Dissertationen zum Thema „Inégalité sociale – Aspect économique – France“
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Heim, Arthur. „Social investment and the changing face of poverty : essays on the design and evaluation of family and social policies in France“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EHES0027.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis explores early childcare and activation policies, fundamental within the social investment paradigm, through two large field experiments in France, supported by the National Family Allowance Fund.In the first chapter, with Julien Combe, we consider access to daycare as a matching problem. We propose market design models to define assignment mechanisms and analyse the consequences of design choices in a field experiment. The problem is akin to school choice, but specific constraints affect the definition and scope of stable matchings. Our algorithms provide Student Optimal Fair Assignments (SOFA) in different versions of the problem. Our analysis focuses on the Matthew effect, demonstrating how design and policy choices influence it. Our tools promote fairness and transparency in assignment processes.Chapters 2 and 3 analyse data from an intensive experimental programme aimed at low-income single-parent families in France, implemented from 2018 to 2022.In Chapter 2, I analyse the effects on labour market participation and poverty, and how wrong we would have been not to use a randomised controlled trial. The analyses reveal initially negative effects that diminish over time. Participants have higher employment rates than other comparison groups, but this difference is entirely due to selection bias. This bias is so strong that estimates using the next best identification strategy - modern doubly robust differences-in-differences - fail to include experimental estimates within confidence intervals. Overall, the programme has no average effect on labour market participation and poverty after the end of the training. There are heterogeneous treatment effects by number of children at baseline.In Chapter 3, with Alexandra Galitzine, we challenge the narrative of "making work pay" for single-parent families in France. The 2019 reform of in-work benefits (Prime d'activité) was adopted contemporaneously with this programme. The intervention directly provided individualized and detailed information on the socio-fiscal system in a year-long support programme, likely to have further reduced various barriers to employment. We use this experiment to measure low-income single-parent families' reactions to incentives after the reform.Our primary contribution lies in estimating counterfactual distributions using experimental assignment variations. We find high labour income elasticities for participants, indicating significant disincentives to employment and increased in-work poverty. The programme's effects on family structure vary based on the number of children, highlighting the complex interplay between policy incentives and poverty dynamics. We coined the term "Assistaxation" to describe the phenomenon of heavily taxing the economic, physical, and mental resources of those accessing public assistance, leaving them with little means to escape
Weitzenblum, Thomas. „Interactions entre hétérogénéité et fluctuations individuelles non assurables : applications aux inégalités de richesse et au risque de chômage“. Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010068.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLandais, Camille. „Essais en économie publique : fiscalité, hauts revenus, familles“. Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0022.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThese essays focus on the impact of taxation on income inequalities, the provision of public goods, and family behaviors. First show that income inequalities have increased in France in the past years, due to a surge in top wages. L then estimate the taxable income elasticity in France, and show that it is modest, even among top income (. 15), which suggests that deadweight loss of top income taxation is weaker than previously thought. Part Il proposes estimates of the elasticity of charitable giving with respect to tax incentives, and shows that the overall response is modest and below the level that would make the French tax system optimal. Finally, part III microsimulates the French family policy and with long-run tax data estimates the elasticity of fertility with respect to french tax incentives (Quotient Familial)
Gardères, Philippe. „Inégalité, redistribution et compétition dans une économie avec collectivités locales“. Aix-Marseille 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX24004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFranc, Carine. „Protection sociale et redistribution“. Toulouse 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU10038.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleApouey, Bénédicte. „Trois essais sur la santé, le revenu et les inégalités“. Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0080.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSelf-assessed health measures (SAH) play a prominent role for the analysis of health data. These data are generated by asking: « How is your health in general? » with the response categories ranging from « Very poor » to « Very good ». The thesis focuses on self-assessed health, income and inequalities. The first two papers develops new measures to quantify health polarization and income-related health polarization when the individual health variable is self-assessed health. The third paper looks at the causal effect of income on self-assessed health in Great Britain, and highlights that an exogenous income shock has no effect on self-assessed health, which can be seen as the sum of a positive effect on mental health and a negative effect on physical health
David, Maurício Dias. „Dynamique et permanence des exclusions sociales au Brésil : l'économie des pauvretés, des inégalités et de l'accumulation des richesses dans le Brésil contemporain“. Paris 13, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA131011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUhalde, Marc. „Crise sociale et transformation des entreprises“. Paris 9, 2004. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2004PAO90066.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe research in "Social Crisis and Enterprise Transformation" focuses on organizational crisis that arises when companies modernize their internal management mechanisms. Built around four specific case studies, this research indicates that this "organizational crisis" can become endemic and long-term as individuals struggle to maintain their organizational identity throughout the change process. In addition, "Social Crisis and Enterprise Transformation" shows that the degree of an "organizational crisis" has a direct relation to current company work mechanisms, particular styles of Change Management, and an organization's unique tradition and culture
