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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „INDO - SOVIET TRADE“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "INDO - SOVIET TRADE"
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Debroy, Bibek, und L. D. Mago. „Issues in Indo—Soviet Trade“. Foreign Trade Review 26, Nr. 1-2 (April 1991): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515910103.
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Debray, Bibek. „The Terms of Indo-Soviet Trade Revisited“. Foreign Trade Review 24, Nr. 4 (Januar 1990): 377–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515900402.
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Khan, Surat. „Indo-Russian Strategic Relations under Putin“. Global Political Review V, Nr. I (30.03.2020): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(v-i).05.
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Trust, mutual understanding and compatibility, and common interests in the international system remained the pillars of Indo-Russian relations for seventy years. It brought them closer to each other to cooperate in the areas of defense, trade and technology. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, both New Delhi and Moscow experienced a low-level relation, but since the coming of Putin, relations between the two have taken a new turn. Besides strategic cooperation, the nations joined hands to make policies for better diplomacy, multipolar world, countering insurgencies, climate change, technology and defense cooperation and terrorism. Besides this strong partnership and common interests, Indo-Russia is facing multiple challenges, particularly in the wake of changing dynamics in Asia politics. This research intends to analyze the history of the indo-Russian strategic partnership with a specific focus on Putins era.
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Mohanty, Arun. „Some Reflections on Indo-Russian Trade and Economic Relations in the Post-Soviet Period“. China Report 44, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2008): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944550804400411.
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Tsan, Katherine Foshko. „Re-Energizing the Indian-Russian Relationship :“. Jindal Journal of International Affairs 2, Nr. 1 (01.08.2012): 140–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjia.v2i1.34.
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Discussions of the Indian-Russian partnership in policy circles are too often shrouded in nostalgia for the close diplomatic, military, commercial, and cultural ties of the Cold War years. They contain few pragmatic prescriptions for re-energizing a relationship that, while truly privileged, is showing signs of structural problems and inertial thinking. The bilateral relationship’s raisons d’être can be traced to the defense industry, where approximately 70% of the installed base of Indian equipment is still Russianmade—a situation rife with problems—and to the energy sphere, where Russia’s dominant position intersects with India’s growing appetite for oil, gas, and nuclear power. Despite some joint successes such as the BrahMos supersonic missile system and the Fifth-Generation fighter aircraft, the two countries have rarely broken new ground in their interactions since the fall of the USSR. Bilateral trade is still below the level of Indo-Soviet trade in 1990. The deficiencies in the pillars of the India-Russia relationship lie in the overly heavy involvement of the state, which accounts for more than two-thirds of the economy in both countries. The state sector alone cannot influence the development of trade, defense, energy, science and technology, or soft power in a globalizing, increasingly competitive market. The stimulation of the private sector, given ample incentives and privileges by both governments, is an essential part of revitalizing the strategic relationship. What’s needed is a new paradigm that will make private sector activity paramount while reinforcing and building on existing state mechanisms. While helping Russia overcome its resource-based economic disability by spurring on other sectors like trade and technology, India can solve its own problems, such as feeding its energy hunger and advancing in science with the help of Russian know-how. This mutually beneficial relationship in which the two up-and-coming powers join forces for stability and mutual profit and gain would be a worthwhile modern take on the “hindirusi bhai bhai” shibboleth.
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Zoidov, Kobiljon Kh, Alexey A. Medkov und Zafar K. Zoidov. „CURRENT DIRECTIONS OF TRANSPORT AND TRANSIT SUPPORT FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ASIAN RUSSIA“. Scientific Review. Series 1. Economics and Law, Nr. 1-2 (2023): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2023-1-2-06.
