Zeitschriftenartikel: „Individualisme – Psychologie“

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Finkelstein, Marcia A. „Correlates of individualism and collectivism: Predicting volunteer activity“. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 39, Nr. 5 (30.06.2011): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.5.597.

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Differences in the factors that initiate volunteering in individualists versus collectivists were examined. In prior work it has been suggested that the two differ, not in how much service volunteers give, but in the reasons why. Individualist and collectivist tendencies were measured in a sample of long-term volunteers. Also assessed were respondents' attitudes about the responsibility of individuals and of society to help those in need, the individual's obligation to engage in social and political action, and the quality of social support available to participants. Collectivism was associated most strongly with personal responsibility and with a strong social support network, while individualism was related to a perceived responsibility to participate in social and political activism. Neither individualism nor collectivism was predictive of time spent volunteering. The findings suggest that rather than predicting who will, and will not, volunteer, the individualism/collectivism construct is useful in clarifying why people help. This knowledge, in turn, can be used to match the volunteer to the appropriate activity.

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Santos, Henri C., Michael E. W. Varnum und Igor Grossmann. „Global Increases in Individualism“. Psychological Science 28, Nr. 9 (13.07.2017): 1228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617700622.

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Individualism appears to have increased over the past several decades, yet most research documenting this shift has been limited to the study of a handful of highly developed countries. Is the world becoming more individualist as a whole? If so, why? To answer these questions, we examined 51 years of data on individualist practices and values across 78 countries. Our findings suggest that individualism is indeed rising in most of the societies we tested. Despite dramatic shifts toward greater individualism around the world, however, cultural differences remain sizable. Moreover, cultural differences are primarily linked to changes in socioeconomic development, and to a lesser extent to shifts in pathogen prevalence and disaster frequency.

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Freeman, Mark A., und Prashant Bordia. „Assessing alternative models of individualism and collectivism: a confirmatory factor analysis“. European Journal of Personality 15, Nr. 2 (März 2001): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.398.

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Six alternative structural models of individualism–collectivism are reviewed and empirically compared in a confirmatory factor analysis of questionnaire data from an Australian student sample (N = 340). Central to the debate about the structure of this broad social attitude are the issues of (1) polarity (are individualism and collectivism bipolar opposites, or orthogonal factors?) and (2) dimensionality (are individualism and collectivism themselves higher‐order constructs subsuming several more specific factors and, if so, what are they?). The data from this Australian sample support a model that represents individualism and collectivism as a higher‐order bipolar factor hierarchically subsuming several bipolar reference‐group‐specific individualisms and collectivisms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Finkelstein, Marcia A. „Individualism/collectivism: ImplicatIons for the volunteer process“. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 38, Nr. 4 (01.05.2010): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.4.445.

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In the present study the constructs of individualism and collectivism were incorporated into a conceptual understanding of the volunteer process. The findings offer a broader perspective on volunteer antecedents and experiences and address an ongoing debate about the implications of individualism and collectivism for volunteering. Collectivism was found to be more strongly related than was individualism to altruistic motivations and the desire to strengthen social ties. Collectivism, but not individualism, was found to be associated with the development of a volunteer role identity. Individualism was most closely associated with career-related volunteer objectives. The results suggest that individualists and collectivists differ, not in their willingness to volunteer, but in why they choose to volunteer.

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Green, Eva G. T. „Successful or Friendly? Inferring Achievement and Relational Competence from Individualist and Collectivist Attitudes“. Swiss Journal of Psychology 65, Nr. 1 (März 2006): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.65.1.25.

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Two experiments investigated to what extent different types of individualist and collectivist attitudes are perceived as leading to achievement and relational competence. In Study 1, the degree of unique (horizontal individualism) and competitive (vertical individualism) attitudes of a fictitious target person were manipulated, whereas in Study 2 interdependent (horizontal collectivism) and group-dependent (vertical collectivism) attitudes were varied. The results showed that both horizontal individualism and collectivism were perceived as leading to achievement and relational competence. In turn, vertical individualism led to achievement, whereas vertical collectivism was perceived as inducing only modest relational competence and achievement. Overall, the findings demonstrate that horizontal attitudes were considered functional for a wider range of social outcomes than vertical attitudes.

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Finkelstein, Marcia A. „Individualism/Collectivism and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: An Integrative Framework“. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, Nr. 10 (01.11.2012): 1633–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.10.1633.

