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Tristan, A., A. Emde, M. Reisinger, M. Stauch und A. Sauer. „Energieflexibilität im Industrial Smart Grid*/Energy Flexibility in Industrial Smart Grids – Methodical approach for incorporating energy flexibility measures in an Industrial Smart Grid“. wt Werkstattstechnik online 109, Nr. 05 (2019): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2019-05-3.
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Durch den Übergang in Smart Grids erhalten Stromnetze die notwendige Flexibilität, um auf die steigende Volatilität der Stromversorgung zu reagieren. Das standardisierte Smart-Grid-Architecture-Modell und die Use-Case-Methodik dienen dabei als Rahmen, um Smart Grids zu entwickeln. Ein methodischer Rahmen für den Aufbau von Industrial Smart Grids fehlt derzeit noch, ist aber besonders notwendig, um Energieflexibilitätsmaßnahmen für Industrieanlagen umzusetzen. Der hier vorgestellte methodische Ansatz liefert eine Blaupause für den Aufbau eines Industrial Smart Grid für Energieflexibilität. Mithilfe der Anpassung des Smart-Grid-Architecture-Modells und der Use-Case-Methodik wird ein Industrial-Smart-Grid-Architecture-Modell umgesetzt. Through their transition into Smart Grids, electrical power grids gain the neccesary flexibiltiy to respond to increasing electrical supply volatility. The standardized Smart Grid Architecture Model and Use Case Methodology serve as framework to develop Smart Grids. Currently, there is still a lack of such a methodical framework for setting up Industrial Smart Energy Grids and it is particularly necessary to implement energy flexibility measures in industrial plants. The methodical approach presented here provides a blueprint for building an Industrial Smart Grid for energy flexibility by adapting the Smart Grid Architecture Model and the use case methodology .
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Fraga Hurtado, Isidro, Julio Rafael Gómez Sarduy, Percy Rafael Viego Felipe, Vladimir Sousa Santos und Enrique Ciro Quispe Oqueña. „The smart grid concept applied to an industrial electrical system“. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, Nr. 4 (01.12.2021): 2140. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i4.pp2140-2150.
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Smart grids can be considered as a concept that integrates electrical, automatic control, information, and communication technologies. This concept constitutes a fundamental complement in the integration of renewable energy sources in electrical power systems. Although its application is fundamentally framed in transmission and distribution networks, it could also be implemented in industrial electrical systems. This article aims to analyze the advantages of implementing solutions based on smart grids in the industrial sector. Likewise, the results of its implementation in the large industry in the province of Cienfuegos, Cuba are presented. Specifically, reactive compensation, voltage, and demand management controls were integrated into a Supervision, Control, and Data Acquisition system forming a smart grid. It is shown that, in industries where infrastructure and equipment conditions exist, it is possible to successfully implement solutions with the functionalities and benefits inherent to smart grids.
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Dzyuba, Anatoly, und Alexander Semikolenov. „Management of Energy Costs of Industrial Enterprises Connected to Electric Grid of Electric Power Producers“. Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2021, Nr. 2 (13.08.2021): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2021-6-2-198-207.
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Industrial enterprises connected to the power grids of electricity producers spend a lot of money on the transport of purchased electrical energy. The present article introduces some opportunities to minimize the costs. The author studied the principles of pricing of the transport of electrical energy purchased by industrial enterprises connected to power grids of electricity producers and described the advantages and disadvantages of the existing pricing options. The new indicator generator of voltage tariff coefficient made it possible to analyze the effectiveness of the transport tariffs for electrical energy at various types of industrial enterprises in relation to the tariff field of several regions of Russia. The study revealed ineffectiveness of the current tariffs on the transport of purchased electrical energy applied by such industrial enterprises. The author developed recommendations to reduce the cost of electricity. The main priority option was the application of demand management for electricity consumption by regulating the schedules of energy-intensive technological processes. This measure takes into account the criteria of economic efficiency, system reliability, and sustainability. It will enable industrial enterprises to manage their own schedule of electricity consumption without having to change the planned production volumes, thus reducing all cost components.
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Koti Reddy, Butukuri, Bhanur Srirajvarun Reddy, Palavarapu Prakash, Dongari Vamshy, Penubaka Ram Kishore Kumar Reddy und Mohammed M. Alhaider. „Latest trends and their adoptions in electrical power systems – an industrial perspective“. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 29, Nr. 1 (01.01.2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v29.i1.pp8-14.
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Electricity is a vital part in every day’s life and is one of the greatest gifts given by science to the mankind. It has provided all the comfort to the human beings right from lighting to large machines through computers and amusement equipment. Electrical power system (EPS) is moving fast into new horizons and making the entire world dynamic just like the speed of electron. In this paper, the latest trends that are happening globally in electrical power systems are highlighted. The major changes that are taking place in all applicable fields such renewable energy, especially photovoltaics (PV), smart grids (SG), ulta high voltage (UHV) transmission, distributed generation, micro grids, de-regulation and e-mobility are reviewed for updating all the stake holders of it. Also, the adoption of latest technologies such as internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) are briefly mentioned.
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Denny, David. „Development of China's Electrical Power System“. Energy Exploration & Exploitation 7, Nr. 5 (Oktober 1989): 328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878900700505.
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The downtrend in electrical output, 10-14% 1977-79 to 6% 1979-84, was reversed to 7.4% between 1980 and 1987 when 35,000 Mw of capacity was added, transmission networks were expanded and regional grids linked. Part of this success arose from policies that replaced a monolithic system of bureaucratic planning to involvement of local interests and decentralization. Chinese organizations have also been able to take advantage of foreign technology and investment. Nevertheless, industrial output only reached 75-80% of its potential due to inadequate electric power supply.
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Iderus, Samat, Geno Peter, K. Praghash und Aruna Rai Vadde. „Optimization and Design of a Sustainable Industrial Grid System“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (08.07.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4418329.
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Electricity is a multifaceted form of energy and is used globally, with a continuously growing demand. Electrical power grids are there for more than 150 years. The generated electrical power is delivered to different industrial, commercial, and residential sectors, thereby fulfilling the ever-growing demand. In this research paper, the design and optimization of an industrial grid for various electrical loads is discussed. The electrical grid ensures a stable power supply to the loads by providing quality power with the minimum total harmonic distortion (THD) possible. A complete study of the short circuit current has been done in two different electrical grid systems, as it is seen that the short circuit current depends on the impedance of the transformer which feeds the load. These two designs of a single diagram will be simulated by using a power system analyzer, the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software. The different electrical parameters, like choosing the optimised rated generator, cables, and transformers, are done. Load flow analysis is performed on both the design to evaluate the THD, short circuit fault, as well as to choose the right protection circuit for the system.
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Immanuvelbright, E., und R. Muthukumar. „Analysis of Boost Converters Fed Grid-Tied PV System“. Journal of Controller and Converters 7, Nr. 3 (04.01.2023): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jcc.2022.v07i03.005.
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In high solar energy regions, photovoltaic systems are a low-cost source of electrical power. The advantages of a PV system include non-pollution and low maintenance. Solar energy alters irradiance and temperature, and partial shading in the cells is one factor that reduces power output. Therefore, different algorithms are being created to get the most power out of the PV setup, and boost converters are being created to control the supply. DC architectures will be highly sought-after in electrical distribution networks in the future. All of the aforementioned ideas are reviewed in this study for use in DC grids for upcoming DC applications. The idea of a microgrid is quickly becoming recognized as a smart approach to link renewable drive bases and loads. A Direct current grid is essential for the modern domain. Commercial, residential, and industrial applications all increasingly use DC systems. In terms of efficiency, control, and dependability, DC grids are superior. Direct current architectures will be highly sought-after in electrical distribution networks in the future. All of the aforementioned ideas are reviewed in this study for use in DC grids for upcoming DC applications.