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Subject. The factors of increasing the geopolitical and geo-economic significance of Asian Russia (AzRF) under the influence of current military-political and socio-economic processes, as well as the target directions of transport and transit ensuring the sustainable development of the AzRF on the basis of decarbonization of transportation processes are determined. The purpose of the work. To identify the strengths and weaknesses of promising infrastructure projects for transport and transit support of sustainable development of the Russian Arctic. Methodology. The research uses methods of world system analysis [1-3], evolutionary and institutional theory [1, 10-12], theory of production and technological balance and technical and economic structures [9], expert and analytical assessments, content analysis of periodical materials. The results of the work. The hypothesis is proved that the transport and transit provision of the sustainable development of the Russian Arctic is possible through the development and implementation of large infrastructure and integration projects associated with the Initiative of the PRC "Belt and Road", the program of India for the development of the transport corridor "North — South" and the program "Made in India", the formation of a Large Eurasian partnerships with friendly states. The conclusion is substantiated that the formation of the Arctic Ocean — Indian Ocean transport corridor (SLO — IO) can and should become an infrastructure and integration basis for the creation of the Indo-Siberian-Arctic trade Route of the XXI century. The main directions of high-tech development of land transport in the Russian Arctic have been identified, primarily in terms of maximum containerization of the transportation process and the construction of extended open magnetic levitation systems (MLTS). Special attention is paid to the identification and systematization of favorable effects for the Russian Arctic and friendly states of diverting part of the flow of Siberian rivers to the countries of Central and Western Asia. Conclusions. A reasonable conclusion is made that important partners of Russia and other post-Soviet countries in the process of reindustrialization of the economy on the basis of the latest technological structure, the formation of trade routes of the XXI century and their innovation–industrial belts in the direction of "North- South", transport and transit ensuring sustainable development of the Russian Arctic, increasing the volume of exports of transport services are the countries of the Islamic the world.
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Ivanov, Sergey A. „Alexander A. Vasiliev and “Academic Trial”“. GRAPHOSPHAERA Writing and Written Practices 3, Nr. 2 (2023): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2782-5272-2023-3-2-287-299.
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The article is based on the correspondence received in 1930 by the Russian Byzantinist Alex-ander Vasiliev (1867–1953), who taught at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The letters in question were written at the time of the “Academic Trial” in the USSR or directly touched upon it. The letters from Vasiliev’s two sisters, who remained in Leningrad, are evasive, ap-parently because of censorship concerns, and say nothing about the way the wave of state repressions affected their family. Yet, Vasiliev got unambiguous information from two inde-pendent sources: 1) a Danish trade-union activist Edith Olsen who had visited the Soviet Un-ion and, upon return, passed to Vailiev the news from his friends in Leningrad; 2) an emigré law professor Alexandr Makarov who had met in Berlin with a colleague, a high-ranking and well-informed Soviet law professor Mikhail Pergament who obviously disliked what was go-ing on in Russia. From both sources Vasiliev learned that on the New Year Eve of 1930, the secret police (GPU) arrested his brother-in-law Dmitrii Khalturin, Vasiliev’s sister Olga’s husband. The police also came to his own apartment, where his other sister, Nadezhda, lived, with an arrest warrant for Vasiliev himself. This is how Vasiliev realized that there was no way for him to return to Russia.
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Konoreva, Irina A., und Igor N. Selivanov. „History of Relations between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union in Documents from Serbian and Russian Archives“. Herald of an archivist, Nr. 2 (2018): 630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-2-630-639.
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The review characterizes two collections of archival documents published in Belgrade and Moscow. They contain materials on the history of Yugoslavo-Soviet relations in 1964-1980s from the Archive of Yugoslavia and the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History. The reviewed collections continue the series of publications of the Archive of Yugoslavia (‘Documents on Yugoslavia Foreign Policy’) and of the International Fund ‘Democracy’ (‘Russia: The 20th century’). The collections contain over 100 documents, most of which are published for the first time. They address problems of international relations and domestic policy of the two countries. These problems were discussed by the leaders of Yugoslavia and the USSR at their one-on-one meetings. These discussions allow to trace the process of establishment of mutually beneficial relations. There are materials on general problems of international relations, as well as regional issues: estimation of the role of the USA in the international affaires; impact of the Non-Aligned Movement; European problems; political situation in the Near, Middle, and Far East, and in the Southeast Asia; etc. The chronological framework include events of the Second Indo-Chinese War. The 2-volume collection includes I. B. Tito’s and L. I. Brezhnev’s assessments of the operations in Vietnam and their characterization of the American policy in the region. Its name index and glossary of abbreviations simplify working with documents. The materials of these collections may be of interest to professional historians, Master Program students specializing in history and international relations, who may use them as an educational resource, and post-graduate students researching issues of World and East-European history.
