Zeitschriftenartikel: „Individual differences scaling“

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Malkoc, G., P. Kay und M. A. Webster. „Individual differences in hue scaling“. Journal of Vision 3, Nr. 12 (28.03.2010): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/3.12.34.

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Emery, Kara, David Peterzell, Vicki Volbrecht und Michael Webster. „Factors underlying individual differences in hue scaling“. Journal of Vision 16, Nr. 12 (01.09.2016): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/16.12.1148.

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3

Ruette, T., und D. Speelman. „Transparent aggregation of variables with Individual Differences Scaling“. Literary and Linguistic Computing 29, Nr. 1 (23.02.2013): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqt011.

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4

Kreiman, Jody, Bruce R. Gerratt, Kristin Precoda und Gerald S. Berke. „Individual Differences in Voice Quality Perception“. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 35, Nr. 3 (Juni 1992): 512–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3503.512.

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Sixteen listeners (10 expert, 6 naive) judged the dissimilarity of pairs of voices drawn from pathological and normal populations. Separate nonmetric multidimensional scaling solutions were calculated for each listener and voice set. The correlations between individual listeners’ dissimilarity ratings were low However, scaling solutions indicated that each subject judged the voices in a reliable, meaningful way. Listeners differed more from one another in their judgments of the pathological voices (which varied widely on a number of acoustic parameters) than they did for the normal voices (which formed a much more homogeneous set acoustically). The acoustic features listeners used to judge dissimilarity were predictable from the characteristics of the stimulus sets’ only parameters that showed substantial variability were perceptually salient across listeners. These results are consistent with prototype models of voice perception They suggest that traditional means of assessing listener reliability n voice perception tasks may not be appropriate, and highlight the importance of using explicit comparisons between stimuli when studying voice quality perception

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Adams, L., N. Chronos, R. Lane und A. Guz. „The measurement of breathlessness induced in normal subjects: individual differences“. Clinical Science 70, Nr. 2 (01.02.1986): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0700131.

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1. Normal subjects show wide variability in their sensory scaling of breathlessness for equivalent degrees of ventilatory stimulation and behave ‘characteristically’ irrespective of stimulus type. 2. Observed differences are not explained by physical characteristics, ventilatory sensitivity or pattern of breathing although there is a weak association with the degree of physical fitness. 3. Differences are seen when scaling is performed with reference to both rigidly defined extremes of breathlessness (visual analogue scaling) and a subject's own relative changes in the intensity of this sensation (magnitude estimation). 4. These findings may explain the common observation, in patients with respiratory disease, of dyspnoea out of proportion to the pathophysiological state.

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Köhn, Hans-Friedrich. „Combinatorial individual differences scaling within the city-block metric“. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 51, Nr. 2 (November 2006): 931–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2005.09.013.

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7

Shrivastav, Rahul. „Multidimensional Scaling of Breathy Voice Quality: Individual Differences in Perception“. Journal of Voice 20, Nr. 2 (Juni 2006): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2005.04.005.

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8

Winter, Edward M. „Scaling: Partitioning out Differences in Size“. Pediatric Exercise Science 4, Nr. 4 (November 1992): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.4.4.296.

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In his “Editor’s Notes,” Rowland (15) raised an issue that is fundamentally important but frequently appears to be misunderstood. The issue is scaling, that is, the means of partitioning out differences in size. Because physiological variables are often dependent on size, an adjustment has to be made to “normalize” for body dimensions and assess more precisely a particular characteristic. These adjustments have four main applications: (a) to an individual who is compared against standards for the purposes of assessment; (b) in comparisons between groups; (c) in longitudinal studies, especially with children, in which for instance the effects of training have to be disentangled from the effects of growth and development; and (d) in studies that explore the relationship between physiological variables and performance. The purpose of this review is to assess the most appropriate means of scaling and demonstrate how well-intentioned, but nevertheless incorrect, scaling techniques have probably produced misleading results and retarded progress in our understanding of the physiology of exercise.

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Nowicki, Julie R., und Bruce G. Coury. „Individual Differences in Processing Strategy for a Bargraph Display“. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, Nr. 19 (Oktober 1993): 1315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118193784162317.

