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Trifunovski, Alexandar, und Max Steén. „Micro-firms and the auditor : a study of the individual-firm commitment between auditors and exempted firms in Sweden“. Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-9585.
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Purpose: The purpose with this dissertation is to examine the individual–firm commitment between auditors and exempted firms from the client perspective and how it is influenced by relational influencing factors. The impact of these factors is investigated through a three component model incorporating affective, calculative and normative commitment. Method: The study encompasses a triangular research method and can be seen as a twofold complementary approach. The choice of methodology seeks to qualitatively investigate how auditors actively work to impact the level of trust, social bonds and satisfaction as well as the level of commitment in their relationship with the exempted firm. The intention is to complement the findings from the qualitative study with quantitatively measured factors from the client’s perspective using a survey strategy. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that micro-firms are predominantly affectively committed to their auditor based on positive feelings of attachment and less due to normative and calculative reasons. Trust and satisfaction proved to be the most significant factors in ensuring long-term and enduring relationships between auditors and micro-firms. Implications: Affective commitment proved to be the most significant construct in explaining the characteristics of the auditor-micro firm relation in this study. By critically evaluating the relationship, the auditor can assess to which degree trust, social bonds and satisfaction can be implemented to strengthen the commitment of the exempted firm, thus influencing their long-term staying intention.
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Klasson, Linnea, und Lovisa Knutsson. „Can risks be defined while flying blind? : Performing audit risk assessments under environmental uncertainty; a qualitative study using COVID-19 as an empirical example“. Thesis, Jönköping University, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53095.
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Abstract Background & Problem: Risk assessment is a central part of the audit process. Previous audit failures have increased the importance further. Several suggested determinants of risk assessments have been explored within literature. However, literature has not up until now explored what reflection environmental uncertainty has on the risk assessment process. Due to the ongoing pandemic, COVID-19, the opportunity to explore the reflection of uncertainty has been made feasible. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore how societal challenges reflect on auditors’ risk assessments of entities. The thesis is conducted using COVID-19 as an event signifying societal challenge. Methodology: This thesis uses an exploratory and abductive research approach. With a qualitative strategy, empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with authorized auditors as participants. Findings: Our findings conclude that the four aspects being firm, environment, individual, and audit client together form the risk assessment. In contrast to literature, the audit client aspect was argued as more important. Further, environmental uncertainty is reflected in risk assessments through these four aspects and can affect each aspect individually in various ways. Future research: Since this study explores reflections of a crisis, while it is still present, we would find it interesting to examine its aftermath. In line with previous literature and our empirical findings, we foremost would suggest future researchers to explore the impact of a societal challenge on audit quality and whether differences are present concerning audit firm size.
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Vaz, Inês Margarida Rainho. „Os efeitos do género e as características individuais do auditor no julgamento da prova em auditoria“. Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21068.
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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças EmpresariaisO papel da auditoria na credibilização do relato financeiro releva a importância da qualidade que deverá estar presente nos relatórios de auditoria. O relatório de auditoria resulta de um processo que envolve julgamentos profissionais produzidos pelo auditor, nomeadamente, em matérias relacionadas com a prova e a materialidade em auditoria. Este trabalho tem um duplo objetivo. Por um lado, analisar o efeito do sexo dos auditores no julgamento da prova em auditoria, e por outro, verificar se essa relação é mediada por características específicas do auditor. Dessas características foram incluídas o perfil de risco, o conhecimento, a capacidade de processar informação e a preferência pelos incentivos por parte do auditor. Tendo por base dados recolhidos através de um inquérito por questionário incidente sobre a população-alvo, foi obtida uma amostra de 17 auditores. As hipóteses foram testadas através do método do fuzz-set qualitative comparative analysis. Os resultados mostram que a influência do sexo na obtenção de prova em auditoria é mediada pelas características do auditor. Sendo que num cenário conservador, no qual são estabelecidas materialidades reduzidas, a presença da aversão ao risco e a ausência de indicadores de processamento de informação são duas das condições suficientes nos dois cenários possíveis indicados.
The audit's role in the credibilization of the financial reporting highlights the importance of the quality that should be present on audit reports. The audit report results from a process that involves professional judgements produced by the auditor, namely, the judgment relating to the audit evidence and quantification of materiality. This work has a double purpose. In one hand, analyze the effect of auditor's gender in the judgement of the audit evidence, on the other hand, verify if that relation should be measured by inherent characteristics of an auditor. Of those characteristics were included the auditor's risk profile, his knowledge, the way the auditor processes the information and his preference in the type of incentives. Relying on data recollected through in inquiry by questionnaire on the target population, a sample of 17 auditors was obtained. The hypothesis were tested by the method of fuzz-set qualitative comparative analysis. Results show the effect of gender in obtaining the audit evidence it is indeed influenced through the auditor's characteristics in study. Accordingly, in a conservative scenario, in which the reduced materialities are established, the presence of risk aversion and the absence of information processing indicators are two of the sufficient conditions given on both the scenarios presented.
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Sant´Ana, Camila Freitas 1992, Paulo Roberto da 1977 Cunha und Universidade Regional de Blumenau Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Contábeis e. Administração. „Influência de fatores individuais de auditores independentes da região sul do Brasil no comportamento disfuncional na auditoria“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações FURB, 2015. http://www.bc.furb.br/docs/DS/2015/360884_1_1.pdf.
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Orientador: Paulo Roberto da Cunha.Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Contábeis) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Contábeis, Centro de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau.
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Burger, Martin. „Assessment of the individual auditory perception via evoked potentials“. Aachen Shaker, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989282538/04.
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Michaud, John C. „Auditory detection and sound localization for computer-generated individual combatants“. Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FMichaud.pdf.
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Goodbourn, Patrick Tiernan. „Genetic contributions to individual differences in visual and auditory perception“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607882.
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Anderson, Corinne D. „Auditory and visual characteristics of individual talkers in multimodal speech perception“. Connect to resource, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/28373.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 43 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-30). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Burger, Martin [Verfasser]. „Assessment of the Individual Auditory Perception via Evoked Potentials / Martin Burger“. Aachen : Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1162792051/34.
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Bharadwaj, Hari M. „Individual differences in supra-threshold auditory perception - mechanisms and objective correlates“. Thesis, Boston University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/10939.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityTo extract content and meaning from a single source of sound in a quiet background, the auditory system can use a small subset of a very redundant set of spectral and temporal features. In stark contrast, communication in a complex, crowded scene places enormous demands on the auditory system. Spectrotemporal overlap between sounds reduces modulations in the signals at the ears and causes masking, with problems exacerbated by reverberation. Consistent with this idea, many patients seeking audiological treatment seek help precisely because they notice difficulties in environments requiring auditory selective attention. In the laboratory, even listeners with normal hearing thresholds exhibit vast differences in the ability to selectively attend to a target. Understanding the mechanisms causing these supra-threshold differences, the focus of this thesis, may enable research that leads to advances in treating communication disorders that affect an estimated one in five Americans. Converging evidence from human and animal studies points to one potential source of these individual differences: differences in the fidelity with which supra-threshold sound is encoded in the early portions of the auditory pathway. Electrophysiological measures of sound encoding by the auditory brainstem in humans and animals support the idea that the temporal precision of the early auditory neural representation can be poor even when hearing thresholds are normal. Concomitantly, animal studies show that noise exposure and early aging can cause a loss (cochlear neuropathy) of a large percentage of the afferent population of auditory nerve fibers innervating the cochlear hair cells without any significant change in measured audiograms. Using behavioral, otoacoustic and electrophysiological measures in conjunction with computational models of sound processing by the auditory periphery and brainstem, a detailed examination of temporal coding of supra-threshold sound is carried out, focusing on characterizing and understanding individual differences in listeners with normal hearing thresholds and normal cochlear mechanical function. Results support the hypothesis that cochlear neuropathy may reduce encoding precision of supra-threshold sound, and that this manifests as deficits both behaviorally and in subcortical electrophysiological measures in humans. Based on these results, electrophysiological measures are developed that may yield sensitive, fast, objective measures of supra-threshold coding deficits that arise as a result of cochlear neuropathy.
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Cordeiro, Maria Teresa. „Uso de Equipamento de Proteção Individual e suas Repercussões no Cuidar em Enfermagem no Serviço de Urgência“. Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal. Escola Superior de Saúde, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/6156.
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Relatório de Trabalho de Projeto apresentado para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Enfermagem Médico-CirúrgicaEste trabalho visa apresentar o Projeto de Intervenção em Serviço (PIS) e Projeto de Aprendizagem Clínica (PAC) realizados no Serviço de Urgência Geral (SUG) de um Centro Hospitalar da Margem Sul do Tejo, em contexto de estágio integrado no plano de estudos do 1º Curso de Mestrado em Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica da Escola Superior de Saúde do Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, e fazer uma análise reflexiva sobre as aprendizagens adquiridas à luz das competências comuns e específicas do Enfermeiro Especialista em Pessoa em Situação Crítica e Mestre em Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica. No PIS, abordámos uma temática relacionada com o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI) no SUG. Cientes da importância do uso de EPI na prevenção e controlo de infeção, aplicámos uma grelha de observação e um questionário à equipa de enfermagem do serviço. Após análise dos dados obtidos, fundamentámos a perceção inicial de que os enfermeiros por vezes não usavam EPI ou usavam-no de forma inadequada, potenciando a infeção associada aos cuidados de saúde (IACS). A IACS constitui um problema de saúde devido à elevada morbilidade e mortalidade e o uso de EPI faz parte integrante das precauções básicas garantindo a segurança dos profissionais e dos clientes (Pina et al, 2010). Propusemo-nos, então, divulgar boas práticas no uso de EPI desenvolvendo atividades como, formação/treino dos enfermeiros no uso de EPI, atualização do Procedimento Geral de Seleção de EPI e elaboração de instrumento de auditoria às práticas. Após deteção de necessidades através de entrevistas não estruturadas com a equipa de enfermagem e observação na prática, desenvolvemos o PAC. Elaborámos procedimento sobre cuidados de enfermagem ao cliente com entubação endotraqueal, assim como tabela de compatibilidades de medicamentos administrados por via intravenosa e desenvolvemos estratégias relacionadas com evacuação de clientes do SUG.
Abstract: This paperwork aims to present Service Intervention Project (SIP) and the Clinic Apprenticeship Project (CAP) made in the General Urgency Service (GUS) of an Hospital Centre on the South Side of Tejo, in context of internship integrated in the study plan of the 1st Masters Course in Medical-Surgical Nursing of the Superior School of Health of the Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, and to do a reflexive analysis of the learning acquired under the Specialist Nurse common and specific skills in a Critical Situation person and Master in Medical-Surgical Nursing. In the SIP, we approach a thematic related with the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the. Aware of the importance of the use PPE in the prevention and control of infection, we applied an observation grill and a questionnaire to the service nursing team. After analysis of the obtained data we substantiated our initial perspective that nurses sometimes didn’t wear the PPE nor used it in the proper way, enhancing the Health Care Associated Infection (HCAI). The HCAI constitutes a health problem due to the high morbility and mortality and the use of PPE is an integrant part of the basic precautions guaranteeing the professionals and the clients’ safety (Pina et al, 2010). So we proposed to spread good practices in the use of PPE developing activities like formation/training of the nurses in the use of PPE, updating the Selection of PPE General Proceeding and elaboration of auditing instruments to the practices. After detecting the necessities trough non structed interviews with the nursing team and observation in practice, we developed a CAP. We prepared a proceeding about nursing cares to the endotracheal intubation and a compatibilities table of drugs administrated intravenously and developed strategies related with clients’ evacuation of the GUS.