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In this study individualism and collectivism are, for the first time, incorporated into a conceptual model of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). I asked whether individualism and collectivism show systematic differences in their relationships with OCB, its motives, and the development of a citizen role identity. Collectivism most strongly correlated with OCB motivated by concern for coworkers. A concept of self as one who helps others at work was also associated with collectivism. Individualism was associated more with a commitment to the well-being of the institution per se rather than to its employees. Individualism and collectivism were related positively, suggesting that these seemingly opposing attributes are complementary; which of these traits predominates may depend on which citizenship behavior is needed at a given time. Overall, the findings suggest that it is not in amount of citizenship that individualists and collectivists differ, but in why they serve and how they perceive the experience.

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Santiago, Jose H., und Santo J. Tarantino. „Individualism and Collectivism: Cultural Orientation in Locus of Control and Moral Attribution under Conditions of Social Change“. Psychological Reports 91, Nr. 3_suppl (Dezember 2002): 1155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3f.1155.

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This study examined the validity of the view that the constructs of individualism and collectivism are coherent cultural manifestations necessarily reflected in an individual's attribution patterns. It was hypothesized that the attribution patterns of locus of control and moral accountability would show divergent individualistic and collectivistic influences in a culture during change from a collectivist culture to an individualist culture. 98 university students from the United States and Puerto Rico were administered the Singelis Individualism-Collectivism Scale, Rotter's Locus of Control Scale, and Miller and Luthar's justice-related moral accountability vignettes. Contrary to expectation, the Puerto Rican sample scored less external in locus of control than the United States sample. No cultural differences in moral accountability were found. No strong correlations were found among the variables at the individual level of analysis. Accounting for these results included the lack of representativeness of the samples, the independence of relation between variables at different levels of analysis, and social change.

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Fowers, Blaine J., Brooks Applegate, Michael Tredinnick und Jason Slusher. „His and Her Individualisms? Sex Bias and Individualism in Psychologists' Responses to Case Vignettes“. Journal of Psychology 130, Nr. 2 (März 1996): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1996.9914998.

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Chiou, Wen-Bin. „Using Cognitive Dissonance to Enhance Faculty Members' Attitudes toward Teaching Online Courses“. Psychological Reports 99, Nr. 2 (Oktober 2006): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.99.2.465-471.

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Adopting a reward strategy for inducing college faculty to teach online courses is expected to cause a positive shift of their attitudes. Based upon dissonance theory, a smaller reward will lead to greater attitude change, and this effect will be more pronounced in individualists. The results of an experimental study showed that individualist teachers exhibited greater attitude change under low reward than under high reward, but the reward effect was not prominent in collectivist teachers. Implications for enhancing college teachers' attitudes toward teaching online courses are discussed.

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Jasielska, Dorota, Maciej Stolarski und Michał Bilewicz. „Biased, Therefore Unhappy: Disentangling the Collectivism-Happiness Relationship Globally“. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, Nr. 8 (02.07.2018): 1227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118784204.

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A relationship between individualism and happiness has been observed in many studies, with collectivist cultures having lower indices of happiness. It is often argued that this effect arises because people in individualist countries have greater independence and more freedom to pursue personal goals. It appears, however, that the association is much more complex than this as many collectivist countries suffer from more basic problems, such as social conflicts, discrimination, and prejudice. We hypothesized that global differences in happiness could be the result of ingroup bias and its consequences, rather than of collectivism itself. To test our hypotheses, we applied a country-level design, where a country is considered a unit of analysis. We found that individualism predicted various aspects of a country’s aggregated level of happiness, but was only a marginal predictor of happiness when ingroup favoritism and group-focused enmity were controlled for. We discuss the implications of these findings from evolutionary and social psychological perspectives.

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Francequin-Chartier, Ginette. „Crédit formation individualisé et évaluation“. L’Orientation scolaire et professionnelle 20, Nr. 1 (1991): 99–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/binop.1991.1353.

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Cet article brosse rapidement l'évolution des mesures prises en direction des jeunes 16-25 ans pour traiter le chômage depuis les quinze dernières années : aides financières, alternance, «pédagogie de la réussite». Depuis 1989, le crédit-formation individualisé avec ses objectifs plus ambitieux accorde une place particulière à l'évaluation par le bilan, au suivi et à la validation. A partir d'un exemple, de mise en œuvre du C.F.I. dans une zone de Paris, est exposée ici une procédure d'évaluation dans un cadre inter-institutionnel, avec l’apport de conseillers d'orientation psychologues.

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Iedema, Jurjen, und Matthijs Poppe. „Causal attribution and self‐justification as explanations for the consensus expectation of one's social value orientation“. European Journal of Personality 8, Nr. 5 (Dezember 1994): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410080505.

