Zeitschriftenartikel: „Indians on Central America“

1

Palmer, Mark. „Cartographic Encounters at the Bureau of Indian Affairs Geographic Information System Center of Calculation“. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 36, Nr. 2 (01.01.2012): 75–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.36.2.m41052k383378203.

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The centering processes of geographic information system (GIS) development at the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was an extension of past cartographic encounters with American Indians through the central control of geospatial technologies, uneven development of geographic information resources, and extension of technically dependent clientele. Cartographic encounters included the historical exchanges of geographic information between indigenous people and non-Indians in North America. Scientists and technicians accumulated geographic information at the center of calculation where scientific maps, models, and simulations emerged. A study of GIS development at the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs will demonstrate some centering processes.

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2

Dowsett, S. A., M. J. Kowolik, L. A. Archila, G. J. Eckert und D. J. LeBlanc. „Subgingival microbiota of indigenous Indians of Central America“. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 29, Nr. 2 (Februar 2002): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051x.2002.290211.x.

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3

O'reılly, William. „Turks and Indians on the Margins of Europe“. Belleten 65, Nr. 242 (01.04.2001): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2001.243.

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Knowledge of emerging New World settlements and opportunities was quick to diffuse from the western seaboard of Europe to central and eastern parts of the continent. This article contends that cultural knowledge and perceptions were ethnically filtered by Europeans desirous to include new knowledge in existing paradigms. Diverse aspects of New World society appealed to different communities and news and information was consciously manipulated and re-presented, using stock cliches, to be made more palatable to the target community. Blanket verbal and pictorial representations of 'America' and 'Europe' synthetically emerged to feed the appetite for understanding the New World. It is further suggested that the transfer of cultural cliches from Turk to Native American highlight the complex origins of European perceptions of America. These images had substantial effects on the creation of early American society.

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4

Schwartzkopf, Stacey A. „Indians and the Political Economy of Central America, 1670–1810“. Ethnohistory 64, Nr. 2 (April 2017): 320–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-3789337.

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5

Heath, Dwight B., und James S. Olson. „The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary“. Ethnohistory 40, Nr. 1 (1993): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/482187.

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6

Marshall, Catherine A., William E. Martin und Marilyn J. Johnson. „Issues to Consider in the Provision of Vocational Rehabilitation Services to American Indians with Alcohol Problems“. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 21, Nr. 3 (01.09.1990): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.21.3.45.

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American Indians represent a culturally diverse group of people, 54% of whom live in central cities or in urban areas. This article identifies basic issues for the rehabilitation counselor to consider when providing services to American Indians with alcohol problems. Particular focus is paid to concerns related to American Indian women and alcoholism. Recommendations for rehabilitation intervention include the need for family and societal involvement.

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7

Matthew, L. E. „Indians and the Political Economy of Colonial Central America, 1670-1810“. Hispanic American Historical Review 94, Nr. 4 (01.01.2014): 691–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-2802750.

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8

Prentiss, Louis W. „GULF HURRICANES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE TEXAS COAST“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, Nr. 2 (01.01.2000): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v2.18.

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The word "hurricane" is derived through the Spanish from a word of the extinct Indian aborigines of Haiti, meaning "evil spirit". I do not know whether the Indians who gave this kind of a disturbance its name are extinct because of the "evil spirit", but I am sure that it is a fitting name. Since the time of Columbus, there are records of hurricanes which have caused destruction and death in the West Indies and areas of Central and North America.

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9

Deloria, Philip J. „AMERICAN MASTER NARRATIVES AND THE PROBLEM OF INDIAN CITIZENSHIP IN THE GILDED AGE AND PROGRESSIVE ERA“. Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14, Nr. 1 (19.12.2014): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781414000504.

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AbstractAmerican Indian people fit poorly into the sweeping stories most commonly told about American history. Puritan-inspired stories of national origins and Turnerian frontier narratives cast Indians as outsiders whose role was to be dispossessed and then disappear. More recent counter-narratives of conquest and of redemptive struggles for citizenship allow Native actors important and autonomous roles, but are also premised on a teleology of assimilation and civil rights that flattens the complexity of Indian uses of U.S. citizenship rights. The history of the Society of American Indians, founded in 1911, shows how the paradox of Indian citizenship is central to stories about the broader sweep of U.S. historical practice.

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Guzmán, Tracy Devine. „Our Indians in Our America: Anti-Imperialist Imperialism and the Construction of Brazilian Modernity“. Latin American Research Review 45, Nr. 3 (2010): 35–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100011109.