Dourgnon, Paul. „Evaluation des politiques publiques et inégalités sociales d'accès aux services de santé“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00912417.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCasamatta, Georges. „L'économie politique de la protection sociale et de la redistribution“. Toulouse 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU10052.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJusot, Florence. „Revenu et mortalité : analyse économique des inégalités sociales de santé en France“. Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0114.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis proposes an empirical analysis of the impact of income and income inequalities on mortality in France. In order to introduce income in the fields of mortality analysis in France, this analysis is based on a case-control study constructed with two fiscal databases, the Wealth at Death Survey" and the "Taxable Income Survey". The determinants of the probability of dying in 1988 to the characteristics of people surviving in 1990. A first analysis, based on age at death distribution, shows that the survival function increases with income. The results of the case-control study show a continous impact of income on mortality, controlled for occupation. The results suggest a specific risk related to poverty and a strong protective effect of higher incomes. A multilevel analysis shows that the intra-regional level of household income inequality is positively correlated to the probability of dying, after control for regional health care supply. This thesis suggests that both individual socioeconomic status and socioeconomic environment are essential determinants of mortality in France
Thoenig, Mathias. „Commerce international et dynamique des inégalités“. Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRousselière, Damien. „L'économie sociale dans l'organisation et la coordination des activités productives : le cas du secteur culturel“. Grenoble 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE21017.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis aims to investigate the cultural sector (cultural industries and alive spectacle) in France and in Quebec, in order to show in what the various institutionalists economic theories are likely to account for the diversity of the forms of enterprises. Our analysis relates more precisely to the "social economy" (associations, co-operatives, mutual insurance companies). We use various statistical methods (instrumental variables and "matching" based on propensity score with data from national surveys (INSEE, France & Ministère de la Culture du Québec); textual data analysis with data from business and activities reports). We established three stylized facts with a general validity (relation between implication and cultural consumption ; specific place of the social economy on certain activities ; plurality of the motivations of the stakeholders). The various institutionalisms (rational choice institutionalism, conventionalist institutionalism and historical institutionalism) were then confronted with these facts. We highlight the need for an articulation of these different theoretical frameworks
Le, Lann Yann. „Les frontières comptables du social : la protection sociale et le salaire dans la comptabilité nationale (1944-2010)“. Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100100.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe accounting standards of social protection have been confronted to a reform that deeply changes the economical meaning of social benefits. On the one hand, the ©NU’s standards of national accounting recognize pension as the patrimonial element of labor remuneration, on the other hand, Eurostat’s social protection accounts tend to integrate individual insurance inside the social sphere. Those evolutions, in their own way, put into crisis the definition of social protection based on the distinction of wage and social benefits. Built during the Keynesian hegemony on national accounting standards, this representation of social protection as an institution designed for income redistribution has been supplanted by a reinterpretation of social flux in the direction of commodification. In this context the separation of social benefits and wage has become more and more unclear. In order to understand the meaning of this contemporary reform of statistics, l aim in this PHD to bring out the crossover history of wage and social benefits standards. My research is based on archives of the institution which was responsible for the publication of national accounting since l944, on the analysis of handbooks of accounting standards and on scientific publications concerning social protection standards. Starting from the evolution of national and social accounts, I try to understand the rise, the management and the crisis of accounting boundaries between economic and social flux
Crepon, Philippe. „La réduction des inégalités spatiales d'accès aux soins confrontés aux théories de la justice sociale“. Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010039.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe social justice theories collation with health care expenditure regulation mechanisms involves methodological choices relative to the construction of a model explaining consumption. In a society characterized by the development of exclusion and by a kind of duality, which is the most adapted justice theory to account for most of the regulation perverse effects used until now? The local allocation of ressouces is based on the theoretical and effective consumption levels comparison. The construction of a theoretical level requires in regard to the chosen justice theory, to define a hierarchical order in the factors insertion and to precise the characteristics of the consumption explanatory factors according to some social protection conception : + are they merely relevant or also legitimate ? ;. A change process of the indicators that are coupled with the illegitimate factors has to be carried out in order to remove the perverse effects they generate (savings). The econometrics development shows how decisive the public sector is to face care inadequacy risks. It also shows that changes in behaviour that are brought about this process may indeed reduce over consumption practices but have no effect on under consumption ones and that it is rather difficult to say whether the process reduce or not inequalities. In this prospect, it can be useful to turn to the care function supply to make regional synthesis that point out likely expenditure inflation or inadequacy care areas
Ambert, Michel. „Essai sur l'investissement en éducation : le cas de l'Inde“. Paris 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA020043.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGarbinti, Bertrand. „Épargner, Hériter, Divorcer : essais sur les inégalités de patrimoine et de niveaux de vie en France“. Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe first chapter of this dissertation deals with the link between saving rate and income. Our results show consistently that saving rate is positively correlated with both current and permanent incomes. The second chapter focuses on the link between intergenerational transmissions and home purchase on one hand, and firm creation on the other hand. We show that households who received a gift or a bequest buy more often their primary residence. For the creation or the buyout of a firm, gifts also exhibit a significant effect while bequests do not. In the third chapter, we explore a new way to leverage the receipt of an inheritance as a plausible exogenous wealth shock, by relying on the precise timing of receipt. We find that, at any age between 55 and 65, chances of current labor market exit are significantly higher among individuals who inherit at that age than among those who inherit in the next few years. In the last chapter, we study the economic consequences of marital disunions. We interestingly show that both women and men support a loss in average, but still of larger magnitude for women. Results also suggest that, contrary to the common belief, the number of children only play a minor role in the explanations of the large women's impoverishment. The share of couple's resources each spouse provides before divorce is the main driver. Child support payments, public transfers and the massive labor market reentry of inactive women mitigate but do not cancel post-divorce gender inequalities
