Dissertationen zum Thema „Indices de croissance“
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Majidi, Elmehdi. „Finance islamique et croissance économique : quelles interactions dans les pays MENA“. Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU2001/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis dissertation contains three essays on different issues on mergers and acquisitions, left unexplored or unresolved by the existing literature. The first study examine the relationship between Islamic finance development and economic growth in a panel of 15 MENA and Sout-est-asia countries over the 2000-2009 period, using a variety of econometric methods and four standard measures of Islamic financial development. The study identifies two sets of findings. First, fixed effects estimation, panel-data-instrument variables regressions and GMM-difference estimator reveal that the relationship between Islamic financial development and economic growth is positive. The semiparametric panel model shows that there is evidence of nonlinearity in the data. The second study, assess empirically the effect of the 2007-2008 subprime financial crisis on Islamic banks using a sample of 27 Islamic banks and 43 conventional banks during the period from 2005 to 2009. Using the Z-score as indicator of bank stability the results of our regression analysis show that there is no difference in terms of the effect of the financial crisis on the soundness of Islamic bank and their conventional counterparts. The third study aims to examine the volatility of Islamic stock index compared to their conventional counterparts. Five major Islamic stock indexes have been the subject of our third study as well as their conventional counterparts. Covering a time period from 12/02/2009 to 12/02/2014. The application of Granger causality tests detected different causalities during the period, between the returns series under study. Employing Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (GARCH), our results indicate that, four among five Islamic stock indexes were less volatile than their conventional counterparts. But, one Islamic index are more volatile than their conventional counterpart
Kerambrun, Elodie. „Évaluation des effets biologiques des contaminants chimiques sur les juvéniles de poissons marins : approche multibiomarqueur en conditions expérimentales et in situ“. Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00841588.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKerambrun, Élodie. „Évaluation des effets biologiques des contaminants chimiques sur les juvéniles de poissons marins : approche multibiomarqueur en conditions expérimentales et in situ“. Thesis, Littoral, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DUNK0317/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEvaluation of pollutant effects in environment is one of the major issues of the European Water Framework Directive 2000. Regulations have particularly the objective to reach to a good chemical and ecological status of water bodies. In this context, the aim of our study was to develop a multibiomarker approach on juvenile marine fish in order to evaluate the biological effects of chemical pollution in coastal areas. Molecular detoxification parameters (EROD, GST) and an antioxidant enzyme (CAT) were used as early warning tools of toxicity allowing the prevention of irreversible damages. In parallel, different physiological biomarkers (somatic and recent growth, RNA:DNA ratio, morphometric and lipidic indices) were analysed as reflecting damages on juveniles health. Sensitivity and relevance of molecular and physiological biomarkers were tested experimentally on juvenile : i) sea bass exposed to acute petroleum pollution, ii) sea bass and turbot submitted to a mix of contaminants in environmental concentrations during controlled and semi-controlled (caging) conditions. Our results show the ability of EROD, and in lower degree the GST, to detect short exposure (2 and 4 days) of organisms to petroleum and to reflect their deleterious effects on fish health. This relationship between molecular and physiological biomarkers was more difficultly established under multiple pollutions. Growth and condition indices were found to be more sensitive to the different levels of chemical contamination analysed (metal, PAHs). Their analyses allowed us to evaluate the weakened condition of organisms caged in the harbour area during 38 days. This caging experiment was relevant especially for juvenile sea bass in which no physiological stress was detected in the reference station. Deleterious effects of chemical contaminant on turbot juvenile health were also observed in controlled condition after 21 days exposure to the same harbour sediments and to an estuarine sediment. In complement to these experiments, a field study was realized on juvenile flounders sampled in some estuaries along the French and Belgium coast. A decrease of morphometric and lipidic indices were found in juvenile flounders from the three anthropogenic estuaries showing the highest metal bioconcentrations compared to the reference estuary. Results from these different studies showed the potentiality of growth and condition indices to reflect biological effects of chemical contaminants on juvenile marine fish. However, their use could be limited by their lower specificity to pollutant than parameters involved in detoxification. These works show therefore the need to use biomarkers at different level of biological organization in biomonitoring programs