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AbstractIndigenous peoples have been used and imagined as guardians of the Brazilian frontier since at least the mid-nineteenth century. This association was central to the foundation of the Indian Protection Service (Serviço de Proteção aos Índios, or SPI) during the early 1900s and culminated with the Amazonian Vigilance System (Sistema de Vigelância da Amazônia, or SIVAM) at the turn of the millennium. Throughout the period, the abiding desire to establish defensive dominion over disputed national territory subjected individuals and groups identified as “Indians” to the power of overlapping discourses of scientific progress, national security, and economic development. A trinity of Brazilian modernity, these goals interpellated native peoples primarily through the practice and rhetoric of education, which grounds their historical relationship with dominant national society. Drawing on SPI records, government documents, journalism, personal testimonies, and visual media, this article traces the impact of this modernist trinity on indigenist policy and in the lives of those who have been affected by its tutelary power. By transforming private indigenous spaces into public domain, Brazil's politics of anti-imperialist imperialism propagated a colonialist, metonymic relationship between “our Indians” and “our America” into the twenty-first century.

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11

Lee, M. Kittiya. „Cannibal Theologies in Colonial Portuguese America (1549-1759)“. Journal of Early Modern History 21, Nr. 1-2 (23.03.2017): 64–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342530.

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This article examines Jesuit-signed texts written in the Brasílica lingua franca and used in the religious conversion of native peoples in colonial Portuguese America (1549-1759). I study translation strategies for conveying the sacrament of Communion, arguing that doctrinal explanations and word choices recorded in catechisms and dictionaries reflect Tupi-Guarani beliefs that shaped Christianity. These translations merged the theophagous doctrine of the Eucharist with Tupinambá vengeance and exocannibalism, which were central to rituals enacted to bring about that earthly utopia that the Indians called the Land Without Evil. Thus did a distinct eschatology form, compressed with thick layers of Tupi-Guarani and Iberian Catholicism in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In late colony, these became reinterpreted by non-Tupi-Guarani Indians who renamed the Eucharist. But in every telling, the promise of the Eucharist remained the same: that the eating of an other gave access to salvation and eternal bliss.

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12

Miura, Fujio, Takashi Ichijo, Kunimichi Soma, Takehiro Kuroki, Toshihiko Fukawa, Makoto Maeda, Kinai Tomita et al. „Dental anthropological study of the central American Indians.“ JOURNAL OF THE STOMATOLOGICAL SOCIETY,JAPAN 56, Nr. 3 (1989): 409–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5357/koubyou.56.409.

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13

Picchi, Debra. „Village division in lowland South America: The case of the Bakair� Indians of central Brazil“. Human Ecology 23, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1995): 477–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01190133.

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14

Devlet, Ekaterina G. „VICTIM MOTIVE IN STONE SCULPTURE OF CENTRAL AMERICAN INDIANS“. Journal of historical philological and cultural studies 4, Nr. 58 (Dezember 2017): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18503/1992-0431-2017-4-58-250-254.

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15

Gartrell, John W., George K. Jarvis und Linda Derksen. „Suicidality Among Adolescent Alberta Indians“. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 23, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1993): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278x.1993.tb00206.x.

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A high rate of suicide attempts and suicide ideation characterized a sample of 229 grade 7 to 9 adolescents resident on seven reserves in central Alberta. The prevalence of suicidality for these adolescent Indians was very similar to rates reported for Navajo youth and for 8th‐ and 10th‐grade American non‐Indian students. Comparison of Indian and non‐Indian suicidality risk factors showed somewhat elevated levels of family disruption and psychological problems among Indian adolescents. Compared to Canadian nonadolescents, substance abuse levels were high, and conditions necessary to modeling were virtually omnipresent. Suicide ideation was significantly elevated for Indian adolescents with low psychological well‐being, no father in the home, and a prior suicide in the household. Controlling for age, risk factors for suicide attempts were heavy alcohol use, no father in the home, sleeping problems, and low psychological well‐being. The high rates of adolescent Native suicide imply that a much higher proportion of their suicide attempts succeed. Targeted, community‐based counselling and educational programs are needed to address these problems.

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MacLeod, Murdo J. „“Strange Lands and Different Peoples”: Spaniards and Indians in Colonial Guatemala and Indians and the Political Economy of Colonial Central America, 1670–1810“. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 45, Nr. 2 (August 2014): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_r_00711.

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17

Gonzalez-Socoloske, Daniel, Leon D. Olivera-Gómez, James P. Reid, Carlos Espinoza-Marin, Kherson E. Ruiz und Kenneth E. Glander. „First successful capture and satellite tracking of a West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Panama: feasibility of capture and telemetry techniques“. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals 10, Nr. 1 (24.08.2015): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5597/lajam00194.

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It is currently unknown how important the Central American countries south of Belize are as a link between manatee populations in the north (Belize and Mexico) and populations in South America. Therefore, apart from knowing where manatees are found, it is important to understand how manatees are using these habitats and if they are moving between countries or distinct population centers. Here we report the results of a multi-national and multiinstitutional collaboration resulting in the first successful capture and satellite tracking of a West Indian manatee in southern Central America

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18

Altman, Ida. „The Revolt of Enriquillo and the Historiography of Early Spanish America“. Americas 63, Nr. 4 (April 2007): 587–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2007.0052.