Belleteste, Florence. „Cour des comptes et sécurité sociale“. Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P207.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVallat, David. „Exclusion et liens financiers de proximité (financement de micro-activités)“. Lyon 2, 1999. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01638378.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGajdos, Thibault. „Essais sur les fondements de la mesure des inégalités“. Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010064.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDesmichel, Pascal. „Réalité économique et perception sociale du tourisme en milieu rural fragile : analyse à partir de territoires du grand Sud-Ouest français“. Limoges, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIMO2007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGond, Jean-Pascal. „Contribution à l'étude du concept de performance sociétale de l'entreprise : fondements théoriques, construction sociale, impact financier“. Toulouse 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU10003.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe purpose of this research is to contribute to the theoretical development of the "Corporate Social Performance" (CSP). An analytical framework of CSP is developed, establishing a distinction between four perspectives on that concept : CSP as a regulation function (functionalist perspective), CSP as power relationship expression (political perpective), CSP as a cultural product (culturalist perspective), and CSP as a socio-cognitive construction (constructivist perspective). That framework is mobilized to develop the constructivist and the culturalist perspectives through two indepth case studies, focused on the history of the French rating agency ARESE. The first study is focused on the contextualization strategies deployed by ARESE actors to import SRI in France, the second shows how the construction of calculability is articulated to the legitimacy-building of ARESE on the Socially Responsible investment (SRI) market. These empirical results and the previous framework are finally used to re-evaluate the debates around the corporate social-financial performance relationship in a constructivist perspective. The construction of a positive relationship between these two concepts on financial markets is described through the notions of performativity and self-fulfilling prophecies : that relationship appears as a belief, a rational myth, facilitating the legitimacy-building of actors and objects embodying the notion of CSP and Social Responsability as well as the institutionalization of SRI on financial markets. The analysis finally suggests that the positive relationship between CSP and financial performance could potentially become self-valitated
Bouguen, Adrien. „Schools, Teachers, and Parents : Three Essays on the Economies of Education Supply“. Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0178.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLike many other ' 'service industry", the education sector does not naturally experience large productivity gains. This is partly due to the specifics of the education sector where its quality inherently depends on the amount of labor expended its production. It may also reflect the difficulty faced by policy-makers to design, validate and implement innovative policies that may increase the education system performance. This PhD dissertation Intent to bring a valuable contribution to the effort to bring evidence on education policies and possibly convince policy-makers to introduced the most valuable ones. The dissertation is composed of three articles that use rigorous empirical methodology and covers three aspects central to the literature on education supply in developed and developing countries: Schools, Teacher and Parents. A school construction program implemented in Cambodia is analyzed in the first chapter, a teacher training program for improving reading skills in French preschool will be addressed In the secom on and finally a parenting intervention will be the subject of the third chapter. Although each chapter present independent contributions, several common patterns can be identified. Implementation Issues, low take-up, improper targeting are among the main difficulties faced by education policies everywhere in the world. My result also confirms that policies that solely consist In increasing available resources without triggering behavioral change are deemed to fail. Efficiency gains are possible in education but improvement is not straightforward and demands carefully designed and implemented policies based on solid scientific evidence
Soulabaille, Annaïg. „L'évolution économique et sociale de Guingamp aux seizième, dix-septième et dix-huitième siècles“. Rennes 2, 1997. http://books.openedition.org/pur/8901.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHow is it that over a period of three centuries (from the end of the fifteenth to the end of the eighteenth century), the population of Guingamp hardly developed (having between three thousand and four thousand inhabitants), whereas the city enjoyed a sight, economic activities and institutions that were on the whole favorable to its own development? The answer must probably be sought in its demographic structures (relatively late wedding age, high infant and juvenile mortality), as well as in a peculiar social basis (large number of clerics, and especially numerous religious communities, rather few members of the nobility, and a "third estate" made of many low wage earners), which could barely be helpful so far as the expansion of the town was concerned. One may also allow for the lack of spirit of individual enterprise among its inhabitants who - like the main tradesmen from the middle-class - could have afforded (mostly from a financial point of view) to change, or at least to shift, the way things went, but appear not to have been very enterprising people, as they were quite satisfied with their own business. The example of Jacques Le Brun in the seventeenth century is most appropriated. Prosperous as his business was, he would rather invest his wealth, accumulated through wine trading, in buying land or "stone" (buildings) than in commercial activity. So he managed very quickly to become an ally of some famous families belonging to Breton aristocracy, before becoming himself a member of the nobility, as he assumed the title of squire
