Zeitschriftenartikel: „Individual costs“

1

Pierotti, Raymond, und Ian Newton. „Individual Variation and the Costs of Reproduction“. Condor 93, Nr. 4 (November 1991): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3247745.

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2

Cumaraswamy, Dato’ Param. „Mandatory sentencing: the individual and social costs“. Australian Journal of Human Rights 7, Nr. 2 (Dezember 2001): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1323238x.2001.11911062.

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3

Leong, Suyi, Kimin Eom, Keiko Ishii, Marion C. Aichberger, Karolina Fetz, Tim S. Müller, Heejung S. Kim und David K. Sherman. „Individual costs and community benefits: Collectivism and individuals’ compliance with public health interventions“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 11 (03.11.2022): e0275388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275388.

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Differences in national responses to COVID-19 have been associated with the cultural value of collectivism. The present research builds on these findings by examining the relationship between collectivism at the individual level and adherence to public health recommendations to combat COVID-19 during the pre-vaccination stage of the pandemic, and examines different characteristics of collectivism (i.e., concern for community, trust in institutions, perceived social norms) as potential psychological mechanisms that could explain greater compliance. A study with a cross-section of American participants (N = 530) examined the relationship between collectivism and opting-in to digital contact tracing (DCT) and wearing face coverings in the general population. More collectivistic individuals were more likely to comply with public health interventions than less collectivistic individuals. While collectivism was positively associated with the three potential psychological mechanisms, only perceived social norms about the proportion of people performing the public health interventions explained the relationship between collectivism and compliance with both public health interventions. This research identifies specific pathways by which collectivism can lead to compliance with community-benefiting public health behaviors to combat contagious diseases and highlights the role of cultural orientation in shaping individuals’ decisions that involve a tension between individual cost and community benefit.

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Abdurrahman, Saddiq T., Omezikam Mbanaso, Lovett Lawson, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Matthew Blakiston, Joshua Obasanya, Russell Dacombe et al. „Testing Pooled Sputum with Xpert MTB/RIF for Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis To Increase Affordability in Low-Income Countries“. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, Nr. 8 (27.05.2015): 2502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00864-15.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem, with the highest burden occurring in low-income countries. In these countries, the use of more sensitive diagnostics, such as Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert), is still limited by costs. A cost-saving strategy to diagnose other diseases is to pool samples from various individuals and test them with single tests. The samples in positive pool samples are then retested individually to identify the patients with the disease. We assessed a pooled testing strategy to optimize the affordability of Xpert for the diagnosis of TB. Adults with presumptive TB attending hospitals or identified by canvassing of households in Abuja, Nigeria, were asked to provide sputum for individual and pooled (4 per pool) testing. The agreement of the results of testing of individual and pooled samples and costs were assessed. A total of 738 individuals submitted samples, with 115 (16%) beingMycobacterium tuberculosispositive. Valid Xpert results for individual and pooled samples were available for 718 specimens. Of these, testing of pooled samples detected 109 (96%) of 114 individualM. tuberculosis-positive samples, with the overall agreement being 99%. Xpert semiquantitativeM. tuberculosislevels had a positive correlation with the smear grades, and the individual sample-positive/pooled sample-negative results were likely due to theM. tuberculosisconcentration being below the detection limit. The strategy reduced cartridge costs by 31%. Savings were higher with samples from individuals recruited in the community, where the proportion of positive specimens was low. The results of testing of pooled samples had a high level of agreement with the results of testing of individual samples, and use of the pooled testing strategy reduced costs and has the potential to increase the affordability of Xpert in countries with limited resources.

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Adamski, Mariusz, Peter Kapalo, Vasyl Zhelykh, Orest Voznyak, Oleksandr Dovbush, Hanna Klymenko und Natalia Olcha Kozydra. „The TRIZ method in determining individual heating costs“. Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym 9, Nr. 1/2020 (2020): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17512/bozpe.2020.1.16.

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6

Shepherd, J. P., K. L. Kantartzis, T. Lee und M. J. Bonidie. „Impact of Individual Surgeon Volume on Hysterectomy Costs“. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology 22, Nr. 3 (März 2015): S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2014.12.054.