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In 1519 Enrique, one of the few remaining caciques, or indigenous chiefs, of the island of Hispaniola, removed himself and some of his people from the reach of Spanish authority. For nearly a decade and a half he and his followers lived in the remote and barely accessible south-central mountains of his native island, occasionally raiding Spanish settlements for arms and tools and clashing with militia units but for the most part avoiding contact with Spanish society. Enrique eluded the numerous patrols that were sent to eradicate what became a stubbornly persistent locus of defiance of Spanish authority that attracted other discontented residents of the island, including both African and indigenous slaves and servants as well as small numbers of nominally ‘free’ Indians.

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19

Pike, Fredrick B. „Latin America and the Inversion of United States Stereotypes in the 1920s and 1930s: The Case of Culture and Nature“. Americas 42, Nr. 2 (Oktober 1985): 131–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007206.

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In this essay I describe some often ignored North American modes of perceiving Latin Americans; and I suggest that a change in these modes contributed to the Good Neighbor era (1933-1945). I do not presume to argue that shifting attitudes and perceptions should be seen as the principal factors in shaping the Good Neighbor policy. Anyone concerned with the primary determinants of that policy must turn to security and economic considerations. Still, an intellectual—and, really, a psychological—phenomenon of shifting perceptions and stereotypes among North Americans accounted for some of the enthusiasm with which they greeted what they took to be a new approach to Latin America.In its central thrust this essay suggests that in hemispheric relations, seen from the north-of-the-Rio-Grande perspective, the United States stands generally for culture and Latin America for nature. Symbolizing the capitalist culture of the Yankees, shaped by their struggle to subdue wilderness and nature, has been the white male, often portrayed by Uncle Sam. In contrast, Latin America has been symbolized by Indians, blacks, women, children, and also the idle poor: people assumed to lack the capitalist urge constantly to tame, dominate, and uplift nature.

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20

Echeverri-Gent, Elisavinda. „Forgotten Workers: British West Indians and the Early Days of the Banana Industry in Costa Rica and Honduras“. Journal of Latin American Studies 24, Nr. 2 (Mai 1992): 275–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00023397.

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The Central America of books, and indeed of our imaginations, does not have very many black actors. That is not because blacks have not been present in the unfolding of Central American history. It is because their participation has been selectively ignored. During the last decade there have been a few welcome exceptions to this trend; however, a lacuna still remains. This article focuses on the role played by the first generation of black British West Indian immigrants in the development of the Costa Rican and Honduran labour movements - an area of history in which blacks have been particularly ignored.To this day the populations of black British West Indian descent living on the Atlantic Coast of Costa Rica and Honduras have remained outside the mainstream of political and cultural life in these two countries. It is not surprising, therefore, that they have also been neglected historically.Nowhere is this tendency more glaring than in the literature on labour history – especially that concerned with the important banana exporting sector. With few exceptions, the role of the British West Indian workers in the early period of the banana industry is dismissed. Those that acknowledge their role minimise the workers' importance by arguing that they failed to act collectively in challenging their employers. In brief, this view argues that black West Indian workers are not important to a study of labour politics in Honduras and Costa Rica.Historical evidence renders this suggestion invalid. The British West Indian workers who came to Honduras and Costa Rica during the last century in search of employment were neither indifferent to, nor totally accepting of, their situation.

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SCHÖBERLEIN, STEFAN. „Speaking in Tongues, Speaking without Tongues: Transplanted Voices in Charles Brockden Brown's Wieland“. Journal of American Studies 51, Nr. 2 (29.04.2016): 535–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875816000608.

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This essay examines an underexplored aspect of Charles Brockden Brown's Wieland – namely its German–Indian context – and reads it through the story's main plot device: ventriloquism. Using some of Brown's manuscripts as well as journalistic pieces, the essay brings together the more puzzling aspects of this central US American gothic tale into a study of colonial violence and transplanted voices. Following Sarah Rivett's recent claim of a “spectral presence of American Indians” in the story, this essay argues for a rereading of the character of the “bioloquist” that brings to the surface a deep history of the dispossession of Native peoples (especially the Lenape) carefully interwoven into the novel's subtext.

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22

Sandos, James A., und Patricia B. Sandos. „Early California Reconsidered“. Pacific Historical Review 83, Nr. 4 (2014): 592–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2014.83.4.592.

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David Weber was the leading scholar of the Spanish Borderlands in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. Just before his death in 2010, Weber shared a rare interrogation he found in Mexico’s major archive with us. It concerned Jedediah Smith’s California incursion into the Central San Joaquín Valley in 1827–1828. Using digitized databases of Franciscan registers from Mission San José and Mission Santa Clara, we have decoded the interrogation and identified all the Indians questioned, as well as those mentioned in the document, by tribal origin and language affiliation. By lifting the veil of Indian anonymity, we were able to better understand the motivation behind each testimony allowing us to offer, for the first time in the literature, a look at the impact of Jedediah Smith’s expedition from an Indian perspective. Indian interaction (both tribal and Mission) with Mexican and American imperialism is central to understanding Smith’s disruptive impact in California.