Baronnet, Véronique. „Environnement économique industriel et règlementaire du médicament“. Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P035.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUgo, Christine. „Maîtrise des dépenses publiques et réformes du prélèvement social : réflexion sur le cas français“. Nice, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985NICE0011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePiquée, Céline. „Gérer les inégalités de réussite à l'école primaire : public, modes de fonctionnement et efficacité pédagogique des dispositifs d'accompagnement scolaire“. Dijon, 2001. https://nuxeo.u-bourgogne.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1f9550ee-ce7e-453d-b888-2e8446849604.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Neindre Charlène. „Une approche systémique et multiéchelle des disparités spatiales de santé au prisme de la notion de contexte“. Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA070043.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis research aims to provide a better understanding of spatial health disparities in France. First, we present a multiscale and systemic approach to the links between health status and other characteristics of space (socioeconomic conditions, air quality, healthcare services. . . ) developed with the notions of vertical, horizontal and internal contexts. Then we propose a methodology to explore these links which are tested using correlation analyses and multiple regression models. This work is carried out at different geographical fevels (from the local to the regional) and in various types of spaces (from the city center to the isolated rural areas; in the large, the mid-sized and the small urban areas) located in the North and in the West of France. Three types of links are identified, from the most general to the most specific. General links appear identically ail over the space, while particular links crop up only in some peculiar areas. Finally, the effects are sometimes context-dependant, ranging from positive to negative correlations. We refer to these situations as discordant links. We hope that this theoretical and methodological framework could generate prospects for further studies
Schorlé, Carole. „Les lycéens et les études supérieures, propriétés sociales et rapports différenciés : (enquêtes Alsace)“. Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR20031.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFor the great majority of the high-school pupils, the youth will begin with a period of study. This thesis treats, in Alsace, the relationships of these many individuals to the space of the higher education. At the same time, it analyzes their means and their expectations, i. E. Their ideals as regards the studies, and their wish of the studies they would choose. The statistical result of a regional inquiry by questionnaires and the collected qualitative data in repeated interviews with a small group of pupils, show that the origin of each one, in particular in its cultural an sexual dimensions, continues to strongly condition the perceptions and the practices in terms of higher studies, although the school system knew some evolutions, a priori likely to reduce the social inequalities. The exceptions being able to appear on the individual level are too seldom modifying the social domination relationships. Globally, the social reproduction remains
Reinstadler, Anne. „Analyse microéconomique du non-recours (non take-up) à certaines prestations sociales : application à l'Allocation Parentale d'Education (APE)“. Nancy 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN20015.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe non-take-up of social benefits can be defined as the fact that an individual does not receive the benefit he is eligible for. The scope of the Ph. D. Dissertation is to lighten the causes of this phenomenon, and to show how the behavior of the individual can be explained. Such a behavior can be explain through a cost/benefit analysis, that is to say that the individual decides not to take up the benefit after having compared the benefit he will receive with the costs related to the process of demand. These costs are attributed to the search for information, to the complexity of the process of demand, to the stigma that the recipient could feel. The analysis is applied to the “allocation parentale d'education”, a French benefit designed to parents with at least two children, and who do not work full time. This analysis allows us to lighten some other specific factors that can explain especially the non-take-up of this benefit, because ape presents an eligibility condition of behavior (to reduce time of work, in order to avoid being full time worker). This condition leads to define another type of non-take-up, related to this condition of behavior: the quasi non take-up that refers to parents who are not eligible for ape, but who would have been adopting the expected behavior if they had been aware of the different advantages related to the benefit. The empirical analysis (using a logic model) allows us to conclude that factors concerning the costs of information and complexity can really explain for some part the non-take-up and the quasi non take-up of ape, and outlines that this last phenomenon really results of a cost/benefit comparison that takes into account, inter alia, factors that are not of finality
Wahl, Elodie. „Le travail, la production, l'emploi : généalogie compréhensive des dimensions anthropologique, économique et sociale du travail : étude appliquée au cas français“. Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/WAHL_Elodie_2007.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe illustrate three dimensions which come under the notion of work and draw up a genealogy of each one. The anthropological dimension of work deals with the technical act upon nature, creator of social worlds. The economic dimension of work is concerned with the production of goods. The social dimension of work deals with the legal status of workers and the rights which come from employment. First at all we study the philosophy of work by looking at works by Marx and Simone Weil, and we consider in what ways the French working-class movement is suited to this. Secondly, we consider the French economic evolution from 1945 to the present day. We demonstrate the ways in which the society of production has transformed and diversified the different paid activities that exist. Finally, we question the emergence of the notion of social links. This notion denotes partly, the interdependence of workers (employees, management, independent workers) thanks to Social Security, and also, the sociability (meetings, dialogues, communication). If employment today – the work relationship – allows the realisation of these two sides to the social link, it means that it integrates elements which deal with neither the act of work, nor the product of work. But it acts in such a way as to import a dimension of production to the sociability, to reduce the latter to a means to an end: the preservation of a society of employment
Plumat, Karine. „Fréquence d'utilisation des matières premières remboursables dans la composition des préparations magistrales en Ile-de-France“. Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P210.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMulot, Éric. „Éducation et gestion des inégalités : analyse comparative du Costa Rica, de Cuba et du Guatemala“. Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010047.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLagasnerie, Grégoire de. „Trois essais en économie de la santé sur la régulation de la demande de soins de ville s'appuyant sur la méthode de micro-simulation“. Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0093.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis sheds light on various issues in health economics (reimbursement system of care, sensitivity of the demand for health care prices , prediction of the dynamics of care expenses ) through the technique of micro -simulation. This thesis is composed of three articles. The first two articles of this thesis contribute to improved understanding of the mechanism related to the regulation of health care demand through the reimbursement system. The last article analyzes the evolution of the demand for care in the medium and long term. The first article focuses on the analysis in term of equity and hedging of reform of the reimbursement system of healthcare services in France. The second article examines the implications for health insurance and the insured of changes in consumption behavior of insured following a reform of the reimbursement system of cafe in France. The third article, from the study of different methods of projections in the economic literature analyzes the dynamic of outpatient healthcare expenditure related to the ageing population