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Saadat Shikhaliyeva, Saadat Shikhaliyeva. „ANALYSIS OF REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION MEANS IN ELECTRIC NETWORKS OF AZERBAİJAN“. PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 38, Nr. 03 (28.03.2024): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei38032024-246.
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The article analyzes the existing reactive power compensation in the electrical systems of Azerbaijan, and also examines the problems and shortcomings that arise in the reliable supply of electrical energy to consumers and provides information about the sources of RP that are produced in the industry of the republic. The most important task that requires solving the problem of improving the quality of electrical energy in the country's networks, both at the design stage and at the operation stage of electrical power supply systems, is reactive power compensation. Based on this, it is necessary to select RP sources, their favorable placement, regulation and calculation of their power in accordance with the existing power supply system. Benefits RP in industrial electrical networks include many issues, the solution of which is aimed at increasing the effective power factor and stability of electrical devices, their efficiency, improving the quality of electricity and, in general, the reliability of the electrical system. Currently, there are still issues that have not been resolved and require a special approach for their implementation. Such important issues include: determining the installation of compensation devices, choosing their number, type, safe operation and protection. In the industrial power grids of Azerbaijan, issues of automatic control of RP are at the development stage and for this development, adequate mathematical models of a rational RPK system with minimal losses are being considered. To solve the above, targeted scientific methods are created. The problem of RPK in modern electrical systems of Azerbaijan is important for the following reasons: 1) the consumption of reactive energy increases due to an increase in loads with the consumption of reactive current in the country’s electrical networks; 2) the growth of RP consumption is accelerating compared to active consumption in many sectors of industrial production; 3) there is an increase in reactive energy consumption not only in large urban power grids, but also in small rural ones. Keywords: reactive power, compensating devices, electrical devices, energy, system, quality, synchronous compensator, static capacitor.
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Kandasamy, Manivel, S. Anto, K. Baranitharan, Ravi Rastogi, Gunda Satwik und A. Sampathkumar. „Smart Grid Security Based on Blockchain with Industrial Fault Detection Using Wireless Sensor Network and Deep Learning Techniques“. Journal of Sensors 2023 (09.05.2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/3806121.
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Low-cost monitoring and automation solutions for smart grids have been made viable by recent advancements in embedded systems and wireless sensor networks (W.S.N.s). A well-designed smart network of subsystems and metasystems known as a “smart grid” is aimed at enhancing the conventional power grid’s efficiency and guaranteeing dependable energy delivery. A smart grid (S.G.) requires two-way communication between utility providers and end users in order to accomplish its aims. This research proposes a novel technique in enhancing the smart grid security and industry fault detection using a wireless sensor network with deep learning architectures. The smart grid network security has been enhanced using a blockchain-based smart grid node routing protocol with IoT module. The industrial analysis has been carried out based on monitoring for fault detection in a network using Q-learning-based transfer convolutional network. The experimental analysis has been carried out in terms of bit error rate, end-end delay, throughput rate, spectral efficiency, accuracy, M.A.P., and RMSE. The proposed technique attained bit error rate of 65%, end-end delay of 57%, throughput rate of 97%, spectral efficiency of 93%, accuracy of 95%, M.A.P. of 55%, and RMSE of 75%. This proposed paradigm is advantageous for the operation of smart grids for increased security and industrial fault detection across the network because security is the biggest barrier in smart grid implementation.
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Casquiço, Manuel, Bruno Mataloto, Joao C. Ferreira, Vitor Monteiro, Joao L. Afonso und Jose A. Afonso. „Blockchain and Internet of Things for Electrical Energy Decentralization: A Review and System Architecture“. Energies 14, Nr. 23 (01.12.2021): 8043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238043.
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The decentralization in the electrical power grids has gained increasing importance, especially in the last two decades, since transmission system operators (TSO), distribution system operators (DSO) and consumers are more aware of energy efficiency and energy sustainability issues. Therefore, globally, due to the introduction of energy production technologies near the consumers, in residential and industrial sectors, new scenarios of distributed energy resources (DER) are emerging. In order to guarantee an adequate power management in the electrical power grids, incorporating producers, consumers and producers-consumers (prosumers) together, it is important to adopt intelligent systems and platforms that allow the provision of information on energy consumption and production in real time, as well as for obtaining a fair price for the sale and purchase of energy. In this paper, we analyze the literature to identify the appropriate solutions to implement a decentralized electrical power grid based on sensors, blockchain and smart contracts, evaluating the current state of the art and pilot projects already in place. We also discuss a proposal for a power grid model, with renewable energy production, combining Internet of Things, blockchain and smart contracts.
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Varetsky, Yuriy, und Michal Gajdzica. „Study of Short Circuit and Inrush Current Impact on the Current-Limiting Reactor Operation in an Industrial Grid“. Energies 16, Nr. 2 (10.01.2023): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020811.
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Current-limiting reactors are widely used in industrial electrical grids to reduce the current amplitude in the equipment and stabilize the voltage on the busbar during short circuits. Their application is distinguished by high technical and economic efficiency. However, mechanical damage to the reactors has been observed within extensive industrial grids with many induction motors and internal synchronous generators. The article analyses a case study of the reactor damage in the true industrial grid during a short circuit. An analysis of the damaged reactor’s previous operation had shown that there was a weakening of the fastenings in the reactor design, caused by the repeated starting currents of the grid motors and generators. A study of grid transients during short circuits was carried out by Matlab/Simulink software. The simulation results showed that the reactor could be damaged by a critical peak current in an unfavourable combination of the grid configuration and the short circuit location. The results of the study prove that, for industrial networks containing powerful induction motors and internal synchronous generators, the standardized procedure for selecting current-limiting reactors should additionally consider such factors as the localization in the grid, the effect of equipment-starting currents and possible grid configurations.
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Ali, Muftah. „A Role of Mechanical Energy Storage Systems in Grid Application“. Brilliance: Research of Artificial Intelligence 3, Nr. 1 (09.01.2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/brilliance.v3i1.1941.
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Mechanical Energy Storage Systems (MESS) technologies are still posing complex threats to power grids. The MESS model is designed to offer a highly flexible center to electrical power that is involved in combining energy resources and request loads to industrial influence, safe high-voltage equipment, and produce high-quality power. Furthermore, electricity grids can have started to utilize all of the advantages of a potent mix of decentralized resources for renewable energy. This article's impact is to adopt modern MESS innovations that are combined with improved efficiency, energy efficiency, and fast reaction to incorporate electricity systems. As a consequence, the primary purpose of this article is to present a critical review of the major innovations in MESS that are especially suited to the evolution of the electricity network and its capabilities.
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Sevilla Romero, Jorge Uriel, Cristian Gómez Rodríguez, Linda Viviana García Quiñonez und Alhondra Yokasta De Los Santos Vela. „Impact of renewable energies on the electromechanical phenomena of electricity grids“. EYA ACADEMY 2, Nr. 4 (30.04.2024): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.59335/nibp9056.