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Koros, Christos, Anastasia Bougea, Athina Maria Simitsi, Nikolaos Papagiannakis, Efthalia Angelopoulou, Ioanna Pachi, Roubina Antonelou, Maria Bozi, Maria Stamelou und Leonidas Stefanis. „The Landscape of Monogenic Parkinson’s Disease in Populations of Non-European Ancestry: A Narrative Review“. Genes 14, Nr. 11 (17.11.2023): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14112097.

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Introduction: There has been a bias in the existing literature on Parkinson’s disease (PD) genetics as most studies involved patients of European ancestry, mostly in Europe and North America. Our target was to review published research data on the genetic profile of PD patients of non-European or mixed ancestry. Methods: We reviewed articles published during the 2000–2023 period, focusing on the genetic status of PD patients of non-European origin (Indian, East and Central Asian, Latin American, sub-Saharan African and Pacific islands). Results: There were substantial differences regarding monogenic PD forms between patients of European and non-European ancestry. The G2019S Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutation was rather scarce in non-European populations. In contrast, East Asian patients carried different mutations like p.I2020T, which is common in Japan. Parkin (PRKN) variants had a global distribution, being common in early-onset PD in Indians, in East Asians, and in early-onset Mexicans. Furthermore, they were occasionally present in Black African PD patients. PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and PD protein 7 (DJ-1) variants were described in Indian, East Asian and Pacific Islands populations. Glucocerebrosidase gene variants (GBA1), which represent an important predisposing factor for PD, were found in East and Southeast Asian and Indian populations. Different GBA1 variants have been reported in Black African populations and Latin Americans. Conclusions: Existing data reveal a pronounced heterogeneity in the genetic background of PD. A number of common variants in populations of European ancestry appeared to be absent or scarce in patients of diverse ethnic backgrounds. Large-scale studies that include genetic screening in African, Asian or Latin American populations are underway. The outcomes of such efforts will facilitate further clinical studies and will possibly contribute to the identification of either new pathogenic mutations in already described genes or novel PD-related genes.

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Green, William A. „The New World and the Rise of European Capitalist Hegemony: Some Historiographical Perspectives“. Itinerario 10, Nr. 2 (Juli 1986): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300007543.

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The Columbian legacy also involved catastrophic demographic collapse and brutal exploitation. Within fifty years of Spanish occupation, native populations of the Caribbean archipelago verged on extinction; after eighty years, demographic decline in Mexico and Central America may have reached ninety percent. Although epidemiological transfers devastated American Indians, other aspects of inter-hemispheric biological exchange substantially enhanced the world's capacity to support human life. Eurasian grazing stock (goats, cattle, pigs, sheep) as well as animals of burden (horses and oxen) were introduced to the Americas while native American plants — not least, the potato, maize, tomato, various beans, and squash — were transferred to the Eastern Hemisphere. Precious metals were also conveyed to the Old World with effects that continue to be debated upon European economic growth, the distribution of wealth, the organization of power, and the conduct of war. Africa's portion of the Columbian legacy was to supply 5/6ths of the human migrants from the Eastern to the Western Hemisphere between 1492 and 1775 and to experience the domestic transformations dictated by the Atlantic slave trade. Taken together, the convergence of continents in the age of discovery would appear to have shaped the modern world, as Abbe Raynal implied. But did it? From Raynal's time to our own, how have historians related these developments to the advent of modernity or to the establishment of Europe's global economic paramountcy? Did the development of the Old World hinge upon the discovery of the New?

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Langer, Erick D., und Robert H. Jackson. „Colonial and Republican Missions Compared: The Cases of Alta California and Southeastern Bolivia“. Comparative Studies in Society and History 30, Nr. 2 (April 1988): 286–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500015206.

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In Latin America missions have traditionally played a large role in conquering and incorporating native populations into dominant society. Most studies of the missionary enterprise have focused on the colonial period, when the missions reached their high point. The Jesuit missions in Paraguay and the Franciscan missions of central and northern Mexico, for example, ruled over vast territories and thousands of Indians. Although these institutions and their leaders have been widely studied because of their importance and visibility for colonial Latin America, it is not often recognized that missions continued to play a crucial role in the frontier development of the region even after the Spanish and Portuguese had been driven from the continent. Throughout the republican period, missionaries from many orders and creeds became critically important actors who, to a large degree, determined the shape of relations between native peoples and national society. This is quite clear even today in the Amazon basin, where missionaries often provide the natives' first exposure to Europeanized society.

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Goldstein, David S. „Sacred Hoop Dreams: Basketball in the Work of Sherman Alexie“. Ethnic Studies Review 32, Nr. 1 (01.01.2009): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2009.32.1.77.

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The game of basketball serves as a fitting metaphor for the conflicts and tensions of life. It involves both cooperation and competition, selflessness and ego. In the hands of a gifted writer like Sherman Alexie, those paradoxes become even deeper and more revealing. In his short story collections, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven and The Toughest Indian in the World, his debut novel, Reservation Blues, and his recent young adult novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, Alexie uses basketball to explore the ironies of American Indian reservation life and the tensions between traditional lifeways and contemporary social realities. So central is basketball to the Lone Ranger and Tonto short story collection, in fact, that the paperback edition's cover depicts a salmon - the Coeur d'Alene Indians are fishermen - flying over a basketball hoop.