Dissertationen zum Thema "INDO - SOVIET TRADE"
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Mukhopadhyay, Debkumar. „INDO- SOVIET TRADE RELATION : AN ASSESSMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF DISINTEGRATION OF THE SOVIET UNION“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/575.
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Mehrotra, S. K. „Economic relations between a centrally planned and a developing market economy : Indo-Soviet trade (1970-82) and technology transfer (post-1955)“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372893.
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Johnson, Rickard L. „Throwing off the shackles: the emergence of the Soviet Union into the arena of world trade“. Thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/21584.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBücher zum Thema "INDO - SOVIET TRADE"
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Sharma, Subhash Chandra. Indo-Soviet trade since independence. New Delhi: Radha Publications, 1992.
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Menon, M. S. N. Indo-Soviet trade and economic ties. New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1986.
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Menon, M. S. N. Indo-Soviet trade and economic ties. New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1986.
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Goel, M. S. Indo-USSR trade and economic relations. New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1990.
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Economics of Indo-Soviet trade, 1953-1990: A cost-benefit analysis. New Delhi: Gian Pub. House, 1992.
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Kashirkina, Anna, und Andrey Morozov. Russia, Euroasian economic union and World Trade Organization. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6432.
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The monograph is the first scientific publication, considering the complex
international legal issues of the integration of rapprochement of the Russian
Federation, Belarus and Kazakhstan after the signing of the Heads of State May
29, 2014 the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union. The monograph is held
international legal analysis of the contractual framework prior Eurasian Economic
Union integration union – Customs Union. The position of the new interstate
integration association – the Eurasian Economic Union – as a subject of public
international law. On the basis of comparative legal analysis mapped international
legal obligations, operating under the World Trade Organization, as well as the
provisions of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, including in the areas
of customs regulation, industrial policies, and technical regulation. Give
suggestions and recommendations for improving and promoting the integration
of the former Soviet Union in the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union,
taking into account Russia’s membership in the World Trade Organization, as well
as the possible accession by the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of
Kazakhstan – Russia’s partners in the Eurasian Economic Union.
The monograph focuses on a wide range of readers: researchers and experts
in the field of international law and international relations, employees of public
authorities, business representatives, teachers and law faculties, graduate students,
and all interested in the integration of the modern world.
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Ghosh, Dilip. Economics of Indo-Soviet Trade, 1953-90. Gyan Publishing House,India, 1993.
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Dobrenko, Evgeny. Late Stalinism. Übersetzt von Jesse M. Savage. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300198478.001.0001.
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This nuanced historical analysis of late Stalinism organized chronologically around the main events of the period—beginning with Victory in May 1945 and concluding with the death of Stalin in March 1953—analyzes key cultural texts to trace the emergence of an imperial Soviet consciousness that, the book argues, still defines the political and cultural profile of modern Russia. The book provides a cultural and intellectual history of the era in which the shaping of the Soviet nation was completed. It talks about the era when mental and cultural dominants that determined the character of Russia were definitively affirmed. It also looks into cultural texts of literature, theater, cinema, art, music, scientific and historical texts, and popular literature through which history reveals its internal logic. The book analyzes Stalinism that communicated the new agenda, gave the new political course form through media, and inculcated the new ideological modulations. It explores the prism of Soviet art in order to trace the political and ideological transformation of the Stalinist regime from revolutionary international utopianism to conservatively patriarchal national Bolshevism.
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Matossian, Bedross Der, Hrsg. The Armenian Social Democrat Hnchakian Party. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755651337.