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This study focuses on explanations for the perceived consensus of one's own social value orientation. The prediction of the triangle hypothesis that the consensus expectation of individualistic and competitive people is higher than that of cooperative people was partially supported. Only individualists expected their own orientation more frequently of other people. According to a causal attribution explanation, it was expected that subjects' causal attributions for their own orientation to internal and external causes influenced their consensus expectations. Only attributions to internal causes differed significantly between subjects with different orientations and corresponded with their consensus estimates. Individualism was attributed least internally, cooperation most internally, and competition in between. Additionally, direct support for the effect of internal attributions on consensus expectations was found. Compared with subjects who attributed their own orientation more internally, subjects who attributed it less internally were more likely to expect their own orientation among other people. According to a self‐justification explanation, it was hypothesized that the consensus expectations of individualists and competitors would be higher when first their own social orientation was assessed and then the orientation they expected to predominate among others than in the reversed order. This hypothesis was not supported.

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Plusnin, Nicholas, Emiko S. Kashima, Yang Li, Ben C. P. Lam und Shihui Han. „Avoidant Attachment as a Panacea against Collective Mortality Concerns: A Cross-Cultural Comparison between Individualist and Collectivist Cultures“. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 52, Nr. 4 (02.04.2021): 354–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220221211005075.

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Despite the universality of cultural worldviews and self-esteem in providing people with general protection against death anxiety, recent empirical and anecdotal evidence suggests that death anxiety is more pronounced in East-Asian collectivist cultures than in Western individualist cultures. We propose that collectivists are encumbered by the additive concerns for the mortal well-being of close others in addition to their own, whereas individualists are primarily concerned with their own mortality, which would explain the reported differential death anxiety between cultures. Focusing on individual differences in attachment avoidance, we predicted that avoidant collectivists, with disinterest in interpersonal relationships and staunch independence despite living in a collectivist culture, would report less death anxiety on par with enculturated individualists. Results from our study support the contention that elevated levels of death anxiety among collectivists are explained by their cultural predilection toward interdependence, which attachment avoidance undermines, thus leading to reduced death anxiety.

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Mera-Lemp, María José, Gonzalo Martínez-Zelaya und Marian Bilbao. „Adolescentes chilenos ante la inmigración latinoamericana: perfiles aculturativos, prejuicio, autoeficacia cultural y bienestar“. Revista de Psicología 39, Nr. 2 (21.07.2021): 849–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18800/psico.202102.012.

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El nuevo escenario sociocultural producido por la inmigración en los colegios implica un complejo proceso de ajuste psicosocial. Los estudiantes nacionales también deben enfrentar diversos y nuevos desafíos producto de la inmigración, que se vinculan tanto con la percepción y gestión de las diferencias culturales. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar perfiles aculturativos en una muestra de estudiantes secundarios chilenos (N = 426). El análisis de conglomerados permitió encontrar una solución de tres perfiles aculturativos (Individualismo Tolerante, Individualista Indiferenciado y Etnocentrista Indiferenciado). Los resultados muestran que dichos perfiles se diferencian en Prejuicio Afectivo, Autoeficacia Cultural y Bienestar. Se discute sobre la importancia de generar entornos que favorezcan el contacto intergrupal positivo, para así posibilitar el desarrollo de la competencia intercul-tural desde etapas tempranas de la vida.

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Palmieri, Marilícia Witzler Antunes, und Angela Uchoa Branco. „Educação infantil, cooperação e competição: análise microgenética sob uma perspectiva sociocultural“. Psicologia Escolar e Educacional 11, Nr. 2 (Dezember 2007): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-85572007000200014.

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O estudo analisa as práticas de socialização promovidas no contexto da educação infantil a partir de uma perspectiva sociocultural construtivista do desenvolvimento humano. Seu objetivo foi investigar a promoção e/ou inibição de diferentes modalidades de interdependência humana (cooperação, competição e individualismo) articuladas às interações específicas e às orientações para crenças e valores sociais a elas associadas. Para tanto, realizou-se a análise dos padrões de interação social apresentados por duas professoras e seus alunos de 4 a 6 anos. Os resultados mostram a promoção de padrões de interação individualista e competitivo sendo observado reduzido incentivo à experiência coletiva da cooperação, seja na estrutura e dinâmica das atividades diárias, seja durante a sessão estruturada pela professora e analisada em nível microgenético.

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Hsiao, Hsinyi. „A Cross-Cultural Study of Organizational Work–Family Initiatives, Work Demands and Conflict, and Job-Related Outcomes among Working Parents across 24 Countries“. Cross-Cultural Research 56, Nr. 2-3 (24.02.2022): 268–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10693971221075208.