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McCarthy, Marie Majella. „Cross modal aspects of attention in normal individuals and those with multiple sclerosis“. Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338864.
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Taylor, Katherine Newman. „Examination of the role of agency in individuals responses to auditory hallucinations“. Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264841.
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Pitt, Anna Tamsin. „Auditory discrimination in dyslexia : differences between university and non-university educated individuals“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ad1dfcb0-cfe1-4d62-a603-749ccf84a0a9.
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It is still unresolved whether individuals with dyslexia suffer non-verbal auditory processing deficits that may explain their phonological problems. Many studies have shown that dyslexic individuals are poor at discriminating pure tones, and this deficit has been attributed to impaired rapid auditory processing. In order to investigate the temporal properties of auditory processing in dyslexia, I have therefore studied the pure tone discrimination abilities of dyslexics, and then analysed the effects of varying interstimulus interval, the amount of frequency difference, and the effect of adding distractor tones during the interstimulus interval. In an investigation of dyslexic individuals’ ability to remember sequences of tones or digits (tonal and digit recognition memory), Rose and Rosner (2005) found that their results were affected by the education their subjects had received. The university educated dyslexics showed little tone discrimination deficit, whereas the dyslexic participants who never attended university showed greater deficits. Therefore, another aim of this thesis was to further study these findings and to identify any auditory processing compensatory mechanisms used by dyslexics who have received higher education. In eight different auditory tasks, the majority of which I programmed, I found strong evidence of non-verbal auditory processing deficits in dyslexic individuals. The comparison of university and non-university groups showed that educational differences had clear effects on many of their abilities, and should not be underestimated. The results showed that: • In general, dyslexics had poorer auditory frequency discrimination than controls. • Dyslexics who did not attend university had lower performance on almost all the auditory tests than the university dyslexic or control groups. • Unexpectedly, university educated dyslexics were less distracted by interrupting tones during frequency discrimination than university educated controls. • In a tone sequence memory task, the university educated dyslexics compensated in their performance to a level not much below that of the university educated controls, and above the controls who did not go to university. • The frequency recognition tasks positively correlated with literacy abilities, and were independent of general intelligence. The strongest correlations were in the non-university dyslexic group. The implications of these results are that not only do dyslexic individuals suffer from a low level, non-linguistic, auditory processing deficit, but those who do not get to university are less able to compensate for these difficulties. It is impossible to say if the higher performance in university educated dyslexics was due to compensation, or if their presence at university was due to a lack of these deficits in the first place. Nevertheless, since university educated dyslexics were better at resisting distractions this may underlie their ability to compensate. These findings could facilitate the creation of new teaching methods to support the development of dyslexics’ compensatory skills and new non-linguistic diagnostic aids. These would help with identifying dyslexia in second languages and enable earlier testing and identification, before reading failure exerts its inevitable negative effects on children’s self-confidence, happiness and future academic potential.
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Taranu, Mihaela. „Commonalities and differences in visual and auditory multistability“. Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/11983.
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Perceptual bi/multi-stability—the phenomenon in which perceptual awareness switches between alternative interpretations of a stimulus—can be elicited by a large range of stimuli. The phenomenon is explored in vision, audition, touch, and even olfaction. The degree to which perceptual switching across visual and auditory bi/multi-stable paradigms depends on common or separate mechanisms remains unanswered. This main question was addressed in the current work by using four ambiguous tasks that give rise to bi/multi-stability and which are thought to involve rivalry at different levels of cognitive processing: auditory streaming and ambiguous-structure-from-motion (low- level tasks), and verbal transformations and ambiguous figures (high-level tasks). It was also investigated if individual differences in executive function (inhibitory control and set-shifting), creativity and personality traits have common relationships with perceptual switching in adults and children. A series of five experiments (four studies) were conducted. In Study 1 (two experiments), perceptual switching behaviour of adult participants was examined in the four perceptual tasks mentioned above. In Experiment 1, participants reported higher switching rates for the ambiguous figure and verbal transformations than for ambiguous motion and auditory streaming. However, in Experiment 2 participants had a higher switching rate in verbal transformations than in auditory streaming, while the switching rates in the two visual tasks did not differ significantly. The correlations between visual and auditory switching rates were similarly inconclusive: in Experiment 1, no cross-modal correlations emerged, while in Experiment 2 there were correlations between ambiguous figure and verbal transformations and between ambiguous motion and verbal transformation. Furthermore, inhibitory control, set-shifting, and creativity correlated with perceptual ii switching rates in some of the perceptual tasks, although not in a consistent manner. In Study 2, the development of perceptual switching was investigated in children in the same four tasks used in Study 1. Findings showed that the number of switches increased with age in all four perceptual tasks, indicating general maturational developments. Executive functions and creativity were not associated with the ongoing perceptual switching, which was similar to what was found in adults. In Study 3, a neuroscientific perturbation approach was used to investigate whether the superior parietal cortex is causally involved in both visual and auditory multistability as a top-down mechanism. Transcranial magnetic stimulation on the anterior and posterior superior parietal cortex did not increase or decrease the median phase durations in response to the ambiguous motion and auditory streaming. These regions were not causally involved in either visual or auditory multistability. Perceptual switching across modalities correlated nevertheless, indicating common perceptual mechanisms. In Study 4, the effects of attentional control and instructions were further investigated in ambiguous motion and auditory streaming. There were strong correlations between perceptual switching in the two tasks, confirming that there are common mechanisms. However, the effects of voluntary attention did not explain the commonalities found. Possibly the commonalities found reflect similar functionalities at more low-level sensorial mechanisms. In conclusion, perceptual switching in vision and audition share common mechanisms. These commonalities do not seem to be due to the same neural underpinning in parietal cortex. Moreover, attentional control does not explain the commonalities found, indicating a more low-level common mechanism or functionality. Perceptual switching across all ages is task-specific, more than modality specific. No central influence of inhibitory control and creativity was constantly associated with perceptual switching regardless of task/modality, supporting the distributed mechanisms hypothesis.
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Block, Kimberly Laws. „Processing of speech in complex listening environments by individuals with obscure auditory dysfunction“. College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3464.
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Thesis (Au. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Hearing and Speech Sciences. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Lord-Maes, Janiece Marie. „Short latency evoked potentials and intra-individual variability in children“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184623.
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Individual differences in learning with a focus on neuropsychologic anomalies underlying learning strategies has been receiving attention in recent years. As a result, interest has increased in quantifying and analyzing cognitive behavior more directly. One of the tools that measures brain activity directly is the evoked potential (EP). This study investigated the EP recorded from the brainstem region, often referred to as brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER). The importance of BAERs in detecting pathology in the brainstem has been well documented. BAERs have also been advocated as an important tool in the electrophysiological assessment of children's brainstem function relative to learning disorders. BAER latencies were recorded, therefore, from a small group of average children and studied in relation to the BAER stability overtime. Intra-individual differences were compared to between-subject differences. So little BAER research has been performed with children that more studies are needed just to clarify normal variability of BAER parameters. The present investigation studied intra-individual differences in the stability of BAER latencies over time in young subjects with normal hearing, for comparing with and contrasting to previous results from a study using an adult sample. BAER latencies were recorded for left, right, and binaural ear presentations. A coefficient of stability (CS) was calculated for each peak, for each ear over time. ANOVA results showed significance for peak and peak by ear interaction. Several BAER parameters were examined within-subjects that may not be revealed in studies between-subjects. Profiles for intra-aural differences over time showed individual differences in the stability of the BAER. Although there appeared to be a trend toward inter-ear differences the differences did not reach significance. The profiles indicated considerable intra-aural pattern replicability, and a trend toward increase in stability over time. The results supported a need for future research on laterality studies, more age specific normative data and correlational studies in relation to individual cognitive differences.
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King, Andrew Jonathan. „Spatial hearing and temporal processing in old and hearing-impaired individuals“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/spatial-hearing-and-temporal-processing-in-old-and-hearingimpaired-individuals(156ec05b-e6e8-466d-9025-d2d176f435d4).html.
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Small timing differences occur when sounds reach one ear before the other, creating interaural phase differences (IPDs). The phase-locked activity in the auditory nerve can, at low frequencies, preserve IPDs. IPDs are used for localising and separating sounds from different directions. Chapters 3, 5, and 6 report three studies of the independent effects of age and sensorineural hearing loss on the temporal processing of sound that aids spatial hearing. Chapters 2 and 4 describe two supporting methodological studies. Chapter 2 compared the duration of training required for stable IPD-discrimination thresholds for two stimulus presentation procedures. The procedure requiring the least training was adopted for subsequent studies. Age and hearing loss are related and both may affect sensitivity to IPDs. Chapter 3 demonstrated that hearing loss, regardless of listener age, is related to poorer sensitivity to IPDs in the temporal fine structure (TFS), but not in the temporal envelope. Chapter 3 also showed that age, independent of hearing loss, is related to poorer envelope-IPD sensitivity at low modulation rates, and somewhat poorer TFS-IPD sensitivity. In Chapter 5, listener age and IPD sensitivity were both compared to subcortical neural phase locking measured through the frequency-following response (FFR). Phase coherence in the envelope-FFR at 145 Hz modulation and in the TFS-FFR deteriorated with age, suggesting less precise phase locking in old age. However, age-related changes to IPD sensitivity were not strongly related to age-related changes in FFR phase coherence. IPD sensitivity declines may be predominantly caused by deterioration of binaural processing independent of subcortical phase locking. Chapter 4 showed that electrodes at the mastoids recorded TFS-FFR generated earlier in the auditory pathway than electrodes from the nape of the neck to forehead, which recorded FFR generated later in the brainstem. However, these electrode montages did not reveal different age- or hearing-loss-related FFR deficits in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 determined whether hearing loss affected the ability to use TFS IPDs to achieve better speech perception. On average, old hearing-impaired listeners gained a small, but significant, benefit from a lateral separation of the speech sources. Replacing the TFS with binaurally in-phase sine waves (removing the TFS IPDs) significantly reduced the benefit of lateral separation. How much a listener benefitted from intact TFS IPDs in speech perception was strongly related to the extent of their hearing loss at low frequencies and their monaural processing of TFS, but not to their ability to discriminate IPDs. In general, this thesis shows that low-frequency hearing loss is associated with poor sensitivity to TFS IPDs and the ability to benefit from them when sounds are laterally separated. The thesis also shows that old age can reduce sensitivity to IPDs and weaken subcortical temporal coding. Although only partly related, these effects are likely to cause problems for old individuals in challenging listening environments.
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Isbell, Elif. „Neural Mechanisms of Selective Auditory Attention in Lower Socioeconomic Status Preschoolers: Individual Differences, Genetic Influences, and Gene x Intervention Interactions“. Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19248.
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Selective attention refers to the ability to enhance the processing of relevant stimuli, while suppressing the processing of irrelevant distractors. The neural mechanisms of selective attention are vulnerable in children from lower socioeconomic status families, yet these neural mechanisms can also be enhanced with evidence-based, targeted training. The series of studies presented in this dissertation investigated the individual differences in development and neuroplasticity of selective auditory attention in association with nonverbal cognitive abilities, in relation to genetic influences, and in the context of gene x intervention interactions. To this end, a multi-method approach was adopted, combining several methodologies such as event-related potentials (ERPs), behavioral measures, molecular genetics, and a randomized, controlled intervention design.