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This book, based on new research, sheds light on the history of the Social Democrat Hnchakian Party, a major Armenian revolutionary party that operated in the Ottoman Empire, Turkish Republic, Russia, Persia and throughout the global Armenian diaspora. Divided into sections which cover the origins, ideology, and regional history of the SDHP, the book situates the history of the Hnchaks within debates around socialism, populism, and nationalism in the 19th and 20th centuries. The SDHP was not only an Armenian party but had a global Marxist outlook, and scholars in this volume bring to bear expertise in a wide range of histories and languages including Russian, Turkish, Persian and Latin American to trace the emergence and role this influential party played from their split with the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and the events of the Armenian genocide to the formation of the first Armenian Republic and then Soviet Armenia. Putting the Hnchaks in context as one of many nationalist radical groups to emerge in Eurasia in the late 19th century, the book is an important contribution to Armenian historiography as well as that of transnational revolutionary movements in general.
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Buchanan, Allen. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878436.003.0001.
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During the period in which much of the thinking that went into this book occurred, the world looked strikingly different from what we see today. The growth of multilateralism, defined as the coordination of national policies in groups of three or more states, was evident. Transnational networks of regulatory officials, judges, and legislators were proliferating and trade agreements of unprecedented scale were achieved. The most inclusive treaty-based multilateral institution for furthering international peace and security, the UN Security Council, expanded its mission to include the authorization of humanitarian military interventions even in cases in which international peace and security were not at risk. Environmental treaties outlined multilateral responses to pressing problems of ozone depletion and global climate change. Globalization in its manifold dimensions was increasing. The obstacle to more comprehensive mulitilateral institution-building and to the extension of human rights regimes that the Cold War had posed had been removed by the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Although some multilateral institutions remained informal, there was also a trend toward legalization (though perhaps without much reflection as to whether greater formal legality is always better). Just as evident, of course, was the continuing turmoil in weakly governed areas of the world and the power of conflicts there to affect even the stablest countries, both through the export of terrorism and through the often unintended results of military interventions that purported to enhance security and stability but which instead fueled rivalries ...
Buchteile zum Thema "INDO - SOVIET TRADE"
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van Ham, Peter. „Lloyd George’s Option: Trading the Soviets into Civilization“. In Western Doctrines on East-West Trade, 44–57. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12610-1_4.
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Wegren, Stephen K. „Chapter 10: Agri-Food Trade Between the United States and Russia: From Divergence to Irrelevance“. In Palgrave Advances in Bioeconomy: Economics and Policies, 279–316. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77451-6_11.
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AbstractThis chapter investigates the impact of political relations on U.S. food exports to the Soviet Union and Russia. The chapter finds that during the Cold War, political relations between the United States and Russia and agricultural trade were divergent, which means that food trade was not much affected by poor relations. In the post-Soviet period, the relationship between politics and agricultural exports has become convergent, which means that political relations and U.S. exports move in the same direction. With Putin in office, U.S. agricultural exports have fallen into irrelevance, a trend that predates Russia’s 2014 food embargo against the West.
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Urinboyev, Rustamjon, und Sherzod Eraliev. „Russian and Turkish Migration Regimes in a Comparative Perspective“. In The Political Economy of Non-Western Migration Regimes, 33–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99256-9_2.
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AbstractGlobal political developments, economic growth and trade liberalization since the 1980s have changed the political and economic landscapes of most regions in the world. First, the collapse of the Soviet Union (and the communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe) lead to the movement of large segments of populations. For example, the dissolution of the Soviet Union alone left tens of millions of people divided into several countries.
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Liefert, William M., und Olga Liefert. „Chapter 2: Russia’s Development as a Top Player in World Grain Trade“. In Palgrave Advances in Bioeconomy: Economics and Policies, 69–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77451-6_3.