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The bargraph has been described in several ways: as a separable display, as an integral display, and as a configural display with emergent features. The versatility of the bargraph may be in part due to the support it provides for different individual processing strategies. This research identifies two general types of strategies - holistic and analytic - which are developed by individuals to solve a classification problem on the bargraph. Multidimensional scaling (MDS), response times, and verbal reports are used to analyze individual strategies. Individuals who developed holistic strategies produced significantly faster reaction times, and reported simple, efficient strategies, with the emergent feature of bargraph shape as an important dimension. The results indicate that the bargraph provides perceptual features which can support several general types of processing strategy.

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Kim, Kyung-Sun, Eun-Young Yoo, Nahyun Kwon und Sei-Ching Joanna Sin. „Individual differences in source selection behavior: Profile analyses via multidimensional scaling“. Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 46, Nr. 1 (2009): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/meet.2009.14504603119.

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11

Federico, Pat-Anthony. „Individual Differences in Metacognitive Decision Making and Situation Assessment“. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, Nr. 13 (Oktober 1995): 878–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503901305.

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28 senior naval officers (experts) and 48 junior naval officers (novices) (1) categorized tactical situations, (2) performed pairwise similarity ratings of them, and (3) represented their metacognitive models of tactical decision making as graphic weighted networks. Multidimensional scaling was conducted employing subjects’ pairwise similarity ratings of tactical situations. Using classification measures and multidimensional weights as dependent variables and salient metacognitive link weights as independent variables, two one-way multivariate analyses of covariance between experts and novices and associated statistics were computed. Some of the results of canonical and regression analyses and product-moment correlations validated an important aspect of a metacognitive model of naturalistic schema-driven tactical decision making. They established significant associations of the two link weights connecting event sequence and similarity recognition to situation assessment with actual performances on the two experimental tasks requiring situation assessment. These findings demonstrated (1) the importance of event sequence and similarity recognition as necessary input to situation assessment, and (2) these two metacognitive links are significantly associated with the recognition of similar scenarios. Experts and novices did not differ significantly in (1) the number of categories, scenarios per category, and times to classify the tactical situations during sorting and resorting, and (2) their derived weights along the two dimensions, warfare tempo and reaction time, of the multidimensional scaling solution.

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Schwarz, Daniel, Denise Traber und Kenneth Benoit. „Estimating Intra-Party Preferences: Comparing Speeches to Votes“. Political Science Research and Methods 5, Nr. 2 (21.12.2015): 379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2015.77.

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Well-established methods exist for measuring party positions, but reliable means for estimating intra-party preferences remain underdeveloped. While most efforts focus on estimating the ideal points of individual legislators based on inductive scaling of roll call votes, this data suffers from two problems: selection bias due to unrecorded votes and strong party discipline, which tends to make voting a strategic rather than a sincere indication of preferences. By contrast, legislative speeches are relatively unconstrained, as party leaders are less likely to punish MPs for speaking freely as long as they vote with the party line. Yet, the differences between roll call estimations and text scalings remain essentially unexplored, despite the growing application of statistical analysis of textual data to measure policy preferences. Our paper addresses this lacuna by exploiting a rich feature of the Swiss legislature: on most bills, legislators both vote and speak many times. Using this data, we compare text-based scaling of ideal points to vote-based scaling from a crucial piece of energy legislation. Our findings confirm that text scalings reveal larger intra-party differences than roll calls. Using regression models, we further explain the differences between roll call and text scalings by attributing differences to constituency-level preferences for energy policy.

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Hollins, Mark, Sliman Bensmaïa, Kristie Karlof und Forrest Young. „Individual differences in perceptual space for tactile textures: Evidence from multidimensional scaling“. Perception & Psychophysics 62, Nr. 8 (Dezember 2000): 1534–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03212154.

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Janal, Malvin N., W. Crawford Clark und J. Douglas Carroll. „Multidimensional scaling of painful and innocuous electrocutaneous stimuli: Reliability and individual differences“. Perception & Psychophysics 50, Nr. 2 (März 1991): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03212212.

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15

Middlebrooks, John C. „Individual differences in external-ear transfer functions reduced by scaling in frequency“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106, Nr. 3 (September 1999): 1480–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.427176.

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Okada, Kensuke, und Michael D. Lee. „A Bayesian approach to modeling group and individual differences in multidimensional scaling“. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 70 (Februar 2016): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2015.12.005.