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To examine applicability of the work–family interface consisting of work–family initiatives, work demands, work–family conflict, and job-related outcomes developed in Western societies across countries with individualist and collectivist cultures, the present study used data collected by the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) in 2005 from 6878 parents in 24 countries through random sampling. Results from multigroup structural equation modeling analyses showed that parental work–family experiences are highly susceptible to cultural values and gender roles. These relationships among variables differed by gender across four groups ranging from high-individualism to high-collectivism. Fathers in highly individualist countries (e.g., Great Britain and the United States) were most affected by the work–family model, whereas mothers in highly collectivist countries (e.g., Mexico and the Philippines) were most influenced by the model. Findings of the present study highlight the importance of general and culture-specific practices for multinational organizations to help their employees address work–family issues.

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Dargan, Sereena, Kristi Baerg MacDonald und Julie Aitken Schermer. „Exploring Locus-of-Hope: Relational Tendencies, Self-Esteem, Attachment, and Gender“. Behavioral Sciences 11, Nr. 9 (03.09.2021): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs11090120.

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Background: As little research has been devoted to examining associations between the four locus-of-hope dimensions (internal, external—peer, external—family, and external—spiritual) and individual differences, the current study explores the correlations with individual-level individualist and collectivist relational tendencies, self-esteem, insecure attachment, and gender within a culturally diverse sample of university undergraduate students. Methods: questionnaires were completed by a culturally diverse sample of undergraduate students measuring locus-of-hope, individualist and collectivist relational tendencies, self-esteem, insecure attachment, and gender. Results: State and trait locus-of-hope were significantly correlated. Individualism showed positive correlations with internal and external—family locus-of-hope. Collectivism positively correlated with internal locus-of-hope and the three external locus-of-hope dimensions. Internal locus-of-hope was significantly predicted by self-esteem, relational self-esteem, individualism, and collectivism. External—spiritual locus-of-hope was not significantly predicted by the variables. External—family locus-of-hope was significantly predicted by relational self-esteem and collectivism and external—peer locus-of hope was significantly predicted by relational self-esteem, collectivism, and avoidant attachment style. No significant gender differences in locus-of-hope were found. Conclusions: The results provide further understanding about the construct of locus-of-hope and provide a foundation for future research to continue exploring the role of locus-of-hope in the development and expression of self-esteem and attachment profiles.

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Huang, Yi-Hui, Olwen Bedford und Yin Zhang. „The relational orientation framework for examining culture in Chinese societies“. Culture & Psychology 24, Nr. 4 (13.10.2017): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x17729362.

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Individualist and collectivist cultural frameworks have been the dominant research paradigm in cross-cultural studies despite evidence of conceptual and measurement problems with collectivism. We propose a new theoretical framework of psychological functioning in Chinese societies that captures some of the useful elements of collectivism without its drawbacks. The relational orientation framework takes into account the variety of relations in an individual’s social and cultural environment. The model comprises a structural–relational factor grounded in sociological structuration theory and relational orientation characteristics, and a rational–relational factor that captures important aspects of agency based on social exchange theory. We discuss the framework’s role in providing an alternative to methodological individualism for research in Chinese societies.

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Apostolidis, Thémis. „Representations sociales et triangulation: une application en psychologie sociale de la sante“. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa 22, Nr. 2 (August 2006): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-37722006000200011.

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La relation du contexte social et de la santé représente un enjeu de recherche important pour les développements actuels en psychologie sociale de la santé. L'approche des représentations sociales offre un cadre d'analyse de la pensée sociale profane concernant la maladie, en rupture avec la tradition cognitiviste et individualiste dominante dans les analyses psychosociales des risques sanitaires. Sur le plan théorico-méthodologique, cette approche permet une étude contextualisée des processus sociocognitifs qui interviennent dans la construction des risques, en opérationnalisant la double nature, produit/processus, de la représentation. Dans cette perspective, la triangulation en tant que stratégie de recherche inductive constitue une démarche privilégiée. Nous présentons une application de cette stratégie à travers une recherche sur les représentations des relations sexuelles et des risques liés au sida chez de jeunes adultes en France et en Grèce. Nous discutons la pertinence de la triangulation pour les approches "multi-niveaux" de la construction des risquesl.

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Cabanas, Edgar. „Positive Psychology and the legitimation of individualism“. Theory & Psychology 28, Nr. 1 (23.01.2018): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354317747988.