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At present, as in any industrial process, the generation of electricity is obliged to reduce polluting emissions into the environment. Therefore, the vast majority of governments are promoting the use of renewable generation sources mainly based on solar and wind energy. However, due to the low inertia characteristic of this type of electricity generation, the security of the grids is compromised, since in the presence of a severe disturbance there can be uncontrolled disconnections of generation plants, consumption centers and eventually the total collapse of the electrical system (blackout). Therefore, the present research work presents simulations in the time domain to graphically analyze the degradation of the security of electricity grids before the incorporation of renewable generation plants. To achieve this objective, a 3-generator, 9-node test system was used from the literature.
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Kuzmina, I. A. „Feasibility Assessment of Urban Electricity Distribution Networks Transition to the Voltage Level of 20 kV“. Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Nr. 12 (04.01.2018): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24108/1217.0001358.
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The article gives a feasibility assessment for increasing a voltage level of the urban electricity distribution networks from 6 and 10 kV to 20 kV.The emphasis is on the urban electricity distribution network in Moscow. It is noted that by now the reliability, efficiency and automation indicators of Moscow electrical grids are substantially lower than those of Europe, America, etc. The electrical grids in Moscow have a high wear and tear of equipment, a historically developed non-optimal structure, and a high loading level. In recent years, the situation has been significantly improved due to numerous government programs for the development of the electric power industry.It was noted that the high rate of development in Moscow resulted in a significantly increasing density of power loads. So modernisation of grids is a necessary-and-proper step to deliver electric power of good quality and in appropriate volume to all consumers. As the most promising option of such modernisation, the article’s proposal is to increase a voltage level of the electrical grid of medium voltage from 6 and 10 kV to 20 kV.The main advantages of the electrical grid transition to the higher voltage level is an increased power grid capacity and reduced losses of voltage and electric power when transmitting through the electrical grid elements. The article presents some calculations to prove decreasing several times losses in medium voltage cable lines. The shortcoming of the transition to an electrical grid of 20 / 0.4 kV is significant implementation costs, most of which will lead to increasing tariff for consumers.The experience of other countries examined in the article proves that increasing voltage level of the distribution network in Moscow and other megacities is expedient. At the same time, a gradual introduction of 20 / 0.4 kV substations to the electrical grid structure with a gradual unloading and elimination of 10 kV electrical grid elements is expected. The article appeals to successful experience available in the transition of large industrial enterprises to a voltage level of 20 / 0.4 kV.
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Thanh, Le Xuan, und Ho Viet Bun. „Analyzing and identifying the limits of 660V grid parameters to ensure electrical safety in underground coal mines“. Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, Nr. 6 (2021): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2021-6/101.
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Purpose. To study the relation between leakage current and time, then to identify some limits of grid parameters to ensure electrical safety as well as explosion safety corresponding to all operating modes of leakage relay in Vietnam underground mines. Methodology. In underground coal mines of Vietnam, 660 V grids are characterized by ungrounded neutral point electric system. They require very serious and strict operation conditions including electrical safety and explosion safety. In daily operation, the earth leakage currents (earth fault currents) must be lower than the allowance limit. However, when utilizing many new power electronic devices such as variable speed drive (VSD), the quantity of connected equipment changes due to the change in capacitance current. After measuring the grid parameters, leakage currents are computed in terms of 3 compensating levels of earth fault relays. The resulting values of currents are used to build up limit curves. Findings. Curves of the graphs present the relation between the leakage current and the length of transmission cables associated with various connecting equipment. The curves may be used to operate the electric system safely and effectively. Originality. The proposed equations and simulation in Matlab may be applied to all underground mining grids with different input parameters. Practical value. Operating curves of the graphs are used to identify the most suitable grids parameters which could ensure electrical safety (keeping the leakage current within the allowance limits). It could help operators or technicians optimize the structure of grid and ensure its safety.
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Vasiliev, N. V., D. A. Kartashev und N. Yu Krishtopa. „Analysis of operating modes of three-phase distribution networks using their digital models of 0.4 kV“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 979, Nr. 1 (01.02.2022): 012110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/979/1/012110.
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Abstract Today, the problem of the quality of electricity is of particular relevance, because it is one of the most important conditions for the economical and long-term operation of electrical equipment in industrial enterprises, as well as in housing and communal services. Analysis of existing methods, as well as other studies of the quality of electrical energy in 0.4 kV networks, shows the limitations of existing methods for assessing the quality of electricity and determining power losses in 0.4 kV networks. The total relative losses of electricity in the electric grids of Russia are several times higher than in the grids of other European, industrialized countries. Roughly the maximum relative technological losses of electricity in 0.4 kV networks should be no more than 8% in relation to the supply of electricity to the network. This article briefly outlines the methodology for constructing a digital model of a 0.4 kV network in asymmetric modes for the purpose of element-wise calculation of losses in all sections of the network and determining the quality of electricity at consumer connection points.
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Calamaro, Netzah, Moshe Donko und Doron Shmilovitz. „A Highly Accurate NILM: With an Electro-Spectral Space That Best Fits Algorithm’s National Deployment Requirements“. Energies 14, Nr. 21 (07.11.2021): 7410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217410.
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The central problems of some of the existing Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) algorithms are indicated as: (1) higher required electrical device identification accuracy; (2) the fact that they enable training over a larger device count; and (3) their ability to be trained faster, limiting them from usage in industrial premises and external grids due to their sensitivity to various device types found in residential premises. The algorithm accuracy is higher compared to previous work and is capable of training over at least thirteen electrical devices collaboratively, a number that could be much higher if such a dataset is generated. The algorithm trains the data around 1.8×108 faster due to a higher sampling rate. These improvements potentially enable the algorithm to be suitable for future “grids and industrial premises load identification” systems. The algorithm builds on new principles: an electro-spectral features preprocessor, a faster waveform sampling sensor, a shorter required duration for the recorded data set, and the use of current waveforms vs. energy load profile, as was the case in previous NILM algorithms. Since the algorithm is intended for operation in any industrial premises or grid location, fast training is required. Known classification algorithms are comparatively trained using the proposed preprocessor over residential datasets, and in addition, the algorithm is compared to five known low-sampling NILM rate algorithms. The proposed spectral algorithm achieved 98% accuracy in terms of device identification over two international datasets, which is higher than the usual success of NILM algorithms.
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Salilew, Waleligne Molla, Zainal Ambri Abdul Karim, Tamiru Alemu Lemma, Amare Desalegn Fentaye und Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis. „Three Shaft Industrial Gas Turbine Transient Performance Analysis“. Sensors 23, Nr. 4 (04.02.2023): 1767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23041767.
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The power demand from gas turbines in electrical grids is becoming more dynamic due to the rising demand for power generation from renewable energy sources. Therefore, including the transient data in the fault diagnostic process is important when the steady-state data are limited and if some component faults are more observable in the transient condition than in the steady-state condition. This study analyses the transient behaviour of a three-shaft industrial gas turbine engine in clean and degraded conditions with consideration of the secondary air system and variable inlet guide vane effects. Different gas path faults are simulated to demonstrate how magnified the transient measurement deviations are compared with the steady-state measurement deviations. The results show that some of the key measurement deviations are considerably higher in the transient mode than in the steady state. This confirms the importance of considering transient measurements for early fault detection and more accurate diagnostic solutions.
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M. E. Volgin, E. M. Volgina und A. P. Kislov. „IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF 6–10 KV POWER GRIDS OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES THROUGH OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER CONTROL“. Bulletin of Toraighyrov University. Energetics series, Nr. 2.2023 (30.06.2023): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/kowl6778.
