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Segelsjö, Duvernoy Marcus. „Framtagande av alternativ metod för kontinuerlig beräkning av pannverkningsgrad i förbränningsanläggningar : Utredande studie av tillförlitligheten vid kontinuerlig beräkning av pannverkningsgrad med den indirekta metoden på Säbyverkets pannor 11 - 13“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447204.
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This thesis studied a new method for continuous calculation of boiler efficiency at Säbyverket:s boiler 11, 12 and 13 located in Jakobsberg, Sweden. Säbyverket three boilers are supplying peak power to Stockholms “Nordvästra nät” with district heat during lack of power in the district heating grid. The plant was originally designed to run on oil, but new regulations and environmental knowledge caused E.on who own the plant to convert boiler 12 to a multifuel boiler burning wood powder mainly and bio-oil secondary. Boiler 11 and 13 changed to be operated with bio-oil. Recent data on the boiler efficiency after the conversion showed boiler efficiencies not in line with the expected efficiency. Therefore, a study was conducted to forward a different method of calculating boiler efficiency at Säbyverket. The requirement of the new method was that it should be calculated in a way that avoided existing uncertainties. Today’s method was based on the direct method for calculating boiler efficiency for boiler 11 and 13. Due to difficulties in calculating mass flow for solid-state fuel, boiler 12 had a method based partly on the indirect method, and partly based on the direct method. A new method for the three boilers based on the indirect method was produced. Comparing results showed that the current method for boiler 11 resulted in a way to low calculated boiler efficiency compared to the new indirect method. While boiler 12 method was confirmed giving the same results with the two methods. Boiler 13 had a double-calculated density when calculating the delivered power from the oil fuel. This caused a calculated boiler efficiency over 100 %. When compensating for this factor the two different methods gave the same mean result. However, the new method based on the indirect method was significantly more stable when calculating boiler efficiency with a sampling time with mean-minute values. Results from the calculations show that the method for calculating boiler efficiency for boiler 11 and 13 should be changed to the new method described in the report. However, no improvements could be achieved by changing the method for boiler 12. Therefore, it is recommended to keep the existing method for calculating boiler efficiency for boiler 12.Säbyverket tre pannor byggdes mellan 1977 - 1982 och bestod ursprungligen av tre stycken fossiloljeeldade fartygspannor om 47 MW var. På grund av hårdare miljökrav samt ett hårdare miljöarbete av E.on, konverterades panna 11 och 13 till bioolja 2006 respektive 2016. Panna 12 konverterades till en tvåbränsleeldad panna med träpulver som primärbränsle och bioolja som sekundärbränsle år 2003. Beräkningen av pannverknignsgrad var efter konvertering opålitlig framförallt för panna 11 och 13, den beräknade pannverknigsraden visade på pannverknignsgrader som inte var överensstämde med det förväntade resultatet. På grund av osäkerheten som fanns i beräkningarna ämnade examensarbetet att reda ut om en alternativ metod för beräkning av pannverknignsgrad skulle ge en pålitligare beräkning av pannverkningsdgraden. En ny metod togs därför fram för beräkning av pannverknigsrad baserat på den indirekta metoden. Metoden beräknar pannverkningsgraden genom förluster, istället för kvoten mellan levererad och tillförd effekt vilket dagens metod baseras på. En stor fördel med den indirekta metoden är att den kan beräknas relativt. Detta betyder således att tillförd bränslemängd inte behöver vara känd indata vid beräkning. Eftersom fastbränsleflöden är svåra att mäta är detta en fördel för framförallt panna 12. Eftersom panna 12 eldar två bränslen itererades respektive massandel bränsle fram för beräkning av pannverkningsgraden. Den nya metoden beräknar följande förlustfaktorer: Rökgasförluster, oförbränt i fast rest (askförluster), oförbränt i gasfas och strålning och ledningsförlsuter. Resultatet från de två olika metoderna visade att nuvarande metod för panna 11 beräknade en för låg pannverkningsgrad i jämförelse med den nya metoden. Panna 12 visade samma resultat vid beräknad pannverkningsgrad med de två olika metoderna. Dagens metod för Panna 13 dubbelräknade densiteten vid beräkning av massbränsleflödet, detta resulterade i en beräknad pannverkningsgrad över 100 % då den tillförda effekten minskade med en faktor om 0,9. Vid kompensering av den dubbelräknade densiteten var den beräknade medelverkningsgraden samma för de två metoderna. Den nya metoden resulterade dock i ett stabilare resultat vid beräkning av pannverkningsgrad med mindre svängningar i jämförelse med dagens metod. E.on rekommenderas att byta metod för beräkning av pannverkningsgrad för panna 11 och 13. Den nya framtagna metoden resulterar i en förbättrad och stabilare beräkning av pannverkningsgraden jämfört med dagens metod. Panna 12:s metod bedöms vara lika nogrann som den nya metoden, således rekommenderas det att behålla dagens metod för panna 12. En korrigering i beräkningssystemet för beräkning av massbränsleflödet från huvudoljeledningen bör göras för panna 13. Detta genom att ta bort termen Olja.dens vid beräkning av P13_Molja för korrekt mätning. Detta bör göras även om ny metod appliceras. Metoden ska även vara applicerbar på andra av E.on:s anläggningar. Kravet är att bränslet ska vara homogent och den mätutrustning som är beskriven i rapporten ska vara installerad i anläggningen.
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Eberharter, Georgi, und Per Svensson. „Kassaflödesanalys, från indirekt- till direkt metod“. Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Business Studies, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-426.
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Deretic, Goran. „Manöverkrigföringens indirekta och direkta metod : en studie i fördelningen av dessa vid flyginsatser under Operation Desert Storm“. Thesis, Swedish National Defence College, Swedish National Defence College, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-93.
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En av huvuddelarna i manöverkrigföringen, som Försvarsmakten nyttjar, är indirekt och direkt metod. Men då Sverige inte har varit i krig på väldigt länge så beslöt jag att skriva denna uppsats i syfte att skapa ett underlag för en ökad förståelse för nyttjandet av indirekt och direkt metod vid manöverkrigföring. För att göra detta så försökte jag svara på följande fråga:
- Hur ser fördelningen mellan indirekt och direkt metod ut vid flyginsatser i krig under 1990-talet?
För att få ett svar på frågan så gjorde jag en fallstudie på Operation Desert Storm där jag först analyserade vilken metod de allierade styrkorna använde mot de olika anfallsmålen. Efter detta gjorde jag en undersökning i hur många anfall och uppdrag som genomfördes mot varje mål. Resultaten visade bland annat att även om de flesta målen var kritiska sårbarheter, där indirekt metod nyttjades, så gjordes de flesta anfallen med direkt metod.
A fundamental part of the manoeuvre warfare, which the Swedish Armed Forces use, is indirect and direct approach. But since Sweden has not been in a war for a long time I decided to write this essay with the purpose to create a basis of further understanding of how to use indirect and direct approach during manoeuvre warfare. To do this I have tried to answer the following question:
- How are the indirect and direct approach divided in air raids in wars during the 1990s?
To answer this question I made a case study on Operation Desert Storm, where I first analysed which approach the allied forces used on the different targets. After that I made a research on how many attacks and missions they made on each target. The results showed among others that even though most of the targets were critical vulnerabilities, on which the indirect approach was used, the most part of the attacks were made using the direct approach.
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Jägerback, Peter. „En indirekt metod för adaptiv reglering av en helikopter“. Thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, The Institute of Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-17637.
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When a helicopter is flying, the dynamics vary depending on, for example, speed and position. Hence, a time-invariant linear model cannot describe its properties under all flight conditions. It is therefore desirable to update the linear helicopter model continuously during the flight. In this thesis, two different recursive estimation methods are presented, LMS (Least Mean Square) and adaptation with a Kalman filter. The main purpose of the system estimation is to get a model which can be used for feedback control. In this report, the estimated model will be used to create a LQ controller with the task of keeping the output signal as close to the reference signal as possible.Simulations in this report show that adaptive feedback control can be used to control a helicopter's angular velocities and that the possibility to use an adaptive control algorithm in a real future helicopter is good.
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Ljunggren, Nathalie. „En jämförelse mellan indirekta och direkta metoder för uppskattning av bergmekaniska egenskaper för bergmassan i Barkarby-området“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-278851.