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17

Oksanen, Jari, und Pertti Huttunen. „Finding a common ordination for several data sets by individual differences scaling“. Vegetatio 83, Nr. 1-2 (Oktober 1989): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00031686.

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Ochiai, Isao, und Takumi Yamamoto. „A multidimensional scaling of individual differences in cognitive structures of rugby footbal positions“. Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences) 36, Nr. 4 (1992): 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5432/jjpehss.kj00003391836.

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19

Veilleux, Nanette, Jon Barnes, Alejna Brugos und Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel. „Individual differences in the perception of fundamental frequency scaling in American English speech“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 135, Nr. 4 (April 2014): 2195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4877156.

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20

Tollin, Daniel J. „Frequency scaling reduces individual differences in external‐ear transfer functions in developing cats“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120, Nr. 5 (November 2006): 3212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4788135.

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21

Hentschel, Uwe, und Nana Sumbadze. „INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN MINDSCAPES AND ATTITUDES: AN EXPLORATORY CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY“. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 30, Nr. 3 (01.01.2002): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.3.213.

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In order to elicit correlates of Maruyama's (1992) mindscape types, 144 respondents from Germany, the Netherlands and the Republic of Georgia (70 men, 74 women, 48 from each country) were given TOB figures and mindscape pictures. Furthermore, their attitudes towards two technology items (high-speed trains and nuclear power) were registered. An optimal scaling procedure (OVERALS) was used for analyzing the cultural and gender-specific differences with regard to the mindscape types. Group differences in the high-tech attitudes were tested by means of Chi-square analyses. The meaning of the results is discussed from the viewpoints of hypothesis testing as contrasted to the construction of an open-ended taxonomy.

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Ohkoba, Minoru, Tomoharu Ishikawa, Shoko Hira, Sakuichi Ohtsuka und Miyoshi Ayama. „Analysis of Hue Circle Perception of Congenital Red-green Congenital Color Deficiencies Based on Color Vision Model“. Color and Imaging Conference 2020, Nr. 28 (04.11.2020): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2169-2629.2020.28.15.

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To investigate individual property of internal color representation of congenital red-green color-deficient observers (CDOs) and color-normal observers (CNOs) precisely, difference scaling experiment using pairs of primary colors was carried out for protans, deutans, and normal trichromats, and the results were analyzed using multi-dimensional Scaling (MDS). MDS configuration of CNOs showed circular shape similar to hue circle, whereas that of CNO showed large individual differences from circular to U- shape. Distortion index, DI, is proposed to express the shape variation of MDS configuration. All color chips were plotted in the color vision space, (L, r/g, y/b), and the MDS using a non-linear conversion from the distance in the color vision space to perceptual difference scaling was successful to obtain U-shape configuration that reflects internal color representation of CDOs.

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Greenwood, Pamela M., John A. Fossella und Raja Parasuraman. „Specificity of the Effect of a Nicotinic Receptor Polymorphism on Individual Differences in Visuospatial Attention“. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2005): 1611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892905774597281.

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Cortical neurotransmitter availability is known to exert domain-specific effects on cognitive performance. Hence, normal variation in genes with a role in neurotransmission may also have specific effects on cognition. We tested this hypothesis by examining associations between polymorphisms in genes affecting cholinergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission and individual differences in visuospatial attention. Healthy individuals were administered a cued visual search task which varied the size of precues to the location of a target letter embedded in a 15-letter array. Cues encompassed 1, 3, 9, or 15 letters. Search speed increased linearly with precue size, indicative of a spatial attentional scaling mechanism. The strength of attentional scaling increased progressively with the number of C alleles (0, 1, or 2) of the alpha-4 nicotinic receptor gene C1545T polymorphism (n = 104). No association was found for the dopamine beta hydroxylase gene G444A polymorphism (n = 135). These findings point to the specificity of genetic neuromodulation. Whereas variation in a gene linked to cholinergic transmission systematically modulated the ability to scale the focus of visuospatial attention, variation in a gene governing dopamine availability did not. The results show that normal variation in a gene controlling a nicotinic receptor makes a selective contribution to individual differences in visuospatial attention.