Mohammadi, Vahid. „Design, Development and Evaluation of a System for the Detection of Aerial Parts and Measurement of Growth Indices of Bell Pepper Plant Based on Stereo and Multispectral Imaging“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UBFCK109.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring the growth of plants, monitoring them brings much benefits to the producers. This monitoring includes the measurement of physical properties, counting plants leaves, detection of plants and separation of them from weeds. All these can be done different techniques, however, the techniques are favorable that are non-destructive because plant is a very sensitive creature that any manipulation can put disorder in its growth or lead to losing leaves or branches. Imaging techniques are of the best solutions for plants growth monitoring and geometric measurements. In this regard, in this project the use of stereo imaging and multispectral data was studied. Active and passive stereo imaging were employed for the estimation of physical properties and counting leaves and multispectral data was utilized for the separation of crop and weed. Bell pepper plant was used for imaging measurements for a period of 30 days and for crop/weed separation, the spectral responses of bell pepper and five weeds were measured. Nine physical properties of pepper leaves (i.e. main leaf diameters, leaf area, leaf perimeter etc.) were measured using a scanner and was used as a database and also for comparing the estimated values to the actual values. The stereo system consisted of two LogiTech cameras and a video projector. First the stereo system was calibrated using sample images of a standard checkerboard in different position and angles. The system was controlled using the computer for turning a light line on, recording videos of both cameras while light is being swept on the plant and then stopping the light. The frames were extracted and processed. The processing algorithm first filtered the images for removing noise and then thresholded the unwanted pixels of environment. Then, using the peak detection method of Center of Mass the main and central part of the light line was extracted. After, the images were rectified by using the calibration information. Then the correspondent pixels were detected and used for the 3D model development. The obtained point cloud was transformed to a meshed surface and used for physical properties measurement. Passive stereo imaging was used for leaf detection and counting. For passive stereo matching six different matching algorithms and three cost functions were used and compared. For spectral responses of plants, they were freshly moved to the laboratory, leaves were detached from the plants and placed on a blur dark background. Type A lights were used for illumination and the spectral measurements were carried out using a spectroradiometer from 380 nm to 1000 nm. To reduce the dimensionality of the data, PCA and wavelet transform were used. Results of this study showed that the use of stereo imaging can propose a cheap and non-destructive tool for agriculture. An important advantage of active stereo imaging is that it is light-independent and can be used during the night. However, the use of active stereo for the primary stage of growth provides acceptable results but after that stage, the system will be unable to detect and reconstruct all leaves and plant's parts. Using ASI the R2 values of 0.978 and 0.967 were obtained for the estimation leaf area and perimeter, respectively. The results of separation of crop and weeds using spectral data were very promising and the classifier—which was based on deep learning—could completely separate pepper from other five weeds
Godement, Pierre. „Guidage axonal et formation de cartes topographiques dans le système visuel de la souris“. Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066148.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOuzennou, Hakim. „Indice de qualité de station des pessières noires irrégulières“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24648/24648.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDavi, Hendrik. „Développement d'un modèle forestier générique simulant les flux et les stocks de carbonne et d'eau dans le cadre des changements climatiques“. Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112303.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA model simulating CO2 and H2O stocks and fluxes is described, parameterised, validated and improved at forestry stand scale and up scaling to the region is set about. The effect on simulated fluxes of the uncertainty on key input parameters is estimated. Each process implemented in the model is then separately evaluated. After that, the model is adapted to various forest ecosystems and validated from hours to decals by comparison with carbon fluxes and wood growth measurements. To improve the carbon water coupling and the response of foliar photosynthesis to irradiance, the mésophylle resistance for CO2 flux between stomata and chloroplasts is incorporated in the photosynthesis model. To improve the aerial wood growth simulation, an allocation scheme is developed for deciduous trees using two kinds of functional constraints: the carbohydrates homeostasis and the hydraulic equilibrium. Two models, one simulating the Leaf Area Index from carbohydrates content, the other simulating the Leaf mass per Area from absorbed irradiance by leaves, are also developed and validated. After that, the spatial aggregation effect of the key input parameters, spatially varying, on the simulated fluxes, is quantified using a sensitivity analysis and three study cases at three different scales (from 1 ha to 1000 ha). Lastly, at regional scale, a linear relationship between the average LAI and the logarithm of the standard deviation of NDVI measured by remote sensing is highlighted and the theoretical basis of this relationship is studied
