Dissertationen zum Thema „Indices de confort thermique“
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Popovic, Marina. „Potentiel des événements climatiques à l’échelle « pico » pour l'amélioration du confort thermique piétonnier“. Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDN0042/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis investigates the potential of architectural and urban design schemes on a very small scale so as to improve pedestrian comfort during excessive summertime heat conditions. Starting from the premise that pedestrian’s pleasure and ability to thermally adapt are based upon experience of transient and non-uniform climate states, attempts are being made to identify short-term climate events named cold inducing"affordances". In order to enhance affordances of climate events related to the pedestrian, firstly a scale denominated "pico" and its descriptors are defined.The thesis outlines three study corpuses of climatic experiences that have been proposed in different periods of time and various contexts. The first corpus introduces and discusses climatic experiences that have been proposed in theoretical studies and experiments realized between 1950 and 1970 by the authors from the artistic and architectural avant-garde. The second corpus is focused on contemporary artistic and architectural installations dedicated to climatic variations, which showed up during the last two decades, in vitro or in urban space. The aim of the third corpus is to identify more precisely behavioral adaptations expressed by inhabitants during their encounter with selected cooling climate features in an urban context. The city of Madrid during summertime is considered as a laboratory, revealing uses and strategies of inhabitants in order to cool down. Behavioral expression is regarded as an index parameter revealing appreciation and thermal feel and as a prime instrument of control of one’s own comfort state.The potentials of the "pico" scale are discussed inregard to cold inducing design schemes along with the extent to which the accessibility of information related to existence and usability of an "affordance" can be related to specific behavioral adaptations
Wang, Xi. „Prédiction et analyse numérique d’écoulements turbulents avec transfert thermique dans des cavités ventilées à l’aide d’un modèle à relaxation elliptique“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10075/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this work is to predict numerically turbulent airflow with heat transfer in indoor environment using an elliptic relaxation model. This approach named v² -f has been proposed for modelling near-wall turbulence. In this study, numerical investigations have been carried out in three configurations and validated on available experimental data and numerical results from the models considered, k -[epsilon]RNG model of Yakhot & Orszag, k -[omega] SST model of Menter and Reynolds stress model. The analysis and comparison of results obtained shows that the v² -f model provides a better prediction for the velocity fields and temperature fields with a reasonable computational time. All comparisons of thermal comfort indices suggest that
Jkaoua, Zineb. „Méthodologie participative pour une rénovation urbaine durable : influence du microclimat sur le confort des usagers“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0160.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe escalating concerns surrounding climate change are evidenced by the exacerbation of summer heat waves, posing significant challenges to urban environments. These heat events detrimentally affect daily activities, compromise public health, and intensify energy demands for building cooling systems. Urgent action is required to transition towards resilient, environmentally friendly cities. This necessitates a reevaluation of architectural priorities towards urban redevelopment and building rehabilitation. This thesis advocates for a participatory approach that empowers the decision-makers and designersto address climate change impacts effectively. By focusing on enhancing perceived comfort and quality of life, this research aligns with the priorities of design offices and project owners. Through a scientific methodology, decision support tools are analyzed to inform urban design processes effectively.This thesis proposes to offer, to the designers and the decision-makers, tools adapted to the practice, acting from the programming to the exploitation of an urban renewal project and this, considering the local climatic aspect and the subjective aspect.The thesis employs a scientific methodology, analyzing various decision support tools to enhance urban comfort. Through sensitivity analysis of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), significant parameters affecting comfort are identified, followed by the validation of an average perceived comfort index (APCI) at the urban scale. Utilizing a combination of in-situ measurements and standardized surveys, a perceived average comfort index (APCI) is derived and correlated with microclimatic measurements. Additionally, simplified numerical simulations at the building scale assess the impact of urban renovations on interior comfort, leveraging existing building databases and weather data adjustments.This research contributes practical methodological frameworks essential for the development of comfortable urban projects, vital for urbanization strategies better suited to future climate realities. By integrating local climatic considerations with subjective perceptions, this thesis provides designers and decision-makers with tailored tools to guide urban renewal projects towards enhanced comfort, sustainability, and resilience
Grosdemouge, Virginie. „Proposition d'indicateurs de confort thermique et estimation de la température radiante moyenne en milieu urbain tropical. Contribution à la méthode nationale d'évaluation des ÉcoQuartiers“. Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0033.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFeedback from the post-occupancy evaluation carried out in the eco-neighbourhood (EQ) of Ravine Blanche, in Reunion Island, shows that some indicators proposed by the French eco-neighbourhood evaluation model are not suitable for specific application in tropical climate. This thesis demonstrates that a building performance indicator based on a level of thermal comfort seems more appropriate in a tropical urban environment. A literature review of the main existing outdoor thermal comfort indices has been carried out. Two relevant indices for application in a tropical climate have been chosen: the PET and the UTCI indices. In addition, this research study mainly focuses on the definition and estimation of the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt), which is one of the most important factors that influence human thermal comfort in outdoor spaces. However, Tmrt is particularly difficult to determine, whether in terms of in-situ measurements or numerical modelling. An experimentation based on an existing methodology has been set up so as to estimate Tmrt. This thesis also proposes a methodology relating to how to conduct field surveys in outdoor environments with micrometeorological measurements. People’s subjective thermal perception in a coastal outdoor urban environment of the EQ of Ravine Blanche has been investigated during summer. Furthermore, two popular radiation measurement techniques in determining Tmrt (black globe & grey globe) have been studied. The choice of the method has an impact on the thermal comfort indices values. Finally, the PET and UTCI indices have been calibrated and their respective comfort zones have been defined for the climate of Saint-Pierre