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Detta mastersarbete görs i samband med projekteringen av utbyggnaden av tunnelbanan mellan Akalla och Barkarby i Stockholm tillsammans med Tyréns AB. Utbyggnaden innefattar två nya stationer; Barkarby station och Barkarbystaden och däremellan ca 1500 m tunnel i berg. I projekteringen ingår geologiska och bergmekaniska undersökningar i området som ger underlag för modelleringar och beräkningar på tunnlarnas stabilitet. Det finns idag många olika metoder för att uppskatta parametrar som beskriver bergmassans mekaniska egenskaper. Bergmassans deformationsmodul och sprickors skjuvhållfasthet är viktiga parametrar som ingår i dagens modelleringsprogram för struktur och spänningsanalyser. Denna studie syftar till att jämföra olika empiriska och analytiska metoder för att uppskatta deformationsmodulen och skjuvhållfastheten för sprickor i den bergmassa som omger Barkarby station. Resultaten från de olika metoderna används som ingångsdata för struktur och spänningsanalyser. Deformationsmodulen för Barkarby station uppskattades utifrån utvalda indirekta och direkta metoder. Den indirekta metoden utgår ifrån empiriskt utvecklade ekvationer med variabler som baseras på resultat från karaktärisering av den aktuella bergmassan. Den direkta metoden utgår istället ifrån teoretiska beräkningar som baseras på resultat från enaxiella kompressionstester på bergprover som representerar det intakta berget och sprickorna i bergmassan. Vid beräkning av deformationsmodulen med de indirekta metoderna erhölls konstanta värden på deformationsmodulen. Vid beräkning av deformationsmodulen med den direkta metoden erhölls istället ett olinjärt samband mellan deformationsmodulen och spänningen. Resultaten från de indirekta och direkta metoderna användes sedan som ingångsdata för spänningsanalyser av Barkarby station. Spänningsanalysen påvisade märkbara skillnader mellan de olika modellerna. Enligt de linjärelastiska modellerna skapades dragspänningar av betydande storlek och utbredning i berget närmast tunnelväggarna. Avlastningen av berget här resulterar i en ökad risk för blockutfall. Enligt spänningsanalysen som är baserad på den bilinjärelastiska modellen skapas i jämförelse med den linjärelastiska modellen, lägre dragspänningar över ett betydligt mindre påverkat område vilket medför till en minskad risk för blockutfall. Vid uppskattning av sprickors skjuvhållfasthet användes olika metoder för bestämning av parametrarna: friktionsvinkeln som ingår i Mohr Coulombs brottkriterium, JRC, JCS och residualfriktionsvinkeln som ingår i Barton Bandis brottkriterium. Enligt strukturanalysen var skillnaderna mellan Mohr Coulombs och Barton Bandis modell obetydliga vid modelleringen utan primärspänningar. Skillnaderna mellan modellerna ökade vid modellering med primärspänningar. Detta kan förklaras med att den definierade brottlinjen för de två olika modellerna skiljer sig åt. Enligt Mohr Coulombs kriterium är brottlinjen linjär medan den enligt Barton Bandis kriterium är krökt.This master thesis is written in connection with the planning of the extension of the subway between Akalla and Barkarby in Stockholm together with Tyréns AB. The extension includes two new stations; Barkarby Station and Barkarbystaden and in between about 1500 m tunnel in rock. The planning of the subway includes geological and rock engineering studies in the area that provide a basis for modeling and calculations on the tunnel stability. Today there are many different methods to estimate the parameters describing the mechanical properties of the rock mass. The deformation modulus of the rock mass and the shear strength of the fractures are important parameters that have to be defined in modeling programs for structural and stress analysis. This study aims to compare different empirical and analytical methods for estimating the deformation modulus and the shear strength of the fractures in the rock mass surrounding the Barkarby station. The results of the different methods are used as input data for structural and stress analysis. The deformation modulus was estimated from selected indirect and direct methods. The indirect method is based on empirical developed equations with variables that are based on results from the characterization of the rock mass. The direct method however is based on theoretical equations based on the results from uniaxial compression tests on rock samples representing the intact rock and the fractures of the rock mass. When calculating the deformation modulus with indirect methods constant values are obtained. When calculating the deformation modulus with the direct method a nonlinear relationship between the deformation modulus and the stress is obtained. The obtained results from the indirect and direct methods were used as input data in stress analysis on the Barkarby station excavation. The output from the stress analysis showed notable differences between the models. According to the linear elastic models tensile stresses of considerable size and distribution were created in the rock that lies closest to the tunnel walls. The unloading of the rock here results in an increased risk of wedge failure. According to the stress analysis for the bilinearelastic model lower tensile stresses distributed over a much smaller area were created which in comparison with the linear elastic models will reduce the risk of wedge failure. For the estimation of the shear strength of the fractures various methods were used for determining the parameters: the friction angle that is included in the Mohr Coulombs failure criterion and JRC, JCS and residualfriction angle which are included in the Barton Bandis failure criterion. According to the structural analysis the differences between the Mohr Coulomb and Barton Bandis model were insignificant when modeling without primary stresses.
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von, Horn Wilhelm. „Tempo och manöverkrig : svenska doktriner och tillämpning“. Thesis, Swedish National Defence College, Swedish National Defence College, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-54.
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Manövertänkandet har vuxit fram som ett resultat av ny tekniks tillämpning i gammal krigföring. Framförallt Tyskland och England har utvecklat det vi idag kallar manöverkrigföring. Kopplat till den utvecklingen uppkom nya teorier om framgångsfaktorer i striden. Idén om den indirekta metoden var banbrytande och fick stort genomslag för dagens syn på krigföring. Inom manöverkriget fick även en ny ledningsmetod utrymme att växa sig stark, uppdragstaktiken är nu vida spridd runt om i världens försvarsmakter.
Svenska försvarsmaktens grundläggande koncept för insatser med alla svenska förband är manövertänkandet. Detta manövertänkande har sina grunder i de tyska och engelska teorierna från mellankrigstiden. Dess ledningsmetod är uppdragstaktiken och genomsyrar hela den svenska militära strukturen.
Uppsatsen undersöker och diskuterar tempots betydelse för manöverkrigföringen, dels som fysisk rörelse men även som en beslutscykel. Jag har kommit fram till följande resultat; initiativet är nyckeln till framgång, initiativ vinns genom ett offensivt agerande med uppdragstaktiken som grund.
Maneuver warfare has gradually developed as a result of new technology being used in old ways to wage war. Especially Germany and England have developed what we today call maneuver warfare. As a natural result in the development of how to wage war, new ideas of how success would be achieved also came forth. The idea of an indirect approach was revolutionary and gained a strong foothold in how we today perceive war making. In maneuver warfare a new philosophy of leadership has also been given wide recognition, today mission tactics is spread throughout the world.
The Swedish armed forces basic concept of operations is maneuver thinking. This has its roots in the German and English doctrines developed during the time between the first and second world wars. Its leadership philosophy is mission tactics and can bee seen and identified throughout the Swedish armed forces structure.
This essay researches and discusses the meaning of the term tempo in maneuver warfare, both as physical movement and as a decisive cycle. I have come to these conclusions; initiative is key to success, initiative is won thru acting offensively with mission tactics as a base.
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Byrlökken, Torgeir. „Den indirekte metode under operasjon "Iraqi Freedom" : en klassisk tilnärming eller i en ny form?“ Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-1657.
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Den indirekte metode er et sentralt begrep innenfor manøverteorien. Begrepets innhold ersannsynligvis like gammelt som krigføring i seg selv. Allikevel var det Basil Henry Liddell Hartsom etablerte begrepet som sådan og fylte det med et innhold. Mange andre militærteoretikere førog etter Liddell Hart har også beskrevet en indirekte tilnærming til krigføring.USA har i perioden etter den kalde krigens slutt manifestert sin posisjon som verdens ledendemilitærmakt. Operasjon ”Desert Storm” i 1991 er av mange kategorisert som et eksempel på USAsin metodiske tilnærming til krigføring hvor krigen skal vinnes gjennom en massivstyrkeoverlegenhet som nøye orkestreres mot en motstander. Operasjon ”Iraqi Freedom” visteverden en noe annerledes tilnærming enn det man var vant med fra USA sin side.Hensikten med studien er å komme frem til en sammenfatning av begrepet den indirekte metode.Videre er hensikten å vurdere hvorvidt koalisjonen med USA i spissen brukte metoden i operasjon”Iraqi Freedom”. Til slutt er hensikten å vurdere om sammenfatningen av begrepet har blittendret med bakgrunn i studien av operasjon "Iraqi Freedom".Studien besvares ved å granske følgende spørsmål: Hva er essensen av begrepet den indirektemetode ? I hvilken grad ble den indirekte metode brukt av koalisjonsstyrkene under operasjon”Iraqi Freedom” ? Har operasjon ”Iraqi Freedom” gitt grunnlag for å beskrive den indirektemetode på en annen måte ?Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-uppsHylla: Upps. ChP 02-04
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Westman, Oskar. „Direkt och indirekt metod inom manöverkrigsföring : Hur kan de appliceras på IT-krigsföringen?“ Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-1781.