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7

Schramm, David G. „Individual and Social Costs of Divorce in Utah“. Journal of Family and Economic Issues 27, Nr. 1 (03.03.2006): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10834-005-9005-4.

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8

Valverde, Santiago Carbó, und David B. Humphrey. „Predicted and actual costs from individual bank mergers“. Journal of Economics and Business 56, Nr. 2 (März 2004): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2003.05.001.

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9

Wolman, Alexander L. „The frequency and costs of individual price adjustment“. Managerial and Decision Economics 28, Nr. 6 (24.08.2007): 531–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.1329.

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10

Turrentine, Florence E., Min-Woong Sohn, Margaret C. Tracci, Adriana G. Ramirez, Gilbert R. Upchurch und R. Scott Jones. „Individual Surgeon’s Contribution to Value“. American Journal of Medical Quality 34, Nr. 1 (09.06.2018): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1062860618780347.

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Estimating surgeon-level value in health care remains relatively unexplored. American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Participant Use Files (2005-2013) were linked with total costs at a single institution. Random intercepts in 3-level random effects logistic regression models predicted 30-day postoperative mortality or morbidity for each surgeon each year. Value was defined as quality (morbidity or mortality) divided by costs for surgeons performing general surgery and vascular procedures. Forty-four surgeons performed 11 965 surgeries. Risk-adjusted costs trended down over time. For all surgeries, mortality value increased by 3.27 per year (95% confidence interval = 2.54-4.01; P < .001) on a 100-point scale, while morbidity value did not change. Of 21 surgeons with data for 5 years or longer, mortality value increased for all surgeons except one. Continuous increase in complication rates from 2008 contributed to decreased morbidity value. Value may assist surgeons in exploring performance opportunities better than morbidity or mortality alone.

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Nunes, Sofia RT, Guilhermina Rego und Rui Nunes. „Awareness of costs and individual accountability in health care“. Nursing Ethics 20, Nr. 6 (31.01.2013): 645–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733012468464.

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Questions of social justice and health-care costs are some of the concerns of society. The cost caused by cardiovascular diseases can have an enormous impact, and it is important to know what patients think about illness costs when they are hospitalized. Two interviews were realized in a longitudinal study, in a sample of 106 patients submitted to expensive techniques in Cardiology (Portugal), to understand the patients’ perception about the health costs and behavior changes based on awareness. We can conclude that cardiovascular diseases are a global phenomenon that generally affects all social groups. From those interviewed, 83% of the patients agree about getting information concerning the treatments and intervention costs during hospitalization because the information about costs can bring the necessary tools for improvement in patients and health resources; 70.8% of the patients say that this information could bring awareness to the patient’s life, enhancing responsibility and personal autonomy.

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Sippl-Swezey, Nicolas, Wayne T. Enanoria und Travis C. Porco. „Conflicts of Interest during Contact Investigations: A Game-Theoretic Analysis“. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/952381.

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The goal of contact tracing is to reduce the likelihood of transmission, particularly to individuals who are at greatest risk for developing complications of infection, as well as identifying individuals who are in need of medical treatment of other interventions. In this paper, we develop a simple mathematical model of contact investigations among a small group of individuals and apply game theory to explore conflicts of interest that may arise in the context of perceived costs of disclosure. Using analytic Kolmogorov equations, we determine whether or not it is possible for individual incentives to drive noncooperation, even though cooperation would yield a better group outcome. We found that if all individuals have a cost of disclosure, then the optimal individual decision is to simply not disclose each other. With further analysis of (1) completely offsetting the costs of disclosure and (2) partially offsetting the costs of disclosure, we found that all individuals disclose all contacts, resulting in a smaller basic reproductive number and an alignment of individual and group optimality. More data are needed to understand decision making during outbreak investigations and what the real and perceived costs are.

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Heslin, Margaret, Lynne Callaghan, Barbara Barrett, Susan Lea, Susan Eick, John Morgan, Mark Bolt et al. „Costs of the police service and mental healthcare pathways experienced by individuals with enduring mental health needs“. British Journal of Psychiatry 210, Nr. 2 (Februar 2017): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.159129.