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Positive Psychology (PP) has been firmly institutionalized as a worldwide phenomenon, especially in the last decade. Its promise of well-being has captured many people’s longings for solutions in times of significant social uncertainty, instability, and insecurity. The field, nevertheless, has been severely criticized on multiple fronts. This article argues that positive psychology is characterized by a narrow sense of the social as well as by a strong individualistic bias that reflects the core beliefs of neoliberal ideology. In this regard, the present paper aims to illustrate the extent to which individualism is essential to understanding the theoretical and empirical foundations of PP’s conceptualization of happiness. Additionally, the paper questions whether positive psychology and its individualist conception of human well-being are not themselves contributing to sustain and create some of the dissatisfaction to which they promise a solution.

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Schimmack, Ulrich, Shigehiro Oishi und Ed Diener. „Individualism: A Valid and Important Dimension of Cultural Differences Between Nations“. Personality and Social Psychology Review 9, Nr. 1 (Februar 2005): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0901_2.

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Oyserman, Coon, and Kemmelmeier's (2002) meta-analysis suggested problems in the measurement of individualism and collectivism. Studies using Hofstede's individualism scores show little convergent validity with more recent measures of individualism and collectivism. We propose that the lack of convergent validity is due to national differences in response styles. Whereas Hofstede statistically controlledfor response styles, Oyserman et al.'s meta-analysis relied on uncorrected ratings. Data from an international student survey demonstrated convergent validity between Hofstede's individualism dimension and horizontal individualism when response styles were statistically controlled, whereas uncorrected scores correlated highly with the individualism scores in Oyserman et al.'s meta-analysis. Uncorrected horizontal individualism scores and meta-analytic individualism scores did not correlate significantly with nations' development, whereas corrected horizontal individualism scores and Hofstede's individualism dimension were significantly correlated with development. This pattern of results suggests that individualism is a valid construct for cross-cultural comparisons, but that the measurement of this construct needs improvement.

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Fjneman, Yvonne A., Madde E. Willemsen, Ype H. Poortinga, Fatos G. Erelcin, James Georgas, C. Harry Hui, Kwok Leung und Roy S. Malpass. „Individualism-Collectivism“. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 27, Nr. 4 (Juli 1996): 381–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022196274001.

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Lester, David. „Individualism and Suicide“. Psychological Reports 97, Nr. 2 (Oktober 2005): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.97.2.576-576.

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LESTER, DAVID. „INDIVIDUALISM AND SUICIDE“. Psychological Reports 97, Nr. 6 (2005): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.97.6.576-576.

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Lester, David. „Individualism and Divorce“. Psychological Reports 76, Nr. 1 (Februar 1995): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.1.258.

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Zerubavel, Eviatar, und Eliot R. Smith. „Transcending Cognitive Individualism“. Social Psychology Quarterly 73, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2010): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272510388998.

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Eysenck, H. J. „Individualism and collectivism“. Personality and Individual Differences 20, Nr. 1 (Januar 1996): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(96)90045-8.

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Dubois, Nicole, und Jean-L�on Beauvois. „Normativeness and individualism“. European Journal of Social Psychology 35, Nr. 1 (Januar 2005): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.236.

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Schwarz, Norbert. „Individualism and Collectivism“. Journal of Consumer Psychology 16, Nr. 4 (Januar 2006): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp1604_2.

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Neog, Bhaskarjit. „Metaphysics of Group Moral Responsibility“. Journal of Human Values 26, Nr. 3 (22.05.2020): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971685820923943.

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The concept of group moral responsibility is apparently problematic, in that it is unobvious in what sense a group, which is evidently not a conscious rational subject like an individual person, can be held morally accountable. It is unclear how a group can be said to have the ability to form beliefs and intentions needed for genuine group actions of moral assessment. Broadly speaking, there are two separate platforms from which one can investigate this problem: individualism and collectivism. Subscribing to the doctrinal position of methodological individualism, individualists suggest that individual members are the only capable entities, who can meaningfully bear the burden of moral responsibility, either individually or in a shared way. Collectivists, on the other hand look for an alternative position wherein they advocate the genuine possibility of attributing moral responsibility to groups qua groups. The collectivist approach has received substantial philosophical attention in recent years. However, most supporters of collectivism search for such possibility without strongly invoking the idea of group moral agency. In this article, I argue for an irreducible moral agential status of groups in terms of the intentional actions of their constituent individual members and their special conglomeration. I suggest that certain collective or group entities are capable of being identified as proper agents of moral assessment analogous to that of individual agents of similar assessment.

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Lynch, Christopher. „Individualism and Christianity.“ American Psychologist 56, Nr. 12 (2001): 1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.56.12.1176.