Tovar, Élisabeth. „La ségrégation urbaine : représentation économique et évaluation éthique : une application à l'île de France des années 1990“. Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0075.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis encompasses the general problematic of the "new urban question". Its objective is to question the reality of the urban segregation of the Francilian region during the 1990s. We first define the three theoretical elements that delimit the parameters of this phenomenon's evaluation: the conception of individual well-being and its measure, the general ethical frame used to assess the aggregated level of well-being and the definition of segregation itself. We propose a definition of the individual well-being (the "effective social condition") compatible with Sen's capability approach, and we choose an ethical criterion sensitive to inequality. After specifying the statistical tools relevant to an operationalisation of the capability approach, we conduct an empirical application that leads us to the conclusion that many spatial units were indeed segregated in Île-de-France during the 1990s
Morgan, Mila Marc. „Essays on Income Distribution : Methodological, Historical and Institutional Perspectives with Applications to the case of Brazil (1926-2016)“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH194.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis PhD thesis consists of three essays on income distribution, from the point of view of statistical production (methods) and economic development (history and institutions). The first chapter deals with the growing problem of household surveys to accurately portray the top tail if the income distribution. It proposes a new method to reconcile survey data with information from more trusted sources, such as tax data. The method produces a micro-dataset that preserves the consistency of other socio-demographic variables at both the individual and aggregate levels, to allow future research to be carried out under a more representative distributive framework. The procedure is illustrated by empirical applications to five countries, covering both developed and less-developed contexts over numerous years. The second and third chapters both make use of the method described in the first chapter to measure and analyse income inequality for different time periods and motives in Brazil -- a perennial late-developing economy, where household surveys are an increasingly problematic source from which to obtain credible information on the relative income growth of different parts of the population. The second chapter combines data from previously un-reconciled sources to uncover new evidence and a new understanding of income inequality in Brazil, focusing on the much debated period of the 2000s. It finds that inequality within the Bottom 90% of the distribution declined, but concentration at the top persisted at very high levels. This dichotomy was given by the strong average income growth in both tails of the distribution mainly between 2002 and 2013, while the middle of the distribution was squeezed. The fall in inequality among a large part of the population was due to the fall in labour earnings inequality, which was nonetheless insufficient to prevent the growing concentration of national income among economic elites. The chapter contextualises the findings to understand what may be driving the dynamics, from the progressive role of social policy, to the regressive role of the tax system and monetary policy. The third chapter extends the Brazilian inequality analysis over a longer historical time-frame to examine where it has come from. The overall objective is to shed new light on long-run distributional dynamics and their connection with economic growth in a late-developing country. Based on the construction of a rich inequality dataset covering the whole population since 1976 and a top income group since 1926, and its combination with other distributional information and macro statistics, the chapter shows the unprecedented levels and persistence of income concentration in Brazil, despite tumultuous economic and political change. It explains the absence of any sustained egalitarian levelling in the country through an endogenous theory of institutional shifts, which originate from structural-economic changes, but get ultimately appropriated by elites to avoid the redistribution of fundamental factors (land, capital, income, education) that the economic changes and related social actors seem to demand. It identifies the military coup of 1964 and its aftermath as a crucial moment in the history of Brazilian inequality, whose ideas and policies largely suspended inclusive growth, consigned distributional bottlenecks to future governments, and whose legacy can still be perceived today
Nakhili, Nadia. „L'environnement scolaire, quels effets sur les aspirations "individuelles" ? : le cas de l'entrée dans l"enseignement supérieur“. Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOL028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe object of this study is to analyze differences in aspirations and choice of course of study at the outset of higher education. More particularly it aims to determine if the "individual" choices, which have an impact on the construction of educational inequalities, depend on school environment. Since the diversified character of school environment is an established fact in France, the first part of this work, based on a review of the sociology of education literature, draws attention to contextual dimensions as possible factors influencing educational and vocational aspirations. This question, which has remained unexplored at this level of the educational system in France, is dealt with empirically in the second part of the study. Based on a quantitative analyse of the data of a Panel of pupils in secondary education and on an original survey, the study shows that school environment is a significant predictor of the educational aspirations of high-school pupils (probability of applying for course of study of higher education and desired length of studies). School environment significantly explains the choice of courses of study of pupils with comparable school attainment and social background. The origin of this contextual effect is twofold: the social composition of the high school and the local supply of higher education (mainly the local presence of preparatory programmes for the elite sector of grandes écoles (‘higher schools’)). In many cases, the effect of school context is at least as important as the effect of social background. The “individual” preferences, located in unequal contexts, are thus tinged with the organization of the educational system