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BackgroundSubstantial policy, communication and operational gaps exist between mental health services and the police for individuals with enduring mental health needs.AimsTo map and cost pathways through mental health and police services, and to model the cost impact of implementing key policy recommendations.MethodWithin a case-linkage study, we estimated 1-year individual-level healthcare and policing costs. Using decision modelling, we then estimated the potential impact on costs of three recommended service enhancements: street triage, Mental Health Act assessments for all Section 136 detainees and outreach custody link workers.ResultsUnder current care, average 1-year mental health and police costs were £10 812 and £4552 per individual respectively (n = 55). The cost per police incident was £522. Models suggested that each service enhancement would alter per incident costs by between −8% and +6%.ConclusionsRecommended enhancements to care pathways only marginally increase individual-level costs.

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Robst, John. „Identifying Potential Care Management Candidates: The Use of Diagnosis-Based Models to Predict 5-Year Health Care Costs“. Care Management Journals 17, Nr. 2 (Juni 2016): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1521-0987.17.2.105.

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Objective: This article examined individual characteristics associated with having higher costs in a 5-year period to identify patients that may potentially benefit from case management.Methods: Florida Medicaid claims data from 2005 to 2010 were used to examine the characteristics, diagnoses, and services (in 2005) associated with individual costs in 5 future years (2006–2010). The data were divided into estimation and prediction samples with regression models estimated using diagnoses and service use in 2005 to predict future costs. Predictive power was assessed by applying the model results to the prediction sample and comparing predicted costs to actual costs.Results: Demographics, service use, and diagnosis in 2005 were associated with costs in the following 5 years. Models were predictive of future costs with a significant relationship between the predicted costs and actual costs.Conclusion: Diagnosis-based models in conjunction with prior costs can predict future costs. Individuals predicted to have higher costs may be candidates for case management to potentially avoid reduce costs.

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Hall, Bruce L., Darrell A. Campbell, Laurel R. S. Phillips und Barton H. Hamilton. „Evaluating Individual Surgeons Based on Total Hospital Costs: Evidence for Variation in both Total Costs and Volatility of Costs“. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 202, Nr. 4 (April 2006): 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.12.015.

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Copeland, E. M. „Evaluating Individual Surgeons Based on Total Hospital Costs: Evidence for Variation in both Total Costs and Volatility of Costs“. Yearbook of Surgery 2007 (Januar 2007): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0090-3671(08)70009-0.

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17

KAN, STEVEN S. „ENTREPRENEURSHIP, TRANSACTION COSTS, AND SUBJECTIVIST ECONOMICS“. Journal of Enterprising Culture 01, Nr. 02 (November 1993): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495893000099.

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While researches along the lines of Austrian, Buchanan, and Coase’s teachings are thriving recently, they are not united. We show that conceptions of entrepreneurship and transaction costs are generally ambiguous regarding important exchange relationships because they are limited to the consideration of one-sided individual choices only. It is argued in the paper that the completion of an exchange necessarily involves at least two individuals acting in the role of the entrepreneur. In addition, transaction costs are subjective and cannot be treated as production or transportation costs. The paper distinguishes the concept of production cost from that of transaction cost, which is necessarily associated with alternative exchange or organizational opportunities, and therefore expands Buchanan’s subjectivist conception of individual cost to that of interactive transaction cost. A new definition of transaction cost and its implications to a testable theory of the determination of institutions are presented in the paper. Thus, in contrast to the general impression that entrepreneurship cannot be taught and studied, we show how it can be possible under our synthesis of entrepreneurship, transaction costs, and subjectivist economics. An example is also given to demonstrate how entrepreneurship can be taught and learned under our proposed framework.

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Střeleček, F., und P. Kollar. „Evaluation of the effectiveness of intensification costs“. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 9 (01.03.2012): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5344-agricecon.