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Doruska, Paul F., und David W. Patterson. „An Individual-Tree, Merchantable Stem, Green Weight Equation for Loblolly Pine Pulpwood in Arkansas, Including Seasonal Effects“. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 30, Nr. 2 (01.05.2006): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/30.2.61.

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Abstract An individual-tree, merchantable stem (3-in. top), outside-bark, green weight equation was developed for loblolly pine pulpwood trees in southeast Arkansas. Trees were sampled from the same eight stands over the four seasons of the year; therefore, stand-to-stand variation did not impact results. Specific gravity did not differ within stem position across seasons. However, seasonal differences in moisture content led to different weight scaling factors by season, the largest weight scaling factor occurring in spring. As a result, the weight equation is parameterized differently based on season of the year. Stand origin (natural regeneration versus plantation) did not significantly impact weight scaling factor. The fitted equation explained 97% of the variation present in the data and possessed a mean absolute error of 24.1 lb per tree. Assuming the climatic conditions during the project were typical; up to a 6% difference in estimated merchantable stem weight occurs based on season of the year. Use of this equation and these results should assist those inventorying, buying, and selling loblolly pine pulpwood by weight in southeast Arkansas and nearby surrounding regions.

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Garcı́a-Mira, Ricardo, Constantino Arce und José M. Sabucedo. „PERCEIVED QUALITY OF NEIGHBOURHOODS IN A CITY IN NORTHWEST SPAIN: AN INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES SCALING APPROACH“. Journal of Environmental Psychology 17, Nr. 3 (September 1997): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1997.0058.

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Demetriou, Andreas, Maria Platsidou, Anastasia Efklides, Yiota Metallidou und Michael Shayer. „The development of quantitative-relational abilities from childhood to adolescence: Structure, scaling, and individual differences“. Learning and Instruction 1, Nr. 1 (Januar 1991): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-4752(91)90017-3.

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Brockhoff, Per Bruun, Pascal Schlich und Ib Skovgaard. „Taking individual scaling differences into account by analyzing profile data with the Mixed Assessor Model“. Food Quality and Preference 39 (Januar 2015): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.07.005.

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Shinkareva, Svetlana V., Jing Wang und Douglas H. Wedell. „Examining Similarity Structure: Multidimensional Scaling and Related Approaches in Neuroimaging“. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/796183.

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This paper covers similarity analyses, a subset of multivariate pattern analysis techniques that are based on similarity spaces defined by multivariate patterns. These techniques offer several advantages and complement other methods for brain data analyses, as they allow for comparison of representational structure across individuals, brain regions, and data acquisition methods. Particular attention is paid to multidimensional scaling and related approaches that yield spatial representations or provide methods for characterizing individual differences. We highlight unique contributions of these methods by reviewing recent applications to functional magnetic resonance imaging data and emphasize areas of caution in applying and interpreting similarity analysis methods.

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Vieira, S. R., P. M. Tillotson, J. W. Biggar und D. R. Nielsen. „Scaling of semivariograms and the kriging estimation of field-measured properties“. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 21, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1997): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06831997000400001.

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Two methods were evaluated for scaling a set of semivariograms into a unified function for kriging estimation of field-measured properties. Scaling is performed using sample variances and sills of individual semivariograms as scale factors. Theoretical developments show that kriging weights are independent of the scaling factor which appears simply as a constant multiplying both sides of the kriging equations. The scaling techniques were applied to four sets of semivariograms representing spatial scales of 30 x 30 m to 600 x 900 km. Experimental semivariograms in each set successfully coalesced into a single curve by variances and sills of individual semivariograms. To evaluate the scaling techniques, kriged estimates derived from scaled semivariogram models were compared with those derived from unscaled models. Differences in kriged estimates of the order of 5% were found for the cases in which the scaling technique was not successful in coalescing the individual semivariograms, which also means that the spatial variability of these properties is different. The proposed scaling techniques enhance interpretation of semivariograms when a variety of measurements are made at the same location. They also reduce computational times for kriging estimations because kriging weights only need to be calculated for one variable. Weights remain unchanged for all other variables in the data set whose semivariograms are scaled.

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Emery, Kara, Vicki Volbrecht, David Peterzell und Michael Webster. „Individual differences in hue scaling suggest mechanisms narrowly tuned for color and broadly tuned for lightness“. Journal of Vision 17, Nr. 10 (31.08.2017): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.10.394.