Melhem, Ghassan. „Le développement économique et le rôle politique du confessionalisme au Liban“. Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON10019.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe emergence of sectarianism in Lebanon is correlated with the particular development of capitalism in the Lebanese society, which seems different from the model of modernism in the Western and European society. This is how we can argue that the historical emergence of sectarian political formula was not a random or spontaneous phenomenon. It is clear that the institutionalization of sectarianism was the corollary of the deflection or deformation of capitalization and modernization; a sectarian system was established instead than the establishment of a modern state institution on the basis of the social contract that concretize national unity and social solidarity just like the contemporary European society. Thus, the penetration of Western capitalism and the articulation of the national economy into the world capitalist market embody Lebanon's position in the international economy as a peripheral area marginalizing its productive sectors. The commercial and banking bourgeoisie wins in the context of a rent economy by undertaking an intermediary function between West and East. This intermediate bourgeoisie controls the entire Lebanese system in coalition with the traditional aristocracy. It applies to restrict and stifle any form of syndicate or association mobility emanating from a struggle of social classes by creating confessional alignment and confrontation to which is due sectarianism that marks the historical track of the Lebanese public life and the "configuration" of the constitutional structure of the country
Fortin, Marie-José. „Paysage industriel, lieu de médiation sociale et enjeu de développement durable et de justice environnementale : les cas des complexes d'Alcan (Alma, Québec) et de Péchiney (Dunkerque, France)“. Thèse, Paris 1, 2005. http://constellation.uqac.ca/535/1/24605668.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHouillon, Vincent. „Crise et population : l'exemple du Valenciennois : étude de démogéographie et de géographie sociale d'un espace en difficulté“. Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50377-1998-228.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCousteaux, Anne-Sophie. „Le masculin et le féminin au prisme de la santé et de ses inégalités sociales“. Phd thesis, Institut d'études politiques de paris - Sciences Po, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661611.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChancel, Lucas. „Unsustainable inequalities? Essays on global income and pollution inequality“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH063/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChapter I, entitled “Indian income inequality dynamics, 1922-2015: From British Raj to Billionaire Raj?” , discusses the methodological issues at stake when reconstructing historical income inequality series in a country as populated as India, but with very scarce data. The chapter shows that despite many important data limitations, one can combine tax data, surveys and national accounts in a systematic manner to reconstruct income inequality estimates robust to a wide range of alternative strategies. In the case of India, the results are striking as they reveal that income inequality is currently at its highest level since the creation of the Indian Income tax in 1922. The top 1% capture more than 22% of national income today, up from 6% in the mid-1980s, when the top 1% captured about 6% of total income. Chapter II, entitled “Building a global income distribution brick by brick” , builds on chapter I (and many other similar endeavors carried out by my colleagues at the WIL) to construct a global distribution of income based on a systematic combination of tax, survey data and national accounts. Our results are notable as some go against preconceived ideas on globalization and its impacts on economic inequality. In particular, we show that the global top 1% captured twice as much global income growth as the bottom 50% since 1980. We demonstrate that inequality increased, rather than decreased between world individuals since 1980, despite strong growth in the emerging world. In other words, rising inequality within countries was stronger than the effect of reduced inequality between countries since 1980. Looking into the future, the chapter also reveals that under “Business as Usual”, global inequality is likely to further rise (despite strong growth in emerging regions) contrary to what has been argued in academic and public debates on the matter. The Appendices to the chapter present the details of the method and reveal that our results are robust alternative strategies to account for missing data at the country level.How to move from global income inequality to global environmental inequality? A first step is to understand the role of income and non-income drivers of individual pollution levels within countries. This is the work that is discussed in Chapter III, entitled “Are younger generations higher carbon emitters than their elders?” , which focuses on the determinants of individual level CO2 emissions and focus on the role of income, technology and other factors, such as date of birth. We show that the French baby-boom generation emitted relatively more CO2 than their parents and their children, throughout their lifetime (about 20% more direct CO2 emissions). This is due to a combination of income, technological lock-in and cultural effects. Chapter IV, entitled “Carbon and inequality: From Kyoto to Paris” , builds on the results obtained in the previous chapters to construct a global distribution of carbon emissions. At the time of writing this chapter, global income inequality estimates presented in Chapter II were not available, so we had to rely on work done by other researchers to obtain global income series (Lakner and Milanovic, 2015). These were corrected with tax data and then used to reconstruct a global carbon emissions database. We show that the top 10% emitters account for about 45% of global emissions today and that twenty years ago, global inequality of carbon emissions was essentially a between-country inequality phenomena. Today, the situation is being reversed as within-country emissions inequality accounts for as much of global emissions inequality as the between-country dimension. On the basis of our results, we propose schemes to better share contributions to climate adaptation funds. The history of climate negotiations shows the extreme difficulty to implement any kinds of allocation rules to share a climate burden
Machado, Pinheiro Felipe. „Évaluation de l’utilité sociale des organisations de l’économie sociale et solidaire : quelle prise en compte de ce qui compte ? Analyse socio-économique à partir du cas de l’UCPA“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1G005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLa présente thèse porte sur les enjeux de l’évaluation sociale des organisations de l’économie sociale et solidaire (ESS) en France. « Utilité sociale » et « impact social » sont les deux termes actuellement utilisés dans les débats socio-politiques et académiques en France pour se référer à la valeur sociale ou à la contribution sociale des organisations de l’ESS. Si dans la discussion ces deux termes sont souvent utilisés de manière confuse ou indistincte, cette thèse soutient qu’il s’agit de deux approches évaluatives hétérogènes et qui répondent à des enjeux différents. Sur la base d’une étude de terrain monographique - une démarche de recherche-action - menée à l’UCPA, l’objectif principal de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre la spécificité de l’approche évaluative de l’utilité sociale en abordant la relation entre évaluation, création de valeur et contribution au bien commun. Au sein du champ de la socio-économie, cette thèse s’inscrit dans une approche épistémologique