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Realo, Anu, Kati Koido, Eva Ceulemans und Jüri Allik. „Three components of individualism“. European Journal of Personality 16, Nr. 3 (Mai 2002): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.437.

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In this article, following an assumption that individualism and collectivism are separate factors, we have further established that three central components of individualism can be distinguished. In the first part of the article we examined whether the three proposed components of individualism—autonomy, mature self‐responsibility, and uniqueness—can be distinguished from each other in one cultural context, Estonia. A new scale was developed to measure the three aspects of individualism which demonstrated both the reasonable internal‐consistency reliability as well as convergent and divergent validity with several other measures of individualism and collectivism and related constructs. In the second part of the article we studied whether individualism generalizes across specific contexts or domains of social relationships, namely, across relations with family and close others; friends and peers; state and nation. The results of the three‐mode principal component analysis showed that the individualistic tendencies of the respondents did not differ much while measured toward the three types of social relation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Shulruf, Boaz, Marianna Alesi, Laura Ciochină, Luisa Faria, John Hattie, Fu Hong, Anna-Maria Pepi und David Watkins. „Measuring Collectivism and Individualism in the Third Millennium“. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 39, Nr. 2 (01.03.2011): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.2.173.

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The aim in this study was to validate the Auckland Individualism-Collectivism Scale (AICS) across populations from 5 different countries and identify better ways to interpret the scores. Data were collected from New Zealand, Portugal, China, Italy, and Romania. The results indicate that the AICS is not only valid but also highly reliable (α > .70). Cluster analysis identified 4 clusters: low collectivism – high individualism; high collectivism – midlevel individualism; high collectivism – high individualism; and low collectivism – low individualism. Each group included individuals from all 4 clusters. The advantages of the AICS, the use of cluster analysis in cross-cultural measures, and the importance of these measures within the psychoeducational context are discussed.

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Gash, Hugh, und Pilar Domínguez Rodríguez. „Young People's Heroes in France and Spain“. Spanish journal of psychology 12, Nr. 1 (Mai 2009): 246–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600001657.

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Heroes play collectivist or individualist roles in imagination and self-development. Representations of heroic figures in questionnaires given to French (n = 241) and Spanish (n = 227) samples of 10 and 15-year-olds were examined to assess the extent that heroes originated in digital media, and whether they were proximal or distal personalities. There is strong evidence that heroes in this sample were largely learned about in digital media (France 45%, Spain 50%): family and community heroes were a minority (France 11%, Spain 9%). Male heroes were more important to Spanish participants compared to their French peers. The acquisition sequence for hero type reported in the pre-television era, proximal (family and community) to distal (beyond the neighbourhood), is reversed in this study. Generally, 10-year-olds preferred heroes with collectivist qualities and 15 year olds with individualised qualities. Findings are discussed in terms of the emergence of social capital.

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Lester, David. „Individualism and Suicide“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 91, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2000): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.91.3.826.

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Niles, F. Sushila. „Individualism-Collectivism Revisited“. Cross-Cultural Research 32, Nr. 4 (November 1998): 315–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106939719803200401.

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Fowers, Blaine J., und Frank C. Richardson. „Individualism and Aggression“. Theory & Psychology 3, Nr. 3 (August 1993): 351–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354393033005.

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Gouveia, Valdiney V., Josemberg M. de Andrade, Girlene R. de Jesus, Maja Meira und Nilton F. Soares. „Escala multi-fatorial de individualismo e coletivismo: elaboração e validação de construto“. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa 18, Nr. 2 (August 2002): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-37722002000200010.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar uma medida multi-fatorial de atitudes individualistas e coletivistas, comprovando sua validade de construto e convergente. Partiu-se da tipologia de Triandis (1995), acrescentando dois novos componentes destes construtos: o protoindividualismo e o individualismo expressivo. Participaram do estudo 304 pessoas, a maioria do sexo feminino (62,5%), com idade média de 29 anos. Estes responderam a Escala Multi-Fatorial de Individualismo e Coletivismo (EMIC), a Escala de Identificação Endogrupal e uma lista de variáveis demográficas. Comprovou-se a estrutura multi-fatorial da EMIC através de uma análise fatorial confirmatória, que revelou índices aceitáveis de bondade de ajuste (chi2/g.l. = 2,38, AGFI = 0,85 e RMSEA = 0,07). Os Alfas de Cronbach das subescales se situaram entre 0,34 (individualismo horizontal) e 0,68 (coletivismo horizontal). Todos os fatores de individualismo e coletivismo se correlacionaram diretamente com o seu respectivo atributo teórico; a única correlação não significativa foi do individualismo expressivo com o atributo pessoal expressivo (r = 0,08, p > 0,05). Concluiu-se que, comparando com medidas prévias, esta se mostrou adequada, embora se recomende a elaboração de novos itens para contemplar a dimensão do individualismo horizontal.