Filliard, Jean-Robert. „Contribution à la modélisation de la croissance des sujets très grands : validité d'un indice d'age statural, en relation avec des épreuves d'efficience motrice“. Paris 10, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA100095.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKa, Ndéné. „Modélisation de la croissance pro-pauvre“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD038/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis contributes to the econometric approach to pro-poor growth. It presents theoretical and empirical contributions. First, it presents the different definitions, indices and the policies of pro-poor growth proposed in the theoretical literature. It also examines the theoretical and empirical models on the interactions between income distribution and growth. It shows that the traditional measures, in addition to their partial characters, can lead to contradictory results. To avoid these limits this thesis emphasizes the alternative approach by using econometric models. The latter approach, although it has the advantage of including all the dimensions of poverty, suffering from two types of bias: selection bias and bias of endogeneity. These are due to the limitations of the data: measurement error, outliers. In addition, the results obtained with this approach are sensitive to selected functional forms. So, There are good reasons to use the Gini regression. Unfortunately, the Gini regressions existed only cross sectional and time series. Thus, in a second time, this thesis proposes to extend the Gini regression on the panel. It introduces within and between estimators, the individual effect test and the Gini Aitken estimator. Finally, this thesis presents empirical applications that illustrate the robustness of our estimators. She is particularly interested in the consequences of the estimation method and the sample section. It concludes that the growth process promotes poverty reduction when income inequalities are overcome. But also, the impact of agricultural growth on poverty reduction varies depending on the country's level of development
Perrain, David. „Le tourisme dans les petites économies insulaires : analyse des fondamentaux de la spécialisation touristique comme source soutenable de croissance“. Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0015/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTourism has become a social, cultural and economic phenomenon. However, the impact of tourism on a long-term economy growth remains ambiguous, especially for small island economies (SIE).This thesis seeks to identify the fundamentals of tourism specialization as a sustainable source of growth for a SIE. On the one hand, it has led us to redefine the main components of tourism as a social and economic activity and to clarify how tourism contributes to the economic growth. On the other hand, this thesis reveals the ambiguity of the relationship between tourism and growth. It provides new explanations for a more virtuous tourism growth model and more adapted to the global tourism market.The results of the introduction of tourism into a Romer's model of endogenous growth and those of a threshold regression model applied to a sample of SEI call into question the hypothesis of linearity between tourist specialization and economic growth. The thesis demonstrates the end of a model of intensive tourist development. It concludes that tourism is a sustainable source of growth for an SIE, when intelligence and agility constitute the leitmotif of a sustainable, multi-stakeholder tourism strategy
Rivière, Françoise. „Effet des dépenses publiques d'infrastructures et d'éducation sur la croissance : approches macro-économique et micro-économique : cas de l'île de la Réunion, de l'île Maurice et de Madagascar“. Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of the thesis is to study the effect of public expenditures on infrastructures and education on economic growth of Reunion, Mauritius and Madagascar. The first part draw a synthesis of recent litterature dealing with endogenous growth and empirical investigations evaluating the productive impact of infrastructures and human capital. The second part consists of a macroeconometric analysis of the effect of public capital and human capital stocks on economic growth. This analysis lays on a description of the recent economic evolutions of the three economies, the construction of a database for each island over 1965-1994 and the use of various econometric methods (chronological series, econometrics of panel, simultaneous equations system). The econometric results clearly show a positive impact of human and public capital on Reunion and Mauritius growth. In contrast, the productive contribution of education is not significative as far as Madagascar is concerned. The third part is based on the analysis of microeconomic data from a survey concerning a sample of industrial firms in the three islands. An econometric study evaluate the impact of different level of education and different development obstacles on the firms productivity. The results are similar to those provided by the macroeconomic approach and reflect the different level of development of the three educative systems. The conclusions of the microeconomic analysis tend to precise the role of human capital and infrastructure dodation on economic development : others factors tend to hamper the development of exports (credit restraints, lack of external markets for Reunion; lack of qualified people for Mauritius; instable political and economical climate for Madagascar)
Bialufu, Ngandu Albert. „Impact des TIC sur la croissance économique : analyse croisée de la corrélation entre l'IDI et l'indice de revenu, 2002-2011“. Amiens, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AMIE0050.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis tries to solve the riddle of a society called "Advanced" highly digitized but which hardly supports the acceleration of economic growth. We address this issue by a longitudinal analysis about the nature and scope of the relationship between ICT and economic growth of 194 countries for t he period 2002-2011. Our findings highlight the nonparametric nature of the link between ICT and economic growth that presumably depends on the context of each country. These facts are illustrated by the contradictions observed, especially on the one hand, emerging countries with low ICT's indices and a strong growth on the other hand, the so-called "rich countries" with higher ICT's indices opposed to low growth momentum