In the first study, individual differences in neural mechanisms of selective auditory attention were studied, in association with nonverbal cognitive abilities. More robust ERP selective attention effects were associated with superior nonverbal IQ performance. These results indicated a noteworthy relationship between neural mechanisms of selective attention and nonverbal IQ performance in lower socioeconomic status (SES) preschoolers. In the second study, the relationship between 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and neural mechanisms of selective auditory attention was assessed. ERPs of selective attention effect were larger in children who carried at least one short allele of 5-HTTLPR, in comparison to long-homozygotes. These results associated being homozygous for the long allele with weaker neural mechanisms of selective attention in lower SES children. In the third study, these genetic influences were investigated in the context of an effective family-based training program previously shown to improve neural mechanisms of selective attention in lower SES preschoolers. The long-homozygote children, who initially displayed more attenuated ERPs of selective auditory attention than their short-carrier peers, showed robust ERPs of selective attention at posttest, but only if they were randomly assigned to the training program. These findings demonstrated that an effective family-based training could moderate the genetic influences of 5-HTTLPR on the neural mechanisms of selective attention. Taken together, the studies presented in this dissertation contribute to elucidating individual differences in development and neuroplasticity of selective auditory attention in lower SES preschoolers.
This dissertation includes unpublished co-authored material.
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Meagher, Kelsey Marie. „Effects of hearing aid processing on cortical auditory evoked potentials in normal hearing individuals“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/64172.
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Cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) are currently being investigated as a tool for validation in hearing aid fittings. There is some conflicting evidence regarding the usefulness of CAEPs in this capacity. CAEPs are influenced by stimulus parameters and hearing aids can change these parameters in an unpredictable manner. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rise time after hearing aid processing on the CAEP of 23 normal hearing participants. Two different duration stimuli (60 ms and 120 ms) were processed by three different hearing aids and the output of each hearing aid was recorded. The stimulus parameters were measured for each condition and the stimuli were presented to each participant through an insert earphone. Two blocks of stimuli were used (1) Raw (varied SNR and intensity) and (2) Equalized/Filtered (equalized SNR and intensity). The electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded and the P1-N1-P2 amplitudes and latencies were measured for each condition. A three-factor ANOVA was conducted to observe the effects of (1) rise time, (2) duration, and (3) SNR. A main effect of rise time was observed on the N1-P2 amplitude. This result indicated that hearing aid processing can increase the rise time enough to elicit a decrease in the N1-P2 amplitude. No effects were observed on amplitudes or latencies of the N1-P2 with the alternative stimulus parameters (SNR and duration). Prior to using CAEPs clinically for validation of hearing aid fittings, normative standards should be established. This ensures that differences in the N1-P2 amplitudes are due specifically to audibility and not to the altered stimulus parameter (i.e., after hearing aid processing). Further research should also be conducted on individuals with hearing loss to see if the effects observed in this study would be present with this population. In addition, comparisons of behavioural and CAEP methods of validation would be helpful in determining the validity and reliability of using these methods clinically.Medicine, Faculty of
Audiology and Speech Sciences, School of
Graduate
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Trota, Laimonas. „Individualių žinių vadybos reikšmė organizacijos konkurecingume“. Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20081203_194429-87066.
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Vienas iš būdų stiprinti konkurencinį pranašumą yra pasinaudojant naujausiais organizaciniais metodais nukreiptais į asmenį. Individualių žinių vadyba tai Lietuvoje kol kas plačiai neaptarinėjamas reiškinys kuris Vakarų vadybos pasaulyje nagrinėjamas šalia ir kartu su Žinių vadybos teorija. Individualios žinių vadybos konkurencinio pranašumo veiksniai išsamiai aptarinėjami teorinėja šio darbo dalyje, remiantis naujausiais šios srities mokslininkų, tiek teoretikų, tiek praktikų darbais ir nuomonėmis. Praktinėje dalyje atliekamas kelių, savo srityje lyderiaujančių įmonių darbuotojų kokybinė apklausa, aiškinamasi kaip šios įmonės praktikuoja Individualių žinių vadyba, kaip tai veikia jų sugebėjimą konkuruoti.The general objective of this study – to define main aspects of Personal knowledge management, which determines organizational competitive advantage. The topicality of this study is determined by universality of the problem of competitiveness. The competitive advantages of Personal knowledge management are discussed in theoretical part of this study, sustaining newest researches in this field of theory of management scholars and patricians.
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Roche, Laura. „A Novel Pupillometric Method for the Assessment of Auditory Comprehension in Individuals with Neurological Disorders“. Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1313788518.
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Ozer, Gabriela. „From Both Sides of the Desk: The Understanding and Application of Individual Learning Styles“. Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1043.
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The learning style theories, specifically the styles of auditory, visual, and kinesthetic, can have a significant influence on boosting the overall academic performance of students across the globe. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the qualities and implications of each style, whether positive or negative, on the individual achievement of each learner. Although much evidence has pointed to the importance of its application in the classroom, there has been research on the significance of other factors, such as neurological aspects, external influences, and controllable disciplinary actions. There is still much research to be done in regards to educational development, but one important takeaway for practice is the ability of an individual to realize their learning style in the classroom, ultimately allowing for the successful translation into various actions on daily life.
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Alleyne, Philmore A. „The influence of individual, team and contextual factors on external auditors' whistle-blowing intentions in Barbados. Towards the development of a conceptual model of external auditors' whistle-blowing intentions“. Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5325.
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Following the collapse of Arthur Andersen in the Enron debacle, whistle-blowing
within audit firms has taken on greater importance. Given the profession's requirements
to be confidential, independent and to act in the public's interest, there is a need for a model that addresses auditors' whistle-blowing intentions. This thesis presents a
conceptual model on whistle-blowing intentions among external auditors, where
individual-led antecedents influence whistle-blowing intentions, but are moderated by
isomorphic and issue-specific factors.
Survey questionnaires were administered to 226 external auditors, and 18
individual interviews as well as 2 focus groups were conducted in Barbados. Results
indicated that individual antecedents (attitudes, perceived behavioural control,
independence commitment, personal responsibility for reporting, and personal cost of
reporting) were significantly related to internal whistle-blowing, but only perceived
behavioural control was significantly related to external whistle-blowing. Partial
support was found for the moderating effects of perceived organizational support,
moral intensity, team norms and group cohesion on the relationships between the
majority of the independent variables (attitudes, perceived behavioural control,
independence commitment, personal responsibility for reporting and personal cost of
reporting) and internal whistle-blowing. However, partial support was found for the
moderating effects of perceived organizational support, moral intensity, team norms
iii
and group cohesion on the relationships between fewer independent variables and
external whistle-blowing.
Overall, respondents preferred anonymous internal channels of reporting, and
showed a general reluctance to report externally. The presence of an open-door policy,
ethics partners, hotline, on-going training and clearly defined policies could encourage
whistle-blowing. Further implications for research and practice are discussed.University of the West Indies
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Alleyne, Philmore Alvin. „The influence of individual, team and contextual factors on external auditors' whistle-blowing intentions in Barbados : towards the development of a conceptual model of external auditors' whistle-blowing intentions“. Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5325.
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Following the collapse of Arthur Andersen in the Enron debacle, whistle-blowing within audit firms has taken on greater importance. Given the profession's requirements to be confidential, independent and to act in the public's interest, there is a need for a model that addresses auditors' whistle-blowing intentions. This thesis presents a conceptual model on whistle-blowing intentions among external auditors, where individual-led antecedents influence whistle-blowing intentions, but are moderated by isomorphic and issue-specific factors. Survey questionnaires were administered to 226 external auditors, and 18 individual interviews as well as 2 focus groups were conducted in Barbados. Results indicated that individual antecedents (attitudes, perceived behavioural control, independence commitment, personal responsibility for reporting, and personal cost of reporting) were significantly related to internal whistle-blowing, but only perceived behavioural control was significantly related to external whistle-blowing. Partial support was found for the moderating effects of perceived organizational support, moral intensity, team norms and group cohesion on the relationships between the majority of the independent variables (attitudes, perceived behavioural control, independence commitment, personal responsibility for reporting and personal cost of reporting) and internal whistle-blowing. However, partial support was found for the moderating effects of perceived organizational support, moral intensity, team norms iii and group cohesion on the relationships between fewer independent variables and external whistle-blowing. Overall, respondents preferred anonymous internal channels of reporting, and showed a general reluctance to report externally. The presence of an open-door policy, ethics partners, hotline, on-going training and clearly defined policies could encourage whistle-blowing. Further implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Elglaly, Yasmine Nader Mohamed. „Spatial Reading System for Individuals with Blindness“. Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/22016.
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In this research we introduce a novel reading system that enables Individuals with Blindnessor Severe Visual Impairment (IBSVI) to have equivalent spatial reading experience to their
sighted counterparts, in terms of being able to engage in different reading strategies e.g.
scanning, skimming, and active reading. IBSVI are enabled to read in a self-paced manner
with spatial access to the original layout of any electronic text document. This system
renders text on iPad-type devices, and reads aloud each word touched by the user\'s finger.
The user could move her finger smoothly along the lines to read continuously with the
support of tactile landmarks. A tactile overlay on the iPad screen helps IBSVI to navigate
a page, furnishing a framework of tactile landmarks to give IBSVI a sense of place on the
page. As the user moves her finger along the tangible pattern of the overlay, the text on the
screen that is touched is rendered audibly to speech. The system supports IBSVI to develop
and maintain a cognitive map of the structure and the layout of the page. IBSVI are enabled
to fuse audio, tactile landmarks, and spatial information in order to read.
The system\'s initial design is founded on a theoretical hypothesis. A participatory design
approach with IBSVI consultants was then applied to refine the initial design. The re"fined
design was tested in a usability study, which revealed two major issues with the tested
design. These issues are related to the lack of instant feedback from the system (psycho-
motorical problem), and the lack of conveying the semantic level of the page structure.
We adapted the reader design to solve the usability problems. The improved design was
tested in an experience sampling study. The results showed a leap in the system usability.
IBSVI participants successfully self-paced read spatial text. Further reading support was
then added to the system to improve the user experience while reading and interacting with
the system. We tested the latest design of the reader system with respect to its featured
function of enabling self-paced reading and re-finding information. A decomposition study
was conducted to evaluate the main components of the system; the tactile overlay, and the
intelligent active reading support. The results showed that both components are required
to achieve the best performance in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, and spatial perception.
We conducted an evaluation study to compare our reader system to the state-of-the-art
iBook with VoiceOver. The results show that our reader system is more effective than iBook
with VoiceOver in finding previously read information and in estimating the layout of the
page, implying that IBSVI were able to construct a cognitive map for the pages they read,
and perform advanced reading strategies. Our goal is to to enable IBSVI to access digital
reading materials effectively, so that they may have equal learning opportunities as their
sighted counterparts.
Ph. D.
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Lau, Marcy K., Candace Hicks, Tobias Kroll und Steven Zupanic. „Effect of Auditory Task Type on Physiological and Subjective Measures of Listening Effort in Individuals With Normal Hearing“. Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5581.
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Purpose: Listening effort has traditionally been measured using subjective rating scales and behavioral measures. Recent physiological measures of listening effort have utilized pupil dilation. Using a combination of physiological and subjective measures of listening effort, this study aimed to identify differences in listening effort during 2 auditory tasks: sentence recognition and word recognition. Method: Pupil dilation and subjective ratings of listening effort were obtained for auditory tasks utilizing AzBio sentences recognition and Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 words recognition, across 3 listening situations: in quiet, at +6 dB signal-to-noise ratio, and at 0 dB signal-to-noise ratio. Task accuracy was recorded for each of the 6 conditions, as well as peak pupil dilation and a subjective rating of listening effort. Results: A significant impact of listening situation (quiet vs. noise) and task type (sentence recognition vs. word recognition) on both physiological and subjective measures was found. There was a significant interaction between listening situation and task type, suggesting that contextual cues may only be beneficial when audibility is uncompromised. The current study found no correlation between the physiological and subjective measures, possibly suggesting that these measures analyze different aspects of cognitive effort in a listening task.