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Manöverkrigsföring är ett tillvägagångssätt för att undvika motståndarens starkare sida och angripa dess svaga, för att jämna ut styrkeförhållandena på slagfältet. B H Liddell Hart har sammanfattat detta i sin teori om den indirekta och direkta anfallet. I detta arbete har författaren prövat denna teori på IT-krigsföringen. Genom en kvalitativ textanalys har en teoriprövande undersökning genomförts med syftet att granska den svenska militärstrategiska doktrinen. Undersökningen har använt sig av tre olika analysenheter att pröva teorin på. Författaren konstaterade efter sin analys av resultatet att IT-system har starka och svaga sidor som går att angripa med den indirekta och direkta metoden. Författaren anser att en DDOS-attack är att klassa som en direkt metod medan användandet av malware är exempel på nyttjandet av den indirekta metoden. Det finns undantag på vissa punkter. Bland annat så är manöverförmågan reducerad för att genomföra ett indirekt anfall mot ett system, vilket går emot manöverkrigsföringens filosofi; hastighet och rörelse skapar utrymme för att slå mot motståndarens svagare sida. De väsentligaste slutsatserna stämmer överens med teorin. Det är möjligt att ”nöta ner” sin motståndare samt slå mot dennes svaga sida, med IT-krigsföring.
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Maknavičius, Alius. „Procesinio savikainos kalkuliavimo modelio integravimas ABC metodui“. Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20140627_164905-48505.
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Kiekvienai gamybinę veiklą vykdančiai ar paslaugas teikiančiai įmonei tikslus gaminamos produkcijos ar paslaugų savikainos įvertinimas pinigine reikšme yra itin svarbus klausimas. Savikainos skaičiavimų metodų ir būdų yra labai daug, jų parinkimą įmonei lemia taikomos gamybos pobūdis ir jos organizavimas, įmonės vykdoma veikla, aplinka ir kiti veiksniai. Norint teisingai apskaičiuoti produktų savikainą, visas įmonės patiriamas išlaidas pirmiausia reikia tinkamai identifikuoti, tiesiogines priskirti konkretiems gaminimas, o netiesiogines išlaidas racionaliai paskirstyti tarp numatytų objektų, kurių savikainą reikia apskaičiuoti. Tačiau pagal gamybos pobūdį parinktas savikainos kalkuliavimo metodas dažniausiai nėra pats tinkamiausias netiesioginėms išlaidoms apskaityti ir paskirstyti. Tuo tarpu autoriai tyrę ABC sistemą, savo straipsniuose pažymi, kad šiuo metu su netiesioginių išlaidų paskirstymo užduotimi geriausiai susidoroja būtent ABC metodas. Norint pasinaudoti pagal gamybos pobūdį parinkto metodo (šiuo atveju procesinio fazinio metodo) ir ABC sistemos privalumais susiduriama su problema: mokslinėje literatūroje procesinis ir ABC produkcijos kalkuliavimo metodai pateikiami atskirai, neanalizuojama galimybė šiuos metodus sujungti į vieną savikainos kalkuliavimo modelį. Darbo objektas – procesinio fazinio ir ABC savikainos kalkuliavimo metodų ypatybės bei privalumai. Darbo tikslas – sukurti savikainos skaičiavimo modelį, kuris leistų tiksliai ir efektyviai apskaičiuoti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Exact value of production or service costs is important issue for all manufacturing or service companies. There are many methods and approaches of costing. The mode of production, the organization of production, company activities, environment and other factors influence method to use for production costing. In order to get correct calculation of production costs, all costs incurred by company firstly must be properly indentified, direct costs should be assigned, overhead allocated to objects which cost must be calculated. However, method of calculation chosen by nature of the production is not most appropriate for accounting and allocating indirect costs. Meanwhile the authors, who analyzed the ABC system, points out that ABC method the indirect cost allocation task handle most notably. In order to use benefits of ABC method and method chosen by nature of production (in this case process phase costing method) encountered a problem: process costing and ABC methods are presented separately into science or professional literature, no one does not examine the possibility to use these two methods in single production costs calculation model. The object – features and benefits of process phase costing and ABC methods. The aim – to design a costing model which can accurately and effectively calculate the direct cost of products, rationally allocate cost of company activities to production. The objectives: • To analyze the nuances of choice cost calculation method by company... [to full text]
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Nassirova, Eleonora, und Haris Amir. „Kassaflödesanalys - Direkt/Indirekt metod : En studie om vad som styr de olika företagens val av metod vid upprättande av kassaflödesanalysen“. Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Business Studies, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3854.
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Det finns bestämmelser i ÅRL att börsnoterade företag skall bifoga en kassaflödesanalys i sin årsredovisning för att redovisa en likviditetsförändring under året. Kassaflödesanalysen upprättas antingen genom den direkta eller indirekta metoden. De företag som följer IAS 7 uppmuntras till att tillämpa den direkta metoden, före den indirekta. Trots detta fortsätter en stor del av de svenska företagen att tillämpa den sistnämnda.
Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka de bakomliggande faktorerna till varför svenska företag använder indirekt eller direkt metod vid redovisning av kassaflöden.
Metod: Det är en deduktiv studie som testar teorin i praktiken, där fyra kategorier undersöks (Tradition; Go with the flow; Lämpligare info; Mindre kostsam). Den kvalitativa ansatsen tillämpas med hjälp av intervjuer via mail och telefonsamtal. Studien omfattar 261 börsnoterade företag i Sverige och baseras på 64 returnerade svar.
Resultat: Främsta motiveringen från företag i val av redovisningsmetoden var enkelheten vid upprättelsen av kassaflödesanalysen, var dock inte en av de fyra förväntade kategorierna. Dessa motsvarade enbart en tredjedel av den dominerande nytillkomna kategorin.
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Reyes, Hernandez Jaime. „Implementação digital utilizando DSP do controle por orientação do fluxo do rotor : metodos direto e indireto“. [s.n.], 1999. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258917.
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Orientador: Edson BimDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
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Resumo: Neste trabalho é realizada a implementação digital, utilizando o processador digital de sinais DSP 56001 da Motorola, do controle vetorial com orientação direta e indireta do fluxo do rotor de um motor de indução trifásico. São apresentados resultados experimentais que ilustram o comportamento do controle implementado. A inclusão do controle PI de velocidade assim como, um estudo utilizando algoritmos genéticos e redes neurais artificiais, na estimação e atualização da constante de tempo elétrica do rotor, faz parte também dos objetivos desta dissertação... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: In this work the digital implementation of a field rotor flux oriented based control of a squirrel cage induction motor, using a versatile Motorola 56001 digital signal processor is presented. Two methods of orientation are studied: the direct and indirect. The control system contains a PI speed controller. An introductory investigation of the use of Genetic AIgorithms and Neural Networks in the estimate and updating of rotor electrical time constant are also presented. ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Mestrado
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
12
Tango, Rubens Nisie. „Efeito dos metodos de fotoativação e dos materiais para facetas indiretas na Dureza Knoop de cimentos resinosos“. [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288119.