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"The article deals with improving the efficiency of an industrial power system, which is determined by the level of power losses in its elements. One of the most important methods of increasing the efficiency of power supply systems and distribution networks that ensure the transmission and distribution of electricity is to reduce the amount of electrical energy that is expended in this process. Reducing power losses in electrical grids is achieved by reducing the reactive component of the electric current, i.e., by increasing the cos φ. The Electrical Installation Code recommends, first of all, using the synchronous motors available at the enterprise. It is reasonable to solve the problem of minimizing active power losses in the power grid using the method of mathematical modeling and mathematical programming. The article presents the main features of the criterion programming method for solving a class of problems with a positive degree of difficulty, which is quite well-known in the electric power industry for solving optimization problems. We propose the method of criterion programming to solve the problem of improving the efficiency of the power grid by optimal control of the operation of synchronous motors according to the reactive power mode. "
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Kwilinski, Aleksy, Oleksii Lyulyov, Henryk Dzwigol, Ihor Vakulenko und Tetyana Pimonenko. „Integrative Smart Grids’ Assessment System“. Energies 15, Nr. 2 (13.01.2022): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020545.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the energy sector. The new behavior of industrial and non-commercial consumers changes the energy consumption model. In addition, the constraints associated with the coronavirus crisis have led to environmental effects from declining economic activity. The research is based on evidence from around the world showing significant reductions in emissions and improved air quality. This situation requires rethinking the energy development strategy, particularly the construction of smart grids as a leading direction of energy development. Evaluating the efficiency of smart grids is a vital tool for disseminating successful experience in improving their management. This paper proposes an approach to a comprehensive assessment of smart grids based on a comparative analysis of existing methods, taking into account the changes that need to be considered after the experience gained from the COVID-19 pandemic. The approach provides an accurate set of efficiency indicators for assessing smart grids to account for the direct and indirect effects of smart grids’ implementation. This evaluation approach can be helpful to policymakers in developing energy efficiency programs and implementing energy policy.
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Borst, Fabian, Nina Strobel, Thomas Kohne und Matthias Weigold. „Investigating the Electrical Demand-Side Management Potential of Industrial Steam Supply Systems Using Dynamic Simulation“. Energies 14, Nr. 6 (10.03.2021): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061533.
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The increasing share of volatile, renewable energies, such as wind and solar power, leads to challenges in the stabilization of power grids and requires more flexibility in future energy systems. This article addresses the flexibilization of the consumer side and presents a simulation-based method for the technical and economic investigation of energy flexibility measures in industrial steam supply systems. The marketing of three different energy-flexibility measures—bivalence, inherent energy storage and adjusting process parameters—both at the spot market and at the balancing power market, are investigated from a technical as well as an economic point of view. Furthermore, the simulation-based methodology also considers pressure and temperature fluctuation induced by energy-flexibility measures. First, different energy-flexibility measures for industrial steam supply systems are introduced. Then, the physical modeling of the steam generation, distribution, and consumption as well as measure-specific control strategies will be discussed. Finally, the methodology is applied to a steam supply system of a chemical company. It is shown that the investigated industrial steam supply system shows energy-flexibility potentials up to 10 MW at peak and an annual average of 5.6 MW, which highly depend on consumer behavior and flexibility requirements.
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Anees, Zhang, Baig und Lougou. „Energy-Efficient Multi-Disjoint Path Opportunistic Node Connection Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Grids“. Sensors 19, Nr. 17 (01.09.2019): 3789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173789.
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The gradual increase in the maturity of sensor electronics has resulted in the increasing demand for wireless sensor networks for many industrial applications. One of the industrial platforms for efficient usage and deployment of sensor networks is smart grids. The critical network traffic in smart grids includes both delay-sensitive and delay-tolerant data for real-time and non-real-time usage. To facilitate these traffic requirements, the asynchronous working–sleeping cycle of sensor nodes can be used as an opportunity to create a node connection. Efficient use of wireless sensor network in smart grids depends on various parameters like working–sleeping cycle, energy consumption, network lifetime, routing protocol, and delay constraints. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient multi-disjoint path opportunistic node connection routing protocol (abbreviated as EMOR) for sensor nodes deployed in neighborhood area network. EMOR utilizes residual energy, availability of sensor node’s buffer size, working–sleeping cycle of the sensor node and link quality factor to calculate optimum path connectivity after opportunistic connection random graph and spanning tree formation. The multi-disjoint path selection in EMOR based on service differentiation of real-time and non-real-time traffic leads to an improvement in packet delivery rate, network lifetime, end-end delay and total energy consumption.
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Lumbreras, David, Eduardo Gálvez, Alfonso Collado und Jordi Zaragoza. „Trends in Power Quality, Harmonic Mitigation and Standards for Light and Heavy Industries: A Review“. Energies 13, Nr. 21 (05.11.2020): 5792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215792.
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The power quality of electrical grids is becoming an important issue worldwide. The electrical grid has to deliver sinusoidal voltages and currents without frequency or amplitude variations. However, the connection of non-linear loads generates harmonics that degrade the grid quality. The presence of harmonics in the load currents has many negative consequences and can distort the voltage waveform at the point of common coupling (PCC). Thus, it is essential to mitigate the harmonics in order to maintain a suitable grid quality. This is a shared responsibility between energy suppliers, manufacturers of electric and electronic equipment, and users. In this context, this work presents, for each stakeholder, a comprehensive analysis of their responsibilities and the standards that they should meet. Additionally, this paper reviews the most common types of filters used to comply with the applicable standards in industrial applications. Finally, in order to prove that active power filters allow maintaining good power quality in all types of grid, commercially available active power filters were installed in three different grids contexts: an office building, a factory, and a stadium with a large number of LEDs. The experimental results obtained were used to evaluate the impact of active filters on grid quality. This review would help users to overcome their grid distortion problems.
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Brem, Alexander, Ken Bruton und Paul D. O’Sullivan. „Assessing the Risk to Indoor Thermal Environments on Industrial Sites Offering AHU Capacity for Demand Response“. Energies 14, Nr. 19 (01.10.2021): 6261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196261.
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Increasing participation in demand response within the industrial sector may be crucial to growing the levels of available flexible capacity required to reliably control national electricity grids as renewable generation increases to satisfy emission targets. This research aims to assist the uptake of demand response in the industrial sector by investigating risk to indoor thermal environments on industrial sites offering air handling unit capacity for demand response. This evaluation uses a systematic model-based approach, calibrated and validated with empirical data from a relevant case study industrial building to assess risk through a number of scenarios. The conditions investigated cover several relevant grid response times and durations, and national and international extreme external ambient temperatures in the past, present and future under a variety of temperature limits. The study demonstrated that there is very low risk to the case study site participating in demand response, with only 15 of 264 initial and 284 of 936 total scenarios triggering any risk. The major factors affecting risk levels identified were more stringent temperature limits and the influence of more extreme climates. The development and implementation of this concept has considerable potential to benefit industrial participants and the wider national electricity grids.
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Zamhuri Fuadi, Azam, Irsyad Nashirul Haq und Edi Leksono. „Support Vector Machine to Predict Electricity Consumption in the Energy Management Laboratory“. Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi) 5, Nr. 3 (19.06.2021): 466–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29207/resti.v5i3.2947.
