparison“. International Journal of Behavioral Development 12, Nr. 2 (Juni 1989): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502548901200201.
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The purpose of this research was to examine the nature of the temporally patterned stimulation provided spontaneously by parents to their infants. This study provides microanalytic descriptions of the temporally patterned non-vocal behaviours used by 17 mothers during brief, videotaped interactions with their 3-month-olds. Results indicated significant effects of type of maternal behaviour and infant attention on 'tempo of rhythmic behaviours; one detailed example illustrates the dynamics of interactions within an individual dyad. It is asserted that the aspects of non-vocal communication investigated here are part of a repertoire of intuitive parental behaviours which support the infant's early integrative competence and adaptation to the social world.
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St James-Roberts, Ian, Marion Roberts, Kimberly Hovish und Charlie Owen. „Descriptive figures for differences in parenting and infant night-time distress in the first three months of age“. Primary Health Care Research & Development 17, Nr. 06 (09.09.2016): 611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463423616000293.
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AimTo provide descriptive figures for infant distress and associated parenting at night in normal London home environments during the first three months of age.BackgroundMost western infants develop long night-time sleep periods by four months of age. However, 30% of infants in many countries sleep for short periods and cry out on waking in the night: the most common type of infant sleep behaviour problem. Preventive interventions may help families and improve services. There is evidence that ‘limit-setting’ parenting, which is common in western cultures, supports the development of settled infant night-time behaviour. However, a recent review has challenged this and argued that this form of parenting risks distressing infants. This study describes limit-setting parenting as practiced in London, compares it with ‘infant-cued’ parenting and measures the associated infant distress.MethodsLongitudinal infrared video, diary and questionnaire observations comparing a General-Community (n=101) group and subgroups with a Bed-Sharing (n=19) group on measures of infant and parenting behaviours at night.FindingsGeneral-Community parents took longer to detect and respond to infant waking and signalling, and to begin feeding, compared with the highly infant-cued care provided by Bed-Sharing parents. The average latency in General-Community parents’ responding to infant night-time waking was 3.5 min, during which infants fuss/cried for around 1 min. Compared with Bed-Sharing parenting, General-Community parenting was associated with increased infant distress of around 30 min/night at two weeks, reducing to 12 min/night by three months of age. However, differences in infant distress between General-Community subgroups adopting limit-setting versus infant-cued parenting were not large or statistically significant at any age. The figures provide descriptive evidence about limit-setting parenting which may counter some doubts about this form of parenting and help parents and professionals to make choices.
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Vinall, Jillian, Rebecca Pillai Riddell und Saul Greenberg. „The Influence of Culture on Maternal Soothing Behaviours and Infant Pain Expression in the Immunization Context“. Pain Research and Management 16, Nr. 4 (2011): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/707615.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate how maternal culture (ie, individualist versus collectivist) influences soothing techniques and infant distress.METHODS: Archival data were analyzed using a subsample of 80 mother-infant dyads selected from a larger database of infant pain expression.RESULTS: Mothers belonging to the individualist group used more affection behaviours when attempting to regulate their infants’ distress. No differences were observed in mothers’ touching, holding, rocking, vocalizing, caregiving or distracting their infants. Mothers’ culture did not appear to be related to the level of distress expressed by their infants.CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the similarities in soothing and infant pain expression between individualist and collectivist cultures are more prominent than their differences.
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Jones, Nancy Aaron, und Aliza Sloan. „Neurohormones and temperament interact during infant development“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, Nr. 1744 (26.02.2018): 20170159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0159.
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The infant's psycho-physiological regulatory system begins to develop prenatally and continues to mature during the postnatal period. Temperament is a construct comprising tonic individual differences in dispositional physiological and behavioural reactions as well as an evolving ability to regulate to environmental conditions. Theoretical models and research have shown that neurohormonal and -physiological factors contribute to individual development and impact infant behaviours as well as the developing regulatory system. Moreover, prenatal maternal risks such as stress and depression are thought to programme fetal regulatory tendencies and that influences neural and behavioural functioning in infancy. The purpose of this review is to examine the theories and research that link infant temperament to neurohormonal and -physiological development in typically developing infants and in those exposed to environmental risk. Research has demonstrated associations between individual variation in physiological stress responses and regulation (measured with cortisol). Moreover, studies have noted an association with physiological regulation and socio-emotional interaction (as measured by the touch–oxytocin link) that may buffer emotional dysregulation. The interaction between individual differences in temperamental tendencies, neurohormonal and -physiological patterns will be discussed by presenting data from studies that have shown that infant neurohormonal and -physiological functioning sets an important trajectory for the development of the individual. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences’.
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Hopkins, B., J. E. Vos und T. Van Wulfften Palthe. „Quantitative Description of Early Mother-Infant Interaction Using Information Theoretical Statistics“. Behaviour 112, Nr. 1-2 (1990): 117–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853990x00716.
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AbstractThe general hypothesis concerning the development of dyadic interaction ascribed to here is that during the first six weeks after birth the infant is insufficiently equipped for active participation in en face interaction and acts relatively independently of his mother. Due to the maturation of underlying neural mechanisms at the age of about two months, a number of crucial transformations occur in postural, motor and visual functions (see PRECHTL, 1984). These developmental changes enable the infant to become an increasingly active partner in en face interaction: a two-way process during which both mother and infant relate the timing of their behaviour to that of the other. Six healthy mother-infant pairs participated in this longitudinal, home-based study which made use of video equipment to record a 15 min interaction session at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 21 weeks of age. The infant behaviours selected for study were: posture, movement, looking, smile, whimper, grunt, "pleasure" vocalization, yawn, grasping hands in mid-line, hand-mouth contact. Maternal behaviours selected were: looking, body movement, head movement, touching, speech, other vocalizations and sound effects, moving infant's limbs. The aim of the study was to provide a quantitative description of the changes in the sequential dependence of behaviour within the mother-infant pairs. To this end information theoretical statistics as elaborated by van den BERCKEN (1979) and van den BERCKEN & COOLS (1980) were applied making use of analysis of variance terminology. The methodological problem of taking into account the constraint stemming from each partner's own previous behaviour (auto-correlation) when making inferences about ongoing behaviour between the two partners (cross-correlation) was removed by identifying and successfully controlling the various sources of influences affecting behaviour during dyadic interaction. The data were addressed to the following questions: 1. Was there a change in the use the infants made of their behavioural repertoire (individual variability of the infant) during the age-range studied? 2. Was there a change in the use the mothers made of their behavioural repertoire (individual variability of the mother)? 3. Was there a change in the constraint on the infant's current behaviour stemming from his previous behaviour, i.e. did the amount of variance explained by the exclusive influence of the infant's own preceding behaviour on its current behaviour (auto-covariability) increase during the age-range studied? 4. Was there a change in the constraint on the infant's current behaviour stemming from his mother's previous behaviour, i.e. did the amount of variance explained by the exclusive influence of the mother's previous behaviour (cross-covariability) increase during the age-range studied? 5. Was there a change in the constraint on the infant's current behaviour stemming only from the combined effect of his own and his mother's previous behaviour, i.e. did the so-called synergic covariability effect become stronger during the age-range studied which reflected increasing mutual dependence between the behaviour of the two partners? For both mothers and infants an increase was found in individual variability while no changes were found in the measures of auto- and cross-covariability. The measure of synergic covariability became increasingly stronger from 12 weeks onwards. These results were interpreted as follows: over the age-range studied infant and mother showed a growing mutual dependence (stronger synergic covariability) with increasing use of their own repertoire (increasing individual variabilities) while the infant's behaviour neither became less dependant on his own previous behaviour (auto-covariability) nor more dependant on the mother's previous behaviour (cross-covariability). Thus a quantitative confirmation of the general hypothesis stated at the onset was provided. Moreover, information theoretical statistics have proved a satisfactory method by means of which dyadic interaction between mother and infant can be described quantitatively.