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Orientador: Mario Alexandre Coelho SinhoretiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: A crescente demanda por restaurações estéticas tem feito com que cerâmicas e compósitos sejam cada vez mais utilizados na reabilitação dental. Para a cimentação de restaurações indiretas confeccionadas com estes materiais, o agente fixador de escolha é o cimento resinoso. Este material pode polimerizar através de ativação química, física ou através de ativação química/física. Contudo, em determinadas situações clínicas a fotoativação deve ser realizada indiretamente através da cerâmica ou do compósito. Por vezes, em casos em que se prima pela estética, os cimentos fotoativados são preferidos devido a maior estabilidade de cor. Entretanto, a ativação química pode garantir polimerização mais efetiva do cimento. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a dureza Knoop do cimento resinoso Enforce, ativado pelo modo dual ou físico, fotoativado diretamente, sob 1,5mm de cerâmica HeraCeram ou compósito Artglass, usando diferentes aparelhos fotoativadores. Para fotoativação foram utilizados os seguintes tempos: luz halógena convencional (XL2500) - HL, por 40s; luz emitida por diodo (Ultrablue Is) - LED, por 40s; e luz emitida por arco de plasma de xenônio (Apollo 95E) - PAC, por 3s. Incisivos bovinos embutidos em resina de poliestireno tiveram suas faces vestibulares planificadas e submetidas à técnica de hibridização. Sobre a área de dentina hibridizada foi assentada uma matriz de borracha (1mm de espessura e 5mm de diâmetro), dentro da qual foi depositado o cimento devidamente espatulado. O disco de um dos materiais para prótese foi assentado sobre este conjunto, procedendo-se então a fotoativação. Após armazenagem por 24h a 37oC, as amostras foram seccionadas para mensuração da dureza (KHN) em 3 regiões distintas: próximo ao material restaurador, próximo à dentina e ao centro. As leituras de dureza foram realizadas em um microdurômetro após aplicação de carga de 50gf por 15s. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey, ambos com a=0,05. Foi verificado, de modo geral, que o cimento no modo dual apresentou maiores valores de dureza do que no modo físico, exceto para as condições HL sem material para faceta e com Artglass e LED com HeraCeram. Quando se fixou o nível dual, foi observado que com o LED foram obtidos os maiores valores de dureza nas condições sem material e sob HeraCeram, comportamento não observado sob Artglass, em que os valores de dureza foram similares para os 3 aparelhos. Para HL o menor valor de dureza foi obtido sob HeraCeram e para LED, sob Artglass. Para PAC, os menores valores foram observados sob HeraCeram e na condição sem material. Quando se fixou o nível físico para ativação do cimento, com o LED foram obtidos os maiores valores de dureza na ativação direta e sob HeraCeram, seguido pela HL e PAC, respectivamente. Sob Artglass, os maiores valores de dureza foram obtidos com HL seguido pelo LED e PAC, respectivamente. Sob Artglass e HeraCeram, não foi possível determinar os valores de dureza do cimento fotoativado com PAC. A interposição de HeraCeram mostrou influenciar negativamente a ativação com HL. Para o LED esse comportamento foi verificado sob Artglass
Abstract: The increasing demand for esthetic restorations has increased the use of ceramics and composites in oral rehabilitation. The resin-based cement is the material of choice to fix these prosthetic restorations. This material can polymerize by chemical activation, physical activation or by a combination of chemical/ physical activation. In several clinical situations light curing must be performed indirectly through ceramics or composite. Sometimes, in cases in which esthetic is the major goal, light-cured cements are preferred because their longer color stability. However, the chemical activation can guarantee the polymerization of the cement. The present study aimed to evaluate the Knoop hardness of the resin-based cement Enforce, activated by chemical/ physical mode or by physical mode solely, light-cured directly or through 1.5mm of ceramics (HeraCeram) or composite (Artglass) using different light-curing devices. For light-curing the following activation times were used: conventional halogen light (XL2500) applied for 40s - HL; light emitting diodes (Ultrablue Is) for 40s - LED; and light emitted by xenon plasma arc (Apollo 95E) for 3s - PAC. Bovine incisors embedded in polystyrene resin had its buccal faces ground flat and submitted to the hybridization technique. On the hybridized dentin area a rubber mold was seated (1mm thickness and 5mm diameter), into which the manipulated cement was deposited. A disc of one of the prosthetic materials was seated over this set to proceed the light-curing. After storage for 24h at 37oC, the samples were sectioned and submitted to hardness measurements in 3 different depths: near to restorative material, near to dentin and in the center. The hardness (KHN) measurements were performed in a micro-hardness tester after 50gf load by 15s. Data were submitted to ANOVA and to Tukey¿s test, with a=0.05. In general, it was verified that dual cement presented higher hardness compared to physical mode, exception to HL in direct light curing and with Artglass and LED with HeraCeram. When the level dual was fixed, higher hardness was observed with LED in direct light curing and with HeraCeram, what was not observed with Artglass, in which similar hardness values were obtained with different devices. For HL, the lowest hardness was observed with HeraCeram and for LED, with Artglass. For PAC, lower hardness was verified in direct light curing and with HeraCeram. When the level physical mode for cement activation was fixed, the highest hardness was obtained with LED in direct light curing and with HeraCeram followed by HL and PAC, respectively. With Artglass, the highest hardness was observed with HL followed by LED and PAC, respectively. It was not possible to determine the hardness of physical activated cement light-cured with PAC through Artglass and HeraCeram. Light curing through HeraCeram showed to be deleterious to HL. For LED, this behavior was noted with Artglass
Mestrado
Materiais Dentarios
Mestre em Materiais Dentários
13
Thomazo, Luiz Henrique. „Formulação do metodo dos elementos de contorno indireto para resposta transiente em meios visco-elasticos 2D“. [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263977.
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Orientadores: Euclides de Mesquita Neto, Edson Antonio Capello SousaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para a realização de análises dinâmicas estacionárias e transientes em domínios visco-elásticos limitados ou ilimitados, utilizando-se o Método dos Elementos de Contorno. São utilizados como estados auxiliares soluções não-singulares de problemas do semi-espaço e do espaço completo de meios visco-elásticos. Os estados visco-elásticos auxiliares são sintetizados numericamente, tanto no domínio da freqüência, como no domínio do tempo. Os mencionados estados auxiliares são constituídos das soluções em tensão e deslocamento resultantes de cargas espacialmente constantes, aplicadas sob segmentos lineares tanto na superfície de semi-espaços, como no interior de espaços completos. Inicialmente os estados auxiliares são sintetizados numericamente no domínio da freqüência, dando origem à análise de problemas estacionários. Na seqüência estados auxiliares transientes são obtidos a partir da aplicação da transformada de Fourier rápida (FFT) sobre os estados estacionários mencionados. Os estados auxiliares são utilizados para a síntese de uma versão não singular Indireta do MEC (MEC-I) tanto no domínio da freqüência quanto no domínio do tempo. No trabalho ainda é formulada e implementada a inclusão de um corpo rígido interagindo com o meio discretizado pelo MEC-I. O comportamento visco-elástico do contínuo é introduzido pelo princípio da correspondência e são analisados os modelos de histerése constante e de Kelvin-Voigt
Abstract: The main purpose of the present work is to further develop a methodology to perform stationary and transient dynamic analysis of viscoelastic continua by the Boundary Element Method. Numerically synthetized stationary and transient, half-space and full-space auxiliary states are employed to render a non-singular implementation of the indirect version of the Boundary Element Method, IBEM. The auxiliary states used in this word are displacement and traction components stemming from the solution two stress bounary value problems. A constant traction distribution applied at a linear segment over the viscoelastic half-space surface and at the interior of the viscoelastic full-space describe the solutions applied to formulate the BEM. The IBEM is formulated and implemented to render the dynamic solution of bounded and unbounded domains. The interaction of the IBEM mesh with a massless rigid body is also formulated in the context of this work. Viscoelastic effects are included by means of the correspondence principle. The influence of the constant hysteresis and the Kelvin-Voigt damping models are studied.
Mestrado
Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
14
Labaki, Josué 1982. „Uma implementação do metodo dos elementos de contorno indireto baseada em uma solução viscoelastodinamica estacionaria não-singular“. [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263996.
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Orientador: Euclides de Mesquita NetoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Estados auxiliares são soluções analíticas ou numéricas para operadores matemáticos, sujeitas às condições de contorno de um determinado problema da física matemática. Embora a solução de tais estados tenha aplicação prática limitada a problemas elementares, pode ser utilizada para resolver problemas reais de engenharia através de formulações como o Método dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC). Neste trabalho, usa-se a linguagem Fortran para implementar uma formulação indireta do MEC, utilizando um estado auxiliar viscoelastodinâmico não-singular, com o objetivo de analisar problemas de domínios limitados ou ilimitados, sujeitos a carregamentos estacionários, discretizados somente no contorno por elementos retangulares, constantes e descontínuos. Valida-se minuciosamente uma implementação para este estado auxiliar, e para isso desenvolve-se um estudo sobre quais são, como utilizar e quais as limitações das fontes de validação disponíveis para este tipo de problema. Ao fim, compara se alguns resultados obtidos com o programa em Fortran frente às respostas clássicas da bibliografia para problemas dinâmicos de barra, viga e domínios ilimitados.