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Burns, Alan Campbell. „Attention rather than integration as the reason for increase in simultaneous auditory and visual spatial discrimination accuracy over individual modality stimuli /“. Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsb9671.pdf.
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Valdes, Elise Gabriela. „The Effects of Cognitive Training among Individuals with Neurodegenerative Diseases“. Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6422.
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With the growing older adult population, neurodegenerative diseases common in old age such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Parkinson’s disease (PD) are becoming increasingly germane areas of research. Pharmacological treatments have thus far been unsuccessful in treating cognitive decline associated with these neurodegenerative disorders. Alternative interventions, such as cognitive training programs, have shown promise. The current dissertation contains three papers examining cognitive interventions in neurodegenerative diseases. The first paper examined the longitudinal effects of cognitive speed of processing training (SPT) among those with PD. Results showed that training gains seen at initial post-test were maintained three months later. The second paper examined the effects of SPT among those with psychometrically-defined MCI and found small to medium effect sizes for improvements in everyday functional performance among those trained. The third paper examined the effects of auditory cognitive training among cognitively healthy older adults and those with psychometrically-defined MCI and found that effects may differ between those with and with MCI. Overall, these papers show that training effects can be maintained longitudinally and may potentially transfer to everyday functioning in those with neurodegenerative diseases. However, not all cognitive training programs show benefits in all areas, and individuals with differing cognitive statuses may benefit differentially from cognitive training. Future research should further explore the longitudinal effects of these training programs as well as the possibility of transfer to untrained abilities.
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Parker, David. „Assessment of Access Methods for Mobile Maps for Individuals Who are Blind or Visually Impaired“. VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/6097.
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When people go to a mall, museums, or other such locations they tend to rely on maps to find their way around. However, for people who are blind or visually impaired (BVI) maps are not easily accessible and they depend on other means, such as a guide, to get around. Research has only just begun to investigate providing maps for people who are BVI on touch screen devices. Many different types of feedback have been used: audio (sound), tactile (touch), audio-tactile, and multitouch. Some research has been conducted on the benefit of using multiple fingers (multitouch) and has found conflicting results. Yet, no known research has been conducted on the comparison of using audio feedback to that of tactile feedback.
In this study, we look to try and answer two questions. 1.) Is audio equal to or better than tactile? As well as: 2.) Does multiple fingers help? Participants were asked to use seven different methods (4 audio, 3 tactile) to explore an overview map and an individual map and answer questions about them. Results showed that overall, audio cues are similar or better than tactile cues which is beneficial since it requires less battery to generate audio cues than tactile cues. It was also shown that the use of multiple fingers was more beneficial in tasks that are spatially demanding. While those who have tactile experience benefited when using two fingers with each finger represented by a different instrument played to separated ears.
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Lamplugh, Claire E. „An investigation into levels of self-esteem, depression and attributional style in individuals who experience auditory hallucinations that they believe to be malevolent“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295897.
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Hildebrandt, Brent J. „Auditory Training and its Effect on the Phonemic Awareness Development of Individuals with Dyslexia Who Have a Deficit in Phonological and Phonemic Awareness“. Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1363278802.
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Brealy, Jennifer. „The relationship between variation in genes, GABA, structure and gamma oscillations in the visual and auditory system of healthy individuals and psychiatric disorder“. Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/75463/.
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Visual perception is highly variable across healthy individuals and increasing evidence suggests that this inter-individual variation could be due to differences at the genetic, neurochemical, structural and neurophysiological level. Specifically, variation in the GAD1 gene (responsible for synthesising the majority of cortical GABA) has been associated with differences in the level of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. In addition, differences in GABA and cortical structural parameters (surface area and thickness) have been shown to predict differences in neural gamma oscillations. However, these findings have not been replicated in large independent studies. Hence, Chapter 3 and 4 of this thesis combines the non-invasive neuroimaging tools MRI, MRS and MEG with genetic data to investigate the relationship between variations in genes, GABA, structure and gamma oscillations in the visual cortex of a large cohort of healthy individuals. Group differences in GABA, structure and gamma oscillations have also been reported between psychiatric populations (schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) and healthy individuals. However, differences in the direction of effect (increase or decrease) and no group differences have been found. Thus, Chapter 5 aims to further study these inconsistent findings by exploring group differences in GABA, structure and gamma oscillations between a healthy group and a schizoaffective bipolar disorder group. Lastly, inter- individual variation is also present in auditory perception but has received much less attention into the factors driving this variation. As in the visual system, similar links between neurochemical, structural and neurophysiological measures could be present in the auditory domain. Chapter 6 investigates the association between auditory gamma oscillations and auditory structural parameters in a healthy cohort.
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Mattisson, Morgan, und Emil Persson. „Från demonstration till individuell kunskap : en studie om samspelet mellan kommunikation och inlärning med fokus på ämnet slöjd“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-165707.
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I denna studie försöker vi finna svar på hur en praktisk lärardemonstration kan utföras på ett pedagogiskt vis. Vi undersöker även övergången från den stund som domineras av läraren till den stund som utmärks av individuellt elevarbete. Skolämnet som studien utgår ifrån är slöjd men vi tror att de utmaningar och resultat som framkommer kan appliceras även på andra skolämnen. Från svar på enkäter riktade till elever och intervjuer utförda med både lärare och elever framkommer att ett flertal aspekter spelar in för ett framgångsrikt lärande knutet till demonstrationer. Lärarens kapacitet och förmåga att både förbereda och framföra något är viktig. Samtidigt spelar lärarens kontakt med och kunskap om, både grupp och individ, roll. Återkoppling till elever bör ske med fokus på det som utförts och som eleven kan påverka. Även faktorer av mer praktiska slag påverkar, som vid vilken tid på dagen lektionen pågår och om eleverna då är pigga eller ofokuserade. Att få demonstrationen och det efterkommande elevarbetet att vara en lärorik stund istället för något tråkigt är en utmanande, komplex och rolig del av läraryrket. Att lyckas med det kan vara avgörande för elevernas förståelse och lust att engagera sig i ämnet.In this study we try to find answers on how a practical demonstration, performed by a teacher, can be conducted in both effective and pedagogic ways. We also explore the transition from a teacher lead period to a period defined by practical work and understanding performed by pupils. The subject studied is the swedish sloyd, but we think the challenges are mainly the same in any school subject. Through research on literature in areas such as rhetorics, leadership and pedagogy we contrast different aspects on the subject with surveys conducted on pupils and interviews with both pupils and teachers. From empirics we conclude that different aspects play important roles in succeeding with bringing a sloyd demonstration into individual pupil knowledge. The teacher’s capacity in preparation and enthralling an audience as well as his or her empathy and knowledge of the mental constitution of the class all play a part. It is also important how well the teacher gives individualized feedback, when pupils start working or no longer do work due to various reasons. Practical factors such as hour of the day and whether the pupils are alert or hungry also do contribute. Bringing a demonstration from a dull experience into engaged pupil work is a challenging, complex and enjoyable part of a lesson. It may be crucial to the pupil’s future effort making and understanding.
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Schönstein, David. „Individual of spectral cues for applications in virtual auditory space : study of inter-subject differences in Head-Related Transfer Functions using perceptual judgements from listening tests“. Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066488.
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Cordeiro, Gerissa Neiva de Moura Santos. „O Processo de Indicação e Adaptação de Aparelho de Amplificação Sonora Individual para crianças abaixo de três anos de idade“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/12083.
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Previous issue date: 2007-02-23Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Introduction. The process of audiologic evaluation is very important and dynamic. It occurs then the characterization of the auditory loss (degree, type and configuration), the determination of the necessities and expectations, the election of the hearing aid, being chosen its physical and eletroacustics characteristics. After that, the verification of the amplification prescribed during the programming of the hearing aid is carried through and, finally, the validation, to verify the effect in the auditory perception and the development of speaks. With this they stand out the importance of the diagnosis and the establishment of necessary auditory thresholds in the indication and adaptation of the hearing aid in children and the necessity of a knowledge deepened on the subject, that subsidizes the improvement of the politics and services of attention to the auditory health. Objetivo.Discribed and to argue the process of lapsing, verification and validation in the adaptation of hearing aid (Device of Individual Sonorous Amplification) for children of 3 the 36 months of age, inserted in a service of auditory health. Methodology. They had been selected and considered for it analyzes 10 citizens that were in attendance in the Centro Audição na Criança (CeAC), had been collected the data in the handbook of the service on the audiológico diagnosis, the indication and adaptation of the amplification and had been gotten given through measures in situ, audiometria with visual reinforcement with AASI and test of perception of speaks; in each specific case. From it analyzes had been chosen 2 citizens that had better allowed the quarrel of: Establishment of the auditory thresholds for the lapsing of characteristics acoustics of the AASI.The process of verification of the lapsing of the characteristics of the AASI: waited and the found one. Results. The results gotten with the quarrels of the two cases had disclosed that the determination of the audiométricos thresholds in the studied cases was determinative in the lapsing of the characteristics of the AASI. We presented different values of RECD in the two ears, being justified by the asymmetry of external acoustic meato that was visualized through the auricular mold. In the studied cases the value indicated in the software of the company does not correspond to the values gotten in the process of verification in coupler 2 cc. Reaction for the sounds was observed of says in both the casesConclusion. This study it allowed some reflections on the determination of the thresholds for the lapsing of the amplification. The mensuração of the RECD must be measured in the two ears when the anatomical difference will be visualized in the auricular mold. Adjustments of until 20dB had been necessary so that the parameters prescribed for software were gotten in the coupler 2cc. These results confirm the necessity of the process of verification in the coupler in the routine of the indication of AASI. The organization of a protocol with all the carried through procedures made possible one better understanding of the process and was basic in the decisions in such a way in the establishment of the thresholds as in the verification and validation of the characteristics of the AASI. It made possible the organization of a protocol suggestion that can contribute for the clinical interpretation of the available examinations in the first year of life
Introdução. O processo de avaliação audiológica é muito importante e dinâmico. Ocorre então a caracterização da perda auditiva (grau, tipo e configuração), a determinação das necessidades e expectativas, a seleção do AASI, sendo escolhidas suas características físicas e eletroacústicas. Em seguida, é realizada a verificação da amplificação prescrita durante a programação do AASI e, por último, a validação, para se verificar o efeito na percepção auditiva e no desenvolvimento de fala.Com isso ressaltam a importância do diagnóstico e do estabelecimento de limiares auditivos precisos na indicação e adaptação do AASI em crianças e a necessidade de um conhecimento aprofundado sobre o tema, que subsidie o aprimoramento das políticas e serviços de atenção à saúde auditiva. Objetivo.Descrever e discutir o processo de prescrição, verificação e validação na adaptação de AASI (Aparelho de Amplificação Sonora Individual) para crianças de 3 a 36 meses de idade, inseridas em um serviço de saúde auditiva.Metodologia. Foram selecionados e considerados para analise 10 sujeitos que estavam em atendimento no Centro Audição na Criança (CeAC), foram coletados os dados no prontuário do serviço sobre o diagnóstico audiológico, sobre a indicação e adaptação da amplificação e foram obtidos dados através de medidas in situ, audiometria com reforço visual com AASI e teste de percepção de fala; em cada caso específico.A partir da analise foram escolhidos 2 sujeitos que melhor permitiram a discussão de: Estabelecimento dos limiares auditivos para a prescrição de características acústicas do AASI.O processo de verificação da prescrição das características do AASI: o esperado e o encontrado.Resultados. Os resultados obtidos com as discussões dos dois casos revelaram que a determinação dos limiares audiométricos nos casos estudados foi determinante na prescrição das características do AASI. We apresentou valores de RECD diferentes nas duas orelhas, sendo justificada pela assimetria de meato acústico externo que foi visualizado através do molde auricular. Nos casos estudados o valor indicado no software da empresa não correspondem aos valores obtidos no processo de verificação no acoplador 2 cc.Foi observada reação para os sons de fala em ambos os casos Conclusão.Este estudo permitiu algumas reflexões sobre a determinação dos limiares para a prescrição da amplificação. A mensuração do RECD deve ser medido nas duas orelhas quando for visualizado no molde auricular a diferença anatômica..Ajustes de até 20dB foram necessários para que os parâmetros prescritos pelo software fossem obtidos no acoplador 2cc.Estes resultados confirmam a necessidade do processo de verificação no acoplador na rotina da indicação de AASI. A organização de um protocolo com todos os procedimentos realizados possibilitou uma melhor compreensão do processo e foi fundamental nas decisões tanto no estabelecimento dos limiares como na verificação validação das características do AASI. Possibilitou a organização de uma sugestão de protocolo que pode contribuir para a interpretação clínica dos exames disponíveis no primeiro ano de vida
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Mouterde, Solveig. „Long-range discrimination of individual vocal signatures by a songbird : from propagation constraints to neural substrate“. Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STET4012/document.