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Riddell, R. Pillai, und Nicole Racine. „Assessing Pain in Infancy: The Caregiver Context“. Pain Research and Management 14, Nr. 1 (2009): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/410725.
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BACKGROUND: Pain is largely accepted as being influenced by social context. Unlike most other developmental stages throughout the lifespan, infancy is marked by complete dependence on the caregiver. The present paper discusses the primary importance of understanding the caregiver context when assessing infant pain expression.OBJECTIVES: Based on a review of research from both the infant pain and infant mental health fields, three lines of evidence are presented. First, pain assessment is as subjective as the pain experience itself. Second, assessors must be cognizant of the relationship between infant pain expression, and caregiver sensitivity and emotional displays. Finally, larger systemic factors of the infant (such as caregiver relationship styles, caregiver psychological distress or caregiver acculturative stress) directly impact on infant expression.CONCLUSIONS: As a result of infants’ inability to give a self-report of their pain experience, caregivers play a crucial role in assessing the pain and taking appropriate action to manage it. Caregiver behaviours and predispositions have been shown to have a significant impact on infant pain reactivity and, accordingly, should not be ignored when assessing the infant in pain.
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Pawlby, S., C. Fernyhough, E. Meins, C. M. Pariante, G. Seneviratne und R. P. Bentall. „Mind-mindedness and maternal responsiveness in infant–mother interactions in mothers with severe mental illness“. Psychological Medicine 40, Nr. 11 (27.01.2010): 1861–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709992340.
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BackgroundPrevious cross-diagnosis studies of interaction between mothers with severe mental illness and their babies have concluded that mothers with schizophrenia have deficits in interaction, but these studies have not included healthy controls.MethodIn-patients on a mother and baby unit, with diagnoses of schizophrenia (n=15), depressive mood disorders with or without psychosis (n=23), or mood disorders where mania was the predominant feature, with or without psychosis (n=12), were observed interacting with their infants on admission and discharge. Mothers' mind-mindedness and other measures of the quality of maternal and infant behaviour were coded. Findings from this sample were compared with those from healthy mothers and their infants (n=49).ResultsCompared with healthy controls, on admission depressed mothers were marginally less likely to comment appropriately on their infants' mental states. Both the depressed and mania groups were more likely to touch their babies and engage in attention-seeking behaviours. Interactional behaviours of mothers in the schizophrenia group were not markedly different from healthy controls. On discharge there were fewer differences between the clinical and healthy groups, although the depressed group continued to engage in more attention-seeking and touching behaviour and the mania group continued to touch their infants more. Only mothers in the schizophrenia group showed changes in interactional behaviours between admission and discharge, talking more to their infants.ConclusionsThe findings challenge previous conclusions that mothers with schizophrenia have deficits in their interactions with their babies, and demonstrate that mothers with severe mental illness are able to respond appropriately to their infants' cues.
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Sethna, V., L. Murray, L. Psychogiou und P. Ramchandani. „The Impact of Paternal Depression in Infancy: A Mechanism for the Intergenerational Transmission of Risk“. European Psychiatry 24, S1 (Januar 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70469-9.
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The adverse influence of parental psychopathology on child development has been the focus of intense research in recent years, yet we are only beginning to understand the factors that explain this intergenerational transmission. Depressive symptoms in fathers have received relatively little attention when compared to research on the impact of maternal depression on children's emotional and behavioural problems. Recent evidence suggests that paternal depressive symptoms in the postnatal period are associated with an increased risk of toddler behaviour problems, which persist in clinical significance into childhood. This research examines a model of ‘social-environmental transmission’ of paternal psychopathology. We compared patterns of parent-infant interactions among families with depressed and non-depressed fathers to address the following question: Are the early interactions of depressed fathers characterised by maladaptive affect, behaviour and cognitions? This study is part of an on-going longitudinal investigation, The Oxford Fathers Project (OFP) of families who are followed when infants are 3 months to 2 years of age. Paternal behaviours, including verbal comments and interactive behaviour were examined during free-play with their 3-month old infants. Father's behaviour was coded from Fiori-Cowley and Murray's (1996) Global Rating Scale and verbal transcripts were examined for cognitive and mentalizing statements.Preliminary results suggest a higher proportion of infant directed negativity, in the verbal content of depressed fathers. Further analysis will be conducted and presented at the meeting. Discussion emphasises the importance of dysfunctional communication patterns in father-infant interactions that provide important clinical hypotheses as well as targets for identification and early intervention.
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Lioret, Sandrine, Karen J. Campbell, Sarah A. McNaughton, Adrian J. Cameron, Jo Salmon, Gavin Abbott und Kylie D. Hesketh. „Lifestyle Patterns Begin in Early Childhood, Persist and Are Socioeconomically Patterned, Confirming the Importance of Early Life Interventions“. Nutrients 12, Nr. 3 (09.03.2020): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030724.