Bompy, Félix. „Approche écologique et écophysiologique de l’effet des variations saisonnières sur la croissance des arbres dans les forêts côtières inondables des Antilles“. Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0674/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn tropical and subtropical regions, flooded coastal forests provide essentials goods and services to local communities. In the Antilles, mangrove forests and the Pterocarpus officinalis swamp forest host tree species that are adapted to salinity, flooding and loose substrates. In areas were climatic seasonality is strong, dry seasons lead to strong fluctuations of soil salinity and water table level ; that climate change is likely to make stronger again. Climate model for the Caribbean project drier dry seasons with a decease of 20 to 50 % in annual rainfall amounts. However, resistance and acclimation ability of flooded coastal forest’s species to strong environmental fluctuations still remain poorly studied.This thesis aims two objectives. On the one hand, it aims to characterize the forest structure and monthly growth of vegetation structures representative of the Antillean flooded coastal forests and to highlight their determinants. In this respect, adult trees of the four dominant species of local flooded coastal forest (Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, Pterocarpus officinalis, Rhizophora mangle), in five stations along a sea – land gradient were monitored on the Grande-Terre island (Guadeloupe). On the other hand, the effects of salinity variation patterns and salinity levels on growth performances and physiology of seedlings from the four same species were investigated through a greenhouse experiment.This study shows that differences among average salinity and soil fertility explain the vegetation structure of flooded coastal forest. It also extents, in the literature, the range of salinity in which P. officinalis can stand at the tree stage.In the Antilles were tidal range is small, climate seasonality lead to strong edaphic seasonal variations in water table level, soil salinity, pH and RedOx potential. Flooding and soil salinity are strongly correlated to monthly rainfall amounts: dry periods lead to high salinity and to a decrease in water table level under the soil surface. Seasonal environmental stresses lead to a decrease of primary production. Cambial growth was strongly correlated to monthly precipitation and average wind speed. In mangrove stations, edaphic drought determines primary production of mangrove trees, when, in swamp forest stations, atmospheric drought determines an important part of P. officinalis’ primary production.During the dry season, water stress is the more important environmental stress, both by the decrease in soil humidity and the increase in soil salinity, and leads to physiological strains (stomatal adjustment, loss of leaf area and hydraulic conductivity) for mangrove trees. Ionic toxicity of ions Na+ and Cl- also explains a part of the strain on carbon assimilation. During the dry season, re oxygenation of soils via low water table level does not lead to an increase of physiological traits. Thus, maximum cambial growth of all species is observed during the rainy season, when salinity is low and water table level is high.Flooded coastal forest’s species do not have the same ability to recover after a dry episode. In all the studied stations, A. germinans’ cambial growth rises back as soon as the rainy season starts, when, for one station, cambial growth of L. racemosa and R. mangle stay null during the three first month of the rainy season. This low ability to recover after a dry episode is correlated to a stronger impact of the dry season on the physiological traits of these two species.The greenhouse experiment shows that salinity variation patterns are to be taken into consideration for explaining seedlings’ growth and salinity tolerance. A stronger salinity increase impacts the growth of all the studied species; a punctual drop of salinity highlights that flooded coastal forest’s species differ in ability to take advantage of a low salinity episode. These results are coherent with field observations as cambial growth was fairly explained by monthly precipitation
Boukernous, Boubakeur. „Étude d'un nanisme récessif induit par mutagenèse chez le tournesol (Helianthus annuus L. ) : quelques aspects génétiques, physiologiques et agronomiques“. Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112085.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA recessive dwarfism was induced by artificial mutation in order to improve beating down resistance and crop index of sunflower crop (Helianthus annuus, L. ). In this thesis two genotypes having the same genetical pool except for the dwarfism gene are compared. The main topics of this study are the influence of this gene (in its homozygotical state) on several phenomena : morphology, growth and development, photosynthesis, water requirements, yield and components of the yield. Effect of growth hormones and of plant population, variability of earliness were studied on dwarf plants. Important differences appeared between both types of plants but several features were common: - decrease of total leaf area per plant during the vegetative period for dwarf type was compensated for high plant populations, at the canopy leaf, by increased