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Predicted electricity consumption is needed to perform energy management. Electricity consumption prediction is also very important in the development of intelligent power grids and advanced electrification network information. we implement a Support Vector Machine (SVM) to predict electrical loads and results compared to measurable electrical loads. Laboratory electrical loads have their own characteristics when compared to residential, commercial, or industrial, we use electrical load data in energy management laboratories to be used to be predicted. C and Gamma as searchable parameters use GridSearchCV to get optimal SVM input parameters. Our prediction data is compared to measurement data and is searched for accuracy based on RMSE (Root Square Mean Error), MAE (Mean Absolute Error) and MSE (Mean Squared Error) values. Based on this we get the optimal parameter values C 1e6 and Gamma 2.97e-07, with the result RSME (Root Square Mean Error) ; 0.37, MAE (meaning absolute error); 0.21 and MSE (Mean Squared Error); 0.14.
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Liao, Hongyi. „5G technology to help the development of smart grids: A review“. Applied and Computational Engineering 6, Nr. 1 (14.06.2023): 572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/6/20230863.
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The continuous advancement of technology has led to an increase in electricity consumption by residential, industrial, commercial, and other users in all aspects, and the demand for electricity quality is also increasing. In such a context, the smart grid is regarded as a new generation of power systems. The smart grid uses advanced communication and information processing, remote automatic control, and other technologies to achieve precise control of fault removal, three-dimensional monitoring of the system and optimal dispatch of electrical energy; while ensuring that the reliability of the power supply can be maintained even when a variety of uncontrollable renewable energy sources and a large number of new electricity loads are connected. Smart upgrades require strong communication systems to support them, and the characteristics of 5G technology perfectly match the various needs of smart grids for wireless communication, which is why 5G is widely studied. This paper is a review of the use of 5G technology in smart grids. Firstly, an overview of wireless communication in smart grids is given, and then the three main scenarios for the use of 5G and various grid services are adapted. This is followed by a summary of the problems and under-researched areas in the use of 5G in smart grids. In the end, the current advanced solutions are summarised and analyzed, and it is determined that the most urgent issues to be addressed in the use of 5G in smart grids are the confidentiality of critical data, network anti-attack capability, and other security guarantees. There is also further value in the use of big data to calculate the optimization of energy dispatch solutions. In general, its development prospects are quite optimistic.
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Daoud, Ahmed A., Ahmed F. Abouzeid und Sobhy S. Dessouky. „Offshore wind power integration to support weak grid voltage for industrial loads using VSC-HVDC transmission system“. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, Nr. 3 (01.06.2021): 1876. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp1876-1885.
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This paper investigates the integration of the offshore wind power plant into the grid using voltage source converter high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC). The paper proposes both offshore and onshore converter stations control to support voltage variation in grid. Heavy industrial loads result in a weak grid. In this paper, the effect on industrial loads by the grid strength is shown. Then the paper proposes a solution for the grid voltage support for industrial loads connected to weak grids. The results showed that the increase of grid voltage from 0.7 pu to 1 pu at full load condition that provides a continuous operation without any interruption. The system was modelled using MATLAB/Simulink package.
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Lankin, Anton, Alexey Baklanov und Igor Lankin. „Analysis of diagnostic methods and functional state monitoring of power oil transformers in electrical substations“. E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913501021.
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In this paper, we analyze the methods of diagnosis and control the functional state of power oil transformers in electrical substations. Oil transformers are the most efficient converters of electrical energy, which is reflected in a higher efficiency in comparison with dry transformers. Oil transformers are designed to work with power grids in large industrial complexes where energy conversion is required to protect equipment from sudden voltage surges. The high loads associated with this work require timely diagnosis and maintenance of transformers. The article discusses the most commonly used methods for diagnosing deviations of the technical parameters of electrical substations in the process of their operation. The authors proposed a method of impedance series-parallel identification, which allows not only to determine the equivalent circuit of the power oil transformer, but also to diagnose possible malfunctions. Functional circuits of the device for impedance series-parallel identification of faults in power oil transformers have been developed.
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Xu, Xiuzhu, Hao Zhu, Shengping Dai, Tao Sun, Guanggui Cheng und Jianning Ding. „High-Sensitivity Pressure Sensors Based on a Low Elastic Modulus Adhesive“. Sensors 22, Nr. 9 (30.04.2022): 3425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093425.
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With the rapid development of intelligent applications, the demand for high-sensitivity pressure sensor is increasing. However, the simple and efficient preparation of an industrial high-sensitivity sensor is still a challenge. In this study, adhesives with different elastic moduli are used to bond pressure-sensitive elements of double-sided sensitive grids to prepare a highly sensitive and fatigue-resistant pressure sensor. It was observed that the low elastic modulus adhesive effectively produced tensile and compressive strains on both sides of the sensitive grids to induce greater strain transfer efficiency in the pressure sensor, thus improving its sensitivity. The sensitivity of the sensor was simulated by finite element analysis to verify that the low elastic modulus adhesive could enhance the sensitivity of the sensor up to 12%. The preparation of high-precision and fatigue-resistant pressure sensors based on low elastic modulus, double-sided sensitive grids makes their application more flexible and convenient, which is urgently needed in the miniaturization and integration electronics field.
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FILONENKO, Sergii, Vitaliy LARIN und Anzhelika STAKHOVA. „DETERMINATION OF MEASUREMENT ERROR OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY QUALITY INDICATORS BY THE CORRELATION METHOD“. Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 315, Nr. 6 (29.12.2022): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2022-315-6(2)-104-108.
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The problem of energy conservation is urgent not only for Ukraine but for the whole world. One of the main causes of non-productive energy costs in the energy sector is high losses in power grids. The problem of electricity quality is the focus of many researchers and practitioners of energy and electrification. The co-supply of single-phase and three-phase electrical energy receivers from a three-phase four-wire network is widespread in the power supply systems of industrial enterprises. In such cases, there is almost always a phase asymmetry of the load, as well as significant currents in the zero wire. These factors lead to a decrease in the quality of the voltage and are the cause of economic damage. Organization of hardware control of electricity quality indicators, organizational and economic mechanism of influence on the cause of deterioration of electricity quality, development of methods and technical methods of distortion are important for normalization of electricity quality. The error of the correlation method for measuring the unbalanced voltage of a three-phase network based on the preliminary conversion of a three-phase voltage to a two-phase voltage with subsequent decomposition into orthogonal components using a discrete Fourier transform is estimated.
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Ancona, Maria Alessandra, Michele Bianchi, Lisa Branchini, Francesco Catena, Andrea De Pascale, Federico Ferrari, Francesco Melino und Antonio Peretto. „Optimized design and simulation of a hybrid storage system based on hydrogen as an energy carrier“. E3S Web of Conferences 334 (2022): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233403002.
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The integration of renewable energy sources into the electricity system can contribute to the development of a low-carbon economy. However, due to the intermittency and non-programmability of these sources, problems related to the management of local electricity grids may occur. A possible solution or limitation to these issues is given by the electrical storage. In addition, in the next future, domestic micro-grids are expected to play a fundamental role in electric power networks, driving both the academic and industrial research interests in developing highly efficient and reliable conversion and storage technologies. In this study, the behavior of a small-scale hybrid energy system for hydrogen production and storage has been predicted, by means of a developed calculation model, and the operational strategy of the system has been optimized with the aim to maximize the hydrogen production. In addition, with the aim to maximize the overall solar-to-hydrogen chain efficiency, the whole system model has been applied to different operating scenarios, to identify the optimal management strategy to control it.
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Jeffrey, Nicholas, Qing Tan und José R. Villar. „A Review of Anomaly Detection Strategies to Detect Threats to Cyber-Physical Systems“. Electronics 12, Nr. 15 (30.07.2023): 3283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12153283.