Abstract: Auxiliary states are numerical or analytical solutions for mathematical operators, subjected to the boundary conditions of a given problem. Although the solution of these states has its utility limited to elementary problems, it can be used to solve a more real sort of engineering problems through formulations such as the Boundary Element Method (BEM). This work describes an implementation of BEM's Indirect formulation, based on a non-singular, viscoelastodynamic auxiliary state, aiming the analysis of both limited- and unlimited-domain problems, subjected to stationary loadings. The problem is modeled by means of constant, discontinuous, rectangular boundary elements. The present implementation for the viscoelastodynamic auxiliary state is carefully validated. For this purpose, this work also describes a study on validation sources for this kind of states, including their uses and limitations. The final program, written in the Fortran programming language, is used to analyze classic elementary engineering problems, such as bars and beams, and also the case of unlimited domains.
Mestrado
Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
15
Klučka, Jiří. „Nepřímé metody čtvrtletních odhadů makroagregátů“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-149841.
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The aim of my diploma thesis is to describe indirect methods that are used in the compilation of quarterly national accounts. The diploma thesis is divided into three parts and three chapters. The first chapter presents the theoretical background and describes the development of national accounts in the Czech Republic and the basic macroeconomic aggregates. The second chapter is devoted to the quarterly national accounts and mathematical and statistical methods that are used in their compilation. The third chapter describes in detail selected indirect methods, which consists in linking the indicator and aggregate. Consequently, this method is applied to the data of the Czech Republic and then quarterly estimates are constructed which are compared to actual values.
16
Zammattio, Arianna. „Metodi di valutazione diretta ed indiretta della conducibilità idraulica verticale dei terreni sciolti Esempi applicativi nella Alta e Bassa Pianura Friulana“. Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/9631/.
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Nel corso del tempo, nell’ambito dell’idrogeologia sono state sviluppate diverse tecniche per la determinazione conducibilità idraulica (K). Negli ultimi decenni sempre maggiori sforzi sono stati compiuti per integrare le tecniche geofisiche a questo specifico settore di ricerca; in particolare le metodologie geoelettriche sono state fonte di molteplici studi per la determinazione indiretta di K. Su questa idea è stato impostato il lavoro presentato in questo elaborato di tesi. Ciò che questo propone è infatti l’esecuzione di test in campo che prevedono il monitoraggio time lapse con tecnologia ERT (Electrical Resistivity Tomography) di un tracciante salino iniettato nel terreno. Il fine ultimo è quello di poter sviluppare una tecnica indiretta per la stima della conducibilità idraulica verticale dei terreni sciolti. Le immagini tomografiche, realizzate in sequenza nel tempo, premettono la visualizzazione l’avanzamento del plume basso resistivo in movimento nel terreno (causato dalla salamoia iniettata). Un successivo confronto grafico fra queste permette di quantificare lo spostamento nel tempo, in modo da calcolare in seguito la velocità di infiltrazione del tracciante, e in ultimo stimare la K del terreno in analisi.
I risultati ottenuti con tale metodologia sperimentale, opportunamente elaborati tramite specifici software, sono stati confrontati, dove possibile, con i valori forniti dall’impiego di altre tecniche più tradizionali, in modo da poter valutare la bontà del dato ottenuto.
Le aree studio individuate per condurre tali sperimentazioni ricadono all’interno del territorio regionale del Friuli Venezia Giulia, in particolare nell’area di Alta e Bassa pianura friulana.
La strumentazione (resistivimetro multicanale VHR X612-EM della MAE-Molisana Apparecchiature Elettroniche) e il software (Res2dinv) per la raccolta e l’elaborazione delle immagini tomografiche sono stati gentilmente messi a disposizione dalla società Geomok s.r.l. del Dott. Geol. Mocchiutti (Udine) con la cui collaborazione è stato realizzato questo elaborato di tesi.
17
Jursa, Jan. „Analýza nákladů vybrané společnosti pomocí metody Activity Based Costing“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-317059.
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Master’s thesis deals with analysis of costs of the selected company. Theoretical part brings on fundamental that is later elaborated in the second part. The selected company is introduced and also the current economic situation is evaluated in the practical part. Later the costs are analyzed and important part of the thesis is dedicated to the project of utilization of the Activity-Based Costing method. Conclusion of the thesis evaluates the results of this method.
18
Novotný, Marek. „Programy pro výpočet nejistoty měření metodou Monte Carlo“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221220.
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The thesis deals with establishing uncertainties of indirect measurements. It focuses primarily on random number generators in software enabling the calculation of mea-surement uncertainties using Monte Carlo. Then it focuses on the uncertainty calculati-on indirect measurement as the Monte Carlo method and the classical numerical met-hod. The practical part deals with the verification of randomness generators numbers contained in various softwares. It also deals with the determination of uncertainties indi-rect current measurements by both above-mentioned methods and then comparing and evaluating the values achieved.
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Stojaspalová, Vendula. „Analýza nákladů vybrané společnosti pomocí metody Activity Based Costing“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-449766.
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The aim of the diploma thesis Analysis of costs of a selected company using Activity Based Costing methods is to design a form of implementation of modern calculation methods for a selected company CIREX CZ, s.r.o. The analytical part is devoted to the introduction of the company and the products offered. The design part will be processed on the basis of outputs that result from strategic analyzes. The implementation of the calculation model consists of five stages, each stage will be discussed and analyzed separately. The diploma thesis sets out strategic initiatives that lead to eeting the objectives of the goal. The conclusion contains ecommendations and benefits that are associated with the implementation of the model in society.
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Gonçalves, Paulo Cesar 1969. „Estudo de alternativas para aplicação do metodo dos elementos de contorno para elasticidade“. [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257768.
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Orientador: Leandro Palermo JuniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: O método dos elementos de contorno foi usado no estudo de problemas de estados planos. O objetivo deste trabalho é a introdução do operador diferencial tangente no núcleo das equações integrais de forças de superfície, como uma alternativa para a aplicação do método dos elementos de contorno. A singularidade forte do tipo 2 1 r , presente no núcleo da equação integral de contorno, foi reduzida a uma singularidade de ordem r 1 com o uso do operador diferencial tangente. A formulação trabalhou com elementos de contorno contínuos e descontínuos. Na determinação de deslocamentos e tensões para pontos próximos do contorno, trabalhou-se apenas com núcleos com uma singularidade de ordem r 1. A técnica da regularização indireta, quando se evitam expressões analíticas, foi aplicada na equação integral de deslocamentos. Quando o ponto de colocação foi levado ao contorno, a singularidade, presente nas equações integrais de contorno, foi tratada pelo valor principal de Cauchy para elementos lineares na obtenção de tensões internas e no contorno. A formulação do método dos elementos de contorno dual usou a equação integral de forças de superfície, com a aplicação do operador diferencial tangente, no tratamento de problemas com trinca em análises da mecânica da fratura elástico-linear. Os fatores de intensidade de tensão são obtidos através do método da extrapolação de deslocamentos
Abstract: The Boundary Element Method was used to study plane state problem. The aim of this study is an application of the tangential differential operator in the kernels of boundary integrals equations for tractions, as an alternative for the applications of Boundary Element Method. Strong singularity of order 2 1 r , present in the kernels of boundary integrals equations was reduced to a weakly singularity of order r 1 when the tangential differential operator was used. The formulation worked with continuous and discontinuous boundary elements. On determination of displacements and stresses for boundary near points, the equation worked only with kernels contained singularity of order r 1. The indirect regularization technique, with avoided analytic expressions, was applied on the boundary integral equations for displacements. When the collocation points was led to boundary, the singularity, present on the boundary integrals equations, was treated by the Cauchy principal value sense for linear boundary elements. The formulation of the dual boundary elements methods used a boundary integral equation for traction, with the application of the tangential differential operator, to treat plane problems with cracks of the linear elastic fracture mechanics. The stress intensity factors are obtained with the displacement extrapolation method
Mestrado
Estruturas
Mestre em Engenharia Civil
21
Brulin, Emet. „Re-Construction for the New : Gilles Deleuze’s Text-Critical Method in Différence et répétition“. Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Filosofi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-40799.