Axisa, Fabrice. „Etudes des Indices Objectifs du Confort Thermique Ressenti chez l’Homme : Microcentrale d’acquisition des paramètres physiologiques pour l’étude des réactions émotionnelles, sensorielles et cognitivesd=Objective indicators for felt comfort : Physiological data micro acquisition system for emotional, sensorial and cognitive reaction of human“. Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ISAL0025.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe optimization of the thermal comfort in buildings is a compromise between the aesthetic, functional and thermal constraints. The thermal constraints for the improvement of thermal comfort are defined in a series of standards of calculations and measurements. The PMV model, the thermo-physiological models and the aggregative indexes allow the forecast of average thermal comfort and of the dissatisfaction of a population. However these models can prove to be false for a given person or a given situation. With the physiological mechanisms of thermoregulation, the autonomous nervous system is an essential actor of felt thermal comfort. The comprehension of the various physiological actors makes it possible to establish a thermo-neuro-physiological model of felt thermal comfort. Measurements of the physiological reactions due to the thermoregulation and the reaction of the autonomous nervous system are essential. These measurements are the skin temperature, the skin thermal flow density, the skin electrical conductance, the skin electrical potential and the instantaneous heartbeat. A multiparametric and multi channel analysis allows the establishment of an objective index of felt thermal comfort. An ambulatory measurement system, MARSIAN, portable on the wrist, of an autonomy of 5 hour, were developed to record and transmit wireless the physiological signals coming from the non-invasive skin sensors. Moreover MARSIAN allows the monitoring in real time and in an ambulatory way of the vital parameters, for the medicine of prevention and the telemedicine. An intelligent glove integrating the non-invasive skin sensors simplify and make reliable the setup of physiological sensors on the hand. MARSIAN’s conception enables the conception of a new family of ambulatory biomedical instrumentation for autonomous nervous system activity
Torbey, Sammour Nathalie. „Amélioration du confort thermique par conditionnement thermique à proximité“. Paris, ENMP, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENMP1335.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWeiss, Laurent. „Caloducs souples et confort thermique : Conception, réalisation, validation“. Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMoujalled, Bassam. „Modélisation dynamique du confort thermique dans les bâtiments naturellement ventilés“. Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0005/these.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleN this work we focus on the adaptive approach of thermal comfort by combining features of both the static and adaptive theories. In the first step we have conducted a bibliographical study on the existing theories and approaches and which has led us to carry a field study on thermal comfort in eight office buildings. Afterwards we have adopted the systemic approach to develop a dynamic model on thermal comfort by integrating the dynamic mechanisms identified in the bibliography and the field study. This model, named AdOCC, determines the dynamic thermal state of the occupant from which the model can determine the adaptive behaviour of the occupant. AdOCC has been integrated in the dynamic simulation tool ‘TRNSYS’ and has been evaluated by comparing the results of the simulations with measurements. By applying this model to the case of a naturally ventilated office building we have found the conditions where thermal comfort can be achieved with limited energy consumptions
Moujalled, Bassam Guarracino Gérard Cantin Richard. „Modélisation dynamique du confort thermique dans les bâtiments naturellement ventilés“. Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2007. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=moujalled.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSERRES, LAURENT. „Etude de l'impact d'une perturbation thermique locale de type tache solaire. Influence sur le confort thermique“. Toulouse, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAT0015.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBenzaama, Mohammed Hichem. „Etude du confort thermique dans l'habitat par des procédés géo-héliothermiques“. Thesis, Reims, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REIMS025/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work is part of the search for energy saving solutions in the building industry while using natural and renewable sources, such as solar energy for heating and geothermal energy for refreshment. There is no need to recall that Algeria has a very large geothermal gravitational energy potential in view of its geographical position.In this thesis work, we are particularly interested in the study of thermal comfort in the case of a housing powered with a reversible hydraulic floor (heating and cooling).To carry out this study, as we can see Algeria have an important solar field and on the other hand we use an experimental system representing a real scale local. To do this, a room with a reversible hydraulic floor (heated or refreshing) is instrumented. A storage tank buried in the ground at few meters from the ground surface is used for thegeothermal refreshment during the warm periods. A service system allows us to regulate the system in heating or cooling mode. Several measuring probes used are connected to an acquisition station which is connected to a computer for monitoring of temperature évolutions.The modeling of the structure of the cell envelope is carried out under the TRNSYS software. With this, we have access to evolutions of the temperatures of the indoor air and to that of the walls. These results obtained by TRNSYS are used in a second step as input data for the FLUENT software. This allows us to model the solar spot and its influence on the heating floor under the climatic conditions of the city of Oran.After validation, numerical simulation is used to study the thermal behavior of the cell, the energy performance of the reversible floor and the calculation of the energy savings that could be achieved with such systems
Esqueda, Merino Donovan Manuel. „Contrôle/Commande avancé pour l'optimisation du confort thermique d'un véhicule électrifié“. Phd thesis, Supélec, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00969132.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCélestine, Christian. „Ventilation naturelle et confort thermique dans l'habitat en climat tropical humide“. Lyon, INSA, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985ISAL0035.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe influence of natural ventilation in hot humid climates is shown by the study of thermal comfort indices. An experimental approach on site and in a wind tunnel has been developed. This study allows us to propose a characterisation of indoor natural ventilation by mean velocity coefficients. Various openings, upwind and downwind permeabilities have been studied and a good agreement between real scale models and wind tunnel ones is shown. Here and now, this work gives quantitative data about orientation and openings distribution for the creole dwelling, traditionnal habitat of the Caribbean islands
De, Oliveira Fabrice. „Etude du confort thermique ressenti par l'homme dans son environnement climatique“. Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ISAL0041.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study consists in working out an evaluation method of the thermal comfort objectively felt by the man. This method is pressed in particular on peripheral indicators of the activity of the autonomous nervous system (ANS) related to thermoregulation, in arder to integrate the objective component of felt thermal comfort. Our approach is based on a multiparametric evaluation of felt and objectifies thermal comfort. We identified physiological indicators which make it possible to restore the reactions of thermoregulation starting from the activation of ANS, i. E. Temporal variables which make it possible to visualize episodes of reactions not-conscious or slightly conscious related to a stimulus. We identified a whole of indices likely to constitute a complete set of thermo-neuro-vascular parameters in arder to apprehend the human physiological nonconscious reactions. The presented algorithms were developed in arder to measure these indices in an automatic way. A validation in experiments is carried out in order to check if we obtain measurements of the thermal comfort felt objectively by targeting environments and particular climatic stimuli