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AbstractDuring the late Soviet period, Russia (along with the Soviet Union as a whole) was a major importer of grain, as well as soybeans and soybean meal, which were used to help feed the country’s growing livestock sector. The substantial reform-driven contraction in the livestock sector during the 1990s largely eliminated the need for grain imports. Beginning around 2000, Russia began to export grain, and into the 2010s it became major supplier on the world market. During 2016–2019, Russia exported on average 44 million metric tonnes a year, 10–14 percent of total world grain exports. The country’s dominant grain export is wheat, with Russia providing in the late 2010s around 20 percent of world market sales, thereby supplanting the United States as the world’s top wheat supplier. This chapter examines how Russia has developed into a major grain exporter, with the focus on how growing grain production since 2000 has generated surpluses for foreign sale.
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Koshino, Go. „Как закалялась сталь в Восточной Азии“. In Biblioteca di Studi Slavistici, 203–10. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0238-1.18.
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How the Steel Was Tempered in East Asia. Nikolai Ostrovsky’s novel How Steel Was Tempered (1932-34) tells the story of a young Ukrainian man named Pavel Korchagin who sacrifices his life and body to forge a steel-like spirit amid revolution, civil war, and postwar socialist construction. Although his physical injuries, which left him paralyzed and even blind, looks somehow grotesque, but his heroic self-sacrifice also had the power to inspire young readers. Regarded as an exemplary work of Soviet socialist realism, it was translated into many languages and read avidly at one time by left-wing readers in the West as well as in the Communist countries in the East. It was particularly influential in China, where it is so popular that even today it is invariably named as one of the favorite books of university students. This is in contrast to post-Soviet Russia today, in which the novel has lost the privileged position it once enjoyed and is no longer widely read. In China under the socialist regime, Ostrovsky’s novel was published in large numbers as suitable reading for young people and incorporated into school education. However, their active introduction in the public sphere alone does not explain their popularity. Chinese readers seem to have become deeply emotionally involved in the protagonist’s unsuccessful love affair with Tonya, a young girl whose bourgeois gestures and characterization must have been considered negative. As a result, the Soviet ideological novel has brought an unexpected meaning of European-style romantic love for Chinese readers. This presentation will trace the reception of Ostrovsky’s novel and the changes in the heroine Tonya’s image by comparing five adaptations: two Soviet films in 1942 and 1957, a Chinese lianhuanhua (serial picture book) in 1972, a Japanese manga in 1975, and a Chinese TV drama in 1999.
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Grampp, Sven. „Once Upon a Taste in the East“. In Edition Medienwissenschaft, 67–82. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839464793-004.
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There hardly seems to be anything less sensually appealing than space food. Space food is an indexical sign, a trace of the otherness and artificial requirements of life in space. In this 'non-sensual' form, space food is particularly attractive for the sensual representation of space missions in museums or documentaries nowadays as "a window into the 'techno-food' of the future" (Charles Spence). I demonstrate that there is also another history of showing, imag- ining, and representing space food, which today has, to a large extent, vanished from popular cultural memory. During the so-called Space Race between the USA and the USSR from the 1950s to the 1970s, especially in Soviet news reports on space missions, space food was imag- ined as something that dissolved the categorical difference between 'natural,' fresh food and preserved, plastic-wrapped food. Mainly on a visual level, a lot of attention was paid to make food in space sensual appealing surrounded by a home-like atmosphere.
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Pula, Besnik. „The Limits of Autarchy in the Periphery“. In Globalization Under and After Socialism, 32–64. Stanford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503605138.003.0003.
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This chapter provides an historical overview of Central and Eastern Europe’s integration into the Soviet economic sphere and its effects on patterns of industrialization and trade. It is organized in four parts. First, the chapter discusses the international context of the early Cold War, economic reconstruction and trade policies, and the formation of Comecon. The chapter then turns to the post-Stalin period, when Soviet leaders begin to increasingly see Comecon’s role as a tool of regional economic integration. It examines the benefits of intra-bloc trade by comparing the region with other state socialist and developing states to demonstrate how membership in Comecon aided in facilitating rapid industrialization. Finally, it discusses the challenges Soviet and Central and East European leaders saw in expanding trade with the West.