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Traditional approaches to understanding the behavioural determinants of adiposity have considered diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour in isolation. Although integrative approaches have identified a variety of lifestyle patterns in children at preschool-age or older, along with some variability by socio-economic positions, this has rarely been examined in younger cohorts. We aimed to identify lifestyle patterns at 1.5, 3.5 and 5 years, including dietary intake, outdoor time and television viewing time, to assess associations with maternal education (as a proxy for socio-economic position), and to investigate their persistence between toddlerhood and preschool age. Participants were 417 and 293 children aged 1.5 y from the Melbourne Infant Feeding Activity and Nutrition Trial (InFANT) and InFANT Extend Programs, respectively. Data were collected using questionnaires at child ages 1.5, 3.5 and 5 y (InFANT); and 1.5 and 3.5 y (InFANT Extend). Principal component analysis was undertaken at each time point on the separate and pooled datasets. Associations between the lifestyle patterns scores and maternal education were assessed with multivariable regression analysis. Two lifestyle patterns (“Discretionary consumption and TV” and “Fruit, vegetables and outdoor”) were identified as early as 1.5 y. They remained consistent across ages and were evident in both datasets. These patterns were inversely and positively associated with maternal education, respectively. Such early clustering of obesity related energy balance behaviours and tracking during early childhood suggests there may be shared antecedents common to the individual behaviours that could be targeted for intervention. Our findings provide support for interventions targeting multiple behaviours and tailored to the level of family socio-economic disadvantage.
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Scholz, Kim, und Curtis A. Samuels. „Neonatal Bathing and Massage Intervention with Fathers, Behavioural Effects 12 Weeks after Birth of the First Baby: The Sunraysia Australia Intervention Project“. International Journal of Behavioral Development 15, Nr. 1 (März 1992): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549201500104.
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A total of 32 first-time families from the Sunraysia district in Victoria, Australia participated in a study on the effects of a training programme (demonstration of baby massage and the Burleigh Relaxation Bath technique) with a particular emphasis on the father-infant relationship. The infants, whose parents received the training at 4-weeks post-partum, differed from comparison group infants on a constellation of behaviours at the 12 week home observation. Treatment group infants greeted their fathers with more eye contact, smiling, vocalising, reaching, and orienting responses and showed less avoidance behaviours. As well, in a 10 minute observation, the treatment group fathers showed greater involvement with their infants than comparison group fathers. The brief intervention at four weeks seems to have favourably affected the father-infant relationship in ways which would assist in the establishment of a positive bond between the first-time fathers and their infants.
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Rome-Flanders, Tibie, Louise Cossette, Marcelle Ricard und Thérèse Gouin Décarie. „Comprehension of Rules and Structures in MotherInfant Games: A Longitudinal Study of the First Two Years of Life“. International Journal of Behavioral Development 18, Nr. 1 (März 1995): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549501800105.
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This study explored the increasing abilities of infants to play and comprehend the rules and structures of mother-infant games. A total of 25 infants were videotaped as they played peek-a-boo and ball with their mothers at 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 months of age. Behaviours related to the mood of the infants and to their game-relevant gestures were analysed. Crucial game gestures and mood behaviours changed significantly with age. However, the pattern of change differed for the two games. Moreover, at each age level, each game was associated with a distinct pattern of behaviours. These results are described as indices of the infants' mastery of the rules and structures of the game.
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Budge, Sophie, Paul Hutchings, Alison Parker, Sean Tyrrel, Tizita Tulu, Mesfin Gizaw und Camila Garbutt. „Do domestic animals contribute to bacterial contamination of infant transmission pathways? Formative evidence from Ethiopia“. Journal of Water and Health 17, Nr. 5 (26.08.2019): 655–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.224.
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Abstract Child stunting is associated with poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), partly due to the effect of infection on intestinal nutrient absorption. WASH interventions, however, show little effect on growth. A hypothesis is that bacterial contamination of hands and floors from domestic animals and their faeces, and subsequent ingestion via infant hand-to-mouth behaviours, may explain this. This formative study used microbial testing and survey and observational data from 20 households in Ethiopia to characterise principle bacterial transmission pathways to infants, considering WASH facilities and practices, infant behaviours and animal exposure. Microbial swabbing showed the contamination of hands and floor surfaces from thermotolerant coliform bacteria. Animal husbandry practices, such as keeping animals inside, contributed significantly (all p < 0.005). There was no evidence that latrine facilities mitigated contamination across infant (p = 0.76) or maternal (p = 0.86) hands or floor surfaces (p = 0.36). This small study contributes to the evidence that animal faeces are an important source of domestic bacterial contamination. The results imply that interventions aiming to reduce pathogen transmission to infants should think beyond improving WASH and also consider the need to separate infants and animals in the home. Intervention studies will be required to determine whether this reduces infant infection and improves linear growth.
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Parncutt, Richard. „Mother–infant attachment, musical idol worship, and the origins of human behaviour“. Musicae Scientiae 22, Nr. 4 (13.11.2018): 474–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1029864918783034.
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Actors, sportspeople, and politicians may be idolised for their appearance, personality, skills, or ideals. The idolisation of musicians additionally involves transcendental musical emotions. Fans devote extraordinary amounts of time, energy and money to following, empathising with, identifying with and imitating their idols. During great performances, fans experience altered states of consciousness. Existing evolutionary approaches can explain social dominance hierarchies but not specific fan behaviours. Another approach involves the mother schema: the perceptions, cognitions, and emotions that the late foetus and early infant (3rd and 4th trimesters) associate with the mother and her changing behaviours and physical/emotional states. The mother schema was an evolutionary response to the fragility (altriciality) of human infants, born earlier due to a larger brain and upright gait. Active reciprocal interactions between infants and carers (e.g. motherese) involve both the carer’s infant schema and the infant’s mother schema. In later life, the typical emotions of the mother schema are evoked by stimulus patterns reminiscent of the mother as perceived by the infant. In ritual situations, where the focus is on shared subjectivity, similar patterns and emotions are created. Evolutionary by-products of the mother schema include musical behaviours, religious behaviours and musical idol worship. The theory can explain why musical idols are perceived as all-loving, all-knowing and/or all-powerful, and is consistent with psychosocial functions of music and religion such as social cohesion and identity, collective motivation, empathy and mood regulation, catharsis and coping, distraction and entertainment, conflict resolution, and skill transfer.
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Stevens, Sara A., Nicole Racine, Rebecca Pillai Riddell, Rachel Horton, Hartley Garfield und Saul Greenberg. „Infant Pain Regulation as an Early Indicator of Childhood Temperament“. Pain Research and Management 18, Nr. 6 (2013): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/285914.