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The article concerns an evaluation of intensification costs in an agricultural enterprise. Intensification cost dynamics are evaluated in comparison with the in-kind production volume. Using unit cost, unit intensification cost, unit non-intensification cost, unit intensification differential cost, and unit differential cost as indicators, the effectiveness of intensification costs is assessed. The effectiveness is expressed through absolute and relative changes in costs and in the economic results. The said changes include production expansion effect, relative change in costs and economic results due to unit intensification cost, relative change in cost and economic results due to unit non-intensification cost, and relative change in costs and economic results due to unit cost. The individual changes are arranged into a pyramid and, after the supplementation of the change in average market price, they can be used for comprehensive appraisal. The evaluation of the dynamics of individual indicators and interrelations thereof provides an integrated view of the subject in question. As the individual alternatives are rather extensive, only the growing and constant effectiveness of intensification costs are evaluated within the article. The decreasing effectiveness of intensification costs will be discussed in a separate study.

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Shepherd, Jonathan P., Charelle M. Carter-Brooks, Kelly L. Kantartzis, Ted Lee und Michael J. Bonidie. „The Impact of Individual Surgeon Volume on Hysterectomy Costs“. JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons 21, Nr. 1 (2017): e2016.00112. http://dx.doi.org/10.4293/jsls.2016.00112.

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20

Koyama, W. „Lifestyle Change Improves Individual Health and Lowers Healthcare Costs“. Methods of Information in Medicine 39, Nr. 03 (2000): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634332.

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AbstractIn 1996 the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare discontinued the use of the term “Adult onset diseases” used for almost 40 years, and replaced it by “Lifestyle-related diseases”; a meaningful change.Lifestyle is one of the greatest problems facing Japan today. Considering the rapid aging of Japanese society and the continuing increase in medical costs, it is important for all citizens to be concerned not only about their own health but also about the impact on the financial health of the nation as a whole.Our data indicate that the greatest determining factor for increased health-care costs is the percentage of patients hospitalized, and the variable with the greatest influence on this is the relative number of hospital beds available. On the other hand, the variable with the greatest inhibitory effect on the growth of healthcare costs is the availability of guidance to improve lifestyle factors.

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Arnold, Kathryn E., Katherine A. Herborn, Aileen Adam und Lucille Alexander. „Individual variation in the oxidative costs of personality traits“. Functional Ecology 29, Nr. 4 (26.12.2014): 522–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12375.

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22

Crane, D. Russell, Jacob D. Christenson, Sareta M. Dobbs, G. Bruce Schaalje, Adam M. Moore, Fu Fan Chiang Pedal, Jamie Ballard und Elaine S. Marshall. „Costs of Treating Depression With Individual Versus Family Therapy“. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 39, Nr. 4 (13.10.2012): 457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2012.00326.x.

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Lambert, Guillaume, Justin Chew und Michael J. Rust. „Costs of Clock-Environment Misalignment in Individual Cyanobacterial Cells“. Biophysical Journal 111, Nr. 4 (August 2016): 883–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2016.07.008.

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Aiyagari, S. Rao, und Mark Gertler. „Asset returns with transactions costs and uninsured individual risk“. Journal of Monetary Economics 27, Nr. 3 (Juni 1991): 311–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(91)90012-d.

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Watermeyer, Richard, und Mark Olssen. „‘Excellence’ and Exclusion: The Individual Costs of Institutional Competitiveness“. Minerva 54, Nr. 2 (04.05.2016): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11024-016-9298-5.

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De Aquino, Nicole, Lucas Pedebôs und Daniela Calderon. „Custo anual de cuidado ao paciente segundo o tipo de morbidade“. Jornal Brasileiro de Economia da Saúde 13, Nr. 1 (April 2021): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21115/jbes.v13.n1.p43-8.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to know the costs of public health service users in a Brazilian city, according to their chronic morbidities. Methods: Cost method absortion was the methodology adopted to calculate those costs. The costs of each service were cross-referenced with a database of users cared in the same period, including a set of pre-existing health conditions, with no individual identification. Results: The results obtained correspond to the costs of 375,760 individuals who use some service of the municipal health network for a year. Costs ranged from R$ 0.05 to R$ 16,773.82, the lowest were equivalent to the consumption of medicines only and the highest to the use of multiple services. Conclusion: Significant variation was observed in the average costs per individual directly associated with the health problem/condition

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Leopoulos, V. I., und J. M. Proth. „The general multi-products dynamic lot size model with individual inventory costs and joint production costs“. Engineering Costs and Production Economics 9, Nr. 1-3 (April 1985): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-188x(85)90005-9.