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Stone, Erin. „Slave Raiders vs. Friars: Tierra Firme, 1513–1522“. Americas 74, Nr. 2 (20.03.2017): 139–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2017.10.

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In early 1515, a small Spanish expedition set sail for the province of Cumaná, located along the coast of what was then called Tierra Firme (an area spanning much of present-day Central and South America). Nominally, the squadron, led by Spanish scribe Gomez de Ribera, was sent to punish a group of “Carib” Indians who had recently attacked and killed two Spaniards on the small island of San Vicente. Once caught, these “Caribs” would be enslaved and sold in the markets of Española, Puerto Rico, or Cuba. Caribs, though speakers of the Arawakan language, were inhabitants of the Lesser Antilles and were likely culturally and politically distinct from the Taíno of the Greater Antilles. Inhabitants of the Lesser Antilles first received the ethnic label of Carib during Christopher Columbus's second voyage in 1493. Over time, Europeans exacerbated the pre-Columbian divide between Caribs and Taínos, creating a colonial dichotomy that helped the Spanish to expand the indigenous slave trade. By the third decade of colonization, or the time of Ribera's expedition, the Spanish had begun labeling all rebellious Indians as Caribs or cannibals so as to legally enslave them.

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Chacón, Gloria Elizabeth. „Indian trouble“. Cultural Dynamics 31, Nr. 1-2 (Februar 2019): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0921374019826198.

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This exploratory essay thinks through late-20th and early 21st century autobiographical novels and storytelling by indigenous migrants from Mexico and Central America. The think-piece examines the idea of “archiving selves” as well as the literary sensibilities of Manuel Olmos, Alma Murrieta, and Lamberto Roque Hernández. Focusing on how these non-professional writers document their border crossings and recount their uprooted lives in California, this essay casts new questions on indigenous Mesoamerican futurities that intersect—and depart from—Latino/a Studies and Native American Studies. It examines how a new social and cultural formation—indigenous-cum-migrant—is unfolding and revealing contemporary configurations on language and ethnic belonging.

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Fritz, Uwe, Hans-Werner Herrmann, Philip C. Rosen, Markus Auer, Mario Vargas-Ramírez und Christian Kehlmaier. „Trachemys in Mexico and beyond: Beautiful turtles, taxonomic nightmare, and a mitochondrial poltergeist (Testudines: Emydidae)“. Vertebrate Zoology 74 (28.06.2024): 435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.74.e125958.

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Abstract Trachemys is a speciose genus of freshwater turtles distributed from the Great Lakes in North America across the southeastern USA, Mexico and Central America to the Rio de la Plata in South America, with up to 13 continental American species and 11 additional subspecies. Another four species with three additional subspecies occur on the West Indies. In the present study, we examine all continental Trachemys taxa except for Trachemys hartwegi using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences (3221 and 3396 bp, respectively) representing four mitochondrial genes and five nuclear loci. We also include representatives of all four West Indian species and discuss our results in the light of putative species-diagnostic traits in coloration and pattern. We provide evidence that one Mexican species, T. nebulosa, has captured a deeply divergent foreign mitochondrial genome that renders the mitochondrial phylogeny of Trachemys paraphyletic. Using nuclear markers, Trachemys including T. nebulosa represents a well-supported monophylum. Besides the mitochondrial lineage of T. nebulosa, there are six additional mitochondrial Trachemys lineages: (1) T. venusta, (2) T. ornata + T. yaquia, (3) T. grayi, (4) T. dorbigni + T. medemi, (5) T. gaigeae + T. scripta, and (6) West Indian Trachemys. These six mitochondrial lineages constitute a well-supported clade. Each mitochondrial Trachemys lineage is corroborated by our nuclear markers. For T. gaigeae another mitochondrial capture event is likely because its mitochondrial genome is sister to T. scripta, although T. gaigeae is deeply divergent in nuclear markers and resembles Mexican, Central and South American Trachemys species in morphology, sexual dimorphism and courtship behavior. The two subspecies of T. nebulosa and many Mexican and Central American subspecies of T. venusta are not clearly distinct in our studied genetic markers. Also, the putatively diagnostic coloration and pattern traits of the T. venusta subspecies are more variable than previously reported, challenging their validity. Our analyses fail to identify T. taylori as a lineage distinct from T. venusta and we propose to assign it as a subspecies to the latter species (Trachemys venusta taylorinov. comb.).

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Rodriguez, Luis L., Steven J. Pauszek, Thomas A. Bunch und Kate R. Schumann. „Full-length genome analysis of natural isolates of vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana 1 serotype) from North, Central and South America“. Journal of General Virology 83, Nr. 10 (01.10.2002): 2475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-83-10-2475.