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BACKGROUND: There is considerable variability in infants’ responses to painful stimuli, including facial and vocal expressions. This variability in pain-related distress response may be an indicator of temperament styles in childhood.OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationships among immunization pain outcomes (pain reactivity, pain regulation and parent ratings of infant pain) over the first year of life and parent report of early temperament.METHODS: A subset of parent-infant dyads in an ongoing Canadian longitudinal cohort was studied. Infant pain behaviours were coded using the Modified Behavior Pain Scale. Parental judgments of infant pain were recorded using the Numeric Rating Scale. Infant temperament was measured using the Infant Behaviour Questionnaire-Revised. Correlational analyses and multiple regressions were conducted.RESULTS: Multiple regressions revealed that the 12-month regulatory pain scores predicted parent ratings of the Negative Affectivity temperament dimension at 14 months of age. Parent ratings of infant pain at 12 months of age predicted parent ratings of the Orienting/Affiliation temperament dimension, with sex differences observed in this substrate.CONCLUSION: Pain-related distress regulation at one year of age appears to be a novel indicator of parent report of temperament ratings. Pain outcomes in the first six months of life were not related to parent temperament ratings.
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Devine, Nancy, Bryan M. Gee, Nicki L. Aubuchon-Endsley, Michele R. Brumley, Heather L. Ramsdell und Hillary E. Swann-Thomsen. „Investigating infant development through an interprofessional research collaboration: case report“. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 28, Nr. 3 (02.03.2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2018.0064.
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Background/aims From a dynamic systems perspective of infant development, several systems (eg sensorimotor, perceptual, and reasoning, among others, may self-organise and change behavioural responses over time following experience. These changes in infant behaviour are often measured through the achievement of age-adjusted developmental milestones. However, the majority of research guiding the understanding of typical infant developmental trajectories rarely depicts collaborations across more than one or two disciplines. The purpose of this case report was to describe an interprofessional research collaboration among researchers and clinicians in clinical and experimental psychology, occupational therapy, speech-language pathology, and physical therapy to establish methods and procedures that describe different developmental domains in infancy for a single participant. Methods One infant who was typically developing was video and audio recorded during 60 minutes of free play at ages 8, 12, and 16 months. Four research labs scored the middle 20 minutes of recorded time for infant and caregiver utterances, touch and motor behaviours, play participation and performance, co-occupation, and caregiver sensitivity to infant affect. The combined data from the four labs captured and revealed a rich description of the infant's development from 8 to 16 months of age. Results The data for this single infant indicated that important developmental changes occurred leading to greater independence in communication, mobility and co-occupation, while reducing some of the requirements for attention from the caregiver. Conclusions The procedures used within research labs by principal investigators from four disciplines to describe development in a single infant between 8 and 16 months of age yielded a rich example of development, consistent with published milestones. Future studies with larger sample sizes using the interdisciplinary research methods applied in this case study may improve the understanding of, influences on, and relationships between, infant developmental trajectories.
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Locke, John L. „Why do infants begin to talk? Language as an unintended consequence“. Journal of Child Language 23, Nr. 2 (Juni 1996): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900008783.
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ABSTRACTScholars have addressed a range of questions about language development, but for some reason have neglected to ask why infants begin to talk. Biologists often prefer ‘how’ to ‘why’ questions, but it is possible to ask about the immediate consequences of developing behaviours – an acceptable strategy for attacking causation – and psycholinguists can study the immediate consequences to the infant of behaviours that lead to linguistic competence. This process is demonstrated with a series of illustrative proposals as to the short- and long-term consequences of vocal learning and utterance storage, two developmental phases that lead to talking, as well as the act of talking itself. The goal is to encourage investigation of behavioural dispositions that nudge the child, by degrees, towards proficiency in the use of spoken language.
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Chatterjee, Nilesh, Sanjay Singh und Genevie Fernandes. „Barriers to practice of critical newborn care behaviours: findings from a qualitative assessment in rural Madhya Pradesh, India“. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, Nr. 6 (27.05.2020): 2237. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20202478.
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Background: In India, the state of Madhya Pradesh has one of the highest infant mortality rates (IMR) as compared to the national average. About two out of every three infant deaths in Madhya Pradesh, are of neonates. Given the high neonatal mortality rate in the state, this study aimed to explore the perceptions, practices, barriers and enablers related to critical newborn care behaviors, such as cord-care, thermal care, skin-to-skin care, and early initiation of breastfeeding, in the first 24 hours of life.Methods: In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with 53 respondents including mothers and fathers of the newborn, mothers-in-law, elected community and tribal leaders, local NGO representatives, and frontline health workers, in two districts of Madhya Pradesh.Results: Few mothers knew about the benefits of cord care, thermal care and early initiation of breastfeeding. Fathers lacked knowledge and perceived newborn care as the mother’s responsibility. Skin-to-skin care was rarely practiced; and was perceived across respondent groups as necessary only for weak infants. Older women, influential in decision making in the household, held misconceptions about thermal care and breastfeeding practices. Traditions and social norms emerged as major barriers while institutional delivery served as an enabling factor for the practice of correct newborn-care behaviors.Conclusions: To increase adoption of critical newborn behaviours, health care providers will have to move beyond mere interpersonal communication with individual mothers at facility or household levels towards a community and societal approach. A strategic behaviour change communication program that addresses deep-rooted traditional and social norms is required to help the state reduce infant deaths.
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Pillai Riddell, Rebecca, Maria Fitzgerald, Rebeccah Slater, Bonnie Stevens, Celeste Johnston und Marsha Campbell-Yeo. „Using only behaviours to assess infant pain“. PAIN 157, Nr. 8 (August 2016): 1579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000598.
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Evans, Sharon, Anne Daly, Jo Wildgoose, Barbara Cochrane, Satnam Chahal, Catherine Ashmore, Nik Loveridge und Anita MacDonald. „How Does Feeding Development and Progression onto Solid Foods in PKU Compare with Non-PKU Children During Weaning?“ Nutrients 11, Nr. 3 (28.02.2019): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11030529.