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Kozydra, Nataliia Olha, Mariusz Adamski und Vasyl Zhelykh. „Methods of Calculating the Individual Heating Costs in Multi-Family Buildings in Selected Countries“. Proceedings 16, Nr. 1 (05.07.2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019016035.

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This paper presents the methods used to determine individual heating costs in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Ukraine, as well as EU arrangements for the settlement of individual heating costs. Also presented is the original method, which significantly eliminates excessive inequalities in individual charges for central heating—so-called chimneys in the settlements of individual costs for flats heating.

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Dimitrovski, Dame, und Dalibor Stojevski. „LIFECYCLE COSTS COMPARATION BETWEEN DISTRICT HEATING AND INDIVIDUAL GAS HEATING“. Mechanical Engieneering-Scientific Journal 37, Nr. 1-2 (2019): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.55302/mesj19371-2621087d.

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Andrich, Renzo. „The SCAI instrument: Measuring costs of individual assistive technology programmes“. Technology and Disability 14, Nr. 3 (29.09.2002): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/tad-2002-14303.

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Moyes, Kelly, Byron Morgan, Alison Morris, Sean Morris, Tim Clutton-Brock und Tim Coulson. „Individual differences in reproductive costs examined using multi-state methods“. Journal of Animal Ecology 80, Nr. 2 (23.12.2010): 456–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01789.x.

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Smith, Louisa L., Marie T. Banich und Naomi P. Friedman. „Individual differences in mixing costs relate to general executive functioning.“ Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 45, Nr. 4 (April 2019): 606–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000613.

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West, Stacia, David Patterson, Alicia Mastronardi, Kathleen Brown und Roberta Sturm. „Individual Predictors of Community Costs Before and After Housing First“. Journal of Poverty 18, Nr. 3 (03.07.2014): 231–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2014.923964.

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Wolf, T. J., C. P. Ellington und I. S. Begley. „Foraging costs in bumblebees: field conditions cause large individual differences“. Insectes Sociaux 46, Nr. 3 (Juli 1999): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000400050148.

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Gordon, James P. P. „Individual morality and reputation costs as deterrents to tax evasion“. European Economic Review 33, Nr. 4 (April 1989): 797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(89)90026-3.

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SPECJAŁ, Aleksandra, und Halina CIUMAN. „SETTLEMENTS OF INDIVIDUAL HEATING COSTS IN MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS - POLISH EXPERIENCE“. Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment 10, Nr. 3 (2017): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/acee-2017-045.

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박기봉. „Can Individual Stockholders Affect Trading Costs? A Case of UK“. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 28, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2010): 369–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.17052/jces.2010.28.3.369.

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AMDUR, DAVID, DONALD DALE, CHRISTOPHER BORICK und BARRY G. RABE. „INDIVIDUAL DISCOUNT RATES AND CLIMATE CHANGE: IS DISCOUNT RATE ASSOCIATED WITH SUPPORT FOR A CARBON TAX?“ Climate Change Economics 06, Nr. 04 (November 2015): 1550018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007815500189.

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The issue of climate change is often framed as one in which contemporary actions, often with affixed costs, are necessary in order to prevent even greater costs being paid during a period in the future. Under such a framework it is thus necessary to calculate the rate in which future benefits are discounted to reflect current values. In this paper we examine how individual level discount rates affect their support for a policy tool that incurs contemporary costs in an effort to prevent future environmental damages. We find that individuals with higher discount rates are significantly less likely to support the imposition of a carbon tax in comparison with individuals that have lower discount rates. Even when controlling for other individual level attributes such as party affiliation a person’s rate for discounting the future is shown to be a strong predictor of their support for a carbon tax.

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Richardson, Jon, Pauline Comin und Per T. Smiseth. „Inbred burying beetles suffer fitness costs from making poor decisions“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, Nr. 1881 (27.06.2018): 20180419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0419.