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Most studies on the molecular biology and functional analysis of vesicular stomatitis virus Indiana 1 serotype (VSV-IN1) are based on the only full-length genomic sequence currently deposited in GenBank. This sequence is a composite of several VSV-IN1 laboratory strains passaged extensively in tissue culture over the years and it is not certain that this sequence is representative of strains circulating in nature. We describe here the complete genomic sequence of three natural isolates, each representing a distinct genetic lineage and geographical origin: 98COE (North America), 94GUB (Central America) and 85CLB (South America). Genome structure and organization were conserved, with a 47 nucleotide 3′ leader, five viral genes – N, P, M, G and L – and a 59 nucleotide 5′ trailer. The most conserved gene was N, followed by M, L and G, with the most variable being P. Sequences containing the polyadenylation and transcription stop and start signals were completely conserved among all the viruses studied, but changes were found in the non-transcribed intergenic nucleotides, including the presence of a trinucleotide at the M–G junction of the South American lineage isolate. A 102–189 nucleotide insertion was present in the 5′ non-coding region of the G gene only in the viruses within a genetic lineage from northern Central America. These full-length genomic sequences should be useful in designing diagnostic probes and in the interpretation of functional genomic analyses using reverse genetics.

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Berezkin, Y. E. „The Cultural Continuum of the Eurasian Boreal Zone and the Eastern Siberian Wedge (Based on Comparative Mythology and Paleogenetics)“. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 50, Nr. 2 (30.06.2022): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2022.50.2.028-040.

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Over the recent decade, abstracts of many thousands of folktales recorded in Europe and Asia have been added to our Electronic Catalogue of World Mythology and Folklore. Their analysis reveals systematic parallels between the traditions of Western Eurasia and America, those of the Plains Indians in particular. Such motifs are especially apparent in Ancient Greek mythology (Phaethon’s fall, Pasiphae and the bull, cranes attacking dwarfs, etc.). Although they have been known since the 19th century, no explanation for them could be proposed for a long time. The situation changed thanks to recent advances in Siberian paleogenetics. Before the peak of the Last Glacial Maximum, Eastern Siberian populations (Yana RHS and Malta) exhibited European affinities. By the mid-Holocene, population replacement occurred. It was not abrupt, but eventually resulted in a breakup of the initial cultural continuum spanning the Eurasian boreal zone and later extending to the New World. Many of the Western Eurasian–American motifs are episodes from stories of adventures. On the other hand, parallels between traditions of the Indo-Pacific rim of Asia and America mostly relate to motifs that are mythological in the narrow sense (etiological and cosmological), including early ones, evidently stemming from Africa. From the Hunno-Sarmatian, if not Scythian age onward, Southern Siberian and Central Asian motifs had been transferred to Western Eurasia on a large scale. Classical sources mirror an earlier stage of European mythology, hence the difference between the Ancient Greek set of motifs and that peculiar to later European traditions.

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KITLV, Redactie. „Book Reviews“. New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 62, Nr. 3-4 (01.01.1988): 165–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002043.

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-William Roseberry, Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Peasants and capital: Dominica in the world economy. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture, 1988. xiv + 344 pp.-Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Robert A. Myers, Dominica. Oxford, Santa Barbara, Denver: Clio Press, World Bibliographic Series, volume 82. xxv + 190 pp.-Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Robert A. Myers, A resource guide to Dominica, 1493-1986. New Haven: Human Area Files, HRA Flex Books, Bibliography Series, 1987. 3 volumes. xxxv + 649.-Stephen D. Glazier, Colin G. Clarke, East Indians in a West Indian town: San Fernando, Trinidad, 1930-1970. London: Allen and Unwin, 1986 xiv + 193 pp.-Kevin A. Yelvington, M.G. Smith, Culture, race and class in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Foreword by Rex Nettleford. Mona: Department of Extra-Mural Studies, University of the West Indies, 1984. xiv + 163 pp.-Aart G. Broek, T.F. Smeulders, Papiamentu en onderwijs: veranderingen in beeld en betekenis van de volkstaal op Curacoa. (Utrecht Dissertation), 1987. 328 p. Privately published.-John Holm, Peter A. Roberts, West Indians and their language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988 vii + 215 pp.-Kean Gibson, Francis Byrne, Grammatical relations in a radical Creole: verb complementation in Saramaccan. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, Creole Language Library, vol. 3, 1987. xiv + 294 pp.-Peter L. Patrick, Pieter Muysken ,Substrata versus universals in Creole genesis. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, Creol Language Library - vol 1, 1986. 315 pp., Norval Smith (eds)-Jeffrey P. Williams, Glenn G. Gilbert, Pidgin and Creole languages: essays in memory of John E. Reinecke. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 1987. x + 502 pp.-Samuel M. Wilson, C.N. Dubelaar, The petroglyphs in the Guianas and adjacent areas of Brazil and Venezuela: an inventory. With a comprehensive biography of South American and Antillean petroglyphs. Los Angeles: The Institute of Archaeology of the University of California, Los Angeles. Monumenta Archeologica 12, 1986. xi + 326 pp.-Gary Brana-Shute, Henk E. Chin ,Surinam: politics, economics, and society. London and New York: Francis Pinter, 1987. xvii, 192 pp., Hans Buddingh (eds)-Lester D. Langley, Howard J. Wiarda ,The communist challenge in the Caribbean and Central America. With E. Evans, J. Valenta and V. Valenta. Lanham, MD: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. xiv + 249 pp., Mark Falcoff (eds)-Forrest D. Colburn, Michael Kaufman, Jamaica under Manley: dilemmas of socialism and democracy. London, Toronto, Westport: Zed Books, Between the Lines and Lawrence Hill, 1985. xvi 282 pp.-Dale Tomich, Robert Miles, Capitalism and unfree labour: anomaly or necessity? London. New York: Tavistock Publications. 1987. 250 pp.-Robert Forster, Mederic-Louis-Elie Moreau de Saint-Mery, A civilization that perished: the last years of white colonial rule in Haiti. Translated, abridged and edited by Ivor D. Spencer. Lanham, New York, London: University Press of America, 1985. xviii + 295 pp.-Carolyn E. Fick, Robert Louis Stein, Léger Félicité Sonthonax: the lost sentinel of the Republic. Rutherford, Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press; London and Toronto: Associated University Press, 1985. 234 pp.