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Darcy, Maria, Debbiesiu Lee und Terence J. G. Tracey. „Complementary Approaches to Individual Differences Using Paired Comparisons and Multidimensional Scaling: Applications to Multicultural Counseling Competence.“ Journal of Counseling Psychology 51, Nr. 2 (April 2004): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.2.139.

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32

Zubritzky, Monica C., und Bruce G. Coury. „Multidimensional Scaling as a Method for Probing the Conceptual Structure of State Categories: An Individual Differences Analysis“. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 31, Nr. 1 (September 1987): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128703100124.

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Identifying the underlying decision criteria used by operators to classify system state, and revealing the way in which that information is internally represented is one of the challenges facing designers of control systems. This paper describes the use of multidimensional scaling (MDS) to probe the structure and composition of the internal conceptual models used by operators to identify system state. Specifically, the issue of individual differences in mental model is addressed, as well as the impact of these differences on individual performance in a classification task. Twenty subjects were trained as operators to classify instances of system data into one of four system state categories. After training, subjects were asked to rate the similarity between instances of system state. Results showed that the dominant dimensions used by an individual are related to his/her performance on the classification task.

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Welsman, Joanne R., und Neil Armstrong. „Statistical Techniques for Interpreting Body Size–Related Exercise Performance during Growth“. Pediatric Exercise Science 12, Nr. 2 (Mai 2000): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.12.2.112.

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This paper reviews some of the statistical methods available for controlling for body size differences in the interpretation of developmental changes in exercise performance. For cross-sectional data analysis simple per body mass ratio scaling continues to be widely used, but is frequently ineffective as the computed ratio remains correlated with body mass. Linear regression techniques may distinguish group differences more appropriately but, as illustrated, only allometric (log-linear regression) scaling appropriately removes body size differences while accommodating the heteroscedasticity common in exercise performance data. The analysis and interpretation of longitudinal data within an allometric framework is complex. More established methods such as ontogenetic allometry allow insights into individual size-function relationships but are unable to describe adequately population effects or changes in the magnitude of the response. The recently developed multilevel regression modeling technique represents a flexible and sensitive solution to such problems allowing both individual and group responses to be modeled concurrently.

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Bimler, David, John Kirkland und Shaun Pichler. „Escher in color space: Individual-differences multidimensional scaling of color dissimilarities collected with a gestalt formation task“. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 36, Nr. 1 (Februar 2004): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03195550.

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Kennedy, Robert S., Lawrence J. Hettinger, Deborah L. Harm, J. Mark Ordy und William P. Dunlap. „Psychophysical Scaling of Circular Vection (CV) Produced by Optokinetic (OKN) Motion: Individual Differences and Effects of Practice“. Journal of Vestibular Research 6, Nr. 5 (1996): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1996-6502.

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Rakerd, Brad, und Robert R. Verbrugge. „Linguistic and acoustic correlates of the perceptual structure found in an individual differences scaling study of vowels“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 77, Nr. 1 (Januar 1985): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.392393.

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Hofstee, Willem K. B. „Types and variables: towards a congenial procedure for handling personality data“. European Journal of Personality 16, Nr. 1_suppl (März 2002): S89—S96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.447.

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Standard procedures for processing and interpreting data in personality assessment run the risk of losing their audience. Most notably, relative scaling of data, whether through interindividual or intra‐individual comparison, leads to losing either the persons or the variables from view. I set out an alternative, more congenial procedure for handling personality data, consisting of (i) translating assessments to a bipolar bounded scale running from − 1 to + 1, (ii) adopting the uncorrected average cross‐product (ACP) as the index of association or correspondence between variables and between individuals, and (iii) applying raw‐scores principal component analysis to find factors and types. The ACP index appears eminently fit for handling individual (N = 1) cases. Adoption of the congenial procedure would imply a substantive correction of one's views of individual differences in personality and their structure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Kohn, Luci Ann P., Michael W. Vannier, Jeffrey L. Marsh und James M. Cheverud. „Effect of Premature Sagittal Suture Closure on Craniofacial Morphology in a Prehistoric Male Hopi“. Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 31, Nr. 5 (September 1994): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1994_031_0385_eopssc_2.3.co_2.