Kaleem, ullah Hafiz Muhammad. „Développement de fibres bicomposantes innovantes pour le textile de confort thermique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Centrale Lille Institut, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022CLIL0034.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study is part of Interreg European Project between Haute de France and Belgium. The project is called Photonitex. The aim of this project is to develop a personal thermal regulation intelligent textile that dynamically controls skin temperature. This work was done in collaboration between Centre Européen des Textiles Innovants (CETI) and School National Superior of Textile Arts and Industries (ENSAIT).The objective of this thesis is to develop a bicomponent fibers for thermal comfort textile. The literature review was done to select the most suitable polymer materials that are commonly used in textile industry. In addition, based on the literature review, the design of the trilobal bicomponent fibers was finalized to realize the dynamic thermal comfort textile. Moreover, used polymer materials must exhibit hydrophilic difference to achieve the dynamic thermal properties in fabrics. The inner material of this bicomponent trilobal fiber must be more hydrophilic than the outer material. PA6 and PA6-6 were selected as hydrophilic core and PET hydrophobic outer material for trilobal bicomponent filaments. However, PA6 and PA6-6 are incompatible and immiscible to PET. The major challenge to achieve the desired bicomponent fibers is to acquire a sufficient adhesion at the interface to avoid the pre-splitting or separation between these two polymer materials. In order to improve their miscibility at the interface PA12 was added in PA6 and PA6-6 at 5, 10, 15% wt % via polymer compounding process. In order to produce trilobal bicomponent filament via coextrusion melt spinning process, rheological behavior of the used polymer materials play an important role. To select the most suitable materials for trilobal bicomponent fiber, rheological studies were conducted on pure and polymer blends using capillary rheometer. In addition, hydrophilic properties of each polymer and their blends were also tested on knitted fabrics with contact angle and wicking measurements. To evaluate the effect of PA12 on PET and PA6 interfacial adhesion, bicomponent PET/PA6 sheath/core fibers were produced via melt spinning process and interfacial adhesion was investigated through techniques (tensile test, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), Wide Angle Xray Diffraction (WAXD), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)). Based on the obtained results from the above mentioned techniques, the most suitable composition was produced in trilobal bicomponent fibers for thermal comfort fabrics. Simulation studies were also performed using Compuplast 3D FEM software to optimize the melt spinning process settings and produce trilobal bicomponent fibers.The textile made out of such innovative bicomponent fibers will show a self-actuation phenomenon are autonomous, self-empowered, and adaptive to the environment. This will help to mitigate the higher energy consumptions by conventional indoor heating, cooling, and ventilation systems and eventually minimizes the global energy consumptions and climate issues
Humbert, Myriam. „Impact des paramètres de conception sur le confort d'été des grands espaces-serres“. Lyon, INSA, 2002. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2002ISAL0045/these.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEvidence suggests that a significant number of large highly-glazed spaces have major design flaws that lead to energy wastage and discomfort. The objective of this work is to derive and implement methods to evaluate the impact of design parameters – such as solar transmission of windows, air change rate – on the thermal comfort in large highly-glazed spaces. After a literature review about large highly-glazed spaces and sensitivity analysis with factorial design of experiments, we have chosen fractional factorial design to screen 11 design parameters according to their impact on the thermal comfort. Our result stress the key role of Short Wave transmittance and air change rate. With complete factorial design, we have obtained simplified models of thermal comfort criteria. The screening results agree with those of the finite-difference differentiation. The impact of the implemented control strategies of the slat tilting or that of the air change rate appears to be modest in summer conditions. In the case investigated, the installation of "fixed" slats, whose position can be changed with the season, seems an efficient way to limit overheating, without detrimental effects on the impression of open space and light
Humbert, Myriam Carrié François-Rémi. „Impact des paramètres de conception sur le confort d'été des grands espaces-serres“. [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://csidoc.insa-lyon.fr/these/2002/humbert/index.html.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Bohec Mickaël. „Contribution du rayonnement au confort thermique et aux économies d'énergie dans l'habitat“. Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESMA0029/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn order to reduce building's energy consumption, radiant heater seems particularly attractives because they didn't require to heat the air of the room to be perceived (less energy spent and less losses), and because they provide a better reactivity to users life rythmes. Moreover, experiences of the MIT showed that we prefer a fresh ai with warm wall rather than the opposite. The goal of the work is to develop a tool to study the link between the radiant energy exchange by an occupant with his environment and the thermal comfort express under some hypothesis, radiative beat transfers can be idealized by the radiosity equation. This one needs the evaluation of geometrics couplings between the elements of the scene called form factors or view factors. It's generally hard to get them, especially when there are obstructions. A comparison of existing numerical methods is proposed. beyond the evaluation of those factors, the algebraic system is heavy to solve because each surface interact, usually, with all the others and because the number of nodes required for the description of a complexe scene is important. We present a resolution method which refine the mesh of the scene while constructing a multi scale representation of form factors between its elements, in order to don't have to compute all the transfers at the finest resolution. This drastically reduce the computation time and allow to use this method in a industrial development process.When the radiative transfers between the occupant, heaters and differents elements of the environment are known, the thermal comfort model of fanger is used to determine if the considered env!ronments are confortable or not, according to international standards. This way, we could find which type of heaters are the most subject to provide thermal comfort without increasing energy consumption
Paiva, FlÃvia Ingrid Bezerra. „Vulnerabilità social et Ãcologique dans fortaleza: une enquete par le confort thermique“. Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12949.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCette recherche liÃs classes de vulnÃrabilità environnementale Ãtablies à Fortaleza avec les conditions de confort thermique interne et externe de foyers reprÃsentant les principaux types d'habitation trouvÃs dans cette ville. Pour les deux, il a Ãtà proposà d'analyser le confort thermique, composante climatique urbain comme un paramÃtre de la vulnÃrabilità de l'environnement pour la ville de Fortaleza / Cearà et vÃrifier que, selon ce paramÃtre, les pistes fermÃes comme plus vulnÃrables socialement et Ãcologiquement (par l'Ãtude menÃe par le Centre de mÃtropoles) est placà comme l'inconfort thermique plus. Le confort thermique a Ãtà analysà du point de vue du systÃme urbain climatique Monteiro (1976, 2003), thermo-dynamique sous-systÃme et mesurÃe selon trois indices de confort thermique. Les mesures de composantes climatiques (tempÃrature, humidità et vent velociadade) ont Ãtà recueillis à l'intÃrieur et à l'extÃrieur de dix maisons diffÃrentes, reprÃsentant les dix premiers types rÃsidentiels municÃcio vÃrifià ce dans les dix jours de conditions climatiques gÃnÃrales considÃrÃs comme des ÃlÃments standard (7, 8 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 et 17 DÃcembre 2012) en quinze heures profils de sept à vingt-deux heures. Les rÃsultats ont montrà de forts contrastes entre les conditions climatiques de composants entre les diffÃrents niveaux et les points de contraste entre les conditions internes et externes des dix rÃsidences. Enfin il a Ãtà constatà que, contrairement à la prÃrogative des conditions thermiques initiales de confort n'a montrà aucune linÃairement descrescentes plus la vulnÃrabilitÃ, mais sont dÃlimitÃes en trois groupes, avec la premiÃre (plus faible vulnÃrabilitÃ) les meilleures conditions de confort, la seconde (la plus haute vulnÃrabilitÃ) mÃdianes des conditions de confort et les tiers (vulnÃrabilitÃs moyennes) les pires conditions de confort.