leaf area index and as long leaf area duration as for the normal one. – inneficient assimilate transfer and lateness led to low crop index and grain yield in dwarf plants. Comparison among them outlined that early flowering improved both parameters. – similar net photosynthesis rates were observed at the same leaf area index for both types of plants, - in good water conditions, dwarf are normal type had the same transpiration rate. In case of water shortage, dwarf plants exhibited signs of good drought resistance. –genetically, this particular dwarfism is due to a monofactorial recessive gene. Nevertheless some other phenotypical characters are present only in dwarf type. Gibberellin treatment could let to conclude to a case of pleïotropy. – correlations between different characters were calculated. All the results are discussed and pratical ways of genetical improvement of dwarf type are proposed
Pinto, Paulina. „Ecologie et croissance de Abies alba Mill. en peuplements purs et mélangés dans le Massif Vosgien (Nord-est de la France)“. Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003643.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Carrer Corine. „Le mouvement du monde : croissance, fécondité et régénération sociale chez les Ngobe de Costa Rica et de Panama“. Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0415.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Ngobe society as studied through out rituals appears to praise brisk movement representing long life. Masculine and feminine puberty as well as birth ritual of the ka cycle institute the life brisk movement on which human growth is depending, while slowness defining pregnancy contravene this life-giving motion. Spouses' activities, social interactions and relationships with hunting game are strongly restricted along maternity since pregnancy impedes the growth of humans and animals. Alike the self-propagating ka that gives the name to the ceremonial cycle, the rituals examined here express growth of humanity in a ways evoking plant growth, parallel to specific timely steps of the food-producing cycle depending on referring either trees or plants. On one level, the giving birth woman is close to a tree while initiating her acknowledged fecundity with her very first born, the mubaj child that matches the kwa mubaj - the first cacao of the first cacao-tree's fructification. As a kind of offshoot, the mubaj offspring triggers female fecundity, open path to the couple's progeny without creating any elderly order, the most distinctive timeless dimension of the Ngobe society. Emerging only within the considered rituals, the notion of bromon is tied to giving birth to fresh bodies. Distribution bromon regenerate the named territorial group (-bu) in which comes the newborn and to which he will pertain if he successfully grows up on the group's land. At play in Ngobe's rituals is never slowing down the life brisk movement so the world is perpetually renewed
Germa, Alice. „Anomalies de croissance maxillo-faciale : facteurs de risque et accès au traitement“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01056691.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAllain, Gwenhael. „Modélisation biophysique pour la prévision du recrutement : Couplage stochastique d'un modèle individu-centré de croissance larvaire avec un modèle hydrodynamique 3D pour développer un indice de recrutement de l'anchois dans le golfe de Gascogne“. Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NSARH056.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleExploited fish populations are dependent on recruitement (i. E. Size of the new year class) to sustain their abundance. Recruitment variations are related to hydroclimatic variations and may accentuate the detrimental effects of fishing. Recruitment prediction requires accurate fischeries oceanographic tools which are expected to be more reliable than large-scale correlation analyses between fish abundance and climate variables. Recruitment is the result of the integration over a season and large oceanic areas of precessses affecting larval survival which are dependent on small-scale mechanisms. Hydrodynamic models are a tool to perform this integration. This thesis aims at exploring and modelling physical-biological interaction mechanisms in order to provide recruitment predictions usable for fisheries management. This thesis integrates into general scientific problematics in ecology, variability analysis and spacetime scale integration. It is applied to the case of Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay, and important social and economic resource for Spain in France. Due to the short life of the species the fisheries mainly relies on the success of annual recruitement
Parveaud, Claude-Eric. „Propriétés radiatives des couronnes de Noyers (Juglans nigra x J. regia) et croissance des pousses annuelles - Influence de la géométrie du feuillage, de la position des pousses et de leur climat radiatif“. Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00087909.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBen, Abdallah Golli Olfa. „La Responsabilité Sociétale des Entreprises : un levier pour la durabilité écologique. Validation empirique pour la Méditerranée“. Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR0039/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the study of the role of State intervention in the Mediterranean countries, and this in the promotion of the responsible approach. This doctoral work provides a general review of the study of the role of environmental factors in the context of sustainable qualified development. It discusses, among other things, changes in the perception of CSR policy in the Mediterranean region. In our study on CSR, we focus our research on both voluntary and obligatory approaches, following institutional constraints, and subject them to comparison. In doing so, we focus in particular on how the CSR concept has been strongly related to the notion of environmental sustainability. The first part of this work presents an exhaustive and critical review of the literature on responsible approaches. In the second part, which is essentially factual, we frame the empirical and institutional foundations of a green growth model. Estimation and validation are presented at the last chapter level. The results highlight the relationship between CSR and governance as regards sustainable growth and sustainable environmental-friendly growth, at the macroeconomic level.The results obtained allow us to confirm that firstly, CSR plays a positive role in order to improve the quality of the environment. Secondly, various approaches overlap and tie together to propose environmental-performance scenarios throughout the Mediterranean.Thirdly, it appears that the restrictive intervention of the state weakens CRE efficiency, added to this the impact on -CSR- of the disparity at the institutional level and between countries of different development level. Finally, according to the results obtained, we believe that the interaction between the will and the duty to carry out responsible actions could in turn constitute/ lead to a perfection in terms of ecological sustainability for Mediterranean-bordering countries
Dortel, Emmanuelle. „Croissance de l'albacore (Thunnus albacares) de l'Océan Indien : de la modélisation statistique à la modélisation bio-énergétique“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20035/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSince the early 1960s, the growth of yellowfin has been enjoyed a particular attention both in the research field and for fisheries management. In the Indian Ocean, the management of yellowfin stock, under the jurisdiction of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC), suffers from much uncertainty associated with the growth curve currently considered. In particular, there remain gaps in our knowledge of basic biological and ecological processes regulating growth. Their knowledge is however vital for understanding the stocks productivity and their resilience abilities to fishing pressure and oceanographic changes underway.Through modelling, this study aims to improve current knowledge on the growth of yellowfin population of the Indian Ocean and thus strengthen the scientific advice on the stock status. Whilst most studies on yellowfin growth only rely on one data source, we implemented a hierarchical Bayesian model that exploits various information sources on growth, i.e. direct age estimates obtained through otolith readings, analyzes of modal progressions and individual growth rates derived from mark-recapture experiments, and takes explicitely into account the expert knowledge and the errors associated with each dataset and the growth modelling process. In particular, the growth model was coupled with an ageing error model from repeated otolith readings which significantly improves the age estimates as well as the resulting growth estimates and allows a better assessment of the estimates reliability. The growth curves obtained constitute a major improvement of the growth pattern currently used in the yellowfin stock assessment. They demonstrates that yellowfin exhibits a two-stanzas growth, characterized by a sharp acceleration at the end of juvenile stage. However, they do not provide information on the biological and ecological mechanisms that lie behind the growth acceleration.For a better understanding of factors involved in the acceleration of growth, we implemented a bioenergetic model relying on the principles of Dynamic Energy Budget theory (DEB). Two major assumptions were investigated : (i) a low food availability during juvenile stage in relation with high intra and inter-specific competition and (ii) changes in food diet characterized by the consumption of more energetic prey in older yellowfin. It appears that these two assumption may partially explain the growth acceleration
Wagner, Fabien. „La réponse des forêts tropicales humides aux variations climatiques : évolution de la structure et de la dynamique des peuplements forestiers guyanais“. Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0481/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAt a global scale tropical forest play a major role in term of carbon stock as well as in term of CO2 fluxes. Several studies have highlighted changes in tropical forest functioning during the last 20 years including a faster turnover and an increase of above ground biomass. The drivers of these changes are discussed and throughout this thesis we propose to contribute to this debate. We use the data from the Paracou experimental site in French Guiana established in 1984 on 120 hectares of moist tropical forest. Meteorological data come from the flux tower of the site, Guyaflux. We use annual and bisannual diameter measurements from the Guyafor database, and intra-annual diameter increments from the measurements of 260 trees near the flux tower.This thesis has two main parts. In the first part we present the biomass analysis of the Paracou permanent plots and the impact of structural changes in this forest on the carbon budget. The first part is constituted by two points. (i) Which temporal and spatial scale used to analyze the structure (biomass, basal area and stem density) and dynamics (tree growth, recruitment and mortality)components of tropical forest in order to minimized sample bias ? We establish a simple method to rely measurement interval between census and surface of measurement to the coefficient of variation of forests structure and dynamic components (ii) Which demographic process are involved in the explanation of biomass variation and how the biomass is distributed in the system ? The observed increase of biomass at Paracou could be link to the rarity of big trees mortality events. These big trees represent the larger part of the biomass. In the second part, we present the analysis of intra and inter-annual climate variation effects on forest dynamic changes. This part is divided in two points. (i) How to model drought stress in moist tropical forest ? We built a daily water balance model for tropical trees. (ii) Which climate variables explain the tree growth in guianian forests? We shown that soil water availability is the determinant factor of tree growth among a panel of climate variables. (iii) Which functional traits are involved in the tropical tree growth responses to climate? In this analysis, we determined that wood specific gravity, maximum tree height and tree diameter modulate the tree growth response to climate variations