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Scaphocephaly is caused by premature sagittal suture closure. It restricts medial-lateral growth of the cranial vault which appears longer and narrower than normal. We examined how this natural malformation affected morphology of the cranial base and face. A prehistoric adult male Hopi with scaphocephaly was compared to 19 normal male Hopi (Old Walpi Series, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL). Three-dimensional coordinates of 53 landmarks were recorded on the cranial vault, cranial base, and face. Finite element scaling analysis was used to test for significant differences between the scaphocephalic and normal Individuals in craniofacial morphology. Finite element scaling results indicated that scaphocephaly has a profound effect on cranial vault morphology. However, morphology of the cranial base and face were only slightly affected and, typically, are within the normal range of variation for the sample. An abnormality in the cranial base Is not associated with scaphocephaly in this individual.

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Latash, Mark L., Fan Gao und Vladimir M. Zatsiorsky. „Similarities and Differences in Finger Interaction across Typical and Atypical Subpopulations“. Journal of Applied Biomechanics 19, Nr. 3 (August 2003): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.19.3.264.

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The method of multidimensional scaling was applied to matrices of finger interaction (IFM) computed for individual participants for finger force production tasks. When IFMs for young controls, elderly, and persons with Down syndrome were pooled, only two dimensions described interpersonal differences; these were related to total force and to the total amount of enslaving. When IFMs for each group were analyzed separately, subpopulation-specific dimensions were found. Potentially, this analysis can be applied to discover meaningful dimensions that reflect differences in indices of finger interaction across and within subpopulations which differ in their apparent ability to use the hand. It may also be useful for tracking changes in finger interaction that occur in the process of specialized training or motor rehabilitation.

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Moroz, Kaleriya, Elena Kizhevatova, Vitaly Omelchenko, Karina Karakhanyan und Natalia Korotkieva. „Application of multidimensional scaling method for analysis of EEG features in patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy“. E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 17005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021017005.

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The object of our work is to test the possibility of using the method of multidimensional scaling to identify the features of EEG in order to classify subjects in patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy and healthy people by establishing differences in the graphs of the dynamics of the location of vectors in the multidimensional coordinate space. For healthy subjects, in almost all tests, there is a coincidence or close location of the spatial coordinates of the multidimensional scaling. For patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy, there is no marked coincidence of coordinates; however, in some cases it is possible to group the data into local areas according to individual tests. The use of the method of multidimensional scaling in the diagnosis of dyscirculatory encephalopathy allows the analysis of the patient's condition, makes it possible to identify the degree of the disease

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Ding, Cody S. „Studying growth heterogeneity with multidimensional scaling profile analysis“. International Journal of Behavioral Development 31, Nr. 4 (Juli 2007): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025407077756.

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Different growth patterns are quite possible when data include sources of population heterogeneity. The sources of growth heterogeneity may be observed or latent. This article discusses how multidimensional scaling (MDS) can, in the framework of growth mixture modeling, provide an exploratory technique for identifying potential latent growth profiles, which may be indicative of growth associated with population heterogeneity. MDS can be used to examine the likelihood that latent growth profiles represent either known or unknown subgroups in the population. In addition, the association between latent growth profiles and other covariates can be studied. Characteristics of MDS profile analysis are described in comparison with other techniques commonly used for growth mixture modeling. A step-by-step analysis of two empirical examples illustrates how the MDS profile analysis provides an alternative tool for identifying growth trends and studying individual differences with respect to these growth trends.

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Choi, Sang Hyun, Vikyath D. Rao, Tim Gernat, Adam R. Hamilton, Gene E. Robinson und Nigel Goldenfeld. „Individual variations lead to universal and cross-species patterns of social behavior“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, Nr. 50 (30.11.2020): 31754–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002013117.

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The duration of interaction events in a society is a fundamental measure of its collective nature and potentially reflects variability in individual behavior. Here we performed a high-throughput measurement of trophallaxis and face-to-face event durations experienced by a colony of honeybees over their entire lifetimes. The interaction time distribution is heavy-tailed, as previously reported for human face-to-face interactions. We developed a theory of pair interactions that takes into account individual variability and predicts the scaling behavior for both bee and extant human datasets. The individual variability of worker honeybees was nonzero but less than that of humans, possibly reflecting their greater genetic relatedness. Our work shows how individual differences can lead to universal patterns of behavior that transcend species and specific mechanisms for social interactions.