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There is growing interest in how environmental conditions, such as resource availability, can modify the severity of inbreeding depression. However, little is known about whether inbreeding depression is also associated with differences in individual decision-making. For example, decisions about how many offspring to produce are often based upon the prevailing environmental conditions, such as resource availability, and getting these decisions wrong may have important fitness consequences for both parents and offspring. We tested for effects of inbreeding on individual decision-making in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, which uses the size of a carrion resource to make decisions about number of offspring. Both inbred and outbred females adjusted their initial decisions about number of eggs to lay based on carcass size. However, when we forced individuals to update this initial decision by providing them with a different-sized carcass partway through reproduction, inbred females failed to update their decision about how many larvae to cull. Consequently, inbred females reared too many larvae, resulting in negative fitness consequences in the form of smaller offspring and reduced female post-reproductive condition. Our study provides novel insights into the effects of inbreeding by showing that poor decision-making by inbred individuals can negatively affect fitness.

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Isaksson, Caroline. „Urban ecophysiology: beyond costs, stress and biomarkers“. Journal of Experimental Biology 223, Nr. 22 (15.11.2020): jeb203794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203794.

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ABSTRACTNatural habitats are rapidly declining due to urbanisation, with a concomitant decline in biodiversity in highly urbanised areas. Yet thousands of different species have colonised urban environments. These organisms are exposed to novel urban conditions, which are sometimes beneficial, but most often challenging, such as increased ambient temperature, chemicals, noise and light pollution, dietary alterations and disturbance by humans. Given the fundamental role of physiological responses in coping with such conditions, certain physiological systems such as the redox system, metabolism and hormones are thought to specifically influence organisms’ ability to persist and cope with urbanisation. However, these physiological systems often show mixed responses to urbanisation. Does this mean that some individuals, populations or species are resilient to the urban environmental challenges? Or is something missing from our analyses, leading us to erroneous conclusions regarding the impact of urbanisation? To understand the impact of urbanisation, I argue that a more integrated mechanistic and ecological approach is needed, along with experiments, in order to fully understand the physiological responses; without knowledge of their ecological and evolutionary context, physiological measures alone can be misinterpreted. Furthermore, we need to further investigate the causes of and capacity for individual plasticity in order to understand not only the impact of urbanisation, but also species resilience. I argue that abiotic and biotic urban factors can interact (e.g. pollution with micro- and macronutrients) to either constrain or relax individual physiological responses – and, thereby, plasticity – on a temporal and/or spatial scale, which can lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the impact of urbanisation.

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Olchanski, Natalia, David van Klaveren, Joshua T. Cohen, John B. Wong, Robin Ruthazer und David M. Kent. „3385 TARGETING DIABETES PREVENTION PROGRAMS: INDIVIDUAL RISK-BASED HEALTH ECONOMIC ANALYSIS“. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 3, s1 (März 2019): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.356.

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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Objective: Approximately 86 million people in the US have prediabetes, but only a fraction of them receive proven effective therapies to prevent diabetes. Further, the effectiveness of these therapies varies with individual risk of progression to diabetes. We estimated the value of targeting those individuals at highest diabetes risk for treatment, compared to treating all individuals meeting inclusion criteria for the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: METHODS: Using a micro-simulation model, we estimated total lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) for individuals receiving: (1) lifestyle intervention involving an intensive program focused on healthy diet and exercise, (2) metformin administration, or (3) no intervention. The model combines several components. First a Cox proportional hazards model predicted onset of diabetes from baseline characteristics for each pre-diabetic individual and yielded a probability distribution for each alternative. We derived this risk model from the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) clinical trial data and the follow-up study DPP-OS. The Michigan Diabetes Research Center Model for Diabetes then estimated costs and outcomes for individuals after diabetes diagnosis using standard of care diabetes treatment. Based on individual costs and QALE, we evaluated NMB of the two interventions at population and individual levels, stratified by risk quintiles for diabetes onset at 3 years. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Results: Compared to usual care, lifestyle modification conferred positive benefits for all eligible individuals. Metformin’s NMB was negative for the lowest population risk quintile. By avoiding use among individuals who would not benefit, targeted administration of metformin conferred a benefit of $500-$800 per person, depending on duration of treatment effect. When treating only 20% of the population (e.g., due to capacity constraints), targeting conferred a NMB of $14,000-$18,000 per person for lifestyle modification and $16,000-$20,000 for metformin. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Conclusions: Metformin confers value only among higher risk individuals, so targeting its use is worthwhile. While lifestyle modification confers value for all eligible individuals, prioritizing the intervention to high risk patients when capacity is constrained substantially increases societal benefits.