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This thesis argues, contrary to Gilles Deleuze’s critique of method and disavowal of textuality, that there is a re-constructive textual method at work in Deleuze’s 1968 treatise Différence et répétition. It is a method not for interpretation, representation, or deconstruction but for prolonging and reactivating historical and contemporary texts into the present and for the future. It is demonstrated how Deleuze’s method synthesises temporally and thematically heterogeneous texts and make them resonate with each other. The analysis is conducted, first, through a notion of telling stories as a complementary device to Deleuze’s definition of philosophy as the creation of concepts. Second, by showing how Deleuze – instead of offering solutions – connects, develops, and repeats problems from which the new is drawn. Third, by discussing his positive and re-constructive concept of critique and by arguing that his use of free indirect discourse should be understood as a metaphysical and political tool. Finally, by claiming that Deleuze’s concept of multiplicity can be viewed as a synthetic and methodological device that brings a heterogeneous given together. In concluding, it is proposed that Deleuze draws on tools and technics developed in literature and mathematics, specifically differential calculus and geometry, to develop methods for philosophy. Studying Deleuze’s method in Différence et répétition not only offers a prism for throwing new light on Deleuze’s philosophy through his understudied methodology, but also contributes to the development of innovative philosophically inspired methods for re-constructing the present. In addition, this study shows that while Deleuze pushed continental philosophy beyond its hermeneutic, structuralist, and existentialist heritage, he also contributed to the development of novel methodologies. (For a copy of the full text, do not hesitate to contact me: emet.brulin[at]gmail.com)
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Alsén, Felix, und Niklas Gustafsson. „Utformning av dragband i en KL-T konstruktion med hänsyn till olyckslast : En beskrivande studie hur kraven för olyckslast bestäms och hur sammanfogning av dragband kan utföras i en KL-T konstruktion“. Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Byggteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-35037.
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Intresset av att uppföra byggnader i trä har ökat i kombination med att kunskapen inom ämnet har vuxit. KL-T är träskivor som kan formas efter behov, balkar, pelare, bjälklag samt väggar kan samtliga utföras som KL-T element. Ration mellan hållfasthet och vikt är en aspekt som har bidragit till att entreprenörer och konstruktörer ser fördelar med att bygga i just trä. KL-T är en produkt som begränsar träets svagheter i olika fiberriktningar eftersom lamellerna limmas korsvis. Den snabbt ökande användningen av KL-T har lämnat kunskapsluckor inom vissa områden och en av dessa kunskapsluckor är hur robustheten i en byggnad kan ökas för att hantera olyckslaster. Fortskridande ras uppstår när ett lokalt brott skapar ras i omkringliggande bärverk för att sedan fortplanta sig från element till element, vilket leder till kollaps av hela eller en del av byggnaden. För att motverka detta ska en viss nivå av robusthet i byggnaden uppnås. Det finns olika metoder att skapa robusthet i en byggnad, ett av dessa sätt är att sammanbinda bärverk med bjälklag och väggar med dragband enligt bilaga A i SS-EN-1991-1-7. Metoden benämns Indirekt Metod och är frekvent använd i branschen för alla typer av konstruktioner, men för betongkonstruktioner är den betydligt mer välutvecklad med generella metoder för sammanfogning. Hur vertikala och horisontella dragband bör utformas i en KL-T konstruktion är ett område som är i behov av tydliga metoder som uppfyller kapacitetskraven som regelverken ställer. Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse för det nu gällande regelverket samt ge konkreta exempel på hur dragband kan utföras för att möta de nya kraven som EKS 11 medförde. Syftet är även att visa vad den Indirekta Metoden är och hur kraven uppfylls med hjälp av den. Studien visar kapaciteten för tre olika förbandstyper satta i scenarion där de nyttjas som vertikala samt horisontella dragband, både i och längsmed upplagslinje. Beräkningar visar att de olika förbandstyperna beter sig olika beroende av vilket dragband de sammanfogar med övrigt bärverk sam vilken placering i byggnaden de har. Vidare diskuteras kapacitetskrav och formlers anpassning för KL-T konstruktioner. För att skapa förutsättningar som branschen kan ta till sig behöver reducering av minimikraven för dragbandskapacitet utföras på ett mer tydligt sätt när dimensionering mot olyckslaster ska genomföras med den Indirekta Metoden för konstruktioner med låg egentyngd.The interest to build in wood has increased in combination with grown knowledge in the subject. CL-T are wooden board that can be shaped in many different form, beams, pillars, wall and floor elements can all be made as CL-T elements. Ration between strength and weight is one aspect that has contributed entrepreneurs and designers to see the benefits of building in wood. CL-T is a product that reduce the weaknesses of the wood in different fiber directions since the slats are glued together crosswise. The rapidly increasing use of CL-T has left knowledge gaps, one of these knowledge gaps is how the robustness of a building can be increased to handle accident loads. Progressive collapse occurs when a local failure creates a collapse in surrounding structural elements and then propagate from element to element, leading to collapse of whole or part of the building. To counteract this a certain level of robustness must be achieved. There are various methods to create robustness in a building, one of these methods are to tie the walls to the floor with tension ties as described in Appendix A of SS-EN-1991-1-7. This method is called indirect method and is frequently used today for all types of structures. But for concrete structures it is considerably more well developed with general methods of how to tie the structure together. How vertical and horizontal ties should be designed in a CL-T construction need distinct methods that meets meet the capacity requirement set by the regulations. The purpose of the thesis is to create and understanding of the current regulations and to provide concrete examples of how tension ties can be carried out to meet the new requirements in EKS 11. It should also show what the indirect method is and how the requirements are met using it. The thesis shows the capacity of three different types and tension ties set in scenarios where they are used as both vertical and horizontal ties. Calculations show that the different types of ties behave differently depending on if they act a vertical or horizontal tie and which location in the building they have. Furthermore, the capacity requirements and the formulas adaption to CL-T designs are discussed. To create conditions that the industry can take on, reduction of the minimum requirements for tie capacity in constructions with a lightweight structural system needs to be made clearer when dimensioning against accidental loads with the indirect method.
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Ekholm, Anders. „Ett svagt svenskt försvar i en oroligare tid : Att göra det mesta med det man har / Fördel genom indirekt metod och manöverkrigföring utifrån svenska förutsättningar“. Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-6254.
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ABSTRACT: Due to increased tension in the Baltic sea region, the Swedish defense is directed to focus on rebuilding its capacity to defend Sweden on Swedish soil. One of the areas of challenge is the army and its attempts to rebuild its capacity to conduct combined arms fighting in a brigade structure. In 2013 the Swedish army received a new army tactics handbook, to replace the old land doctrine of 2005. Recent research has shown that the old land doctrine was to a great extent, a product influenced by William S Lind´s Maneuver Warfare handbook, written in the mid 80´s. The underlying problem pointed at in this essay, is the consequences connected, when adapting a Handbook written for someone else, in this case the US, with its huge supply of forces and its long history of attrition warfare based on firepower and maximizing blows. The aim of this essay has been to find out if and in that case how, the army tactics handbook also is a product influenced by Lind´s theories, if so, what are the consequences from a Swedish small-army perspective? The overall mindset for this essay is; Despite being outnumbered, strive for local superiority which can be achieved through maneuver warfare, a development of the indirect approach. The result indicates extensive similarities, but also differences, probably due to the diversity of the audiences. It is also important to stress that there may well be other factors that can produce these similarities.
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Koláček, Richard. „Výkonové parametry systému pro energetické využití biomasy“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228093.
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This diploma thesis deals with the problems associated with acquisition of experimental data from technological unit for biomass combustion with nominal capacity of 1 MW, with regard to determination of thermal efficiency. In the introduction part, parameters of currently available biomass-based fuels as well as of those with large potential in the future are summarized. Further, a review in the field of biomass combustion technology is given. Biomass boilers are compared according to their technical parameters, function and benefits and drawbacks. In theoretical part methods for determination of thermal efficiency by direct method, indirect method and modified indirect method are described. Main parameters influencing resultant values of efficiency are included into the analysis. In final part an evaluation of real operational data from prototype unit combusting wooden chips is made. Recommendations for further experimental data gathering and their processing with the aim to evaluate thermal efficiency are suggested.
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Jönsson, Johan. „Att vinna det fria kriget : En teoriutvecklande studie av ett omtalat men outforskat doktrinärt begrepp“. Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-7424.