A presente pesquisa relacionou as Classes de Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental estabelecidas para Fortaleza com as condiÃÃes de conforto tÃrmico internas e externas de residÃncias representativas dos principais tipos residenciais encontrados nesta cidade. Para tanto, se propÃs analisar o conforto tÃrmico, componente do clima urbano, como um parÃmetro de vulnerabilidade socioambiental para a cidade de Fortaleza/Cearà e verificar se, segundo este parÃmetro, as faixas delimitadas como mais vulnerÃveis socioambientalmente (pelo estudo realizado pelo ObservatÃrio das MetrÃpoles) se colocaram como as de maior desconforto tÃrmico. O conforto tÃrmico foi analisado segundo a perspectiva do Sistema Clima Urbano de Monteiro (1976, 2003), subsistema termo-dinÃmico e mensurado segundo trÃs Ãndices de Conforto TÃrmico. As mediÃÃes das componentes climÃticas (temperatura, umidade e velociadade do vento) foram coletadas no interior e exterior de dez diferentes residÃncias, representativas dos dez principais tipos residenciais verificados neste municÃcio, em dez dias de condiÃÃes gerais das componentes climÃticas consideradas padrÃo (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 e 17 de Dezembro de 2012), em perfis de quinze horas, das sete Ãs vinte e duas horas. Os resultados encontrados demostraram fortes constrastes entre as condiÃÃes das componentes climÃticas entre os pontos e diferentes nÃveis de contraste entre as condiÃÃes internas e externas das dez residÃncias. Por fim verificou-se que diferentemente da prorrogativa inicial as condiÃÃes de conforto tÃrmico nÃo mostraram-se linearmente descrescentes quanto mais alta a vulnerabilidade, mas delimitaram-se em trÃs agrupamentos, apresentando o primeiro (de mais baixa vulnerabilidade) as melhores condiÃÃes de conforto, o segundo (de mais alta vulnerabilidade) condiÃÃes medianas de conforto e o terceiro (de mÃdias vulnerabilidades) as piores condiÃÃes de conforto.
Perrin, Françoise. „Modélisation du comportement thermique d'un habitacle d'automobile : approche de l’étude du confort“. Lyon, INSA, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ISALA098.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis research program on thermal comfort in a car compartment was initiated by a partnership of three car manufacturers : Renault PSA and Valéo. This work aims the conception of a sophisticated tool dedicated to the optimisation of thermal comfort parameters in car compartment. Hence, a model for the calculation of the heat transfers between the car compartment and its environment, and within the compartment, was developed in order to accurately determine the flow field, the temperature field and the heat fluxes in the car. The landmarks of this work are : the geometrical description, the simulation of the internal air flow, and the evaluation of the thermal exchanges. Within simplifying hypotheses, the dynamic and the thermal aspects of the problem where uncoupled. The internal air flow has been investigated by mean of a finite volume commercial code using a standard turbulence model. A computer program, based on the same finite volume discretization, has been elaborated to solve the transient energy equation. Its characteristics are the specific modelling of conduction transfer in solid media, the prediction of forced internal convection (induced by the air conditioning system), the complete processing of radiation heat transfer, using the radiosity method of Poljack, associated to the subdivision of the thermal spectrum in two waves length bands. Measurements on a real compartment have also been performed and have contributed to feed the model with data, and to provide an experimental knowledge of the flow and temperature fields; Comparisons of experimented and calculated climatic canvas, sensibility studies of thermo physical properties, as well as an approach of human thermal comfort evaluation, are presented to illustrate the abilities of the modelling tool
Pépin, Alexandre. „Performance énergétique et confort thermique : effet de la masse thermique, de la résistance et des matériaux de l'enveloppe“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28242.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the province of Québec, massive wood buildings of three floors and more are becoming more and more popular. This material being ecological and renewable is interesting for commercial buildings. However, its use is fairly low in this type of buildings and this raises many questions related to the thermal behavior. In this study, the influence of thermal mass has been studied using numerical simulations. The variables analyzed are the dynamic thermal variables, the energy intensity and the comfort. Two programs have been used to perform the simulations. Since the simulations done using e-QUEST have not demonstrated their relevance for thermal mass analyses [1], EnergyPlus software was used to perform the simulations during this study. The results have demonstrated that the type of thermal mass change and the presence of thermal mass can reduce the mean daily temperature swing of the internal surfaces of the walls. This reduction is up to 27.8% (2.33°C) when the building type passes from a lightweight wood construction to a heavyweight concrete one with a 4 W/m2-K RSI. Another major notice is that the energy intensity principally varies in function of the thermal mass type. Coupled with the thermal resistance, this adds a certain reduction of the energy intensity. The thermal mass thickness is the parameter having the smallest effect on the energy intensity. Gains observed are around 2.5% when the modifications of the type of thermal mass and its thickness are combined. This behavior can be explained by the fact that the energy that is stocked in the envelope and returned to the building after a certain time lag reduces heating demand during winter, but generates cooling demand during summer. The size of the studied building and the ventilation system type could be an explanation of the weak gains obtained regarding the energy intensity.
During, Hubert. „Consommations énergétiques et confort thermique des locaux chauffés : approche par les modèles zonaux“. Lyon, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAL0051.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work was carried out in the frame of the research group on heating systems. The aim of this research group was to characterize energy efficiency of different heating systems in real conditions. In we have developed a zonal model which allows us to predict the transient thermal behaviour of various buildings coupled with different heating systems. The heating systems we consider here are : hot water radiator, electric convector, radiant panel, heating ceiling, heating floor. For each s y stem, we built a dynamic model. Concerning the floor. For each s y stem, we built a dynamic model. Concerning difference method for conduction, the radiosity method using shape factors for radiative exchanges and the zonal model concept for the therme-convective behaviour. After a comparison of the results given by the model with steady state and transient experiments we performed some buildings. The analysis of the results allowed us to give some advices
Qureshi, Aiman Mazhar. „Modélisation et aide à la décision multicritère du confort thermique en milieu urbain“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AMIE0081.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUrban areas are the prevalent places of residence for people and are vulnerable to exasperating weather conditions such as heat stress. Periods of heat waves are increasingly reoccurring in the current atmosphere, and they are known to pose a serious and major threat to the health of human beings all over the world. Urban heat islands and heat waves increase thermal risks in urban areas and the vulnerability of the urban population. The increase in the number of heat episodes in urban areas has become a significant concern due to its adverse effects on human health and economic activities. The objective of this work is to identify the sensitivity of thermal comfort and their action variables, the modeling of thermal stress using the most influential meteorological variables, the identification of risk factors and highlight the correlation of meteorological trends and influencing parameters, solutions for mitigating heat stress and mathematical support for decision-making. Several machine and deep learning techniques were used for the system dynamic modeling of the thermal comfort. Optimized results are obtained from the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) model which is used for the development of a web simulation tool allowing the inhabitants to evaluate their level of comfort according to the weather conditions. A heat vulnerability index map has been developed to indicate the vulnerability of occupants considering different aspects in a medium-sized city such as planning, green space, density, energy, quality air, water bodies and extreme heat events. The obtained results highlighted that poor air quality and heat events are interrelated, which draws the attention for decision-makers to intervene the additional measures in high-risk places. Field monitoring is carried out using sensors and a thermal camera to measure relevant variables and take action to minimize the effects of heat stress. In Last, multi-criteria decision-making methods were applied for the initial development of a decision support tool for the selection of urban heat resilience interventions that allows flexible, dynamic, and predictive use for designers and the users
Bezian, Jean-Jacques. „Thermique des enceintes habitables et énergies solaires“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, INSA de Lyon, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00158153.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLa thermique des enceintes habitables (habitacles automobiles, bâtiments ...) a pour principales caractéristiques des grands volumes aux formes parfois complexes, un couplage fort des trois modes de transfert de chaleur et des conditions aux limites en constante évolution. Nous présentons ici une méthode numérique originale pour construire des simulateurs performants du comportement thermique des telles enceintes soumises à un environnement météorologique réel. Les équations sont écrites sous une forme algébro différentielle, en se basant sur une méthode nodale de découpage des volumes et des surfaces. La résolution est effectuée par un solveur commercial. Quelques exemples d'application, avec des validations expérimentales, illustrent les bons résultats obtenus par cette méthodologie. Cette méthodologie a été aussi appliquée au domaine des piles à combustible, et à d'autres applications industrielles où la thermique tient un rôle important. Les actions menées dans le cadre des recherches sur les applications solaires thermiques couvrent tous les niveaux de température. À basse température, nous présentons les travaux concernant la prise en compte des apports solaires dans les bâtiments, ainsi que la problématique du chauffage des locaux et de l'eau sanitaire. À haute température, obtenue par concentration du rayonnement solaire, nous faisons un résumé des résultats obtenus au cours de l'évaluation scientifique de la Centrale THEMIS, et décrivons les travaux de recherche en cours menés pour l'amélioration des performances des procédés solaires à concentration.