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Tóth, György. „The Case for a Native American 1968 and Its Transnational Legacy“. Review of International American Studies 12, Nr. 2 (23.12.2019): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/rias.7355.

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Partly as a result of compartmentalized academic specializations and history teaching, in accounts of the global upheavals of 1968, Native Americans are either not mentioned, or at best are tagged on as an afterthought. “Was there a Native American 1968?” is the central question this article aims to answer. Native American activism in the 1960s was no less flashy, dramatic or confrontational than the protests by the era’s other struggles – it is simply overshadowed by later actions of the movement. Using approaches from Transnational American Studies and the history of social movements, this article argues that American Indians had a “long 1968” that originated in Native America’s responses to the US government’s Termination policy in the 1950s, and stretched from their ‘training’ period in the 1960s, through their dramatic protests from the late 1960s through the 1970s, all the way to their participation at the United Nations from 1977 through the rest of the Cold War. While their radicalism and protest strategies made Native American activism a part of the US domestic social movements of the long 1960s, the nature of American Indian sovereignty rights and transnationalism place the Native American long 1968 on the rights spectrum further away from civil rights, and closer to a national liberation struggle—which links American Indian activism to the decolonization movements of the Cold War.

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Kayano, Mary T., Wilmar L. Cerón, Rita V. Andreoli, Rodrigo A. F. Souza und Itamara P. Souza. „Isolated Effects of Indian Ocean Basin-Wide and El Niño–Southern Oscillation on Austral Winter Rainfall over South America“. Atmosphere 12, Nr. 12 (30.11.2021): 1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121605.

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Contrasting effects of the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans on the atmospheric circulation and rainfall interannual variations over South America during southern winter are assessed considering the effects of the warm Indian Ocean basin-wide (IOBW) and El Niño (EN) events, and of the cold IOBW and La Niña events, which are represented by sea surface temperature-based indices. Analyses are undertaken using total and partial correlations. When the effects of the two warm events are isolated from each other, the contrasts between the associated rainfall anomalies in most of South America become accentuated. In particular, EN relates to anomalous wet conditions, and the warm IOBW event to opposite conditions in extensive areas of the 5° S–25° S band. These effects in the 5° S–15° S sector are due to the anomalous regional Hadley cells, with rising motions in this band for the EN and sinking motions for the warm IOBW event. Meanwhile, in subtropical South America, the opposite effects of the EN and warm IOBW seem to be due to the presence of anomalous anticyclone and cyclone and associated moisture transport, respectively. These opposite effects of the warm IOBW and EN events on the rainfall in part of central South America might explain the weak rainfall relation in this region to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Our results emphasize the important role of the tropical Indian Ocean in the South American climate and environment during southern winter.

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Lewis, Frank D. „American Indians in the Marketplace: Persistence and Innovation among the Menominees and Metlakatlans, 1870–1920. By Brian C. Hosmer. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999. Pp. xvi, 309. $35.00.“ Journal of Economic History 61, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2001): 1141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050701005782.

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In recent years the study of native Americans has emphasized their response to incentives, among them the economic incentives associated with European contact. Despite the initial cultural and religious divide between aboriginals and the newcomers, historians are becoming increasingly of the view that, in many dimensions, Indians approached the market much as did nonnative consumers and producers. Brian Hosmer's American Indians in the Marketplace is firmly in this once-revisionist tradition. Hosmer presents case studies of two bands that developed successful, resource-based, economies; the Menominees of north-eastern Wisconsin, and the Tsimshians of Metlakatla, on the northern coast of British Columbia. Central to the economic and social development of these groups were the relations between band members and nonaboriginals, relations that are the focus of Hosmer's narrative.