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Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are integrated systems that combine software and physical components. CPS has experienced rapid growth over the past decade in fields as disparate as telemedicine, smart manufacturing, autonomous vehicles, the Internet of Things, industrial control systems, smart power grids, remote laboratory environments, and many more. With the widespread integration of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in various aspects of contemporary society, the frequency of malicious assaults carried out by adversaries has experienced a substantial surge in recent times. Incidents targeting vital civilian infrastructure, such as electrical power grids and oil pipelines, have become alarmingly common due to the expanded connectivity to the public internet, which significantly expands the vulnerability of CPS. This article presents a comprehensive review of existing literature that examines the latest advancements in anomaly detection techniques for identifying security threats in Cyber-Physical Systems. The primary emphasis is placed on addressing life safety concerns within industrial control networks (ICS). A total of 296 papers are reviewed, with common themes and research gaps identified. This paper makes a novel contribution by identifying the key challenges that remain in the field, which include resource constraints, a lack of standardized communication protocols, extreme heterogeneity that hampers industry consensus, and different information security priorities between Operational Technology (OT) and Information Technology (IT) networks. Potential solutions and/or opportunities for further research are identified to address these selected challenges.
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Moreno Escobar, Jesús Jaime, Oswaldo Morales Matamoros, Ricardo Tejeida Padilla, Ixchel Lina Reyes und Hugo Quintana Espinosa. „A Comprehensive Review on Smart Grids: Challenges and Opportunities“. Sensors 21, Nr. 21 (21.10.2021): 6978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21216978.
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Recently, the operation of distribution systems does not depend on the state or utility based on centralized procedures, but rather the decentralization of the decisions of the distribution companies whose objectives are the efficiency of interconnectivity. Therefore, distribution companies are exposed to greater risks, and due to this, the need to make decisions based on increasingly reliable models has grown up considerably. Therefore, we present a survey of key aspects, technologies, protocols, and case studies of the current and future trend of Smart Grids. This work proposes a taxonomy of a large number of technologies in Smart Grids and their applications in scenarios of Smart Networks, Neural Networks, Blockchain, Industrial Internet of Things, or Software-Defined Networks. Therefore, this work summarizes the main features of 94 research articles ranging the last four years. We classify these survey, according Smart Grid Network Topologies, because it can group as the main axis the sensors applied to Smart Grids, as it shows us the interconnection forms generalization of the Smart Networks with respect to the sensors found in a home or industry.
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Kaldellis, J. K. „Maximum wind energy contribution in autonomous electrical grids based on thermal power stations“. Applied Thermal Engineering 27, Nr. 8-9 (Juni 2007): 1565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.09.007.
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Kazymov, Ivan M., Boris S. Kompaneets und Oleg N. Drobyazko. „Development of a device for control of electric energy parameters in the distribution network“. Modern Transportation Systems and Technologies 7, Nr. 3 (30.09.2021): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst202173106-119.
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Background: As of today, the actual problem in the power sector is to create a device for the collection and transmission of information in networks of different voltage levels.
Aim: The research presented in the framework of this article is aimed at creating a universal device intended for use in electrical networks of low and medium voltage in order to collect and transmit information about the parameters of electrical energy at the place of installation of the device.
Methods: The study was performed with the use of computer modeling techniques developed electronic devices.
Results: A functional diagram of the developed device is given, options for its connection to the network for various conditions and requirements are indicated, and recommendations for use are given.
Conclusion: The obtained results can be used by power grid companies and industrial enterprises to analyze the condition and efficiency of power grids.
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Dzyuba, Anatoly P. „Reducing the cost of electricity transmission services of industrial enterprises connected to the electric networks of electric power producers“. RUDN Journal of Economics 29, Nr. 2 (15.12.2021): 359–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2021-29-2-359-383.
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Reducing the cost of electricity consumption by industrial enterprises is the most important area of increasing the operational efficiency of their activities. The article is devoted to the issue of reducing the cost of paying for the service component of the transport component of purchased electrical energy from industrial enterprises that have technological connection to the electrical networks of electricity producers. The article makes an empirical study of the features of the pricing of payment for the services of the transport component of purchased electrical energy for industrial enterprises connected to the electric grids of electricity producers with the identification of factors influencing the overestimation of the cost of paid electricity, and calculating such overestimations using the example of a typical schedule of electricity consumption of a machinebuilding enterprise for various regions Russia. On the basis of the developed author's indicators (tariff coefficient for electricity transportation by the level of GNP, index of tariff coefficient for electricity transportation, weighted average price for electricity transportation, index of weighted average price for electricity transportation, integral index of efficiency of GNP tariffs) study of the effectiveness of the application of tariffs for the transport of electricity for industrial enterprises connected to the electric networks of electricity producers. Based on the calculated indicators, the article groups the regions into three main groups, with the development of recommendations for managing the cost of purchasing electricity by the component of the cost of the transport component of purchased electricity in each group. As the most optimal option for reducing the cost of electricity transportation, the author proposes the introduction of demand management for electricity consumption, which will reduce the costs of industrial enterprises that pay for the transport component of purchased electricity at unfavorable tariff configurations.
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Minh, Quy Nguyen, Van-Hau Nguyen, Vu Khanh Quy, Le Anh Ngoc, Abdellah Chehri und Gwanggil Jeon. „Edge Computing for IoT-Enabled Smart Grid: The Future of Energy“. Energies 15, Nr. 17 (24.08.2022): 6140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176140.
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The explosive development of electrical engineering in the early 19th century marked the birth of the 2nd industrial revolution, with the use of electrical energy in place of steam power, as well as changing the history of human development. The versatility of electricity allows people to apply it to a multitude of fields such as transportation, heat applications, lighting, telecommunications, and computers. Nowadays, with the breakout development of science and technology, electric energy sources are formed by many different technologies such as hydroelectricity, solar power, wind power, coal power, etc. These energy sources are connected to form grid systems to transmit electricity to cities, businesses and homes for life and work. Electrical energy today has become the backbone of all modern technologies. To ensure the safe, reliable and energy-efficient operation of the grid, a wide range of grid management applications have been proposed. However, a significant challenge for monitoring and controlling grids is service response time. In recent times, to solve this problem, smart grid management applications based on IoT and edge computing have been proposed. In this work, we perform a comprehensive survey of edge computing for IoT-enabled smart grid systems. In addition, recent smart grid frameworks based on IoT and edge computing are discussed, important requirements are presented, and the open issues and challenges are indicated. We believe that in the Internet of Things era, the smart grid will be the future of energy. We hope that these study results will contribute important guidelines for in-depth research in the field of smart grids and green energy in the future.
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Suslov, K. V., P. V. Ilyushin und A. L. Kulikov. „On ensuring dynamic voltage stability of critical loads in the electric power systems of industrial facilities“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2176, Nr. 1 (01.06.2022): 012068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2176/1/012068.