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L'un des plus grands défis posés par la communication est que l'information codée par l'émetteur est toujours modifiée avant d'atteindre le récepteur, et que celui-ci doit traiter cette information altérée afin de recouvrer le message. Ceci est particulièrement vrai pour la communication acoustique, où la transmission du son dans l'environnement est une source majeure de dégradation du signal, ce qui diminue l'intensité du signal relatif au bruit. La question de savoir comment les animaux transmettent l'information malgré ces conditions contraignantes a été l'objet de nombreuses études, portant soit sur l'émetteur soit sur le récepteur. Cependant, une recherche plus intégrée sur l'analyse de scènes auditives est nécessaire pour aborder cette tâche dans toute sa complexité. Le but de ma recherche était d'utiliser une approche transversale afin d'étudier comment les oiseaux s'adaptent aux contraintes de la communication à longue distance, en examinant le codage de l'information au niveau de l'émetteur, les dégradations du signal acoustiques dues à la propagation, et la discrimination de cette information dégradée par le récepteur, au niveau comportemental comme au niveau neuronal. J'ai basé mon travail sur l'idée de prendre en compte les problèmes réellement rencontrés par les animaux dans leur environnement naturel, et d'utiliser des stimuli reflétant la pertinence biologique des problèmes posés à ces animaux. J'ai choisi de me focaliser sur l'information d'identité individuelle contenue dans le cri de distance des diamants mandarins (Taeniopygia guttata) et d'examiner comment la signature vocale individuelle est codée, dégradée, puis discriminée et décodée, depuis l'émetteur jusqu'au récepteur. Cette étude montre que la signature individuelle des diamants mandarins est très résistante à la propagation, et que les paramètres acoustiques les plus individualisés varient selon la distance considérée. En testant des femelles dans les expériences de conditionnement opérant, j'ai pu montrer que celles-ci sont expertes pour discriminer entre les signature vocales dégradées de deux mâles, et qu'elles peuvent s'améliorer en s'entraînant. Enfin, j'ai montré que cette capacité de discrimination impressionnante existe aussi au niveau neuronal : nous avons montré l'existence d'une population de neurones pouvant discriminer des voix individuelles à différent degrés de dégradation, sans entrainement préalable. Ce niveau de traitement évolué, dans le cortex auditif primaire, ouvre la voie à de nouvelles recherches, à l'interface entre le traitement neuronal de l'information et le comportementIn communication systems, one of the biggest challenges is that the information encoded by the emitter is always modified before reaching the receiver, who has to process this altered information in order to recover the intended message. In acoustic communication particularly, the transmission of sound through the environment is a major source of signal degradation, caused by attenuation, absorption and reflections, all of which lead to decreases in the signal relative to the background noise. How animals deal with the need for exchanging information in spite of constraining conditions has been the subject of many studies either at the emitter or at the receiver's levels. However, a more integrated research about auditory scene analysis has seldom been used, and is needed to address the complexity of this process. The goal of my research was to use a transversal approach to study how birds adapt to the constraints of long distance communication by investigating the information coding at the emitter's level, the propagation-induced degradation of the acoustic signal, and the discrimination of this degraded information by the receiver at both the behavioral and neural levels. Taking into account the everyday issues faced by animals in their natural environment, and using stimuli and paradigms that reflected the behavioral relevance of these challenges, has been the cornerstone of my approach. Focusing on the information about individual identity in the distance calls of zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata, I investigated how the individual vocal signature is encoded, degraded, and finally discriminated, from the emitter to the receiver. This study shows that the individual signature of zebra finches is very resistant to propagation-induced degradation, and that the most individualized acoustic parameters vary depending on distance. Testing female birds in operant conditioning experiments, I showed that they are experts at discriminating between the degraded vocal signatures of two males, and that they can improve their ability substantially when they can train over increasing distances. Finally, I showed that this impressive discrimination ability also occurs at the neural level: we found a population of neurons in the avian auditory forebrain that discriminate individual voices with various degrees of propagation-induced degradation without prior familiarization or training. The finding of such a high-level auditory processing, in the primary auditory cortex, opens a new range of investigations, at the interface of neural processing and behavior
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Aglieri, Virginia. „Behavioural and neural inter-individual variability in voice perception processes“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0176/document.
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Chez l'homme, la voix facilite les interactions sociales par la transmission d’informations sur l'identité de la personne, ses émotions ou sa personnalité. En particulier, l'identité du locuteur peut être automatiquement extraite même lorsque le message et l'état émotionnel varient, ce qui suggère des mécanismes cognitifs et cérébraux partiellement dissociables pour ces processus. Cependant, la reconnaissance d'une voix familière ou la discrimination entre deux locuteurs sont, pour certains sujets, non seulement non-automatiques, mais même impossibles. Ce déficit, lorsqu'il se manifeste dès la naissance, est appelé phonagnosie du développement et constitue la contrepartie auditive de la prosopagnosie (déficit de reconnaissance des visages). Dans le domaine visuel, il a été proposé que les sujets affectés par la prosopagnosie du développement représentent des cas extrêmes dans la distribution des capacités de reconnaissance de visages. A l’inverse, des "super-reconnaisseurs" des visages se situaient à l’opposé de cette distribution.Comme la distribution des capacités de reconnaissance de la voix dans la population générale était encore inconnue, le premier objectif de cette thèse a été d'en étudier les différences individuelles au moyen d'un court test - le Glasgow Voice Memory Test (GVMT). Les résultats obtenus ont reflété une large variabilité interindividuelle dans les capacités de reconnaissance des voix: parmi une cohorte de 1120 sujets, il y avait à la fois des sujets avec des performances significativement en dessous de la moyenne (potentiels phonagnosiques) et des "super-reconnaisseurs" des voix. Cette variabilité individuelle comportementale semblerait se refléter au niveau cérébral, comme révélés par l'imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) : en fait, il a été montré précédemment qu'il existait une variabilité interindividuelle considérable dans le signal BOLD (blood-oxygen level dependent) lié à la voix dans les zones temporales de la voix (TVAs). Ces régions sont situées sur le bord supérieur des sulcus/gyrus temporal supérieur (STS/STG) et montrent une activation préférentielle pour les sons vocaux plutôt que non vocaux. Le deuxième objectif de ce travail fut de mieux caractériser le lien entre les mécanismes comportementaux et neuronaux sous-tendant la variabilité interindividuelle dans les processus de reconnaissance des voix. Pour cela, nous avons examiné comment la perception de la voix modulait la connectivité fonctionnelle entre les TVAs, constituant le "noyau" du réseau de perception de la voix, et les régions frontales également sensibles aux voix, constituant une extension de ce réseau. Les résultats ont montré qu'il y avait une connectivité fonctionnelle positive dans l'ensemble du réseau et que la connectivité fonctionnelle fronto-temporelle et fronto-frontale droite augmentait avec les scores obtenus lors du GVMT.Pour compléter ce travail, nous avons réalisé une autre étude IRMf en utilisant des analyses multivariées, afin de clarifier les corrélats neuronaux de la reconnaissance du locuteur mais aussi le lien entre sensibilité cérébrale à la voix et capacités de reconnaissance du locuteur. Pour cela, des sujets ayant des capacités de reconnaissance vocale hétérogènes ont été soumis à la fois à une tâche d'identification du locuteur et à une tâche d'écoute passive de sons vocaux et non vocaux. Les résultats ont confirmé que l’identification du locuteur s’effectuait via un réseau étendu de régions, incluant les TVAs mais aussi des régions frontales. De plus, nous avons observé que le score de classification voix/non-voix dans le STS droit permettait de prédire les capacités d'identification des locuteurs.Dans l'ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que les capacités de reconnaissance vocale varient considérablement d'un individu à l'autre et que cette variabilité pourrait être le reflet de profils d’activité cérébrale différents au sein du réseau de la perception de la voixIn humans, voice conveys heterogeneous information such as speaker’s identity, which can be automatically extracted even when language content and emotional state vary. We hypothesized that the ability to recognize a speaker considerably varied across the population, as previously observed for face recognition. To test this hypothesis, a short voice recognition test was delivered to 1120 subjects in order to observe how voice recognition abilities were distributed in the general population. Since it has been previously observed that there exists a considerable inter-individual variability in voice-elicited activity in temporal voice areas (TVAs), regions along the superior temporal sulcus/gyrus (STS/STG) that show preferentially activation for voices than other sounds, the second aim of this work was then to better characterize the link between the behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying inter-individual variability in voice recognition processes through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The results of a first fMRI study showed that functional connectivity between frontal and temporal voice sensitive regions increased with voice recognition scores obtained at a voice recognition test. Another fMRI study showed that speaker’s identity was treated in an extended network of regions, including TVAs but also frontal regions and that voice/non-voice classification accuracy in right STS increased with speaker identification abilities. Altogether, these results suggest that voice recognition abilities considerably vary across subjects and that this variability can be mirrored by different neural profiles within the voice perception network
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Bosso, Janaina Regina. „Ajustes das características eletroacústicas do aparelho de amplificação sonora individual com base em limiares auditivos tonais e resposta auditiva de estado estável“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47135/tde-15122009-123157/.