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Zwass, Adam. „Summary: Perspectives for Incorporating Cmea Currencies into International Trade“. In Money, Banking, & Credit in the Soviet Union & Eastern Europe, 215–31. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315177618-7.
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Iandolo, Alessandro. „Things Fall Apart“. In Arrested Development, 146–96. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501764431.003.0006.
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This chapter considers the causes behind the USSR's decision to stop its engagement with West Africa. It notes the 1950s were a decade of economic optimism in the Soviet Union as the USSR's economy grew at high rates, postwar reconstruction was completed, and living standards increased significantly. However, after the 1950s, Soviet economic growth lost most of its dynamism when the Soviet Union experienced a bad year for agricultural production. The chapter looks into the Soviet commercial exchanges with Guinea, Mali, and Ghana, referencing the USSR's rigidity concerning trade agreements. It also notes the impact of the Cold War entering a new phase wherein the United States challenged the Soviet advances in the Third World.
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Osokina, Elena. „What’s for Sale?“ In Stalin's Quest for Gold, 129–34. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501758515.003.0012.
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This chapter studies the shops within the Torgsin trade enterprise. Throughout its existence, Torgsin underwent several transformations. Before it opened its doors to Soviet buyers, Torgsin was a souvenir and antiques shop for foreigners. After Soviet consumers were allowed into Torgsin, its trade skyrocketed; the commodity structure of sales began to change as well. In the first half of 1931, food products accounted for 80 percent of Torgsin's sales. However, that did not yet indicate famine; at that time, Torgsin's main operation was to provide for foreign ships in Soviet seaports, and the captains ordered mostly food supplies for their crews. The assortment of Torgsin's goods favored by Soviet people in the second half of 1931 reflected a border line between a relatively good, although already shaky, urban welfare and advancing problems with food. The 1931 results suggest that Torgsin potentially could have turned into a chain of elite urban hard-currency department stores if famine had not occurred. Nevertheless, the end of rationing in 1935 and the development of a network of free-access stores reoriented consumer demand toward goods that were not basic necessities crucial for survival. Torgsin was turning into a model hard-currency enterprise to serve elite consumer demand.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "INDO - SOVIET TRADE"
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Azer, Özlem Arzu. „Political and Economic Integration of the Central Asian and South Caucasian Turkish Republics into the Global World“. In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00244.
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With the dissolution of Soviet Union, former Soviet Republics’ central planned economy transformed into free market economy and structural reforms were made as parallel of this development. These former socialist countries have some diffficulties to adopt capitalism due to absence of some fundamental feautures of capitalism and inheritance of Soviet Union.
Ending big threat of communism, the jeo-strategical importance of the region increased for the West because these countries own the oil and gas resources besides they are starting point or transit country of the energy pipelines. However, these transition countries could not develop economically and poverty became the major problem for most of Central Asian and South Caucasian Turkic Republics. As economic problems lead weakness of governance, ethnical conflicts and border conflicts threat these new independent countries. The region seems in the center of war for power due to rich natural resources and pipelines as well as the connection point to Afghanistan and being the exit to the Black Sea.
This paper seeks economic situations of Central Asian and South Caucasian Turkic Republics which jeo-strategical importance increased due to natural resources and geographic location during Post Cold-War era. This work is based on statistical data provided by United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and International Monetary Fund (IMF), covering the period of 1990-2008 and contains Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.
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Isaev, Victor I. „Changes in the sphere of trade in the cities of Siberia in the second half of the 1920s – the first half of the 1930s“. In Торговля, купечество и таможенное дело в России в XVI–XX веках. ИПЦ НГУ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31518/tktdr-35-2023-34.
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During the second half of the 1920s – the first half of the 1930s, significant changes unfolded in the trade network of Siberian cities. The state sector became dominant, the share of cooperation decreased significantly, and the private sector was eliminated. In the conditions of an all-encompassing shortage of consumer goods, there was a transition from the organization of trade on market principles to a standardized supply and distribution system. As part of this transition, the relationship between the seller and the buyer has radically changed. The card system, constant shortages and long queues turned the buyer from a welcome guest into a humiliated recipient of the prescribed portion of consumer goods. The relations that developed during this period determined the characteristic features of the Soviet trading system throughout the Soviet era.