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Densley, James A., Tianji Cai und Susan Hilal. „Social dominance orientation and trust propensity in street gangs“. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 17, Nr. 6 (18.05.2014): 763–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430214533161.

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The present research demonstrates that social dominance orientation (SDO) and trust propensity provide a valuable theoretical framework and methodological toolkit with which to both assess the concept of “defiant individualism,” Sánchez-Jankowski’s trait theory of gang membership, and understand social-psychological gang processes. The research samples 95 gang members in London, UK, while looking at the effects of age, contact with the gang, and position in the gang on the presence of SDO and trust propensity. Using path analysis, the research demonstrates gang tenure and rank are strong predictors of high SDO and low trust propensity, independent of time spent in the gang, which also significantly predicts high SDO and low trust propensity. High SDO and low trust propensity in gangs are also positively correlated. Gang members, it seems, exhibit a “defiant individualist” social character and both selection and group socialization processes are accountable. Such, in turn, may help explain intergang relations.

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Fox, Dennis R. „Beyond individualism and centralization.“ American Psychologist 41, Nr. 2 (1986): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.41.2.231.

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Martindale, Colin. „Innovation, illegitimacy, and individualism“. Creativity Research Journal 3, Nr. 2 (Januar 1990): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10400419009534343.

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Helgadóttir, Fjóla Dögg, Ross G. Menzies, Mark Onslow, Ann Packman und Sue O'Brian. „Online CBT II: A Phase I Trial of a Standalone, Online CBT Treatment Program for Social Anxiety in Stuttering“. Behaviour Change 26, Nr. 4 (01.12.2009): 254–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.26.4.254.

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AbstractThis paper introduces a novel approach to internet treatment for social anxiety. The goal of this treatment was to address key limitations of current standalone treatments (Helgadottir, Menzies, Onslow, Packman, & O'Brian, 2009). The ‘computer psychologist’ designed for this study used fully automated, prewritten individualised sample answers in order to simulate a human–human interaction through a human–computer interface. Two males who sought treatment for stuttering and met the diagnosis for social phobia according to the DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria were selected for this study. After receiving the treatment, both users no longer met criteria for social phobia. Also, significant improvements were observed on other psychometric tests, including measures of unhelpful cognitions, behavioural avoidance, quality of life, and low mood. The quality of the interaction appeared to be similar to face-to-face therapy, indicating that the ‘computer psychologist’ established an effective therapeutic relationship, and the automated techniques used were sufficiently engaging to prompt users to log on regularly and complete the treatment program.

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Tuchina, O. D., A. B. Kholmogorova, T. V. Agibalova, D. I. Shustov, M. S. Zastrozhin und O. V. Rychkova. „Priming Future Cultural Identities in Self-Defining Future Projections: Findings of a Pilot Online Cross-Sectional Study“. Cultural-Historical Psychology 17, Nr. 3 (2021): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/chp.2021170314.

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A pilot cross-sectional online study attempts to clarify the role of implicit sociocultural attitudes in future thinking and tests a hypothesis that the implicit activation of Individualism / Collectivism concepts changes the content and other characteristics of self-relevant images of the future — self-defining future projections (SDFPs). The study performed in 2019-2020 involved 191 people, mean age — M = 36.9 (SD = 10.4) years. Group 1 underwent Individualism priming: 108 people (11.2% of males), mean age — M = 37.6 (SD = 1.04) years. Group 2 underwent Collectivism priming: 83 people (22.9% of males), age — M = 36 years (SD = 1.13). No significant sociodemographic between-group differences were found (p<0.05). Two versions of the online survey (one with an Individualism priming task and another with a Collectivism priming task) were randomly sent to students and teachers of Russian higher education institutions. After completing the priming task, the respondents constructed SDFPs in line with the definition provided and evaluated their quality. Experts rated SDFP thematic content, integration of meaning and specificity in accordance with valid coding pro¬cedures. Collectivism / Individualism levels were assessed using the INDCOL test. The priming procedure had a small significant effect on SDFP thematic content, interpersonal orientation, and specificity. It was more prominent in the Collectivism priming, although expected correlations between the Individualism and feelings of the Autonomy and Competence need satisfaction in SDFPs were also found. Collectivism seemed to strengthen future thinking overgenerality and to hinder the capacity to reflect on one’s own future. On the contrary, Individualism involves taking personal responsibility, but it seemed to enhance the need for Relatedness and social support (a protective factor in depressive conditions) in a compensatory manner. The data contributes to a further understanding of implicit influences on future thinking and suggest that it is the balance of the Collectivism and Individualism values that is crucial for mental health.