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Weaning is complex for children with phenylketonuria (PKU). Breastmilk/infant formula and phenylalanine (Phe)-free infant protein-substitute (PS) are gradually replaced with equivalent amounts of Phe-containing food, a semi-solid/spoonable weaning PS and special low-protein foods. In PKU, feeding patterns/practices during weaning in PKU have not been formally evaluated. In this longitudinal, prospective, case-control study (n = 20) infants with PKU transitioning to a second-stage PS, were recruited at weaning (4–6 months) for a comparison of feeding practices and development with non-PKU infants. Subjects were monitored monthly to 12 months and at age 15 months, 18 months and 24 months for: feeding progression; food textures; motor skill development and self-feeding; feeding environment; gastrointestinal symptoms; and negative feeding behaviours. Children with PKU had comparable weaning progression to non-PKU infants including texture acceptance, infant formula volume and self-feeding skills. However, children with PKU had more prolonged Phe-free infant formula bottle-feeding and parental spoon feeding than controls; fewer meals/snacks per day; and experienced more flatulence (p = 0.0005), burping (p = 0.001), retching (p = 0.03); and less regurgitation (p = 0.003). Negative behaviours associated with PS at age 10–18 months, coincided with the age of teething. Use of semi-solid PS in PKU supports normal weaning development/progression but parents require support to manage the complexity of feeding and to normalise the social inclusivity of their child’s family food environment. Further study regarding parental anxiety associated with mealtimes is required.
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Quah, Phaik Ling, Tuck Seng Cheng, Yin Bun Cheung, Fabian Yap, Seang-Mei Saw, Keith M. Godfrey, Peter D. Gluckman, Yap-Seng Chong und Mary Foong-Fong Chong. „Maternal and infant correlates of maternal feeding beliefs and practices in a multi-ethnic Asian population: the GUSTO (Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes) study“. Public Health Nutrition 19, Nr. 15 (28.04.2016): 2789–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016000744.
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AbstractObjectiveLittle is known about the influences of maternal and infant correlates on maternal feeding beliefs and practices in the first 2 years of life, despite its important role in early obesogenic eating behaviours and weight gain.DesignCross-sectional study using demographic data of mothers and infants obtained at 26–28 weeks of gestation, and postnatally from birth to 15 months, respectively. The Infant Feeding Questionnaire was administered at 15 months postpartum. The associations between maternal and infant characteristics with seven maternal feeding beliefs and practices subscales were evaluated using multivariate linear regression analysis.SettingData obtained from the Singapore GUSTO (Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes) mother–offspring birth cohort.SubjectsMothers and infants (n 1237).ResultsAmong other maternal correlates such as age, education, BMI, income and milk feeding practices, ethnicity was a consistent factor associated with six subscales, including concern about infant overeating/undereating and weight status, concern and awareness about infants’ hunger and satiety cues, social interaction during feeding and feeding an infant on schedule. Similarly, among infant correlates such as gender and birth order, infant body size gain (reflected by BMI Z-score change from 0 to 15 months) was significantly associated with all subscales except feeding an infant on schedule. Overall, maternal correlates had greater influence on all subscales compared with infant correlates except for the maternal concern about infant undereating or becoming underweight subscale.ConclusionsThe present study highlights that maternal feeding beliefs and practices can be influenced by both maternal correlates and infant correlates at 15 months of age.
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Wong, Kim Lee, und Søren Bondrup-Nielsen. „Long-term effects of infant malnutrition on the behaviour of adult meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, Nr. 7 (01.07.1992): 1304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-182.
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Several studies on laboratory mice and rats have shown that malnutrition during infancy has a variety of long-term effects extending into adulthood. These effects are manifested in reproduction, including reduced litter sizes, reduced growth rates of the young, and skewed sex ratios, and in behaviour, including increased nervousness, decreased problem-solving ability, and reduced pup retrieval to the nest by the mother. This study investigated the effects of early malnutrition on behaviour in adult meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus. Experimental animals received a standard diet diluted with pure cornstarch (1 part standard diet to 2 parts pure cornstarch) through their mothers during lactation and directly for 3 weeks postweaning. Control individuals always received the standard diet ad libitum. The cumulative duration of 13 behaviours was measured in 10-min trial periods and compared between experimental and control animals. Experimental females differed from control females in a number of behaviours, especially those involving high activity levels, whereas experimental and control males showed little difference in the behaviours performed. The behaviour profile of previously malnourished females was similar to those of both control and experimental males. Increased activity, resulting from poor nutrition, may have consequences for dispersal and spacing behaviour.
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Zimmermann, Peter, Markus A. Maier, Monika Winter und Klaus E. Grossmann. „Attachment and adolescents’ emotion regulation during a joint problem-solving task with a friend“. International Journal of Behavioral Development 25, Nr. 4 (Juli 2001): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250143000157.
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This study looks at adolescents’ emotion regulation patterns during a joint problem-solving situation with a friend, based on data from a longitudinal study. Specifically concurrent attachment representation, as assessed by the Adult Attachment Interview and earlier infant-father and infant-mother attachment patterns, as assessed by the strange situation procedure are used as predictors. A total of 41 adolescents participated in a complex problem-solving situation with their friends and were videotaped during their work. Emotional expression and cooperative and uncooperative, disruptive behaviour were assessed from the videotapes. Each participant completed an emotion self-rating during the task. The results show that the concordance between the two levels of assessment of emotion relates to attachment representation for the emotions sadness and anger. Depending on the intensity of specific emotions, adolescents with insecure attachment representations showed more disruptive behaviours towards their friend. This was also true for adolescents with insecure infant-father attachment patterns. The findings suggest that attachment organisation in adolescence and infancy influences the balance between autonomous and cooperative problem solving between friends.
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Botting, Jennifer, und Erica van de Waal. „Reactions to infant death by wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: prolonged carrying, non-mother carrying, and partial maternal cannibalism“. Primates 61, Nr. 6 (06.08.2020): 751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-020-00851-0.
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Abstract Observations of dead infant carrying have been reported for many primate species, and researchers have proposed several hypotheses to explain this behaviour. However, despite being a relatively well-studied species, reports of dead infant carrying in wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) remain scarce. Here we report 14 observations of dead infant carrying by female vervet monkeys in a population at Mawana Game Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Most of the females carried the dead infant for a day or less, but one female carried her infant for at least 14 days. In one case the maternal sister of a dead infant carried it after the death of their mother. We also report a case of mother-infant cannibalism: a female consumed part of her deceased infant’s tail. Other post-mortem care-taking behaviours such as grooming, smelling and licking were also recorded. Of 97 recorded infant deaths in this study population since 2010, 14.4% are known to have elicited dead infant carrying, a proportion similar to that reported for other monkey species. We discuss our observations in relation to various hypotheses about this behaviour, including the post-parturition hormones hypothesis, learning to mother hypothesis, and unawareness of death hypothesis.