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A impossibilidade de obtenção de dados audiológicos comportamentais em crianças deficientes auditivas faz com que seja necessária a utilização de testes objetivos como a resposta auditiva de estado estável (RAEE) para estimar os limiares auditivos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as diferenças encontradas na seleção de características eletroacústicas do aparelho de amplificação sonora individual (AASI) com base nos limiares auditivos estimados por meio da resposta auditiva de estado estável (RAEE) em comparação com o mesmo processo realizado com base em limiares auditivos tonais. Foram estudados 28 indivíduos com deficiência auditiva neurossensorial: grupo A, composto por 10 adultos (média da idade 46,3 anos) e grupo B, composto por 18 crianças (média da idade 10,38 anos). O método prescritivo utilizado foi o Desired Sensation Level (DSL) i/o versão 4.1. A medida individualizada da RECD foi utilizada como transformador acústico. Três diferentes programações foram geradas considerando os limiares auditivos tonais nas freqüências de 0,25 a 6kHz (programação tonal completa - ProTC), os limiares auditivos tonais apenas nas freqüências de 0,5, 1, 2 e 4 kHz (programação tonal - ProT) e os limiares auditivos estimados na RAEE nas freqüências de 0,5, 1, 2 e 4 kHz (programação eletrofisiológica - ProE). A verificação da amplificação foi realizada em acoplador de 2cc. Foi realizada avaliação da percepção da fala na presença de ruído (grupo A e B) e julgamento da qualidade sonora (grupo A). Os resultados mostraram que os valores da resposta em orelha real amplificada prescrita (REAR P) foram maiores para programação baseada em limiares auditivos estimados pela RAEE. As diferenças encontradas foram significativas, para todas as intensidades testadas, nas freqüências de 0,5, 1 e 2 kHz no grupo A e em todas as freqüências no grupo B. A diferença entre a REAR P e a REAR medida em acoplador de 2cc (REAR M) foi inferior a 1,4 dB em todas as freqüências e intensidades estudadas, para os grupos A e B. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre a REAR M obtidas na ProTC e na ProT. Os valores de REAR M obtidos na ProE foram maiores do que os obtidos nas programações ProTC e ProT. Não foram encontradas diferençam significativas na avaliação da percepção da fala em adultos. Por outro lado, em crianças, foi encontrada diferença significativa na obtenção da relação sinal/ruído na ProE quando comparada com às programações ProTC e ProT. No julgamento da qualidade sonora, os resultados mostraram pior julgamento das dimensões avaliadas, na ProE. Entretanto apenas para a dimensão conforto auditivo foi encontrada diferença significativa. O resultado do presente estudo mostra que os limiares auditivos estimados pela RAEE podem ser utilizados na determinação das características eletroacústicas do AASI em adultos e crianças.The impossibility for obtaining behavioral auditory data in children with hearing loss brings the necessity of applying objective tests as auditory steady state responses (ASSR) in order to evaluate the auditory thresholds. The objective of this study was to verify the differences found on the selection of the eletroacoustic characteristics of the hearing aid (AASI) based on the auditory thresholds, obtained by the auditory steady state responses (ASSR) in comparison with the same procedure realized, based on audiometric thresholds: A total of 28 people with sensorineural hearing loss were studied: group A comprised 10 adults (average age 46,3 years) and group B comprised 18 children (average age 10,38 years). The prescriptive method applied was Desired Sensation Level (DSL) i/o version 4.1. The individualized measurement of RECD was applied as acoustic transformer. Three different programs were generated considering the audiometric thresholds on the frequencies from 0,25 to 6kHz (complete tonal program- ProTC), the audiometric thresholds just on the frequencies 0,5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz (tonal program- ProT) and the auditory thresholds obtained by the ASSR on the frequencies 0,5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz (electrophysiological program ProE). The verification of the amplification was realized by a coupler of 2cc. The evaluation of speech recognition in noise (group A and B) and the judgment of sound quality (group A) was performed. The results showed that the Real Ear Aided Response prescribed (REAR P) were higher for the program based on the auditory thresholds estimated by the ASSR. The differences were significant, for all the levels of intensity tested, for the frequencies 0,5, 1, 2 and 2 kHz in group A and in all the frequencies in group B. The difference between REAR P and the REAR measured in coupler of 2cc (REAR M) was lower than 1,4dB for all the frequencies and intensities studied, for groups A and B. Differences were not found between the REAR M obtained on the ProTC and ProT. The results for REAR M obtained on the ProE were higher than the ones obtained on the programs ProTC and ProT. Significant differences were not found in the evaluation for the speech perception in adults. For children, significant differences were found for S/N on the ProE when compared to the program ProTC and ProT. On the evaluation of the sound quality, the results showed worse judgment of the dimensions evaluated, on the ProE. However, a significant difference was found for auditory comfort dimension. The outcomes of the present study shows that the auditory threshold obtained by the ASSR can be employed for the determination of the electroacoustic characteristics of the hearing aids in adults and children.
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Tabanlioglu, Selime. „The Relationship Between Learning Styles And Language Learning Strategies Of Pre-intermediate Eap Students“. Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1014034/index.pdf.
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This thesis aims to identify the learning styles and strategies of students, to
check whether there are significant differences in the learning style and strategy
preferences between male and female learners, and investigate whether there is a
relationship between students’
learning style and strategy preferences. A total of 60 students were asked to complete two questionnaires. One was used to identify students&
#8217
perceptual learning style preferences and the other was used to identify students&
#8217
learning strategies. In addition, think aloud protocols were held to determine the cognitive and metacognitive strategies students used while reading. The data analysis of the first questionnaire revealed that students&
#8217
major learning style preferences were auditory learning and individual learning. Furthermore, significant difference was found in the preference of tactile learning between males and females. The analysis of the second questionnaire revealed that cognitive strategies were favoured the most. No significant difference was found in the preferences of learning strategies between males and females. The analysis with respect to the relationship between learning styles and strategies revealed that &
#8226
visual styles had a significant relation with affective strategies
&
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auditory styles had significant relationships with memory, cognitive, affective, and social strategies
&
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there was a significant relationship between the individual learning style and compensation strategies. &
#8226
none of the learning styles had a significant relationship with metacognitive strategies. The think aloud protocols revealed that students used various cognitive and metacognitive strategies.
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Fonseca, Angélica Biazus Mendonça da. „Avaliação das habilidades auditivas e da percepção de fala em idosos usuários de Aparelho de Amplificação Sonora Individual: esudo piloto“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/11985.
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Previous issue date: 2014-07-30processing, associated with the decline of working memory and attention. The comprehension of speech is a highly specialized activity and involves the perception and cognition. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the assessment of auditory skills and speech perception in the elderly, new users of Individual sound amplification device, assists in the process of selection and adaptation of AASI. Methods: we selected 15 individuals with sensorineural hearing loss from mild to moderate degree, new users of bilateral hearing aids, aged between 60 and 75 years. The subjects were assessed by means of Duration Pattern Sequence Test (DPST), Dichotic Digits Test (DDT), Differential Limen of Intensity (DLI), Index of Sentence Recognition (ISR) in quiet and in noise, Sentence Recognition Threshold (SRT) in quiet and in noise and by self-evaluation questionnaire auditory handicap for senior citizens (HHIE-S) in two instances: without hearing aid (first evaluation), and after 3 months (2nd evaluation). Results: tests, DLI only in LE, SRT in noise , SRT in quiet and ISR in quiet showed that there were no statistically significant difference between the two evaluations. In the remaining tests there is difference statistically significant between the assessments. Conclusion: The proposed tests may be part of the process of adaptation of the HEARING AID, because they contribute to the extent of satisfaction and performance, allowing the audiologist forward to hearing/cognitive rehabilitation when necessary
Com a diminuição da audição periférica, ocorre uma piora no processamento da informação, associada ao declínio da memória de trabalho e atenção. A compreensão da fala é uma atividade altamente especializada e envolve basicamente a percepção e a cognição. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a avaliação das habilidades auditivas e de percepção de fala em idosos, novos usuários de Aparelho de Amplificação Sonora Individual (AASI), auxilia no processo de seleção e de adaptação do AASI. Métodos: Foram selecionados 15 indivíduos portadores de perda auditiva neurossensorial de grau leve a moderado, novos usuários de próteses auditivas bilaterais, com idades entre 60 e 75 anos. Os sujeitos foram avaliados por meio dos testes de Duration Pattern Sequence (DPS), Teste Dicótico de Dígitos (TDD), Limiar Diferencial de Intensidade (LDI), Pesquisa do Índice de reconhecimento de sentenças (IRS) no silêncio e no ruído, Pesquisa do Limiar de reconhecimento para sentenças (LRS) no silencio e no ruído e pelo questionário de auto avaliação do handicap auditivo para idosos (HHIE-S) em dois momentos: sem próteses (1ª avaliação), e após 3 meses (2ª avaliação). Resultados: Somente nos testes de LDI na OE, LRS no silêncio e no ruído, e IRS no silêncio não mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as duas avaliações. Nos demais testes houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as avaliações. Conclusão: Os testes propostos poderão fazer parte do processo de adaptação do AASI, pois contribuem na medida de satisfação e desempenho, permitindo ao fonoaudiólogo encaminhar para a reabilitação auditiva/cognitiva, quando for necessário
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Donini, Talita Sunaitis. „A Utilização do potencial evocado auditivo de estado estável no processo de indicação de aparelhos de amplificação sonora individual em crianças com deficiência auditiva“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/12092.
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Previous issue date: 2007-02-22The implementation of Universal Newborn hearing screening aims at earlier diagnosis and intervention for hearing impaired children. The use of hearing aids is one of the most important elements of the intervention process focused on the development of oral language. Brainstem evoked auditory response - ABR using click or frequency specific tone bursts have limitations in terms of presenting the stimulus in free field. The use of Auditory Steady State Response- ASSR in early diagnosis and hearing aid evaluation has been referred in the literature and appears to be promising for obtaining minimal levels of response for children that are not able to give behavioral auditory responses, particularly aided responses in free field. The goal of the study was to discuss the responses of hearing impaired children obtained with ASSR in free field, within the different audiological procedures for verification and validation of the prescribed eletroacoustic characteristics of the hearing aids. Results on the ASSR of six children with severe hearing loss were analyzed . These children were enrolled at the Educational Audiology Program of at The Center for Hearing in Children at DERDIC- PUCSP, and were regular hearing aid users. All subjects had: pure tone audiometry and ASSR with phones and in free field aided and unaided. Correlations were obtained between different conditions in order to discuss the possible contributions of the ASSR in the evaluation of hearing aids benefit. There was a strong correlation between the response levels obtained in the aided free field audiometry and aided free field ASSR. The correlation was weaker under the earphone condition probably due to the degree of hearing loss of the subjects that participated in the study. There seems to be a good potential for the use of free field aided responses using SSR in clinical conditions as an additional information on hearing aid benefit
A implantação dos programas de Triagem Auditiva Neonatal Universal têm o objetivo de promover ao diagnóstico da deficiência e a intervenção terapêutica fonoaudiológica o mais cedo possível. A seleção e adaptação de aparelhos de amplificação sonora (AASI) constituem parte importante do processo de intervenção dentro de uma perspectiva de desenvolvimento da linguagem oral. Os dados obtidos por meio dos registros do potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico com utilização dos estímulos clique e freqüência específica possuem algumas limitações na obtenção do registro. Desta forma, destaca-se o uso do Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Estado Estável (PEAEEst) como um procedimento que possibilita obter limiares eletrofisiológicos em diferentes freqüências, de forma simultânea, o que reduz o tempo de teste e provê informações essenciais para a seleção e adaptação de AASI. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi discutir a utilização do registro do potencial evocado auditivo de estado estável em campo livre no processo de indicação de aparelhos de amplificação sonora para crianças com deficiência auditiva, como parte do conjunto dos procedimentos de verificação e validação das características prescritas.. Foram analisados os registros do PEAEEst de crianças e adolescentes usuárias de AASI atendidas pelo Serviço de Audiologia Educacional e pelo Centro Audição na Criança - DERDIC, portadores de deficiência auditiva de grau severo. Foram avaliados os resultados da audiometria tonal e potencial evocado auditivo de estado estável obtidos com fones e em campo livre com uso de amplificação. Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente a fim de discutir as contribuições do uso do PEAEEst no processo de indicação de AASI de sujeitos com deficiência auditiva. Observamos que há correlação entre os achados da audiometria tonal em campo livre e o PEAEEst obtido em campo livre com AASI. Na comparação entre os registros obtidos na audiometria tonal e PEAEEst realizados com fones observamos menor correlação. Algumas características como grau e configuração da perda auditiva pareceram interferir no registro do potencial. A utilização clínica deste procedimento pode promover informações importantes sobre as respostas da criança com uso dos aparelhos de maneira objetiva
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Freitas, Thaysa Vidal Dias de. „Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Longa Latência em crianças com deficiência auditiva sensorioneural e usuárias de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/11978.