Bedek, Gauthier. „Elaboration et conception d’une structure textile auto-rafraichissante“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10191/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe objective of this study is to design a self-refreshing textile structure. The first objective is to define the specifications of the product. After a state of the art on all existing technologies, it was revealed that none can correspond to the definition of a self-refreshing smart textile. It is proposed to develop an energy-absorbing material of the body at the onset of cutaneous evaporative phenomena.After a study of all materials which can store energy, it is studied the physico-chemical properties of materials absorbing the energy by dissolution with water. Among these polyols, especially xylitol is selected to be integrated within a fabric. From the properties of xylitol, it is developed a process of encapsulation by interfacial polymerization to form a network of poly (urea-urethane). Thus, it is proposed to protect xylitol by a microporous shell that ensures the transfer of moisture. The influence of synthesis parameters shows that it is possible to alter both the morphology, chemical structure, and the rate of encapsulated xylitol. He is chosen a synthesis of microcapsules having an enthalpy of dissolution at 35 ° C of 124.5 J.g-1. From the mode of transfer of particular microparticles against their environment, the microparticles are grafted onto different knitting fabrics. The measurement of the enthalpy of mixing with water revealed the action of dissolution. Furthermore, physiological modelling has led to give us precise data on the behaviour of the material against thermophysioloy reactions. All these results are intended to demonstrate the effectiveness of cooling on thermal sensation in hot environment or during intensive activity
Abboud, Abou Jaoude Rachelle. „Développement d’une nouvelle approche d’évaluation du confort dans le contexte des véhicules électriques connectés“. Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM059.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThermal comfort of drivers and passengers inside cars compartments is a subject bouncing back to the spotlight with the electrification of vehicles. In fact, air conditioning and heating systems can reduce the battery autonomy of electric vehicles by up to 50% under certain conditions. On the other hand, the most used thermo-physiological models nowadays are still those that consider a standard average person. Many studies showed the limitations of these models in predicting thermal comfort for different populations in complex environments. Therefore, if a personal thermal comfort at minimum vehicle energy consumption is required, a deep consideration should be given to the understanding of the individualization of the thermo-physiological model and to identifying key parameters that have the most influence on thermal comfort. An individualization procedure followed by an experimental validation of the customized model is presented. Considering individual characteristics was shown to improve the model by 20% on average
Thellier, Françoise. „Modélisation du comportement thermique de l'homme et de son habitat. Une approche de l'étude du confort“. Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00993580.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBrun, Adrien. „Amélioration du confort d'été dans des bâtiments à ossature par ventilation de l'enveloppe et stockage thermique“. Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00652449.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePellerin, Nicolas. „Températures corporelles et sensations thermiques : approche psychophysiologique du confort thermique dans le cas de l'habitacle automobile“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13245.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work emphasizes a better understanding of the origin of human thermal discomfort under heterogeneous but steady environments, for subjects exposed at the vicinity of physiological and sensory thermoneutrality. The knowledge of skin temperatures allows a psychophysiological study aiming at linking the body thermal state (local and total) to the thermal feelings (perceptive and affective judgments). By using 2 driving simulators, 345 subjects were exposed to different thermal environments, modulated by factors such as the air distribution in the automotive cockpit, the clothing insulation or the activity level (driver or passenger). This work shows that considering the local thermal states is essential for the evaluation of thermal comfort in the case of non-uniform environments. The study of the local data shows however that it is possible to predict local unpleasantness depend on the total body thermal state, which can be evaluated on the basis of mean skin temperature and global thermal vote. Our experimental conditions point out that the determinism of discomfort is both quantitative, the local unpleasantness being felt on a certain number of body surfaces, and qualitative, certain body segments having a more important impact than others. A local origin is suggested for cold discomfort, in opposition to the global characteristic of warm discomfort. This work led to the development of an index of thermal discomfort risk. This index is based upon the assumption that it would exist at the central level, a controlling system which could compare the skin temperature distribution to a referenced cartography
Thellier, Françoise. „Modelisation du comportement thermique de l'homme et de son habitat : une approche de l'etude du confort“. Toulouse 3, 1989. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00993580.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAhmat, Charfadine Mahamat. „Etude expérimentale des propriétés thermophysiques des matériaux locaux du Tchad : application au confort thermique de l'habitat“. Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10021.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBenalia, Atallah. „Contribution à la modélisation et la commande robuste du confort thermique au sein d'un habitacle automobile“. Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112016.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe study which we present, here, is within the framework of a project launched within Valeo and which Concern the modelling and the control of the thermal comfort of the passengers of a car cockpit. The problems in witch we are interested are described folows : -The modelling: for the conception of advanced controls asssuring the task of tracking the trajectory, we need, on the one hand, simple models to have a simple control and, on the other hand, good models to have a good estimation of the thermal control. -The control: from the models developed in the first part, we develop controls who insure the trajectory tracking in the présence of parametric errors. The first part of this thesis concerns the modelization of the thermal comfort inside the car cockpit. To achieve the comfort estimation only from the measurements, we have associated to the comfort model an aerothermic models of the HVAC and a dynamic thermal model of the car cockpit. The second part is at the same time a contribution to the control of nonlinear systems subject to inputs saturation and an application of modern controls to achieve a robust trajectory tracking of the thermal comfort. At first, we developed a new method to generate and track trajectories of nonlinear systems subject to inputs constraints. The basic idea is to change the time parametrization. We show, in this case, that the generation of the trajectory is equivalent to solving a linear systems subject to input constraints. In a second time, we developed three kinds of controls in order to achieve the comfort trajectory tracking : input to state linearization, backstepping and sliding mode. We observes in this study that the input to state linearization method is not robust to parameter variations. The two other type of control presented very good robustness properties. However, the sliding mode has the advantage to be more simple and more adapted for real time implementation