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Houtepen, Rob. „The Meaning of Old Age and the Distribution of Health-Care Resources“. Ageing and Society 15, Nr. 2 (Juni 1995): 219–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00002385.

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ABSTRACTDaniel Callahan has maintained that a common understanding of the meaning of old age and the proper role of old people in society is a prerequisite for decisions on the distribution of health-care resources to the elderly. The call for such a common understanding is traced to the writings of Thomas Cole and Harry Moody. A discussion of their ideas is followed by a philosophical analysis of communitarian accounts of meaning and the good life in general. It is concluded that viable interpretations of the meaning of old age should comply with the values of liberal individualism. Meaning should be localised less at the level of global ideas and images and more at the level of local and heterogeneous practices. The practice of distributing health-care resources cannot and should not be regulated by communitarian interpretations of the value of old age. It would seem to be sufficiently infused by liberal individualist interpretations of meaning and justice.

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Sampson, Edward E. „The debate on individualism: Indigenous psychologies of the individual and their role in personal and societal functioning.“ American Psychologist 43, Nr. 1 (Januar 1988): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.43.1.15.

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Checkland, David. „Individualism, Subjectivism, Democracy, and "Helping" Professions“. Ethics & Behavior 6, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1996): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327019eb0604_4.

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Saunders, Shaun, und Don Munro. „AN EXPLORATORY LOOK AT FROMM'S MARKETING CHARACTER AND INDIVIDUALISM/ COLLECTIVISM“. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 29, Nr. 2 (01.01.2001): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2001.29.2.153.

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Instruments designed to measure Fromm's marketing character (SCOI; Saunders & Munro, 2000) and the vertical and horizontal dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism (Singelis, Triandis, Bhawuk & Gelfand, 1995) were administered to 167 Ss. The hypothesis that scores on the SCOI would be positively correlated with Vertical Individualism was supported. However, there was only partial support for the hypothesis that scores on the SCOI would be positively correlated with Individualism, as the SCOI scores had the same relationship with Collectivism — which was unexpected.

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Chen, Guo-Hai. „Evaluating the Individualism and Collectivism Scale for Use in Mainland China“. Psychological Reports 101, Nr. 1 (August 2007): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.1.93-99.

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A Chinese translation of the 27-item Individualism and Collectivism Scale was administered in southern mainland China to 626 Chinese university students (210 men and 416 women) with a mean age of 19.9 yr. ( SD= 1.5). From analysis of the responses to these items, the prior four factors, Horizontal Individualism, Vertical Individualism, Horizontal Collectivism, and Vertical Collectivism, did not clearly emerge in the Chinese sample. Further research on the viability of the scale and conceptualization of the horizontal and vertical distinction in the Chinese context is recommended.

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Anderson, Kristine L. „Androgeny, Flexibility, and Individualism“. Journal of Personality Assessment 50, Nr. 2 (Juni 1986): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5002_13.

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Chen, Xinguang, Jie Gong, Bin Yu, Shiyue Li, Catherine Striley, Niannian Yang und Fang Li. „Constructs, Concept Mapping, and Psychometric Assessment of the Concise Scale of Individualism–Collectivism“. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 43, Nr. 4 (24.05.2015): 667–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.4.667.

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We developed and psychometrically evaluated the Concise Scale of Individualism–Collectivism (CSIC) to support the growing need for cross-cultural research to better understand the relationship between culture and health. To construct the scale, we used the concept mapping technique. The CSIC contains 18 paired items, 9 of which are used to assess respondents' level of individualism and 9 to assess collectivism, rated using a 5-point Likert scale. We evaluated the instrument using a diverse sample (N = 249, Mage = 29.64, SD = 7.81) consisting of rural-to-urban migrants and nonmigrant rural and urban residents in the city of Wuhan, China. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were .91, .83, and .86 for the total CSIC scale, and for the collectivism and individualism subscales, respectively. A 2-factor model fit the data well, showing that both individualism and collectivism scores significantly differed according to level of education and area of residence, and significantly predicted levels of social capital, social support, resilience, and stress of respondents. We determined that the CSIC has adequate reliability and validity for use in research to quantify cultural beliefs about individualism and collectivism among Chinese adults.

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