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Det fria kriget är ett doktrinärt begrepp som beskriver hur svaga avskurna reguljära förband ska genomföra sin krigföring. Det finns ingen entydig teori som kan förklara vad som leder till framgång i denna form av krigföring då den teoretiskt ligger mellan forskningsområdena landkrigföring och små krig. Denna teoriutvecklande uppsats gör en ansats att från land- och gerillakrigföringsteorier utveckla en teori för att förklara framgångsfaktorer för det fria kriget. Teoriutvecklingen sker genom att en hypotes tas fram genom en hypotetisk-deduktiv metod. Hypotesen operationaliseras och prövas i en tvåfallstudie. Prövningen leder till en förfinad hypotes som kan anses vara en normativ teori som förklarar hur framgång i det fria kriget kan nås. Teorin för att förklara ett framgångsrikt förande av fria kriget: Genom att utsätta motståndaren för ett taktiskt dilemma med ett hot på djupet, kan tid skapas för den egna strategiska nivån genom motståndarens kraftsplittring eller kulmination. Indirekt metod används för att kompensera för asymmetrin i styrkeförhållanden. Genom att slå mot identifierade svaga delar och kommunikationer skapas möjligheter till att nå lokal överlägsenhet. Dessa svaga delar påverkar motståndarens förmåga till krigföring och därmed kan tid skapas på den strategiska nivån. Terrängens möjlighet för att ge skydd och uthållighet samt dess förutsättningar för den svage att kompensera asymmetrin är avgörande för det avskurna förbandets uthållighet. Genom att anpassa förbandet och styra med uppdragstaktik kan sannolikt leda till framgång i det fria kriget. Denna teori ger en förklaring till framgång men behöver ytterligare prövning då delar av förklaringen kan ligga i för uppsatsen avgränsade områden.
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Wilhelmsson, Jimmy. „Manövertänkande inom luftvärnsbataljonen?“ Thesis, Swedish National Defence College, Swedish National Defence College, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-80.
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Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera luftvärnsbataljonen och undersöka om de tillämpar manövertänkande, dels i teorin men även i praktiken.
Kärnfrågan i uppsatsen blir således:
Tillämpas manövertänkande i teorin och praktiken inom luftvärnsbataljonen?
Uppsatsen utgår från en definition av manövertänkande enligt den svenska Försvarsmakten där fyra indikatorer togs fram i syfte att kunna analysera och spåra om manövertänkande tillämpas inom luftvärnsbataljonen.
Resultatet visar att det är ett tudelat svar, å ena sidan är luftvärnsbataljonen långt framme i de teoretiska delarna. I styrdokumenten och i ett utgrupperingsskede finns det tydliga spår av hur manövertänkande skall nyttjas. Å andra sidan kan det påstås att indikatorerna överraskning, vilseledning och kraftsamling ofta används som uttryck istället för att dra dem riktigt i botten. Med det menas att indikatorerna inte alltid används för att utnyttja motståndarens svagheter utan används snarare för att parera dennes troliga attack.
Slutsatserna som dragits är att luftvärnsbataljonen har kommit en bit på vägen för att kunna tillämpa manövertänkande. En viktig punkt är att få med all personal inom bataljonen till att arbeta utifrån ett manövertänkande sätt. För att manövertänkande skall utvecklas och bli tillämpbart inom bataljonen måste praktisk övning ske. Övning ger färdighet.
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Kočendová, Markéta. „Analýza vlivu lokality na obvyklou cenu bytových jednotek v Uherském Hradišti“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-390154.
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This diploma thesis deals with an analysis of localities in Uherske Hradiste and their influence on the usual price of housing units in years 2015-2017. A part of thesis is formation and evaluation of questionnaire and also detection of the prices of housing units according to preferences of respondents. This thesis includes databases of flats in given localities and the comparison of their price as well as the comparison of prices according to database with price entries from the land register and prices according to database of own record keeping and in the same time from advertized offers from real estates.
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Dereškaitė, Rima. „Augalininkystės produkcijos savikainos skaičiavimo metodika“. Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050524_205952-14826.
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Research object – agricultural enterprises. Research subject – methodics of plant production cost calculation. Research aim – to analyze references and practical methods employed in plant produce cost calculation and to propose methodics improvements of plant production cost calculation. Objectives: 1) to analyze the essence of expenditure and production cost; 5) to examine the structure of production cost and to substantiate the expedience of expenditure calculation into cost; 6) to study methodics of plant production cost calculation in agricultural enterprises; 7) to submit proposals for improvement methodics of plant production cost calculation based on references study and research results. Research methods – logical and comparative analysis and synthesis of literature by Lithuanian and foreign authors, questionnaire questioning of agricultural enterprises, methods of logical and graphic modeling. After the study of produce cost essence, indices and their composition, calculation system and plant produce cost calculation methodology applied at agricultural enterprises, proposals were submitted for improvement methodics of plant production cost calculation.
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Přibáňová, Aneta. „Srovnání metodiky při sestavování výkazu cash flow podle české legislativy, IFRS a US GAAP“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-263864.
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This masters thesis main focus is a statement of cash flows as regulated by czech accounting legislation, International Financial Reporting Standards and US GAAP. First chapter describes the importance of Statement of cash flows and his value added for users of financial statements. The historical context of the statement is shown, it is stated which entities are obligated to report statement of cash flows and lastly the internal structure of the statement is discussed. The second chapter begins by general methods of preparing the statement, then so called specific items are dealt with. The solution of some advanced accounting transactions (government grants, leases, loans, deferred payments etc.) is described. In the end the presentation and dislocure requirements are discussed. Last chapter contains research, where 99 companies are researched, answers are made concerning stated research questions and research hypothesis are concluded.
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Pajgrt, Michal. „Programové vybavení pro komunikaci a nastavení jednotky pro sběr dat JSD600“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-412780.
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This diploma thesis describes a JSD600 unit intended for mathematical processing, measuring and data recording. The JSD600 unit is highly intended for industrial measuring of water steam energy delivery.First part of the work focuses on basics of the JSD600 unit detailing and describing main structures and principles for relevant data storing.Next part summarizes some basic facts and knowledge from the area of industrial liquid flow, energy measuring and describes water steam states. All these points within this range are needed for dilemma understanding.Last task deals with complete list of communication datagrams, which have been used for communication with JSD600 unit, including a main packet of structure descriptions.The second part of this dissertation brings the unit setup application description including some implementation details of the most interesting parts.
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Söderlund, Martin. „Bestämning av pannverkningsgrad – Ålidhems Värmeverk : Jämförelse mellan direkt- och indirekt metod“. Thesis, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-109974.