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Previous issue date: 2014-04-07Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
To describe the results of long latency auditory evoked potentials, P1-N1-P2 complex, in children with sensorineural hearing impairment and hearing aids users. Method: 10 children with congenital bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment, with symmetrical configuration and moderate to profound degree of hearing loss, were subjects of the present study, age ranging between 2 and 8 years old. The subjects were followed up in a hearing health center in Sao Paulo. Data were collected concerning to the degree of hearing loss, auditory age, age when hearing aids were adapted, approach for speech therapy, and systematic use of hearing aids. The Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (LLAEP) were recorded using insert earphones at 85dBSPL, without hearing aids; the same test was performed in free field at 100dBSPL, with loudspeaker positioned at 90 degrees, aside of the better ear, with subjects using their hearing aids. The equipment used has two recording channels, one to record the LLAEP and the other to record the eyes movements to control the artifact generated. Two recordings were collected to verify the reproducibility of the waves. Results: The latency values of the components P1-N1-P2 in unaided and aided tests were statistically analyzed and described according to the variables. The volunteers with absence of LLEAP in the unaided test had severe and profound hearing loss. When the test was performed with hearing aids through sound field all subjects showed LLEAP. There was significance correlation between auditory age and P1-N1 latency. In the analysis between onset age of hearing aids use, weekly hours of therapy, approach in language therapy, and systematic use of hearing aids, there was no association with the P1-N1-P2 latency. Conclusion: Subjects with moderate degree of hearing loss showed presence of LLAEP in aided and unaided tests; volunteers with severe and profound degree of hearing loss showed absence of LLAEP in unaided tests. All volunteers showed presence of LLAEP in the aided test, independent of the degree of hearing loss. The latency value of P1 was increased, regardless of auditory age
Descrever os resultados dos potenciais evocados auditivos de longa latência, complexo P1-N1-P2, em crianças com deficiência auditiva sensorioneural e usuárias de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual. Método: Participaram da pesquisa 10 crianças com perda auditiva sensorioneural congênita, bilateral, de configuração simétrica, com graus de moderado a profundo, idades entre 2 e 8 anos, e estavam em acompanhamento audiológico num centro de referência em saúde auditiva de São Paulo. Foram coletados dados sobre o grau de perda auditiva, idade auditiva, idade de início do uso do AASI, terapia fonoaudiológica e o uso sistemático do AASI. Os Potenciais Evocados Auditivos de Longa Latência (PEALL) foram registrados utilizando fones de inserção na intensidade de 85dBNPS no teste sem AASI; foi realizado o registro do PEALL em campo livre, por meio de um alto-falante na intensidade de 100dBNPS, no teste com AASI. O equipamento utilizado dispõe de dois canais de registro, sendo que um foi remetido ao registro dos PEALL, e o outro, ao registro do movimento ocular para controle do artefato gerado. Resultados: Os valores de latência dos componentes P1-N1-P2 nos testes sem e com AASI foram analisados estatisticamente e descritos de acordo com as variáveis do estudo. Os voluntários com ausência dos PEALL no teste sem AASI tinham grau de perda auditiva severa e profunda. No teste com AASI, em toda a amostra foram identificados os PEALL. Houve uma correlação sugestiva de significância entre a idade auditiva e o tempo de latência de P1-N1. Na análise entre idade de início do uso do AASI, horas semanais de terapia, abordagem terapêutica e uso sistemático do AASI, não houve associação com a latência de P1-N1. Conclusão: Voluntários com o grau de perda auditiva moderado apresentaram presença dos PEALL nos testes sem e com AASI; os voluntários que tinham o grau de perda auditiva severa e profunda apresentaram ausência dos PEALL nos testes sem AASI. Todos os voluntários tiveram presença dos PEALL independente do grau de perda auditiva, no teste com AASI. O valor de latência de P1 foi aumentado, independente da idade auditiva
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Morales, Rocha Víctor Manuel. „Seguridad en los procesos de voto electrónico remoto: registro, votación, consolidación de resultados y auditoria“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7043.
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En los últimos años se han estado utilizando medios electrónicos para automatizar y hacer más eficientes los diferentes procesos de una elección. Aún cuando esta automatización se ha presentado de manera gradual, el propósito final es utilizar medios electrónicos en cada uno de los procesos:registro de votantes, autenticación de los votantes, emisión del voto y escrutinio y publicación de resultados. Los sistemas de votación electrónica han generado controversia debido a diferentes problemas que han surgido con su uso, especialmente en el aspecto de seguridad. La complejidad en la seguridad aumenta cuando se utilizan medios electrónicos remotos como Internet. Por otro lado, el voto electrónico remoto aporta grandes ventajas y por esta razón se continúa con la búsqueda de soluciones que permitan la automatización de los procesos de una elección de una manera fiable.
Esta tesis contribuye en la seguridad relacionada con los diferentes procesos de elecciones, principalmente cuando se llevan a cabo a través de medios electrónicos remotos. Se proponen diferentes mecanismos de seguridad enfocados a los procesos de registro remoto de votantes, de votación y verificación individual, de consolidación de resultados de votación y de auditoria. Cada uno de esos mecanismos, además de proporcionar seguridad a los procesos, tienen en cuenta la transparencia frente a los votantes y demás participantes en una elección. Adicionalmente, se considera la facilidad de implementación y uso de dichos mecanismos.
Se analizan los diferentes sistemas de voto remoto así como los requisitos de seguridad que se deben considerar en dichos sistemas. Se describe también la dificultad para satisfacer algunos de esos requisitos, especialmente en el voto electrónico remoto. También se analizan algunas de las principales amenazas de seguridad que afrontan los sistemas de voto electrónico remoto. Además se lleva a cabo un estudio comparativo de los diferentes sistemas de voto remoto y se describe un esquema de votación que permite una transición gradual hacia el voto remoto por Internet. Por otra parte, se describen los diferentes esquemas criptográficos de voto electrónico remoto, se analizan sus ventajas y desventajas y se presenta una comparación de dichos esquemas para determinar su factibilidad de implementación en escenarios reales.
También se analiza la complejidad en el proceso de generación de un censo electoral a través de medios remotos de comunicación. Se propone en esta tesis un sistema de registro remoto de votantes que logra constituir un censo electoral de una manera fiable. Para lograrlo, se hace uso de técnicas criptográficas y biométricas.
Parte esencial de esta tesis es la posibilidad de verificación del voto por parte del votante (verificación individual). Se analizan diferentes propuestas y se proponen dos esquemas de votación por Internet que incluyen mecanismos para que el votante pueda verificar el correcto tratamiento de su voto.
Adicionalmente se propone un método de consolidación de resultados de una elección. El método propuesto se puede aplicar al voto electrónico remoto e incluso a los casos en los que la elección se lleva a cabo por distintos canales de votación (presenciales o remotos). Se utilizan técnicas criptográficas para proteger los resultados generados en cada uno de los canales de votación o unidades electorales y para una transferencia segura de dichos resultados hacia un servidor de consolidación. Finalmente, se describen los diferentes procesos de auditoria utilizados para los sistemas de voto electrónico. Se propone un mecanismo de auditoria que permite corroborar el correcto funcionamiento de un sistema de voto electrónico remoto, especialmente para detectar la inserción de votos ilegítimos. El mecanismo se basa en el uso de criptografía para la protección de los votos una vez que estos han sido recibidos por el servidor de votación.
In the last few years, electronic means have been used to improve the efficiency of the different processes of an election as well as to automate them.
Though this automation may have happened in a gradual way, its final purpose is to utilize electronic means for each process: voter registration, voter authentication, vote casting, and tallying and publication of results. The usage of electronic voting systems has been a highly controversial issue, especially concerning security. The difficulty in reaching an expected level of security increases when the Internet is used as the voting channel. Even with these difficulties, the Internet poses considerable advantages and it is necessary to provide mechanisms that allow this automation in election processes in a secure and reliable way.
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the security aspects related to the different processes of an election, specifically when those processes are carried out by remote electronic means. Several possible security mechanisms are proposed, which focus on the processes of remote voter registration, individual verification, results consolidation, and auditing. Along with its security aspect, each mechanism takes into account transparency in order to verify reliability. Additionally, the ease of use and the implementation are also considered.
Various remote voting systems are analyzed as well as the corresponding security requirements of those systems. The difficulty in satisfying some of those requirements will be described and particular attention will be paid to systems of remote electronic voting. The main threats that those systems face are analyzed as well. Moreover, a comparative study of the different remote voting systems is carried out and a voting scheme, in order to implement Internet voting, is proposed. The different voting cryptographic schemes are also described. Then, advantages and disadvantages of each of them are analyzed in order to determine their feasibility to be used in a real environment.
The complexity to shape an electoral roll through remote communication means is also analyzed in this study. A remote voter registration system is proposed in order to constitute an electoral roll in a reliable manner. This system employs cryptographic and biometric mechanisms.
An essential part of this thesis is the potential for independent voter verification. After analyzing several proposals, two schemes that include mechanisms to allow voter verification are proposed, resulting in the possibility of verifying that votes are properly included in the election results.
Additionally, a method for consolidating results is presented. This method can be used in remote electronic voting. However, it can also be used in elections that use different voting channels. In order to protect the voting results generated through each voting channel, cryptographic techniques are employed. The voting results are also protected during their transference to the consolidation server.
Finally, several audit process for electronic voting systems are described. An audit mechanism is proposed that allows verification that a remote electronic voting system is working properly; it focuses on the detection of illegitimate votes. This mechanism is based on cryptographic techniques to protect the votes once they have been received by the voting server.
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Ruttun, Rishi Dev. „The effects of individual differences and instructional aids on learners' disorientation, learning performance and attitudes in a hypermedia learning system“. Thesis, Brunel University, 2011. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6506.