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Garland, T., und P. L. Else. „Seasonal, sexual, and individual variation in endurance and activity metabolism in lizards“. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 252, Nr. 3 (01.03.1987): R439—R449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.3.r439.

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Amphibolurus nuchalis were collected in central Australia during mid- (January) and late summer (March). Endurance time at 1 km/h on a motorized treadmill is greater in larger lizards, scaling as M0.65. Maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) scales as M0.96; standard metabolic rate (SMR) scales as M0.83. Factorial aerobic scope thus increases ontogenetically (9.4 at 1 g vs. 15 at 50 g). All organ masses scale allometrically; larger lizards have relatively smaller livers, but larger hearts and thigh muscles. Hematocrit and hemoglobin increase during early ontogeny, but are mass independent in adults. Maximal in vitro catalytic rates were determined for citrate synthase (CS) and pyruvate kinase (PK) in liver, heart, and thigh muscle and for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (lactate oxidation) in heart. All enzyme activities (expressed per g tissue) scale positively, except CS in heart. Females exhibit lower SMR and heart CS activity. March animals exhibit elevated endurance, VO2max, heart LDH, and thigh CS and PK activities. Individual variation in endurance correlates with individual differences in heart LDH and thigh CS and/or PK activities. Individual differences in VO2max are partly related to variation in hematocrit.

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Nygren, Thomas E., Susan Schnipke und Gary Reid. „Individual Differences in Perceived Importance of SWAT Workload Dimensions: Effects on Judgment and Performance in a Virtual High Workload Environment“. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, Nr. 11 (Oktober 1998): 816–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804201110.

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The Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT) is a numerical conjoint scaling procedure that is often used to construct estimates of overall perceived workload and the importance of component dimensions of time, effort, and stress load demands in evaluating workload. In this study initial SWAT scales were first constructed for 124 individuals who were then classified into one of six “workload prototype” groups based on a cluster analysis of their derived SWAT dimension weights. Individuals were then placed into three different virtual environment scenarios for which the task had either a high time, high mental effort, or high stress load component, respectively. Workload judgments and performance scores were obtained for each scenario. Results indicated that how individuals weighted the SWAT dimensions influenced both their judged workload for the scenarios and their performance measures in each scenario.

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WHELEHAN, O. P., H. J. H. MACFIE und N. G. BAUST. „USE OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES SCALING FOR SENSORY STUDIES: SIMULATED RECOVERY OF STRUCTURE UNDER VARIOUS MISSING VALUE RATES AND ERROR LEVELS“. Journal of Sensory Studies 2, Nr. 1 (März 1987): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459x.1987.tb00182.x.

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Brunetti, M. T., F. Guzzetti und M. Rossi. „Probability distributions of landslide volumes“. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 16, Nr. 2 (11.03.2009): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-16-179-2009.

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Abstract. We examine 19 datasets with measurements of landslide volume, VL, for sub-aerial, submarine, and extraterrestrial mass movements. Individual datasets include from 17 to 1019 landslides of different types, including rock fall, rock slide, rock avalanche, soil slide, slide, and debris flow, with individual landslide volumes ranging over 10−4 m3≤VL≤1013 m3. We determine the probability density of landslide volumes, p(VL), using kernel density estimation. Each landslide dataset exhibits heavy tailed (self-similar) behaviour for their frequency-size distributions, p(VL) as a function of VL, for failures exceeding different threshold volumes, VL*, for each dataset. These non-cumulative heavy-tailed distributions for each dataset are negative power-laws, with exponents 1.0≤β≤1.9, and averaging β≈1.3. The scaling behaviour of VL for the ensemble of the 19 datasets is over 17 orders of magnitude, and is independent of lithological characteristics, morphological settings, triggering mechanisms, length of period and extent of the area covered by the datasets, presence or lack of water in the failed materials, and magnitude of gravitational fields. We argue that the statistics of landslide volume is conditioned primarily on the geometrical properties of the slope or rock mass where failures occur. Differences in the values of the scaling exponents reflect the primary landslide types, with rock falls exhibiting a smaller scaling exponent (1.1≤β≤1.4) than slides and soil slides (1.5≤β≤1.9). We argue that the difference is a consequence of the disparity in the mechanics of rock falls and slides.