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På uppdrag från Umeå Energi AB ska två av deras rostereldade värmepannor (panna 6 och 7) undersökas med avseende på pannverkningsgraden. Umeå Energi genomför i dagsläget månadsvisa kontroller av pannverkningsgraden beräknade med den direkta metoden. Denna beräkningsmetod är dessvärre ganska otillförlitlig, vilket medför att en noggrannare undersökning av pannverkningsgraden krävs. Av denna anledning så beräknades pannverkningsgraden med den indirekta beräkningsmetoden, vilket resulterade i ett mer tillförlitligt resultat där även pannans förlustfaktorer bestämdes. Pannverkningsgraden beräknades och analyserades med hänsyn till de ingående förlustfaktorerna vid samma nyttiga effekt för båda pannorna. För att genomföra detta arbete så undersöktes först de rådande standarderna inom området, detta för att välja ut den mest lämpliga standarden för detta arbete beträffande kriterier och viktiga beräkningsfaktorer. De viktigaste provtagningarna och analyserna som dessa standarder berörde gällde bränsle, aska och rökgaser. För att genomföra alla provtagningar skapades ett provtagningsschema. Provtagningarna genomfördes på båda pannorna vid två olika provtagningstillfällen, därefter skickades proverna på analys och pannverkningsgraden kunde sedan beräknas.Resultatet som detta arbete resulterade i är att panna 6 har något högre pannverkningsgrad än panna 7, 89,3 respektive 82,8 %. Detta medför att förlustfaktorerna står för 10,7 samt 17,2 % för panna 6 respektive panna 7, där den överlägset största förlustfaktorn är rökgasförlusterna. Denna förlustfaktor beror till stor del på rökgasernas temperatur och fukthalt. Rökgasförlusterna uppgår till 9,5 samt 16,3 % på panna 6 respektive panna 7. Därefter i storleksordningen kommer askförlusterna för panna 6 (0,8 %) och värmeförlusterna för panna 7 (0,5 %). Både värmeförlusterna och askförlusterna för panna 6 respektive panna 7 uppgår till en förlustfaktor på 0,3 %. Den minsta förlustfaktorn är oförbränt i gasfas (CO) som ligger mellan 0–0,1 % för panna 6 och panna 7, detta tyder på låga halter av kolmonoxid och oförbränt i rökgaserna.De effektiviseringsförslag som detta arbete ledde fram till var att minska fukthalten och temperaturen på de utgående rökgaserna, detta genom att installera en rökgaskondenseringsanläggning som sänker rökgastemperaturen ytterligare och kondenserar ut mer fukt från rökgaserna. Detta realiseras genom att sänka kondensattemperaturen i rökgaskondenseringsanläggningen antingen genom lägre returledningstemperatur på fjärrvärmen som värmeväxlas mot kondensatet eller via en värmepump placerad mellan fjärrvärmereturen och kondensatet som arbetar med en lägre drifttemperatur än fjärrvärmen. Ett annat effektiviseringsförslag är att förbättra bränslehanteringen genom att torka bränslet innan de matas in i pannan. Slutligen skulle också en mer frekvent uppföljning av bränsleparametrar såsom värmevärde vara ett möjligt effektiviseringsförslag. Alla dessa förslag kräver dessvärre en ekonomisk och tekniskt utredning för att avgöra om dessa effektiviseringsförslag är ekonomiskt försvarbara samt tekniskt genomförbara.On behalf of Umeå Energi AB, two of their grate fired heating boilers (boiler 6 and 7) was evaluated with respect to boiler efficiency. Currently these boiler efficiency calculations is carried out monthly by the input-output method. This calculation method is unfortunately rather unreliable, which means that a more exact examination of the boiler efficiency is required. For this reason, the boiler efficiency was calculated using the energy balance method, which gives more reliable results and also evaluates the boiler losses. Boiler efficiency was calculated and analysed with respect to the boiler losses at approximately the same useful effect for both the boilers.To perform this work the leading standards in the field were examined, which was done in order to evaluate the most appropriate standard with regard to criteria and important calculation factors. The most important samples and analyses that these standards was concerned with was fuel, ash and flue gas. To conduct all sampling, a sampling plan was created. All samplings was performed on both boilers at two sampling occasions, the samples were then sent for analysis and the boiler efficiency could then be calculated.The result from this work shows that boiler 6 has slightly higher boiler efficiency than boiler 7, 89.3 and 82.8% respectively. As a result, the boiler losses total up to 10.7 and 17.2% for boiler 6 and 7 respectively, where the flue gas losses constitutes the largest losses. The flue gas losses depends largely on the temperature of the flue gases and the moisture content. Flue gas losses sums up to 9.5 and 16.3% on boiler 6 and 7 respectively. The second largest boiler loss is ash losses on boiler 6 which sums up to 0.8% and heat losses on boiler 7 which sums up to 0.5%. The heat losses on boiler 6 and the ash losses on boiler 7 both sums up to a boiler loss of 0.3 %. The smallest loss factor is unburned in gas phase (CO) and is between 0–0.1% for boiler 6 and boiler 7, this suggests low levels of carbon monoxide and unburned in flue gases.The efficiency proposals this work resulted in was to reduce the moisture content and temperature of the outgoing flue gases, this by installing a flue gas condenser, which lowers the temperature further and condenses out more moisture from the flue gases. This is realized by reducing the flue gas condensate temperature either through lowering district heating return temperature which exchange heat with the flue gas condensate or through a heat pump that is placed between the district heating return and flue gas condensate which operates at a lower temperature than the district heating. Another efficiency proposals is to improve the fuel handling by drying the fuel before being fed into the furnace. Finally, also a more frequent follow up of the fuel parameters such as calorific value would be a possible efficiency proposal. All of these proposals require unfortunately economic and technical investigation to determine whether these efficiency proposals are economically viable and technically feasible.
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„Efeito dos metodos de fotoativação e dos materiais para facetas indiretas na Dureza Knoop de cimentos resinosos“. Tese, Biblioteca Digital da Unicamp, 2005. http://libdigi.unicamp.br/document/?code=vtls000350385.
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SLÁDKOVÁ, Kateřina. „Moderní metody řízení nákladů“. Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-153720.
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The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the costs of a organization with fictitious name PROFIL Ltd. for the period 2007 - 2012 and then propose measures to improve the performance of the company by optimizing various cost types. The theoretical part describes the traditional tools and modern methods of cost management. The application part is focused on the characteristics of organization, evaluation of its financial situation during the reporting period, analysis of cost structures, analysis of break-even point, estimation of cost functions and analysis of organization?s individual cost items, followed by drawing conclusions and action plans.
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Kosková, Martina. „Komparace jednotlivých metod určování bazálního metabolismu“. Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-379099.
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Title: Comparison of individual methods of basal metabolism determination Objectives: The aim of the work is to compare the individual methods of basal metabolism. These values were measured by indirect calorimetry, plethysmography, bioelectric impedance and predictive equations. Methods: The research was attended by 31 people, including eight men and twenty-three women. All participants of my research were aged 21-30 years. None of the participants was a professional athlete, they were all healthy and none of the women were pregnant or had menstruation. The indirect calorimetry, bioelectronics impedance device Tanita MC - 980 and BOD POD were used to collect the data. Basal metabolic rates were calculated from the prediction equations by Harris & Benedict, Fleisch's equation and Schofield's equation using measured anthropometric values. Results: The results of the methods that have been used for this group of people vary, but the difference is not significant. If we choose as a reference method indirect calorimetry, we can't replace it by any other method. The results for other methods are not significantly different, so we can replace one method with another, except indirect calorimetry. From calculations, we also found out that fat free mass greatly influences the results of basal metabolic rate...
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Říha, Vojtěch. „Vybrané metodické přístupy k tvorbě regionální populační prognózy: případová studie na úrovni Jihočeského kraje“. Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-365426.
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Selected Methodical Approaches to Regional Population Forecast: A case study in the South Bohemian Region Abstract The aim of this thesis is to introduce selected methodological approaches to population forecasts, focusing on the regional level and considering different lengths of time series. Specific procedures are applied to create a population forecast for the South Bohemian Region. In the theoretical part of this thesis, the stages of population forecasts processing are determined. The Cohort Component method with migration, which can be used to create population forecast, is characterized. Another part describes selected analytical models and functions for partial mortality, fertility and migration forecasts, including Indirect estimation of net migration. To extrapolate parameters, selected trending functions and the Box-Jenkins methodology are characterized in the part of the time series analysis. The analytical part of this thesis focuses on the creation of the South Bohemian Region forecast from short initial time series and long initial time series. From short initial time series, the partial forecast of mortality is analyzed by the Heligman-Pollard model, the partial forecast of fertility is analyzed by the Beta function and the partial forecast of migration is analyzed by 25%, 50% and 75%...
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DĚDOUCHOVÁ, Martina. „Srovnání biolistické a agrobakteriem zprostředkované transgenoze rajčete (Solanum lycopersicum L.)“. Master's thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-49185.
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Currently we can do genetic manipulation by means of direct and indirect methods. Indirect methods use strategy of gram-negative soil bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which introduces part of its own genes carried by the section of plasmid Ti called T-DNA into the genome of infected plants. It is difficult to reach the transformation of monocotyledonous plants using this method. Application of direct methods of transformation offers the possibility for transformation of monocotyledonous plants. One of the most effective methods of direct transformation is biolistic transformation. This diploma thesis dealt with the comparison of efficacy of biolistic and A. tumefaciens mediated transformation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.).
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Valková, Jarmila. „Komunikační přístup k vyučování druhého jazyka v současných učebnicích češtiny pro cizince“. Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-328183.
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The Communicative Approach to Second Language Teaching in Current Textbooks of Czech for Foreigners Jarmila Valková Abstract The general part of the thesis reviews the background, current understanding and key principles of the Communicative Approach to second language teaching with regard to their foundation in the Direct Oral Method. The objective, usual teaching techniques and textbook components of Communicative Language Teaching are compared to the ones used in the Grammar-Translation Method to show the essential difference between the direct and indirect language approaches to language acquisition and their implications for the character of textbook components. The research part of the thesis examines selected textbooks of Czech as a second language which are supposed to epitomise the following tendencies in the area of contemporary writing of textbooks of Czech for foreigners: a) consistent use of the strategies and textbook components based on the Grammar- Translation Method, b) eclectic application of Grammar-Translation strategies and components together with certain features of the Communicative Approach, c) coherent implementation of the Communicative Approach with related techniques and textbook components. Existence of the above mentioned tendencies in current textbooks of Czech as a second...