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Apak, Sudi, und Selin Kozan. „The Impact of Ukraine Crisis's on Turkey and Ukraine’s Economic Relationship“. In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01262.
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After the breakup of the Soviet Union and independence declaration of Ukraine in 1991, as in the other Soviet countries, Ukraine has left a heavy industrial based economy with an insufficient technology. Trade relations with Turkey gained momentum in 2004 and has continued its growing until today. This trade relationship has a complementary role and mostly based on intermediate good export. Turkey is the second largest export volume partner of Ukraine and providing the largest trade surplus for Ukraine. Ukraine economy is very sensitive to foreign trade fluctuations, therefore in the 2009 global crisis, Turkey’s trade volume with Ukraine declined more than two times. In 2014, military conflict in the East, Russian trade restrictions, the Hryvnia depreciation and tight fiscal austerity measures have exacerbated the existing macroeconomic challenges of Ukraine and pushed the country into its deepest recession since 2009.
This study analyses the Ukraine crisis effects on its economic situation and effects on the Turkey and Ukraine’s economic relationship by using statistical methods. Data sources are: National Bank of Ukraine, State Statistics Service of Ukraine, Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, Trade Statistics for International Business Development, National Bank of Turkey, Turkish Exporters Assembly, Turkish Statistical Institute.
Turkey, as a country has earned trusts of both Ukraine and Russia, is able to lead a peacekeeping force in Ukraine. Furthermore, Turkey should evaluate the possibilities to provide a credit line to Ukraine and it would be useful for Turkey to search the other markets and trade conditions as well.
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JI- EON, LEE, und YOO NA-YEON. „SOUTH KOREA’S DIPLOMATIC RELATIONSHIP WITH UZBEKISTAN SINCE 1991: STRATEGY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH GOVERNMENT“. In UZBEKISTAN-KOREA: CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF COOPERATION. OrientalConferences LTD, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ocl-01-03.
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One of the biggest events in international political history at the end of the 20th century was end of the Cold War due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991, the Cold War system, led by the US and the Soviet Union as the two main axes, disappeared into history, dramatically changing the international situation and creating new independent states in the international community. In the past, as the protagonist of the Silk Road civilization, it was a channel of trade and culture, linking the East and the West, but as members of the former Soviet Union, Central Asian countries whose importance and status were not well known have emerged on the international stage in the process of forming a new international order. After independence, Central Asia countries began to attract attention from the world as the rediscovery of the Silk Road, that is, the geopolitical importance of being the center of the Eurasian continent, and as a treasure trove of natural resources such as oil and gas increased.
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Gencer, Ayşen Hiç. „Gravity Modeling of Turkey's International Trade under Globalization“. In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00425.
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Gravity modeling in international trade is developed by Tinbergen and Poyhonen in the 1960s, inspired by Newton's standard gravity formulation. This model suggests that the volume of trade between two countries is proportional to the product of their national income and inversely proportional to the distance between them. This study attempts to answer the question whether the gravity model is still valid for the case of Turkey today in the age of globalization and declining transportation costs due to improvements in logistics and technology. To this end, Turkey's imports as well as exports data with respect to all the countries of the world for the 16 years between 1993 and 2008 are analyzed. The results show that the gravity model, even in its basic form, is still powerful in explaining the trade volumes between Turkey and all other countries. In addition, the basic model is extended to analyze Turkey's trade with specific country groups such as the EU countries, the Islamic countries, the former Soviet Union countries, and the Central Asian countries. The analysis concludes that except for the Central Asian countries, Turkey's trade is not specialized with any particular country group. The 1995 Customs Union with the EU or any other step already taken towards full membership into the EU has not significantly increased Turkey's trade volume with the EU members over the amounts predicted by the basic version of the gravity model for any country pair of similar distance and GDP levels.