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Kendall, Roger A., und Edward C. Carterette. „Perceptual Scaling of Simultaneous Wind Instrument Timbres“. Music Perception 8, Nr. 4 (1991): 369–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285519.

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Timbral similarities among wind instrument duos were studied. Flute, oboe, E♭ alto saxophone, B♭ clarinet, and B♭ trumpet instrumentalists performed in all possible duo pairings (dyads). Source material included B♭4 unisons, unison melody, major thirds, and harmonized melody. Nonunison combinations had each instrument of the pair as the soprano, creating a total of six contexts. Music major and nonmusic major subjects rated the similarity of all possible pairs of dyads in each of the six contexts. Classical multidimensional scaling (MDS) was performed; contexts were treated as " subjects" in an individual differences scaling (INDSCAL) analysis of composite data. The resulting spaces had two stable, interpretable dimensions. From verbal attribute rating experiments ( Kendall & Carterette, in preparation, a), these were identified as " nasal" vs. " not nasal," and " rich" vs. " brilliant." A third dimension was interpreted as "simple" vs. "complex."Extrema in the space were associated with three of the five instruments: Trumpet (brilliant), saxophone (rich), and oboe ( nasal). Data that were amalgamated over contexts and plotted in two dimensions yielded a circumplicial configuration. Implications for orchestration are discussed and a theoretical model of timbre combinations and groupings is presented.

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Fleischmann, Christopher, Irina Leher, Stefan Sesselmann, David Scherb, Alexander Wolf, Jörg Miehling und Sandro Wartzack. „Femoral Shape and Size Variability from segmented CT datasets for patient-specific THA planning“. Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 6, Nr. 3 (01.09.2020): 486–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2020-3125.

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AbstractBiomechanical functionality of artificial hips strongly correlates with quality of life of patients after total hip arthroplasty. As the numbers of total hip arthroplasty are growing due to increasing life expectancy, biomechanical research is of utmost importance to improve the implants used and the operative procedures applied. Multibody simulation is used to predict forces and moments inside the human body. Generic scaling is usually performed to adapt the human models used in multibody simulation to individual patients. However, since the shape and size of the bones can vary considerably, this type of scaling often is not sufficient. In this work various CT datasets were used to quantify differences of individual femoral shapes, especially with regard to important biomechanical hip parameters, such as the CCD angle or the femoral offset. Our results prove that multibody simulations should be modeled more patientspecific to be able to calculate articular forces and moments more precisely, and thus, to improve surgical planning.

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BIMLER, DAVID, und JOHN KIRKLAND. „Multidimensional scaling of D15 caps: Color-vision defects among tobacco smokers?“ Visual Neuroscience 21, Nr. 3 (Mai 2004): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523804213116.

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Tobacco smoke contains a range of toxins including carbon monoxide and cyanide. With specialized cells and high metabolic demands, the optic nerve and retina are vulnerable to toxic exposure. We examined the possible effects of smoking on color vision: specifically, whether smokers perceive a different pattern of suprathreshold color dissimilarities from nonsmokers. It is already known that smokers differ in threshold color discrimination, with elevated scores on the Roth 28-Hue Desaturated panel test. Groups of smokers and nonsmokers, matched for sex and age, followed a triadic procedure to compare dissimilarities among 32 pigmented stimuli (the caps of the saturated and desaturated versions of the D15 panel test). Multidimensional scaling was applied to quantify individual variations in the salience of the axes of color space. Despite the briefness, simplicity, and “low-tech” nature of the procedure, subtle but statistically significant differences did emerge: on average the smoking group were significantly less sensitive to red–green differences. This is consistent with some form of injury to the optic nerve.

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Drasgow, Fritz, Oleksandr S. Chernyshenko und Stephen Stark. „Improving the Measurement of Psychological Variables: Ideal Point Models Rock!“ Industrial and Organizational Psychology 3, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2010): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01284.x.

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Although there is no doubt that Likert scaling suffices for straightforward scale development and use, it is important to appropriately model the response process for more complex measurement problems. In this response, we comment on the response process and four applications: assessment of dimensionality, computerized adaptive testing, differential item functioning, and individual differences in responding. In each case, we argue that correctly modeling the psychology of responding is critical.

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