constructiviste inspirée du pragmatisme et de l’institutionnalisme, et s’intéresse particulièrement à trois éléments du processus évaluatif : la définition de ce qui a de la valeur ou de « ce qui compte » ; les modalités d’évaluation ou de « prise en compte » ; et la mise en forme des résultats de l’évaluation ou la « reddition de comptes ». Dans un contexte où prédomine une vision utilitariste de l’évaluation, la thèse affirme l’importance des enjeux identitaires, sociaux et moraux de tout processus évaluatif, et montre que la spécificité de l’approche évaluative de l’utilité sociale est la prise en compte de la dimension constitutive et relationnelle de l’activité économique. La thèse propose également une façon nouvelle d’articuler les processus de qualification de l’utilité sociale et de mesure de l’impact social des organisations de l’ESS.This thesis deals with the issues of social evaluation of social and solidarity-based economy (SSE) organizations in France. "Social utility" and "social impact" are the two terms currently used in socio-political and academic debates in France to refer to the social value or social contribution of SSE organizations. In the discussion these two terms are often used in a confused or indistinct manner. This thesis argues that they are two heterogeneous evaluative approaches that respond to different issues. On the basis of a monographic field study - a action-research approach - conducted at UCPA, the principal objective of this thesis is to better understand the specificity of the evaluative approach to social utility by addressing the relationship between evaluation, value creation and contribution to the common good. Within the field of socio-economics, this thesis is part of a constructivist epistemological approach inspired by pragmatism and institutionalism, and focuses on three elements of the evaluative process: defining what is valuable or "what counts"; the methods of evaluation or "taking into account"; and formatting evaluation results or "accountability". In a context dominated by a utilitarian vision of evaluation, the thesis affirms the importance of identity, social, and moral issues of any evaluative process, and demonstrates that the specificity of the evaluative approach to social utility lies in taking into account the constitutive and relational dimension of economic activity. The thesis also proposes a new way of articulating the processes of the qualification of social utility and the measurement of social impact of SSE organizations
Diallo, Alexandre. „Cristiano, Lionel, Angelina, Gérard et les Français : les rémunérations des stars au prisme de la justice sociale“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH096.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDrawing on the sociology of inequality, the star system economy and social justice, this PhD dissertation aims to examine whether French people, who live in an “equality-obsessed country“ (Forsé et al. 2013), accept high earnings.The “star”, which has already been used in the debate between Rawls (1971; 2001) and Nozick (1974) through the example of the well-known NBA star-player Wilt Chamberlain, enables us to answer one key and contemporary question: do people believe that high earnings are socially fair? To investigate this issue, I used both qualitative and quantitative methods, working with a total sample of 59 interviewees and conducting 55 semi-structured interviews, each two-hours long on average. The quantitative part of my research consists of a statistical analysis using multiple data sources (INSEE, WID, annual pundit surveys…), in order to provide an account of the evolution of movie and football stars’ earnings, in relation to the general evolution of incomes and incomes in the top percentiles (top 1%, top 0.1%, top 0.01%, and top 0.001%). Regression linear analyses allow us to determine the impact of the stars’ individual characteristics.The aim of the first part of this dissertation is to find how the top paid football players and actors (dubbed as football stars and movie stars by the press) are ranked in France’s income distribution. The second part seeks to provide a subjective definition of the star’s status and to identify, according to the interviewees, how their earnings are garnered. The analysis of the factors explaining the earnings of management executives by the interviewees helps us to insist on the specificity of the stars’ earnings. The third part examines French opinion on stars’ earnings. Using a PISJ-inspired list (Forsé et Galland, 2011) of 10 jobs or statuses belonging to the 10% (or top 1% or top 0.1%) (movie star, football-star, blogger, model, TV host, doctor, university teacher, management executive), I tried to investigate empirically the interviewees’ attitude towards not only stars’ earnings but high earnings in general.Finally, my research shows that interviewees accept the position of Cristiano, Lionel, Angelina Jolie and Gérard Depardieu among top earners, and agree with their earnings exceeding millions of euros. The joint use of the two principles (on the one hand, the stratification principle, based on the acceptance of an economics-based logic, and on the other hand, the corrective principle of social utility) leads to a reasoned acceptance of the earnings of movie stars and football stars. I therefore show that the acceptance of the level of movie stars’ and football stars’ earnings differs from the libertarian approach of Robert Nozick (1974) and from the rejection of individual merit (Rawls, 1971 and 2001). The analysis of the interviewees’ answers in relation to sociodemographic variables indicates that there is a link between the interviewees’ political beliefs and their attitude toward high earnings. The more left-wing they declared themselves, the more critical they were of the perceived hierarchy in earnings and of the very high ones. The acceptance of high earnings can be seen as a ménage-à-trois between an economics-based logic (individual contribution leads to individual earning), a corrective principle (social utility) and the valuation of equality (political belief)
Wei, Nanzhi. „Legal system for the protection of welfare of the elderly : a comparative study of China, France and Britain“. Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0062.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThrough studying the evolution of social protection mechanisms for the elderly in these three countries, this study finds that the stratification of welfare right and social protection law are decided by the inter acting four factors: political, economic, ideological and social factors. Each country has its own stipulation on the rights and duties of the five legal subjects: the state, the welfare administrative bodies, the market (employers), the family and the individual (elderly). The differences of the legal status, the financial resources, the redistribution functions and appealing mechanisms form three different legal models. The Chinese model is under rapid transition: "state/guojia-intermediate bodies-individual". The French model has two tiers: the first tier is the "public-private" division; the second tier is the socio-economic stratification. The British model constitutes a "government -market -individual" structure. In different welfare state regimes, the economic well-being of the elderly can be legally protected through different legal mechanisms based on different understandings of welfare rights and different understandings of the responsibilities associated with rights