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Watson, Claire F. I., und Tetsuro Matsuzawa. „Behaviour of nonhuman primate mothers toward their dead infants: uncovering mechanisms“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, Nr. 1754 (16.07.2018): 20170261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0261.
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In comparative thanatology, most reports for nonhuman mammals concern mothers' behavioural responses to their dead offspring: most prominently, dead-infant carrying (sometimes of extended duration); but also inspection, proximity, maternal care such as grooming, protective behaviours and filial cannibalism. Documented across many primate species, these behaviours remain poorly understood in all. The literature is dominated by relatively brief qualitative descriptions of isolated anecdotal cases in apes and monkeys. We argue for quantitative coding in case reports, alongside analyses of longitudinal records of such events to allow objective evaluation of competing theories, and systematic comparisons within and across species and populations. Obtaining necessary datasets depends on raised awareness in researchers of the importance of recording occurrences and knowledge of pertinent data to collect. We review proposed explanatory hypotheses and outline data needed to test each empirically. To determine factors influencing infant-corpse carriage, we suggest analyses of deaths resulting in ‘carry’ versus ‘no carry’. For individual cases, we highlight behavioural variables to code and the need for hormonal samples. We discuss mothers' stress and welfare in relation to infant death, continued transportation and premature removal of the corpse. Elucidating underlying proximate and ultimate causes is important for understanding phylogeny of maternal responses to infant death. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals’.
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Yu, Elaine A., Joan S. Thomas, Aatekah Owais, Noor Tirmizi, ASG Faruque, Sumon K. Das, Shahed Rahman, Benjamin Schwartz und Aryeh D. Stein. „Maternal prenatal attitudes and postnatal breast-feeding behaviours in rural Bangladesh“. Public Health Nutrition 18, Nr. 4 (19.05.2014): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014000937.
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AbstractObjectiveTo assess the relationships between maternal breast-feeding intention, attitudes, self-efficacy and knowledge at 7 months’ gestation with exclusive or full breast-feeding at 3months postpartum.DesignProspective cohort study with structured home interviews during pregnancy and 3 months after delivery.SettingTwo rural sub-districts of Kishoreganj district, Bangladesh.SubjectsMother–infant dyads.ResultsOver 80 % of 2178 pregnant women intended to exclusively breast-feed (EBF). Maternal positive attitudes, self-efficacy and knowledge about breast-feeding were positively associated with EBF intention (allP<0·05). All mothers except one reported initiating breast-feeding and 99·6 % of children were still breast-fed at 3 months. According to 24 h dietary recalls, we categorized 985 (45·2 %) infants as EBF at 3 months (47·8 % among mothers with EBF intention; 31·7 % among mothers with no EBF intention;P<0·05) and 551 (25·3 %) infants as predominantly breast-fed at 3 months (24·2 % among mothers with EBF intention; 30·8 % among mothers with no EBF intention;P<0·05). Prenatal EBF intention was associated with EBF (OR=1·48, 95 % CI 1·14, 1·91) and with full breast-feeding (OR=1·34, 95 % CI 1·04, 1·72) at age 3 months. EBF at age 3months was not associated with maternal breast-feeding knowledge, attitudes or self-efficacy.ConclusionsDespite widespread expressed maternal EBF intention and universal breast-feeding initiation, prevalence of both exclusive and full breast-feeding at 3months remains lower than WHO recommendations. EBF intention predicts breast-feeding behaviours, suggesting the importance of prenatal counselling to improve infant feeding behaviours.
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Silverberg, Sarah, Joy Shi, Abdullah Al Mahmud und Daniel Roth. „DO MODIFIABLE HOUSEHOLD BEHAVIORS AND EARLY INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES CONTRIBUTE TO VARIATIONS IN INFANT LINEAR GROWTH? EVIDENCE FROM A BIRTH COHORT IN DHAKA, BANGLADESH“. Paediatrics & Child Health 23, suppl_1 (18.05.2018): e47-e47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxy054.120.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Numerous postnatal risk factors have been associated with child length/height in cross-sectional studies in low- and middle-income countries. However, there have been few longitudinal studies of the effects of modifiable risk factors on postnatal linear growth during discrete developmental windows of infancy. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess associations between modifiable household behaviours and conditional growth from birth to 1 year of life. DESIGN/METHODS We conducted a longitudinal cohort study using data from women and their infants (n=1162 pairs) in the Maternal Vitamin D and Infant Growth trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Infant length was measured tri-monthly from birth to 12 months, and infant feeding patterns were ascertained at weekly visits from 0 to 6 months of age. Confounder-adjusted associations of selected modifiable household factors (i.e., household air quality, sanitation/hygiene) or early infant feeding with change in length-for-age z-score (LAZ) were estimated in five intervals: birth to 3 months, 3 to 6 months, birth to 6 months, 6 to 12 months and birth to 12 months. In primary analyses, the outcome was conditional growth in LAZ (cLAZ) in each interval, derived as model residuals from regression of end-interval LAZ on initial LAZ. Effect estimates were expressed as mean difference in cLAZ (95% confidence interval) between the exposed versus referent group. RESULTS LAZ was symmetrically distributed, with mean (± standard deviation) LAZ of -0.95 (± 1.02) at birth and -1.00 (± 1.04) at 12 months. In multivariable-adjusted linear regression models, indicators of household air quality and sanitation/hygiene were not significantly associated with cLAZ in any interval. No breastfeeding and partial breastfeeding (versus exclusive breastfeeding), and any infant formula use (versus no formula use) were associated with slower growth in the 0–3 month interval: -0.11 (95% CI: -0.20, -0.02), -0.30 (95% CI: -0.52, -0.08), and -0.13 (95% CI: -0.22, -0.05), respectively, but not in later intervals. Several non-modifiable factors (maternal height, paternal education, and household wealth) were associated with cLAZ and LAZ in multivariable models. CONCLUSION Compared to international standards, the length distribution of infants in Dhaka, Bangladesh was harmonically shifted down at birth and throughout the first year of life, suggesting that observed infant length deficits relative to international norms were primarily caused by ubiquitous factors. Infant feeding practices explained some between-child variation in linear growth in the early postnatal period (0–3 months). Behaviors related to cooking or sanitation/hygiene were not related to infant linear growth trajectories.