Raffenel, Yoann. „Optimisation du contrôle thermique dans une habitation multi sources“. Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2008. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T2174_yraffenel.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn France, the building sector is responsible for a fifth of the national energy consumption. A serial of successive official thermal rules are adopted every five years in order to achieve in 2020 the reduction by 40% of the consumption level of 1990. Research has already started working on the reduction of energy consumption in buildings for a long time and many solutions have already been designed. These solutions can be separated in two categories. The first one regroups the solutions based on the improvement of the architecture, the structure, the insulation or the materials in the building. The goal of these solutions is to reduce the energy need of the building. The second category regroups the design and improvement of renewable energies. These systems allow the local production of a part of the energy needed by the building without greenhouse gases emissions. The goal of this work is to design new solutions based on automatic control, especially when buildings are getting even more complex integrating the mentioned solutions. With the final goal of designing a global artificial intelligence able to control and optimize each energy flux in a building, the study focused on the regulation of the space heating process. This energy consumption remains indeed the main consumption in most of the French residential buildings. We designed a space heating controller using model based automatic control methods, which differs from the usual commercialized controllers. The first step of the work consists in choosing the right model for the building and its energy systems among the numerous modelling method designed by the thermal science community. The model will be a trade-off between accuracy and using easiness. A modelling of several electric appliances was realized for the occasion. The second step is the design of the controller itself. Its objective is to ensure the thermal comfort while minimizing the energy consumption. Once we had more exactly defined the comfort concept and the way it is taken into account by the controller, this one was designed in four stages. First, an ideal temperature set point trajectory is calculated using optimal control in order to minimize the energy consumption when the building is unoccupied. Second, an integral control structure is calculated also with optimal control techniques. Third, the uncontrolled contributions to the building (solar radiations, external temperature…) are estimated with the introduction of a deconvolution problem solved by stochastic methods. Finally, an anti windup compensator is added in order to take into account the specifications of space heating actuators. The last step of this work was the testing of the controller in simulation. It was tested in four buildings, all different in their architecture, their inertia and the energy system they were using. The results were very interesting since in comparison with usual methods providing the same comfort level, the energy saving obtained is at least 10%
Roy, David. „Evaluation de l'impact de technologies de préconditionnement thermique d'un habitacle automobile sur la consommation en carburant ainsi que sur le confort thermique des passagers“. Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1035.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAllab, Yacine. „Evaluation expérimentale des performances des systèmes de ventilation dans le bâtiment : efficacité de ventilation et confort thermique“. Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENAM0046/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe performance of a system must be well defined, attainable and above all measurable. This is not the case today for ventilation. On the one hand ventilation performance is usually declined on energy efficiency considerations or simply on a rough estimation of ventilation rates. The performance related to thermal comfort and IAQ are addressed separately through dedicated evaluation tools. On the other hand, the existing evaluation tools today are nowadays limited in their practical applications for in situ measurements, in particular in the case of natural and mixed ventilation. The aim of the present thesis is to examine the existing experimental technics, at full scale building in order to propose improvements on evaluation methods and commissioning protocols. The present thesis deals with ventilation performance taking into account ventilation efficiency as intrinsic performance and thermal comfort as overall performance.The first part is devoted to the in situ assessment of intrinsic ventilation performance (ventilation rates, mean age of air, and air exchange efficiency), based on decay tracer gas techniques. After a theorical analysis of the various performance indexes and their corresponding measurement techniques, an experimental study was carried out in a classroom under different ventilation strategies (mechanical, natural & mixed mode). The analysis proved the importance of the application of the tracer gas decay on ventilation rates accuracy with in particular a strong influence of measurement times and used tracer gas concentration. A methodology has been adapted and tested for the measurement of the air exchange efficiency in natural and mixed mode ventilation, by avoiding measurements in exhaust vents (a technique usually used and advocated by current standards).The second part is devoted to in situ assessment of thermal comfort under different ventilation strategies. Different methods, standards and evaluation techniques were tested and compared with occupants’ perception. The results demonstrated the presence of several inadequacies during the implementation of existing methods and standards. Mainly, it concerns the inadequacy of static methods (PMV PPD) for thermal comfort assessment in the presence of fluctuating thermal conditions, even with mechanical ventilation. Uncertainty analysis related to measurement errors has demonstrated the incoherence of current standards in the classification of comfort categories
Garnier, Cédric. „Contribution à l'optimisation de la puissance thermique disponible en régime transitoire pour le confort dans une automobile“. Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2157.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHigh efficiency automotive engines have been developed to cope with the fuel price rising and air pollution standards evolution. High efficiency combustion leads to reduced engine capacity and fuel consumption for the same performance, but also contributes decreasing the available thermal power for the car cabin heating system. Car parts manufacturers so propose additional heating systems to compensate for the thermal deficit and ensure passengers’ confort during thermal transient periods (cold start, urban driving). The goal of this work is to develop a new additional heating system using heat recovery on admission and exhaust lines. A zero-dimensional combustion model is developed for engine performance and emissions prediction. A thermal simulation software using nodal method to describe heat transfer between the engine components (water loop, oil loop, engine block. . . ) is coupled with the combustion model. The global model is therefore able to predict the car cabin blown air temperature, depending on vehicle characteristics, heating strategies and driving cycles. The software is validated by comparison of numerical results with experimental measurements realised on a car placed in a climatic wind tunnel. Simulations of different new heating systems are finally used to identify the best solution, compared to existing technologies, taking into account environmental and economical objectives. This highlights the significant potential of heat recovery on the engine admission line. An increase of 28°C of the blown air temperature and a decrease of 18% of the fuel consumption are obtained compared to conventional electric heaters
TALMATAMAR, TAHAR. „Contribution a l'etude du confort thermique : etude theorique et experimentale des protections solaires interieures a lames verticales“. Evry-Val d'Essonne, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993EVRY0008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEl, Kadri Mohamad. „Modèle thermo-neurophysiologique du corps humain pour l'étude du confort thermique en conditions climatiques hétérogènes et instationnaires“. Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, we have developed a new thermoregulation model of the human body based on neurophysiology called Neuro Human Thermal Model (NHTM). It is dedicated to predict physiological variables in asymmetric transient environments. In addition, it is coupled with Zhang’s thermal comfort model to predict the sensation and the thermal comfort of the occupants in indoor spaces.The passive system of the NHTM model is based on that of the Wissler model. This passive system is coupled to an active system based on the signals of thermoreceptors. The passive system is segmented into 21 cylinders which represent the segments of the human body. Each element is divided into 21 layers, in which 15 for tissues and 6 for clothing. Then, each layer is divided into 12 angular sectors. The NHTM model simulates the heat production by metabolism, heat transfer by conduction within the tissues and heat exchange by convection and radiation between the body and the surrounding. The active system simulates physiological mechanisms thanks to signals of central and peripheral thermoreceptors. These signals are calculated by the model of Mekjavic and Morrisson who also developed the shivering model. The skin blood flow is calculated by the Kingma model. We could not develop a sweating model based on the signals of thermoreceptors since experimental data are not available. A comparison was made between the sweating model of Wissler and that of Fiala et al. and the last one was chosen.The NHTM model is able to simulate several types of population. This was done by a sensitivity analysis carried out, using the Morris method, on the parameters of the passive and active systems to find the most influential parameters. Then, an optimization of the NHTM model was done to determine the vector of the parameters which corresponds to the subjects of the experiments of Munir et al. using a genetic algorithm. The obtained results were compared to the models developed by several authors and showed that the NHTM model is the most efficient in most cases.The NHTM model has been coupled to the Zhang model to assess the sensation and thermal comfort. Zhang's model was chosen for its ability to assess local sensations and thermal comfort levels in non-uniform transient environments. Zhang’s model performs the calculation using the NHTM model outputs, namely the skin and esophagus temperatures