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Abstract Voltage sags and interruptions in the electric power systems (internal grids) of industrial facilities are caused by various short circuits, including those that occur in external grids. If the depth and duration of such sags and interruptions exceed the rated limits for critical loads, they cause continuous processes to shut down, which produces defective products and entails substantial losses. Russian standards and regulations do not set forth requirements with respect to voltage sags and interruptions, which means that industrial companies cannot sue grid operators for damages. This is why dynamic voltage stability of critical loads involved in continuous processes has to be addressed within the internal grid. They analyze the effectiveness of solutions designed for dynamic voltage stability of critical loads; these can be shared, used on a single site or designed to power secondary circuits. It shows that use of dynamic voltage restorers (DVR) and dynamic voltage sag correctors (DVSC) can be a cost- effective solution if the topology and specifications are configured appropriately. The paper presents general technical requirements for sag and interruption compensators, which are adjusted for cost-effectiveness. Case-specific feasibility testing should be based on daily readings of electrical parameters and electric power quality readings, calculated electromechanical transients, and a feasibility study. Use of DVRs at an industrial facility helped stabilize the voltage curve and reduce the span of irregular voltage fluctuations by a factor of 3, reduce the average voltage at the 6 kV busbars without compromising equipment performance, and improve the starting conditions for AM clusters and self-starting conditions for large AMs. Thus, lowering the elevated voltage at the 6 kV busbars helped cut electricity purchase costs. In most cases where accidents cause disturbances in the external 110 kV grid, DVRs coupled with the automatic voltage controls of power transformers were able to prevent process shutdowns, which constituted the key cost effect.
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Dalala, Zakariya, Murad Al-Omari, Mohammad Al-Addous, Mathhar Bdour, Yaqoub Al-Khasawneh und Malek Alkasrawi. „Increased renewable energy penetration in national electrical grids constraints and solutions“. Energy 246 (Mai 2022): 123361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123361.
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Varetsky, Yuriy, und Michal Gajdzica. „Power Compatibility of Induction Motors in Industrial Grids Containing Synchronous Generators“. Energies 17, Nr. 5 (23.02.2024): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17051066.
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Starting an induction motor causes voltage sag in the industrial grid that may disturb the operation of grid equipment. Direct-on-line starting is the simplest and most cost-effective method for starting induction motors, but also the most problematic. Large industries often use internal power plants with synchronous generators and starting powerful motors may impact the generator operations. The synchronous generators could be operated with the automatic or manual mode of voltage control. As the operation experience proves, the generator voltage control mode has a significant impact on the transient behaviours in the industrial power grid when starting a large induction motor. This article presents a case study of the synchronous generator tripping within a true medium-voltage industrial grid during the direct-on-line starting of a large induction motor driving the feed water pump. An analysis of the generator protection logs after the tripping showed that the synchronous generator was controlled in manual mode and its protection relay settings were exceeded. The transients initiated by induction motor starts were studied for possible configurations and operating conditions of the grid using a model developed on the Matlab/Simulink Software platform. The simulations have shown that concern about starting large motors in industrial grids containing internal synchronous generators needs to be solved considering the grid configurations and the coordination of generator protection and control devices.
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Eisenmann, Adrian, Tim Streubel und Krzysztof Rudion. „Power Quality Mitigation via Smart Demand-Side Management Based on a Genetic Algorithm“. Energies 15, Nr. 4 (17.02.2022): 1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041492.
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In modern electrical grids, the number of nonlinear grid elements and actively controlled loads is rising. Maintaining the power quality will therefore become a challenging task. This paper presents a power quality mitigation method via smart demand-side management. The mitigation method is based on a genetic algorithm guided optimization for smart operational planning of the grid elements. The algorithm inherits the possibility to solve multiple, even competing, objectives. The objective function uses and translates the fitness functions of the genetic algorithm into a minimization or maximization problem, thus narrowing down the complexity of the addressed high cardinality optimization problem. The NSGA-II algorithm is used to obtain feasible solutions for the auto optimization of the demand-side management. A simplified industrial grid with five different machines is used as a case study to showcase the minimization of the harmonic distortion to normative limits for all time steps during a day at a specific grid node, while maintaining the productivity of the underlying industrial process.
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Brem, Alexander, Dominic T. J. O’Sullivan und Ken Bruton. „Advancing the Industrial Sectors Participation in Demand Response within National Electricity Grids“. Energies 14, Nr. 24 (08.12.2021): 8261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248261.
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Increasing the level and diversifying the sources of flexible capacity available to transmission system operators will be a pivotal factor for maintaining reliable control of national electricity grids. These response capacities are widely available; however, one area with large capacities that could benefit from advancements is the industrial sector. This sector’s highly regulated nature ensures that structured procedures and thorough investigations are required to implement significant change. This study presents a systematic methodology to effectively categorise assets and evaluate their perceived risk of participation in demand response, allowing industries to present a sustainable portfolio of flexible capacity to the grid. Following implementation on an internationally relevant industrial site, this methodology identified several assets for participation, determining that it is realistic to expect 35 to 75 kW of flexible capacity from only air handling units on a single site. A selected unit was further evaluated using an internal air-temperature modelling tool. This demonstrated its ability to respond safely to the actual 2019 and 2020 grid frequency events and even remain off, at no risk to the indoor thermal environment for at least 20 min in each case. The potential impact of advancing industrial participation is presented, with the highest scenario providing almost 15 MW of flexible capacity to the Irish national grid. The financial benefit achievable on a site from the most conservative assets was found to be between EUR 993 and EUR 2129 annually for a single response category and up to EUR 6563 based on payment multipliers. Overall, this research demonstrates the significant flexible capacities available within the industrial sector and illustrates the low-risk capabilities and considerable benefits achievable on a single site and for the wider national electricity grids with this concept.
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Bojnec, Štefan, und Drago Papler. „Deregulation of Electricity Market and Drivers of Demand for Electrical Energy in Industry“. Management and Production Engineering Review 7, Nr. 3 (01.09.2016): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mper-2016-0021.
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Abstract This paper investigates deregulation of electricity market focusing on electricity prices and drivers of demand for electrical energy in industry in Slovenia. The patterns in evolution of real electricity price developments and the three main components of the electricity price are calculated: liberalized market share for purchased electricity price, regulated infrastructure share for use of electricity network grids and mandatory state charges in the sale of electricity (duty, excise duty and value-added tax). To calculate the real value of electricity prices, producer price index of industrial commodities for electricity prices in industry is used as deflator and implicit deflator of gross domestic product for the size of the economy. In the empirical econometric part is used regression analysis for the amount electricity consumption in the industry depending on the real gross domestic product, direct and cross-price elasticity for natural gas prices in the industry. The results confirmed volatility in real electricity price developments with their increasing tendency and the increasing share of different taxes and state charges in the electricity prices for industry. Demand for electrical energy in industry is positively associated with gross domestic product and price of natural gas as substitute for electrical energy in industry use, and negatively associated with prices of electrical energy for industry.
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Zhao, Ruwen, Chuanpei Xu, Zhibin Zhu und Wei Mo. „A Graph Neural Network Approach with Improved Levenberg–Marquardt for Electrical Impedance Tomography“. Applied Sciences 14, Nr. 2 (10.01.2024): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14020595.
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Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive imaging method that allows for the acquisition of resistivity distribution information within an object without the use of radiation. EIT is widely used in various fields, such as medical imaging, industrial imaging, geological exploration, etc. Presently, most electrical impedance imaging methods are restricted to uniform domains, such as pixelated pictures. These algorithms rely on model learning-based image reconstruction techniques, which often necessitate interpolation and embedding if the fundamental imaging model is solved on a non-uniform grid. EIT technology still confronts several obstacles today, such as insufficient prior information, severe pathological conditions, numerous imaging artifacts, etc. In this paper, we propose a new electrical impedance tomography algorithm based on the graph convolutional neural network model. Our algorithm transforms the finite-element model (FEM) grid data from the ill-posed problem of EIT into a network graph within the graph convolutional neural network model. Subsequently, the parameters in the non-linear inverse problem of the EIT process are updated by using the improved Levenberg—Marquardt (ILM) method. This method generates an image that reflects the electrical impedance. The experimental results demonstrate the robust generalizability of our proposed algorithm, showcasing its effectiveness across different domain shapes, grids, and non-distributed data.