Wu, QiongLi. „Sensitivity Analysis for Functional Structural Plant Modelling“. Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00719935.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFilipuci, Isil. „The effects of environmental stressors on coastal fish : in situ and experimental approach“. Thesis, Littoral, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DUNK0399/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEstuaries and coastal areas are essential fish habitat as nursery and spawning but characterized by the presence of multiple interacting stressors, both natural and anthropogenic, which can represent potential threat toward aquatic organisms, especially for commercial fish species. In this context, the impacts of environmental stressors such as chemical contamination and Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been studied by in situ and experimentally (microcosm and mesocosm) approaches on two fish species : European flounder (Platichthys flesus) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). During this thesis, we used various indicators to determine fish responses to environmental stressors. Among these tools, we used the growth and conditions indices, molecular biomarkers and immunological parameters. In situ approach has been realized in two different systems anthropogenically influenced : one is heavily impacted system (Seine estuary) and the others are less impacted and/or considered as "clean" systems (Canche, Authie and Somme estuaries). As juvenile flounders concentrate in estuaries, we have chosen this species as a biological indicator to evaluate the quality of these estuarine habitats. This in situ study emphasized the negative impact of contaminants on the nursery function of estuaries. The Seine estuary exhibited the highest metals and PAHs contents in sediment compared to other estuaries and metal concentration in juvenile flounder of this estuary were also significantly higher than ones collected in the less polluted estuaries. In the same way, fish growth and condition indices were significantly lower in individuals from this estuary in spite of the sufficient food availability. To control environmental parameters such as hydrological parameters and food availability, a microcosm experiment was carried out on sea bass juveniles exposed to fresh sediment from five sites with different chemical concentrations using multi-biomarker approaches. After 21 days exposure, no metal accumulation in fish gills and any significant differences on the physiological performances and immune system responses of fish juveniles could be observed. On the other hand, responses of molecular biomarkers, particularly, EROD, GST and CAT activities increase with the chemical contamination gradient after 7days of exposure in sediment. This microcosm study confirmed the sensibility and relativity of short term molecular biomarkers responses to the chemical contamination. These two studies highlighted the complexity of the fish responses to environmental stressor due to the many variable environmental factors in situ and due to the selection of fish species (pelagic or benthic) and the exposure duration in controlled laboratory assays. Beside the impact of pollution on fish, Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are widespread along the eastern English Channel and may alter ecological functions of coastal zones and thus affecting nursery ground and fish populations. Nevertheless, the effects of two recurrent harmful algal blooms : a) Phaegocystis globosa and its degraded form transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) with foam accumulation and b) Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima (exponential versus senescent phase) was investigated on the growth and condition of sea bass juveniles. Both mesocosm experiments exhibited any negative impact on juvenile sea bass physiological performance, hence, survival and recruitment success. In conclusion, the results of this thesis contributed to improve the fish responses with multi-biomarker approaches to monitor and assess the health of fish communities and fish habitat quality, as well as the general ecological status of coastal zones and estuaries against the various environmental stressors