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Hypermedia Learning Systems (HLS) are being used increasingly widely in Higher Education, offering non-linear navigation through complex learning materials and, it is argued, leading to improve cognitive flexibility. For some learners, though, nonlinear navigation in HLS leads to higher levels of disorientation, which can have an impact on their learning performance and attitudes towards the learning system. There has been significant research into the factors that can influence individual learners‘ experiences. For example, a number of studies have confirmed that individual differences such as cognitive style, domain knowledge and computer experience affect individuals‘ levels of disorientation and learning performance, and influence their attitudes towards HLS. It has also been suggested that instructional aids (in the form of certain visual elements and audio elements) can reduce levels of disorientation and, in turn, increase learning performance in, and positive attitudes towards, HLS for some learners. However, existing studies have tended to look at only a subset of these three individual differences in relation to an individual and/or consider only a small number of visual instructional aids. No study up to this point has considered the impact of cognitive style, domain knowledge and computer experience on disorientation, learning performance and attitudes in a HLS that incorporates a full range of visual instructional aids. In terms of the research related to audio instructional aids, no studies have looked into the effects of audio aids and these three individual differences in relation to disorientation, learning performance and attitudes in HLS. This thesis addresses these two shortcomings through two experiments. The aim of experiment 1 was to examine the effects of and between these three individual differences with respect to disorientation, learning performance and attitudes in two versions of a HLS: one that incorporated the set of visual instructional aids and one that did not. Experiment 2 aimed to do the same, but with respect to a HLS that provided audio instructional aids. The experiments used quantitative and qualitative approaches to gather data to address a set of research questions and research hypotheses. The participants were 384 university students from across London. The Cognitive Style Analysis (CSA) test was administered to determine participants‘ field dependence, and participants‘ demographic information, levels of computer experience and levels of prior knowledge were gathered using questionnaires. Learning performance was measured through achievement tests and a practical task. Levels of disorientation were measured using questionnaires, and attitudes were assessed using questionnaires and interviews. Participants were also observed when they were interacting with the HLS to perform learning tasks. A number of interesting results were revealed. Significant effects were found between the three individual differences with respect to disorientation, learning performance and attitudes in the HLS that provided no instructional aids. No significant effects were found between the three individual differences with respect to disorientation or learning performance in the other two versions of the HLS – those providing visual and audio instructional aids. Significant effects were found between the three individual differences with respect to the use of the visual and audio instructional aids to perform learning in the HLS. No significant effects were found between the three individual differences with respect to attitudes in the HLS that provided visual instructional aids. Significant effects were found between the three individual differences with respect to attitudes in the version that provided audio instructional aids. Analysis of the results led to the framing of a set of HLS design guidelines which are presented in this thesis. Finally, an agenda for future research leading on from the study‘s findings is presented.
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Allard, Bradley James. „The Use of the California Consonant Test and the Northwestern University Auditory Test no. 6 in Hearing Aid Evaluations for Individuals with Precipitous Losses Above 1 kHz“. PDXScholar, 1990. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3953.
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These two joint-studies used recorded versions of the Northwestern University Auditory Test Number 6 (NU-6) and the California Consonant Test (CCT) in the hearing aid evaluations (HAEs) of 12 male and one female subjects, aged 41 to 87 years. They exhibited precipitous high frequency losses beyond 1 kHz in at least one ear. All subjects were evaluated without amplification and while monaurally aided with two conventional high pass hearing aids. Ten of the subjects were evaluated in multi-talker noise and 11 were tested in quiet. Since the CCT was more heavily weighted than the NU-6 with target phonemes sensitive to high frequency losses, it was hypothesized that the CCT might be more sensitive than the NU-6 to significant differences between aided and/or unaided performances of these particularly high frequency impaired subjects.
The data collected in noise and in quiet was analyzed separately with the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures. No significant differences were found in noise or quiet between the aided performances on either the CCT or the NU-6. The NU-6 in noise, however, revealed significant degrees of aided improvement at the .01 level of confidence that the CCT did not. The addition of noise seemed to make the CCT too difficult for these subjects. In quiet, both tests seemed to be as equally sensitive in revealing significant aided improvement at the .01 level of confidence. The lower mean CCT scores in quiet, however, seemed to indicate that if unaided NU-6 performances are too high to allow for significant aided improvement or significant differences between aids, the more time consuming CCT might be appropriate.
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Prott, Martin [Verfasser], Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Ernstberger und Nicole [Gutachter] Ratzinger-Sakel. „Essays on Individual Auditors, Corporate Risk-Taking, and Lobbyism in Standard-Setting Processes – Three Perspectives on Financial Accounting Information / Martin Prott ; Gutachter: Nicole Ratzinger-Sakel, Jürgen Ernstberger ; Betreuer: Jürgen Ernstberger“. München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1138359742/34.
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Prott, Martin Verfasser], Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] [Ernstberger und Nicole V. S. [Gutachter] Ratzinger-Sakel. „Essays on Individual Auditors, Corporate Risk-Taking, and Lobbyism in Standard-Setting Processes – Three Perspectives on Financial Accounting Information / Martin Prott ; Gutachter: Nicole Ratzinger-Sakel, Jürgen Ernstberger ; Betreuer: Jürgen Ernstberger“. München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:91-diss-20170727-1353832-1-3.
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Witzky, Marcus. „Three essays on accounting standard setting, corporate governance and investor behavior“. Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17358.
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Die vorliegende kumulative Doktorarbeit umfasst drei Arbeiten aus dem Bereich der empirischen Rechnungslegungsforschung. Die erste Arbeit untersucht die Rolle persönlicher Eigenschaften von Rechnungslegungsstandardsetzern bei der Entwicklung der Internationalen Rechnungslegungsstandards IFRS. Sie dokumentiert, dass in den IFRS insgesamt ein Rückgang der Bedeutung von Prinzipien gegenüber Regeln sowie ein Anstieg der Bedeutung des beizulegenden Zeitwerts im Zeitablauf zu verzeichnen sind. Zwischen Änderungen von IFRS-Eigenschaften sowie beruflichen und kulturellen Eigenschaften von Mitgliedern des International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) wird ein Zusammenhang festgestellt. Die zweite Arbeit widmet sich Ursachen und Folgen fehlerhafter Finanzberichterstattung im Rahmen des deutschen Systems der Durchsetzung von Rechnungslegungsregeln. Sie findet systematische Unterschiede in der Unternehmensführung von Unternehmen, bei denen fehlerhafte Finanzberichte festgestellt werden, gegenüber einer Kontrollgruppe. Weitere Ergebnisse lassen die Vermutung zu, dass die Aufdeckung fehlerhafter Finanzberichte Verbesserungen in der unternehmensspezifischen Aufsicht über den Rechnungslegungsprozess auslösen könnte. Die dritte Arbeit nutzt umfangreiche Befragungsergebnisse deutscher Privatanleger zur Untersuchung der Ursachen ihres Unternehmensüberwachungsverhaltens. Demnach üben Anleger, die ein geringeres Vertrauen in andere Anspruchsgruppen eines Unternehmens haben, zugleich eine geringere Unternehmensüberwachung aus. Darüber hinaus dokumentiert die Arbeit, dass Vertrauen und Unternehmensüberwachung in einem Zusammenhang mit dem Ausmaß der Teilnahme am Aktienmarkt und dem Bildungshintergrund der Anleger stehen.This cumulative doctoral thesis consists of three papers within the field of empirical financial accounting research. The first paper examines the role of personal characteristics of accounting standard setters in the development of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). It documents that the full set of IFRS exhibited a decrease in the importance of principles relative to rules and an increase in its fair value orientation over time. Changes in IFRS properties are found to be associated with the professional and cultural background of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) members. The second paper investigates determinants and consequences of erroneous financial reporting under the German financial reporting enforcement regime. The corporate governance of firms detected with erroneous financial reporting is found to differ systematically from that of control firms. Further results suggest that error detection might trigger improvements in firm-level accounting oversight. The third paper uses large-scale survey evidence from German individual investors to explore the determinants of their monitoring behavior. Investors who are less trusting in their fellow stakeholders are found to engage in less monitoring. Furthermore, trust and monitoring are documented to be associated with the stock market exposure and the educational background of investors.
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Hoshii, Lia Auer. „Estudo do potencial evocado auditivo de longa latência em um grupo de crianças deficientes auditivas usuárias de aparelhos de amplificação sonora individual: estudo de caso“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/12285.
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Introduction: Recent scientific studies use Long-Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials in order to measure the developmental status and plasticity limits of central auditory pathways. Goal: To study Long-Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials outcomes in hearing impaired children wearing hearing aids and personal sound amplification devices. Method: Case studies of five subjects, male and female, diagnosed with mild to profound neurosensory hearing loss, ages ranging from seven to 19 years old. The subjects were submitted to Long-Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials and Cognitive Potential (P300). The latency of components P1, N1, N2, P2 and P300 were analyzed. Prior evaluations consisting of inspecting the external acoustic meatus, tympanometry and pure tone audiometry were performed. Four of the subjects performed the Long-Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials only once. One subject performed the test twice, since he was discharged from speech therapy and stopped using the hearing aids for five months. Results: It was possible to measure the components P1, N1, P2, N2 and P300 for all subjects. Subject 1 presented delayed latency for components P1, N1 and P2 on the right ear, and no response for P1 and N1 on the left ear. Subject 2 presented no response for component P1 bilaterally. Subject 3 presented delayed latency for components P2 and N2 on the right ear and no response for P1 on the left ear. Subject 4 presented delayed latency for N2 and P300 on the right ear. Subject 5 presented delayed latency for components N1 and N2 bilaterally, for P2 on the left ear and no response for P1 on the right ear. The second test collected showed a delay in almost all components of the Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials, except for N1 and P2 on the right ear. Conclusions: It is possible to perform Long-Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials in hearing impaired children who wear hearing aids and personal sound amplification devices from the age of 8 years. Degree of hearing loss, lack of systematic use of personal sound amplification devices, and long term sound deprivation can affect the results of Long-latency Auditory Evoked Potentials., and consequently the neural plasticity process
Introdução: Estudos recentes na área da audição utilizam o registro dos Potenciais Evocados Auditivos como forma objetiva de mensurar o status do desenvolvimento e os limites da plasticidade das vias auditivas centrais, por meio dos Potenciais Auditivos de Longa Latência. Objetivo: Estudar os resultados dos Potencias Evocados Auditivos de Longa Latência em crianças deficientes auditivas usuárias de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual. Método: Consiste no estudo de caso de cinco sujeitos os quais apresentavam deficiência auditiva neurossensorial de grau leve a profundo, do sexo masculino e feminino, na faixa etária de sete a 19 anos. Os sujeitos deste estudo foram submetidos ao registro do Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Longa Latência e Potencial Cognitivo, denominado P300. Foram analisadas as latências dos componentes P1, N1, N2, P2 e P300. Previamente ao registro dos potencias evocados de longa latência foram realizadas a inspeção do meato acústico externo, timpanometria e audiometria tonal. Resultados: Foi possível registrar os componentes P1, N1, P2, N2 e P300 em todos os sujeitos. Dessa forma, o sujeito 1 apresentou latência aumentada para componentes P1, N1, P2 à direita e P1 e N1 ausentes à esquerda. O sujeito 2 apresentou apenas o componente P1 ausente bilateralmente. O caso 3 apresentou aumento das latências dos componentes P2 e N2 à direita e ausência do P1 à esquerda. No sujeito 4 foi registrado aumento das latências N2 e P300 à direita. E para o sujeito 5 aumento das latências dos componentes N1 e N2 bilateralmente, P2 à esquerda e ausência do P1 à direita. Em seu segundo exame, foi registrado um aumento em quase todos os componente do PEALL, com exceção N1 e P2 à direita. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que a perda auditiva teve relação com os resultados do componente P1 registrado nos sujeitos deste estudo. Parecendo assim, que quanto maior o grau da perda auditiva, maior é a latência deste componente. Já os outros componentes N1, P2, N2, parecem ter relação com a quantidade de estimulação que o sujeito recebe, ou seja, quanto à sistematicidade de estimulação auditiva. Quanto menos o sujeito usou AASI, mais alterado se deu o registro destes potenciais. Conclusões: Concluiu-se que é possível a realização do registro dos Potenciais Evocados Auditivos de Longa Latência em crianças deficientes auditivas usuárias de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual a partir dos oito anos de idade. Fatores como grau da perda auditiva, a não sistematicidade na utilização do aparelho de amplificação sonora individual e um longo tempo de privação auditiva parecem afetar os resultados dos Potencias Evocados Auditivos de Longa Latência, o que nos sugere um efeito na plasticidade das vias auditivas centrais