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Mikheev, Georgi M., und Ayrat G. Ziganshin. „THE ABILITY OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES TO INFLUENCE THE NEUTRAL MODE OF ELECTRIC GRIDS“. Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, Nr. 3 (29.09.2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2021-3-103-112.
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In this article, we consider the modes of neutrals of 0,38 to 750 kV networks. In any network with different voltage classes, the neutral point of a power transformer winding can operate both in isolated and deaf earthed mode. However, the choice of this mode depends on economic feasibility.
The paper presents arguments and advantages of application of system with isolated and compensated neutral of networks with voltage classes 6–35 kV. For networks of these voltage classes various options of connecting arc suppression reactors with step and smooth regulation, as well as low and high impedance resistors in the neutral point of neutralizing transformer or zero sequence filter are considered. On the example of operation of electric networks of the Republic of Chuvashia for many decades it is emphasized that compensation of capacitive currents with arc suppression reactors is an effective and reliable way to protect not only substation electrical equipment from overvoltage, but also to ensure electrical safety of people and animals, as well as reinforced concrete towers from destruction.
It is noted that the 6–35 kV networks in the future can be made with deaf earthed neutral. However, this will be possible under the condition that self-supporting insulated wires will be installed on overhead transmission lines instead of bare wires, and cross-linked polyethylene cables will be used on cable lines. It is emphasized that the introduction of work under voltage in 6-35 kV networks and digitalization of substations with the widespread introduction of microprocessor technology will accelerate the transition from a system with insulated (or compensated) neutral to a deaf earthed system. Nevertheless, the decision to switch from the insulated neutral system to a deaf earthed system will remain the prerogative of the design organization based on the specifics of the electrical equipment and the sphere of industrial activity.
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Ghania, S. M., K. R. M. Mahmoud und A. M. Hashmi. „Α Reliability Study of Renewable Energy Resources and their Integration with Utility Grids“. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, Nr. 5 (02.10.2022): 9078–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5090.
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Reliability analysis is considered an impressive approach for investigating the planning and design processes of industrial and commercial electrical power distribution systems. Reliability analysis is mainly concerned with the analysis of devices and systems whose individual components are prone to failure risk. The demand for renewable energy resources that work in parallel or replace traditional energy resources is significantly increasing. The current research presents the reliability analysis of the IEEE 40-bus system integrated with large-scale PV and wind systems. Reliability parameters evaluation of power distribution systems will be performed using the zone branch methodology to divide the power system layout into several sections (protected zones). The compensating capacitors will be addressed to clarify their impacts on the system reliability indices. The 40-bus system, known as the IEEE Standard 493-1997, integrated with large-scale PV and wind is simulated using ETAP software. The simulation results reveal that the integration of renewable energy resources with the utility grids can improve the reliability indices. These simulation results are consistent with similar works found in literature and some standards in the field of reliability analysis. The integration of power distribution systems with renewable energy resources improves the reliability indices of the distribution grids.
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Paunikar, Shil Sudhir, und Dr Anil Vanalkar. „Block Chain Scada Quality Control for in Industrial Automation“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, Nr. 1 (31.01.2023): 1171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48705.
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Abstract: Scada systems are highly distributed systems used to control geographically dispersed assets, often scattered over thousands of square kilometers, where centralized data acquisition and control are critical to system operation. They are used in distribution systems such as water distribution and waste water collection systems, oil and gas pipelines, electrical power grids, and railway transportation systems. A scada control center performs centralized monitoring and control for field sites over longdistance communications networks, including monitoring alarms and processing status data. Based on information received from remote stations, automated or opera tor-driven supervisory commands can be pushed to remote station control devices, which are often referred to as field devices . Field devices control local operations such as opening and closing valves and breakers, collecting data from sensor systems, and monitoring the local environment for alarm conditions. In general, the error rate of 1-1.5 percent found in manual working can be brought down to 0.00001 percent with automation. as stakeholders have begun to increasingly demand certain quality standards, automation has also become a key part of today’s manufacturing setup.” automation is the key in all types of manufacturing, especially in the face of an emerging global economy. From being used to increase productivity and reduce cost, automation has now become vital to increasing product quality. Further, in certain fields like semiconductor chip manufacturing where miniaturization is the key, machines are capable of achieving greater precision and speed than humans-after all.
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Pan, Quan, Hong Song und Wen Liang Zhao. „Research on TCSC and Active Power Filter Apply to Improve Power Grid Based on Matlab Analysis“. Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (Dezember 2013): 1895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1895.
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Industrial and agricultural production as well as the general public because the demand for is much larger, the electricity grids integrated-transportation network multiple transformer output to the end-use equipment bring great difficulties and many other different failures, resulting in a lot of energy wasted . This article is mainly to use the thyristor controllable series compensated (short for TCSC) for power during transmission of some compensation to make the system voltage stabilized and improved, combining with active power filter (short for APF) will suppress and filter out a series of primary and secondary synchronization harmonic interference etc. not only improve the effectiveness and utilization of electrical energy, but also purify the electricity grid environment. By the simulation results show that the power to improve the stability and quality are very good results.
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Tadjeddine, Ali Abderrazak, A. Chaker, M. Khiat, L. Abdelmalek und N. Khalfalah. „A contribution to the control of voltage and power of the interconnection between two decentralized electrical grids with an optimal localization of the SVC devices in real-time“. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 10, Nr. 1 (01.03.2019): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i1.pp170-177.
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<p>Several problems related to the power grid in the region of Adrar, in southern Algeria, where it is not connected to the Algerian national network. This region contains many energy resources for power stations, wind and photovoltaic farms. The industrial development in this region requires a connection with the national network to rationalize renewable energy sources and allow sufficient capacity of power for the two grids. The work involved in studying the possibility of interconnection between the grid of Adrar region and the Algerian national network. Modeling, control and real-time analysis of various scenarios have been achieved. A SVC with an optimal location has controlled the improvement of the voltage of the interconnected grid.</p>
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Auder, Benjamin, Jairo Cugliari, Yannig Goude und Jean-Michel Poggi. „Scalable Clustering of Individual Electrical Curves for Profiling and Bottom-Up Forecasting“. Energies 11, Nr. 7 (20.07.2018): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11071893.
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Smart grids require flexible data driven forecasting methods. We propose clustering tools for bottom-up short-term load forecasting. We focus on individual consumption data analysis which plays a major role for energy management and electricity load forecasting. The first section is dedicated to the industrial context and a review of individual electrical data analysis. Then, we focus on hierarchical time-series for bottom-up forecasting. The idea is to decompose the global signal and obtain disaggregated forecasts in such a way that their sum enhances the prediction. This is done in three steps: identify a rather large number of super-consumers by clustering their energy profiles, generate a hierarchy of nested partitions and choose the one that minimize a prediction criterion. Using a nonparametric model to handle forecasting, and wavelets to define various notions of similarity between load curves, this disaggregation strategy gives a 16% improvement in forecasting accuracy when applied to French individual consumers. Then, this strategy is implemented using R—the free software environment for statistical computing—so that it can scale when dealing with massive datasets. The proposed solution is to make the algorithm scalable combine data storage, parallel computing and double clustering step to define the super-consumers. The resulting software is openly available.