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Rasmussen, BK. „Epidemiology and Socio-Economic Impact of Headache“. Cephalalgia 19, Nr. 25_suppl (Dezember 1999): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102499019s2505.

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Headache disorders constitute a public-health problem of enormous proportions, with an impact on both the individual sufferer and society. Epidemiological knowledge is required to quantitate the significance of these disorders. The effects on individuals can be assessed by examining prevalence, distribution, attack frequency and duration, and headache-related disability. The socio-economic burden includes both direct costs associated with healthcare utilization and costs associated with missed work due to sickness absence or reduced efficiency. The individual and socio-economic burden of headaches is substantial. Headache disorders deserve more attention, especially concerning strategies leading to adequate primary prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

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Rasmussen, BK. „Epidemiology of Headache“. Cephalalgia 21, Nr. 7 (September 2001): 774–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/033310240102100708.

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Headache disorders constitute a public-health problem of enormous proportions, with an impact on both the individual sufferer and society. Epidemiological knowledge is required to quantitate the significance of these disorders. The effects on individuals can be assessed by examining prevalence, distribution, attack frequency and duration, and headache-related disability. The socio-economic burden includes both direct costs associated with health care utilization and costs associated with missed work due to sickness absence or reduced efficiency. The individual and socio-economic burden of headaches is substantial. Headache disorders deserve more attention, especially concerning strategies leading to adequate primary prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

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Wirayudha, Aditia, Firman Shakti Firdaus, Rafi Ariq Maajid, Firda Nurfarida und Muhammad Iqbal Santosa. „Kesulitan mahasiswa dalam membagi tugas kelompok sebagai efek terhadap perilaku social loafing“. Academy of Education Journal 15, Nr. 1 (01.01.2024): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47200/aoej.v15i1.2145.

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Groups, comprising two or more interacting individuals, exert mutual influence on each other's behavior. This influence can be both positive and negative, affecting group cohesion. Negative effects may include dysfunctions like special interests, norm violations, role ambiguity, and kemalasan sosial. Social loafing involves an individual reducing effort when working collectively with others. It's a habitual behavior where one person's low contribution influences others. The study aims to investigate how difficulty in task distribution influences perceived inequality in contributions. Hypotheses were formulated to test the influence of Costs/Inconvenience, Coercion, and their combined effect on Kemalasan sosial. Results showed a significant positive influence of Costs/Inconvenience and Coercion on Social Loafing. Costs/Inconvenience had a greater individual impact. Respondents faced challenges in adjusting group work schedules, leading to rushed tasks and a perception of social loafing.

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Savall, Henri, und Veronique Zardet. „"Linking individual, organizational and macro-economic performance levels: hidden costs model"“. Academy of Management Proceedings 2013, Nr. 1 (Januar 2013): 13472. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2013.13472abstract.

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&NA;. „Patterns of Cancer Costs in a Country With Detailed Individual Data“. Medical Care 53, Nr. 6 (Juni 2015): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000000373.

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Marciano, Alain, und Rustam Romaniuc. „Accident costs, resource allocation and individual rationality: Blum, Kalven and Calabresi“. European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 22, Nr. 6 (Oktober 2015): 1084–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2015.1084520.

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Berns, Nicola J., Janet E. Bass, David N. Bateman und Rodney N. Longshaw. „Pharmacy resource management - three methods to assess individual patient drug costs“. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 1, Nr. 2 (Oktober 1991): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7174.1991.tb00541.x.

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Török, János, Gergely Hegyi, László Tóth und Réka Könczey. „Unpredictable food supply modifies costs of reproduction and hampers individual optimization“. Oecologia 141, Nr. 3 (17.08.2004): 432–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1667-3.

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Weladji, Robert B., Anne Loison, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Øystein Holand, Atle Mysterud, Nigel G. Yoccoz, Mauri Nieminen und Nils C. Stenseth. „Heterogeneity in individual quality overrides costs of reproduction in female reindeer“. Oecologia 156, Nr. 1 (02.02.2008): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-0961-x.

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