Rathelot, Roland. „Ségrégation résidentielle et situation professionnelle des descendants d'immigrés en France“. Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0114.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe main objective of this thesis is to provide new empirical evidence about the phenomenon of discrimination towards immigrants' children on the French labor market and about residential segregation by national origin in France. The main results are the following. The wage differential between French workers of French and African origin are almost entirely accounted for by differences in human capital. Conversely, human capital explain little of the employment probability gap. When one controls for individuals' residence location, the unexplained employment gap between the two groups is reduced but remains substantial. This thesis also provides some results about migrants' and migrants' children's residence location, geographical concentration and residential segregation. French individuals with parents of African, Asia and Middle Eastern origins are shown to be more segregated than those with European parents or French parents. Finally, this thesis has many methodological contributions. Decompositions of wage gaps taking selection into account as well as decompositions of employment gaps taking residence location into account are introduced. A new bias-correcting method for segregation indices computed on small units as well as a segregation index based on continuous non-parametrically estimated densities are also proposed
Kudjawu, Yao Cyril. „Délais d’accès au traitement des patients atteints de cancers en France et impact des inégalités sociales de santé : étude à partir des bases de données médico-administratives“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS023/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBackground: timeliness of cancer treatment is an important aspect of health quality. Care centers are expected to treat a growing number of patients with cancer. Our objectives were to examine treatment times from diagnosis to first-course therapy for patients with colon (CC), rectum-anus (RC), and lung (LC) cancers and assess factors associated with time to-treatment and the impact of deprivation index.Methods: using the international classification of diseases and medical procedures codes, from national hospital discharge database which has been crossed with long term illness data and French deprivation Index information, we selected patients newly diagnosed for CC, RC or LC in 2009-2010 who had undergone treatment.Results: We included 15,694, 6,623 and 14,596 patients diagnosed and treated for CC, RC and LC respectively. Median times from endoscopy to: 1) surgery in patients with a surgical treatment pathway for CC, RC, and LC were 22 (Q25 = 14; Q75 = 34), 97 (Q25 = 34; Q75 = 141), and 44 (Q25 = 26; Q75 = 82) days, respectively; 2) to chemotherapy for patients with a non-surgical treatment pathway, for CC, RC, and LC were 36 (Q25 = 21; Q75 = 59), 40 (Q25 = 27; Q75 = 59), and 33 (Q25 = 22; Q75 = 49) days respectively; 3) to radiotherapy in RC and LC patients were 53 (Q25 = 39; Q75 = 78) and 88 (Q25 = 46; Q75 = 162) days respectively; 4) to first treatment, irrespective of pathway and treatment combination for CC, RC and LC were 23 (Q25 = 14; Q75 = 35), 43 (Q25 = 27; Q75 = 74), and 34 (Q25 = 22; Q75 = 50) days respectively.Time to first treatment vary across regions. It was longer in most northern regions and in overseas districts and shorter in Île-de-France, southern, eastern and sometimes in western regions for the three cancers. In multilevel analysis, Age and status of the first care center were significantly associated to time to first treatment in CC patients. Similar factors, including Deprivation index, were significantly associated to time to first treatment in RC and LC patients. The time to first treatment increased with age. It was higher in public hospitals compared to private hospitals and low in patients with low deprivation index compared to patients with high deprivation index. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study based on medico-administrative database describing time to first treatment after endoscopy in patients suffering from cancers in France. The results, which will complement those from cancer registry data and regional networks of cancerology, could inform decision-making policies on the implementation of guidelines on timeframes for cancer treatment access
Sanou, Issa. „Inégalités de richesse, prestations sociales et politiques environnementales en présence du statut social“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe first chapter shows that conformism leads to a reduction in wealth inequalities, and even to a catch-up, when an initially rich household works less than an initially poor household ; and that the additional income acquired by the initially poor household, by working more, corresponds, more precisely, to the wealth surplus initially held by the rich household. The second chapter shows that the negative effects of social benefits on labor supply are mitigated by status-seeking behavior. Finally, chapter 3 shows that any environmental policy, consisting of taxing polluting goods and using the revenues from this taxation to subsidize the consumption of non-polluting goods, leads to an increase in both employment and environmental quality. However, when polluting goods and non-polluting goods are not perfect substitutes, the increase in purchasing power resulting from subsidies may lead to an increase in the consumption of polluting goods
Zong, Zhen. „Le processus de catégorisation des activités économiques émergentes : le cas des nanotechnologies en France“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL12024/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this thesis is to study the categorization process of emerging activities to contribute to the discussion about industries’ creations, especially through technological innovations.Two approaches of categorization in the literature have been identified: a content approach that focuses on the consequences of the categories and a process-based approach that focuses on the process of categorizing organizations. Both approaches are converging by showing the importance of the concept of boundary for categorization. In terms of methodology, we chose a qualitative approach based on a longitudinal case study on nanotechnologies in France. The results of this research show that two types of processes exist for the categorization of economic activity: the internal process and external process of boundary creation. The internal process is characterized by mutual awareness of common interest between stakeholders of the activity, theorization of knowledge, and claiming for differentiation between stakeholders. The external process is reflected in the efforts of stakeholders to the legitimization of nanotechnologies in the eyes of external audiences. Internal and external processes of boundary creation in the case of nanotechnologies interact and reinforce each other. A typology of three strategies mobilized in the categorization including attachment strategies, distinction strategies and ambiguity strategies, has also been proposed through this study. The thesis provides recommendations towards entrepreneurs to better manage the acceptance of their emerging activity
Brun, Emmanuelle. „La prise en charge de la perte d'autonomie au grand âge en France et chez nos voisins européens, une analyse du point de vue de l'éthique économique et sociale“. Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA111025.
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