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Chater, Angel, Sarah Milton, Judith Green, Gill Gilworth und Andreas Roposch. „Understanding physician behaviour in the 6–8 weeks hip check in primary care: a qualitative study using the COM-B“. BMJ Open 11, Nr. 3 (März 2021): e044114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044114.
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ObjectivesA compulsory hip check is performed on an infant at 6–8 weeks in primary care for the detection of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Missed diagnoses and infants incorrectly labelled with DDH remain an important problem. The nature of physician behaviour as a likely source of this problem has not been explored. The aims of this study were to make a behavioural diagnosis of general practitioners (GPs) who perform these hip checks, and identify potential behavioural change techniques that could make the hip checks more effective.DesignQualitative study with in-depth semistructured interviews of 6–8 weeks checks. We used the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation and Behaviour model in making a behavioural diagnosis and elicited factors that can be linked to improving the assessment.SettingPrimary care.Participants17 GPs (15 female) who had between 5 and 34 years of work experience were interviewed.ResultsCapability related to knowledge of evidence-based criteria and skill to identify DDH were important behavioural factors. Both physical (clinic time and space) and social (practice norms), opportunity were essential for optimal behaviour. Furthermore, motivation related to the importance of the 6–8 weeks check and confidence to perform the check and refer appropriately were identified in the behavioural diagnosis.ConclusionAspects of capability, opportunity and motivation affect GPs’ diagnosis and referral behaviours in relation to DDH. The findings from this work extend current knowledge and will inform the development of an intervention aimed at improving the diagnosis of DDH.
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Matsunaga, Michiko, Takefumi Kikusui, Kazutaka Mogi, Miho Nagasawa, Rumi Ooyama und Masako Myowa. „Breastfeeding dynamically changes endogenous oxytocin levels and emotion recognition in mothers“. Biology Letters 16, Nr. 6 (Juni 2020): 20200139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0139.
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Breastfeeding behaviours can significantly change mothers' physiological and psychological states. The hormone oxytocin may mediate breastfeeding and mothers' emotion recognition. This study examined the effects of endogenous oxytocin fluctuation via breastfeeding on emotion recognition in 51 primiparous mothers. Saliva oxytocin was assessed before and after the manipulation (breastfeeding or holding an infant), and emotion recognition tasks were conducted. Among mothers who breastfed daily, mothers with more increased levels of oxytocin after breastfeeding showed more reduced negative recognition and enhanced positive recognition of adult facial expressions. These oxytocin functions accompanying breastfeeding may support continued nurturing behaviours and also affect the general social cognition of other adults beyond any specific effect on infants.
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Spiezio, Caterina, Stefano Vaglio, Camille Vandelle, Camillo Sandri und Barbara Regaiolli. „Effects of Rearing on the Behaviour of Zoo-Housed Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)“. Folia Primatologica 92, Nr. 2 (2021): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515127.
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Early-life experiences may considerably affect the behavioural patterns of adult primates. Particularly, atypical rearing practices might lead to abnormal behaviours and social-sexual deficiencies in captive, adult non-human primates. We conducted behavioural observations of mother-reared (<i>n</i> = 5) and hand-reared (<i>n</i> = 6) adult chimpanzees in a social group at Parco Natura Viva, Italy. We used continuous focal animal sampling to collect behavioural data focusing on individual and social behaviours. We found that all study subjects performed individual and social species-specific behaviours. However, mother-reared chimpanzees performed locomotion and affiliative behaviours significantly more than hand-reared subjects. In addition to these species-typical behaviours, hand-reared chimpanzees showed significantly more abnormal behaviours than mother-reared subjects. Therefore, these findings suggest that hand-rearing could have wide-reaching effects on the behavioural repertoire in adult zoo-housed chimpanzees. Hence, even if sometimes human intervention in rearing may be necessary to ensure the survival of captive infant chimpanzees, our results suggest that zoo-housed chimpanzees might benefit from minimised human-animal interactions and exposure to conspecifics throughout their development. These suggestions should be implemented in regular husbandry practices.
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Bernardo, Brendan, Bruce Lanphear, Scott Venners, Tye Arbuckle, Joseph Braun, Gina Muckle, William Fraser und Lawrence McCandless. „Assessing the Relation between Plasma PCB Concentrations and Elevated Autistic Behaviours using Bayesian Predictive Odds Ratios“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, Nr. 3 (05.02.2019): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030457.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impaired social communication and repetitive or stereotypic behaviours. In utero exposure to environmental chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), may play a role in the etiology of ASD. We examined the relation between plasma PCB concentrations measured during pregnancy and autistic behaviours in a subset of children aged 3–4 years old in the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study, a pregnancy and birth cohort of 546 mother-infant pairs from Canada (enrolled: 2008–2011). We quantified the concentrations of 6 PCB congeners that were detected in >40% of plasma samples collected during the 1st trimester. At age 3–4 years, caregivers completed the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS), a valid and reliable measure of children’s reciprocal social and repetitive behaviours and restricted interests. We examined SRS scores as both a continuous and binary outcome, and we calculated Bayesian predictive odds ratios for more autistic behaviours based on a latent variable model for SRS scores >60. We found no evidence of an association between plasma PCB concentrations and autistic behaviour. However, we found small and imprecise increases in the mean SRS score and odds of more autistic behaviour for the highest category of plasma PCB concentrations compared with the lowest category; for instance, an average increase of 1.4 (95%PCI: −0.4, 3.2) in the mean SRS (exposure contrast highest versus lowest PCB category) for PCB138 translated to an odds ratio of 1.8 (95%PCI: 1.0, 2.9). Our findings illustrate the importance of measuring associations between PCBs and autistic behaviour on both continuous and binary scales.
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Andrade, Bruna M. T., Robério Freire-Filho und Bruna Bezerra. „The behaviours of a female blonde capuchin (Sapajus flavius) towards her dead infant“. Behaviour 157, Nr. 14-15 (07.10.2020): 1231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10042.
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Abstract Here we describe the behaviour of a female blonde capuchin (Sapajus flavius) towards her dead infant and discuss possible explanations linked to the anecdotal event. We conducted our study in a fragment of Atlantic forest in Northeastern Brazil where we have been monitoring a blonde capuchin population, with over 163 individuals, since 2010. Our observations show that the behaviours of female blonde capuchins towards dead infant include corpse carrying, which may be related to maternal-bond strength and grief management. Two adult males cooperated with the vulnerable female by protecting her during group travelling even though offspring survival was no longer a possibility. The present study complements the current knowledge of thanatology in Neotropical primates.