Rouleau, Jean. „Exploration in-situ et numérique de la consommation énergétique et du confort thermique des bâtiments résidentiels en bois“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34439.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOver a third of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions are related to the building sector. As part of global efforts to combat climate change, it is essential to ensure high energy efficiency of buildings. Doing so requires a deep understanding of the thermal behavior of buildings. Building performance simulation is very useful in this regard, but it is frequent to observe discrepancies between the predicted and real energy consumption levels. Occupant behavior is very influential on the energy performance of a building, so it is essential for it to be accurately represented during building simulations. The objective of this thesis is to analyze and explain the consumption of energy in high-performance wood residential buildings by focusing on the importance of occupant behavior. This thesis relies on the monitoring of a social housing building. Potential solutions are proposed to further improve the performance of low energy consumption buildings. First, the energy consumption of the monitored building is studied in order to understand why the building requires energy. This analysis exhibits the great dwelling-to-dwelling variability of energy consumption and thermal comfort. This variability is not explainable by the various orientations and positions of the dwellings or by the different household sizes. This shows the great impact that actions taken by people at home can have on the performance of their dwelling. Linear regression models are created from the collected data to quantify the influence of multiple variables on the heating demand in winter and on the indoor temperature in summer. Indoor temperature represents an important issue since overheating is present in the building during the summer. The high insulation and air tightness of the building envelope contributes to overheating by preventing heat transfer between the indoor and outdoor environments. The energy performance gap of the building is also covered. It is demonstrated that for the case study building, the gap is mainly due to an inaccurate representation of occupant behavior during building simulations. A stochastic model that simulates occupant behavior in residential buildings is developed from already existing models. This tool simultaneously simulates occupancy, hot water and electricity consumption and window control behavior. Generated profiles are coherent with each other (there cannot be hot water consumption when no one is present at home) and consider the dwelling-to-dwelling variability of occupant behavior. The window control part of the model is built from the data coming from the monitored building whereas the data is instead use to validate the other parts of the model. The validation shows the benefits of the modifications brought to the original occupant behavior models. Building simulations are then performed to assess the impact of occupants on the energy consumption and thermal comfort of residential buildings. These simulations are based on the stochastic occupant behavior tool develop in this thesis. Results display that the heating demand of a dwelling, its total energy use and its thermal comfort are all highly sensitive to occupant behavior. A linear regression model is also built from simulated data to evaluate the influence of various parameters. The energy performance of large housing stocks is more robust with respect to occupant behavior, but the results suggest that it remains difficult to forecast with great accuracy the performance of a multiresidential building if stochastic aspects of occupant behavior are neglected. Use of more accurate occupant behavior profiles can also improve the sizing of HVAC systems, particularly of hot water systems.
Alhaj, Hasan Ola. „Optimization of building energy consumption using simplified models and new control methods“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10162/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWith the highly developing concerns about the future of energy resources, the optimization of energy consumption becomes a must in all sectors. A lot of research was dedicated to buildings regarding that they constitute the highest energy consuming sector mainly because of their heating needs. Many proposals of new strategies to minimize building consumption were done. These proposals vary between recommending better insulation, advising change in occupants' behavior and changing the heating control management. This thesis proposes a new control method that helps minimizing the heating consumption and expenses. This method generates an energy plan over a defined prediction horizon respecting the occupants’ thermal comfort. It is based on the application of Monte Carlo method, i.e., a random generator for the heating system scenarios. The aim is to determine the optimal heating plan for the prediction horizon that fulfills the constraints regarding the following three factors: • The thermal comfort of occupants; • The minimization of the energy consumption/expenses; • Load shifting. However, to test this method, an identification of the building thermal behavior was needed. Thus, a building thermal model to simulate the building behavior was developed. This model was meant to be simplified in order to better integrate it in the control process. Furthermore, a new parameter estimation approach as well as a real time temperature control method are presented to ensure the implementation of the optimal predicted plan
Batier, Cécile. „Confort thermique et énergie dans l’habitat social en milieu méditerranéen : d'un modèle comportemental de l’occupant vers des stratégies architecturales“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTS019/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe current design of energy-efficient buildings used to be performed by dynamic thermal simulations using conventional hypotheses like those of the 2012 French thermal regulations (weather reports, occupancy, temperature set, operations of windows and shutters by occupants, etc...). However, feedback highlights a great difference in energy consumption between forecasts on the one hand and in situ measurements in winter as well as overheating in summer on the other hand. According to the scientific community, even if many factors can account for this gap, the inhabitants seem to play a major role in it as well. Indeed, by acting on their windows and shutters, they modify the renewal rate of fresh air and the management of solar contributions. As the matter of fact, the use and the type of windows and shutters affect the energy consumptions and the comfort. The aim of this study is to analyse the thermal evolution of occupied apartments in order to establish a behavioral model of the occupants. This will allow us to quantify the impact of architectural modifications on the thermal comfort and the energy performances of buildings.Two residential buildings are investigated in Vauvert (a city in southern of France). Both of them were built in 1969 using the same constructive techniques and have lately been renovated in a similar way (CMV, boilers, windows). The only difference is that on the facade of one of them an external thermal insulation has recently been installed. The analysis of the real thermal conditions, of the actual human behavior and of the amount of energy consumed is built on surveys and on an extensive year-round in situ instrumentation in the living rooms of 13 apartments. It allows us to define a behavioral model of occupants based on 32 different combinations in the operations of windows and shutters. We can divide them into three occupants' profiles (the “expert” occupant, the “active” occupant and the “counterproductive” occupant). Digital Pléiades+COMFIE simulations are made in order to validate this model. The refined modeling of the dynamic thermal simulation parameters helps to understand the impact on the thermal comfort and the energy consumption of different architectural strategies in the Mediterranean area.In winter the thermal analysis of the two residential buildings (insulated and non insulated) shows similar levels of consumption, but a lower level of thermal comfort in the non insulated case. However during temperature peaks in summer, overheating appears in the insulated dwellings, but human behavior is the key to limit occupants’ discomfort. The analysis of in situ measurements shows that strategies to cool down the apartments are not always implemented by occupants. Architectural solutions mitigating “counterproductive” occupants’ behavior are finally examined