Marage, Pierre. „Contribution à la mise au point du procédé aérosol-gel : application au dépôt de couches minces optiques dans le système SiO2-TiO2“. Grenoble INPG, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPG0150.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIazzolino, Antonio. „Engineering three-dimensional extended arrays of densely packed nano particles for optical metamaterials using microfluidIque evaporation“. Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01059235.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBourgeon, Marie-Aure. „Conception et évaluation d'un dispositif d'imagerie multispectrale de proxidétection embarqué pour caractériser le feuillage de la vigne“. Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS066/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMutispectral imaging systems are widely used in remote sensing for Precision Viticulture. In this work, this technique was applied in the proximal sensing context to characterize vine foliage. A mobile terrestrial experimental system is presented, composed of a GPS receiver, a multi-spectral camera acquiring visible and near infrared images, and a Greenseeker RT-100 which measures the Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI). This optical system observes vine foliage in the trellis plan, in natural sunlight. The experimental field is planted with Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Meunier cultivars in a latin squared pattern. In 2013, six datasets were acquired at various phenological stages.Spectral properties of the vegetation are accessible on images when they are calibrated in reflectance. This step requires the use of a MacBeth colorchart as a radiometric reference. When the chart is hidden by leaves, the calibration parameters are estimated by simple linear interpolation using the results from resembling images, which have a visible chart. The performance of this method is verified with a cross-validation technique (LOOCV).To validate the data provided by the experimental system, the NDVI given by the Greenseeker was compared to those computed from the calibrated images. The assessment of the versatility of the system is done with the images where several indices were determined. It allows an innovative follow-up of the vegetative growth, and offering phenotyping applications. Moreover, the characterization of the sanitary state of the foliage prove that this technique is versatile and accurate
PELENC, DENIS. „Elaboration par epitaxie en phase liquide et caracterisation de couches monocristallines de yag dope : realisation de lasers guide d'onde neodyme et ytterbium a faibles seuils“. Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10171.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMahamat, Al-Habo. „La politique de change et l'évolution des taux de change effectifs réels dans les pays en voie de développement au cours des deux dernières décennies : (1974-1987)“. Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CLF10103.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSimonet, Fabienne. „Caractéristiques communautaires et issues de grossesse chez les Inuits du Québec“. Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7054.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleInuit are the smallest Aboriginal group in Canada. Inuit women are at much higher risks of adverse birth outcomes than their non-indigenous counterparts. Both fetal and infant mortality has been reported to be much higher among Canadian Inuit vs. non-indigenous populations in some regional studies. Both individual and community-level risk factors may affect Inuit birth outcomes. Little is known about the relationships between community characteristics and Inuit birth outcomes. Understanding the effects of community-level risk factors may be critically important for developing effective maternal and infant health promotion programs to improve birth outcomes in Inuit communities. In a postal code linkage-based birth cohort study based on the already linked stillbirth/live birth/infant death data files for all births in Quebec, from 1991 to 2000, we assessed the effects of community characteristics on Inuit birth outcomes. While appropriate and feasible, birth outcomes data on another major Aboriginal group, First Nations, are also presented. We first assessed individual- and community-level disparities and trends in birth outcomes and infant mortality among First Nations and Inuit versus other populations in Quebec. Then we studied trends in Inuit, First Nations and non-Aboriginal birth outcomes in the rural and northern regions of Quebec. Because there is limited and inconsistent evidence concerning rural versus urban differences in birth and infant outcomes for Indigenous peoples, we investigated birth and infant outcomes among Inuit, First Nations and French (the majority in Quebec) mother tongue groups by rural versus urban residence in Quebec. Finally, since there was a lack of data on the safety of midwife-led maternity care in remote or Aboriginal communities, we examined birth outcomes by primary birthing attendant type in two sets of remote Inuit communities. We found large and persistent disparities in fetal and infant mortality among First Nations and Inuit versus other populations in Quebec based on individual- or community-level assessments. There was also a disconcerting rise of some mortality outcomes for births to First Nations and Inuit mother tongue women and to women in predominately First Nations and Inuit communities, in contrast to some improvements for births to non-Aboriginal mother tongue women and to women in predominately non-Aboriginal communities in rural or northern Quebec. Living in urban areas was not associated with better birth and infant outcomes for Inuit and First Nations in Quebec despite universal health insurance coverage. Risks of perinatal death were somewhat but not significantly higher in the Hudson Bay communities with midwife-led maternity care as compared to the Ungava Bay communities with physician-led maternity care. Our findings are inconclusive, although the results excluding extremely preterm births are more reassuring concerning the safety of midwife-led maternity care in remote Aboriginal communities. Our results strongly indicate a need for improved socioeconomic conditions, perinatal and infant care for First Nations and Inuit peoples, no matter where they live (remote northern, rural or urban areas). Further routine surveillance data are needed for assessing the safety and improving the quality of midwife-led maternity care in Nunavik.