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Zaidman-Mograbi, Rachel, Liana (MP) le Roux und Herna Hall. „The influence of culture on maternal attachment behaviours: a South African case study“. Children Australia 45, Nr. 1 (März 2020): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2020.4.
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AbstractIt is widely accepted that culture is a contextual factor that can affect mother–infant attachment. Cultural beliefs are translated into child-rearing patterns that influence maternal responsiveness to infant attachment behaviours and could thus affect sensitive caregiving that lies at the heart of secure attachment. This article reports on the findings of a study that explored the influence of culture on maternal caregiving behaviours in the multi-cultural South African context. Data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews conducted with participants from three study samples to ascertain their perceptions of socio-cultural influences on attachment. Two samples consisted of mothers and mental health professionals, respectively, who represented different South African cultures (Xhosa, Sotho, Zulu, Coloured, Indian and White). The third sample consisted of experts in the field of attachment. The research findings indicate that culture could influence maternal caregiving behaviours. Although all the participants valued good caregiving, some maternal responses to infant attachment behaviours varied among participants from different cultures. The research emphasises the importance of considering local contexts in understanding attachment and maternal sensitivity.
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Golinkoff, Roberta Michnick. „‘I beg your pardon?’: the preverbal negotiation of failed messages“. Journal of Child Language 13, Nr. 3 (Oktober 1986): 455–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900006826.
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ABSTRACTThis longitudinal study of how preverbal infants communicate with their mothers utilized the situation in which the infant was seated in a highchair at lunchtime. This situation predisposed infants to use communication as a means, since they were often unable to achieve their goals without assistance. It was found that infants' communicative attempts were often unsuccessful; the present study focussed on how infants and mothers worked to establish the infants' intents after communication failures. In the preverbal negotiation of failed messages infants direct communicative behaviours to their mothers which their mothers fail to comprehend immediately, NEGOTIATIONS occur when mothers help infants make their intents clear. Negotiation episodes have four components: the infant's initial signal, the mother's comprehension failure, infant repairs and episode outcome. Changes in these components provide much information about how infants' communicative skills evolve during the transition to a linguistically based communication system. Negotiation episodes are contrasted with episodes called IMMEDIATE SUCCESSES in which the mother readily comprehends the intent behind the infant's signal, and MISSED ATTEMPTS in which the mother fails to pick up on the infant's signal. Taken together these three types of communicative episode reveal a degree of persistence and creativity on the part of the preverbal infant that is surprising in the light of prior research. Such episodes further reveal that the course of preverbal communication is NOT smooth.
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Lanzoni, Lydia, Matteo Chincarini, Melania Giammarco, Isa Fusaro, Alessia Gloria, Alberto Contri, Nicola Ferri und Giorgio Vignola. „Maternal and Neonatal Behaviour in Italian Mediterranean Buffaloes“. Animals 11, Nr. 6 (28.05.2021): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061584.
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The aim of this study was to describe the neonatal and maternal behaviour of Italian Mediterranean buffaloes. Thirty primiparous buffaloes were moved into individual pens 12.5 (±2.5) days before calving. Maternal and neonatal behaviours were recorded for 48 h after calving and the analysis was performed in continuous sampling with the software BORIS. Calves’ clinical evaluations (temperature, weight, and heart and respiratory rates) were performed at different time intervals and correlated with behavioural data from the dam. Data were analysed with parametric and non-parametric methods after controlling their distribution. The maternal behavioural pattern found highlighted buffaloes’ priorities during the post-partum period: firstly, they stand and start grooming to ensure proper care for the calf; it is only after this that they dedicate time to maintenance behaviours (feeding and lying). The dams mainly groomed the calf during the first six hours after calving (average time in the 1–6-h interval: 7.7 ± 2.5 min., F = (2.5, 60.2) = 75.0; p < 0.001) to ensure the formation of the mother–infant bond; thereafter, the behaviour decreased over time. As reported in the literature, inexperienced mothers could sometimes delay the calf’s first suckling with aggressive or rejection behaviours. In this regard, 16 buffalo dams showed at least one maternal rejection behaviour, which was found to negatively correlate with calves’ daily weight gain (DWG) at 14 (rs = −0.5, p = 0.02) and 21 days (rs = −0.7, p < 0.001). The calves took on average 212.0 ± 110.0 min to suckle, and this behaviour was mainly shown during the first six hours. Overall, suckling behaviour was correlated with standing: (rs = 0.6, p < 0.001) and walking (rs = 0.9, p < 0.001). The calves’ live weight and DWG were consistently higher than the values reported in the literature. Our results present a detailed description of maternal and neonatal behaviour in the early post-partum period in Italian Mediterranean buffaloes. We also found that maternal rejection behaviours can negatively influence the calves’ growth. Finally, we think that such results can improve the management of buffaloes during the period around parturition.
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Slater, Vicki, Jennie Rose, Ellinor Olander, Karen Matvienko-Sikar und Sarah Redsell. „Barriers and enablers to Caregivers Responsive feeding Behaviour (CRiB): A mixed method systematic review protocol“. HRB Open Research 3 (16.01.2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.12980.1.
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Background: Childhood overweight and obesity is a major public health issue. Responsive feeding has been identified as having a protective effect against child overweight and obesity, and is associated with healthy weight gain during infancy. Responsive feeding occurs when the caregiver recognises and responds in a timely and developmentally appropriate manner to infant hunger and satiety cues. Despite its benefits, responsive feeding is not ubiquitous. To better support caregivers to engage in responsive feeding behaviours, it is necessary to first systematically identify the barriers and enablers associated with this behaviour. This mixed-methods systematic review therefore aims to synthesise evidence on barriers and enablers to responsive feeding using the COM-B model of behavioural change. Methods: 7 electronic databases will be searched (Maternal and Infant Care, CINAHL, Cochrane, PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, EMBASE). Studies examining factors associated with parental responsive and non-responsive feeding of infants and children (<2 years) will be included. Papers collecting primary data, or analysing primary data through secondary analysis will be included. All titles, abstracts and full texts will be screened by two reviewers. Quantitative and qualitative data from all eligible papers will be independently extracted by at least two reviewers using pre-determined standardised data extraction forms. Two reviewers will independently assess the methodological quality of the studies using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). This review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA). Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval is not required for this review as no primary data will be collected, and no identifying personal information will be present. The review will be disseminated in a peer reviewed journal. PROSPERO registration: CRD42019144570 (06/08/2019)