Tiraoui, Lamia. „Propositions pour une analyse radiative thermique des espaces urbains“. Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00546143.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleViallon, Maud. „Réalisation et caractérisation de membranes polymères microstructurées capables de moduler leurs propriétés de réflexion dans le domaine du moyen infrarouge : application aux textiles pour le confort thermique“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10105.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe goal of this thesis is the manufacturing of polymer membranes that can be complexed to a textile to improve the thermal comfort felt. They must be able to dynamically modulate their optical properties in the mid-infrared (MIR) according to the environmental conditions.The first part of this work presents the theoretical notions related to thermal comfort and both physical mechanisms hydric and thermal transfers through the textile membranes. A state of the art makes it possible to identify the existing technologies. The concept of photonic crystals and their application in the field of infrared medium are presented. This part ends with the establishment of specifications for the design of a structured polymer membrane using the principle of photonic crystals to modulate the interaction of human thermal radiation.The second part of this work describes the method of finite differences in time domain simulation (FDTD) used to predict the optical properties of micro-structured membranes as function of their geometric characteristics. A first realization in polycrystalline silicon authorizes the validation of the numerical model calibration as well as the protocol of the infrared characterization. The manufacturing process uses cleanroom technologies from microelectronics and microsystems.The last part of this work is devoted to the study by FDTD of microstructured polymer membranes from the previously calibrated 'in-silico' model. This study makes it possible to define geometrical parameters able to modulate the reflection of the infrared having a wavelength between 5 and 15 microns. A manufacturing process is developed which makes it possible to realize self-supporting structured membranes to the appropriate dimensions
Reid, Jean-Philippe. „Investigation de l'anisotropie du gap supraconducteur dans les composés Ba(Fe[indices inférieurs 1-x]Co[indice inférieur x])[indice inférieur 2]As[indice inférieur 2], Ba[indices inférieurs 1-x]K[indice inférieur x]Fe[indice inférieur 2]As[indice inférieur 2], LiFeAs et Fe[indices inférieurs 1-[delta]]Te[indices inférieurs 1-x]Se[indice inférieur x]“. Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5164.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBragança, Pierre. „Ventilation par mélange utilisant des dispositifs de diffusion munis d’inserts lobés : analyse des écoulements moteurs et du confort thermique induit“. Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS018/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with high-induction mixing ventilation for buildings using innovative air diffusers equipped with vortex promoters. These are lobed inserts, introduced into commercial air diffusers, without modifying the manufacturing process. The innovation was born from previous work and has recently been the subject of an European patent. The first objective of the present work is to conduct full scale experiments under typical heating and air conditioning conditions. By an experimental approach, the impact of the lobed inserts on the airflow and jet pattern, on the thermal comfort induced in the occupied zone of a thermally guarded climate chamber, and on the pressure drop and the noise generation. Airflow pattern is analyzed by large scale PIV 2D2C, and thermal comfort is evaluated in the occupied zone using a set of temperature and speed sensors and Fanger's PMV / PPD model. The results show that the lobed inserts introduced into the diffusers enhance the mixing between the jet and ambient air whose to be treated. The thermal comfort in the occupied zone is significantly improved, compared to the reference case of the same diffuser without inserts. The impact of the inserts on the acoustics and the pressure drop is not significant, which validates the innovation for its immediate application in buildings. Finally, we compared the performance of innovative diffusers with lobed inserts to the vortex diffuser, presented in the air diffusion market as a high mixing diffuser, because of the rotation generated by profiled fins. The results showed that when the diffuser is flush mounted to the ceiling, which is recommended by the manufacturer, the immediate attachment of the jet due to the Coanda effect inhibits the expected rotational movement. Its performance under these conditions is lower to that of the diffuser with lobed inserts. It follows from this finding that the installation of the vortex diffuser on a free pipe is necessary for its best performance ; this can be performed for high ceiling commercial buildings or industrial buildings. Ceiling flush mounted diffusers with lobed inserts, which we have demonstrated their performance, are perfectly suited for office spaces or homes with low ceiling heights, and therefore meet the real need for high induction in this type of buildings
Ahmed, Ouameur Fouad. „Morphologie urbaine et confort thermique dans les espaces publics. Étude comparative entre trois tissus urbains de la ville de Québec“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24931/24931.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFouad, Ahmed Ouameur. „Morphologie urbaine et confort thermique dans les espaces publics : étude comparative entre trois tissus urbains de la ville de Québec“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19770.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChoquart, François. „Etude et modélisation d'un véhicule doté d'un système de chauffage par parois rayonnantes pour l'étude du confort thermique des passagers“. Paris, ENMP, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENMP1243.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJnat, Khadija. „Bâtiment intelligent : Analyse et optimisation des dépenses d’énergie dans le logement social“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I060/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work concerns the optimization of heating energy consumption in social housing.It is a part of a global approach to reduce energy consumption in social housing. It was realized within a collaboration between Lille University and Lille Métropole Habitat. The research is based on monitoring occupied dwellings to explore the possibilities of reducing energy consumption through control of the heating system and the implication of tenants. This thesis is composed of four parts. The first part includes a literature review concerning energy precarity in social housing and thermal regulations. The second part presents the social housing residence used in this research. It presents in details the monitoring system and the experimental protocol used to follow the comfort conditions in the residence. The third part presents analysis of temperature and relative humidity recorded in three apartments. Analysis shows an overheating during the heating period, which leads to important increase in the heating expenses. The last part presents thermal simulation using the software “Archiwizard”. It shows the calibration of the numerical model as well as an estimation in heating energy savings
Marolleau, Adeline. „Étude des mécanismes d’interaction sous-vêtement/peau pour concevoir des textiles innovants en optimisant le confort au porté“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe objective of this study is to understand, analyze and document the hydric mechanisms of undergarment/skin interaction in a transient regime. No apparatus makes it possible to study dynamic water transfers through textiles taking into account the effect of the microclimate; the air gap between the skin and the textile. A measuring bench is being built to solve this problem. Thanks to this device, it is possible to discriminate textile samples according to the chemical nature of the fibres. The transfer rate of water vapour molecules during desorption and the precise time at which this phenomenon begins provide information on the water management of textiles. In parallel, a fibre-scale study, using DVS (Dynamic Vapor Sorption) test, measures the amount of water stored and released by textiles. The modelled results allow us to know, at a given humidity level, the water-fibre interaction mechanisms involved. All the methods developed in this study provide elements to understand the results obtained during wear tests; and more precisely on the ability of fabrics to dry out or maintain a certain humidity on the skin surface