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Steele, Robert, Stephen F. Arno und Katheleen Geier-Hayes. „Wildfire Patterns Change in Central Idaho's Ponderosa Pine-Douglas-fir Forest“. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 1, Nr. 1 (01.01.1986): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/1.1.16.

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Abstract Study of long-term fire histories (from fire scars on old trees) helps determine if severe fires were characteristic of the ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests in central Idaho before the arrival of Euroamericans. Before 1895, all sample sites had average fire intervals of 10 to 22 years, implying a pattern of light to moderate surface fire. After 1895, fire intervals lengthened considerably, and severe fires became relatively common. Factors apparently influencing this change were a reduction in uncontrolled fires started by American Indians and Euroamericans; heavy livestock grazing that removed fine fuels; establishment of a fire suppression program; accumulation of slash from early logging; and development of dense conifer understories (ladder fuels). Applications of prescribed burning might reduce the risk of severe wildfires. West. J. Appl. For. 1:16-18, Jan, 1986

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Singh, Gagandeep. „Neurocysticercosos in South-Central America and the Indian Subcontinent: a comparative evaluation“. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 55, Nr. 3A (September 1997): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x1997000300001.

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Torres, Rodrigo J., Emily Jones, Beth Edmunds, Thomas Becker, George A. Cioffi und Steven L. Mansberger. „Central Corneal Thickness in Northwestern American Indians/Alaskan Natives and Comparison with White and African-American Persons“. American Journal of Ophthalmology 146, Nr. 5 (November 2008): 747–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2008.05.047.

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Benton, Lauren. „Making Order Out of Trouble: Jurisdictional Politics in the Spanish Colonial Borderlands“. Law & Social Inquiry 26, Nr. 02 (2001): 373–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2001.tb00182.x.

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Jurisdictional fluidity was a central feature of early modem Iberian law, and jurisdictional tensions were exacerbated by overseas conquest and colonization. Contests over the legal status of conquered peoples featured both jurisdictional jockeying among colonial factions and widespread preoccupation with the symbols and rituals marking cultural and legal difference. This article examines the dynamics of jurisdictional politics in seventeenth-century New Mexico, where church and state officials carried on a bitter feud over legal authority during most of the century. Rather than viewing this contest as either transparently political or a mask for deeper processes defining hegemony, the article argues that seemingly dry legal distinctions were the focus of passionate and persistent struggle precisely because they merged institutional and cultural concerns of missionaries, settler elites, and Indians. The analysis leads to broader, more speculative claims about the role of jurisdictional fluidity in creating an “orderly disorder” that spanned diverse regions within Spanish America and, more broadly, across colonial regimes in the early modern world.

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Morales, J. Francisco. „Two new remarkable Dendropanax (Araliaceae) from Costa Rica“. Darwiniana, nueva serie 10, Nr. 2 (2022): 417–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2022.102.1060.

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Two new species of Dendropanax (Araliaceae) endemic to Costa Rica are described. Dendropanax aberrans J.F. Morales resembles D. grandiflorus but differs by the inflorescence structure (panicle of umbels vs. single umbel), and the smaller sizes of both the hypanthium and the petals. Dendropanax zarratu J.F. Morales is unique among Central America and West Indian taxa. It is recognized by its panicle of umbels, with the peduncles agglomerate, flowers 8-9-merous, hypanthium 7-8 mm long, and fruits 1.2-1.4 cm long. Illustrations of the new species and a key to the four Dendropanax having elongated hypanthia (≥ 4 mm long) in Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and Colombia are provided.

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Tani, Karen M. „States' Rights, Welfare Rights, and the “Indian Problem”: Negotiating Citizenship and Sovereignty, 1935–1954“. Law and History Review 33, Nr. 1 (10.12.2014): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s073824801400056x.

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“What distinguishes the American Indians from other native groups is . . . the nature of their relationship with a government which, while protecting their welfare and their rights, is committed to the principles of tribal self-government and the legal equality of races.”Felix S. Cohen, Chairman, Board of Appeals, United States Department of Interior (1942)“[T]he objective of Congress is to make the Indians self-supporting and into good individual American citizens . . . . You cannot have a good American citizen . . . unless you have a good citizen of the State.”United States Representative Antonio M. Fernández (D., New Mexico) (1949)“While all this red tape is being untangled, one in need dies without assistance.”David A. Johnson, Sr., Governor and Chairman of the Gila River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community (1949)These three quotations come from a period in modern American history often remembered for economic depression and war, but perhaps most remarkable for the accompanying changes in governance. Building on Progressive Era innovations, America's federal system became ever more “cooperative”— that is, marked by intricate federal-state personnel and revenue sharing. Meanwhile, Americans witnessed the steady expansion of central state authority. By the 1940s, neither the states nor the federal government enjoyed many areas of exclusive jurisdiction. The federal and state governments' relationships with their subjects were similarly in flux, and the stakes were high. As a result of New Deal social welfare programs, as well as numerous war-related measures, the benefits of state and national citizenship had expanded by the late 1940s. The burdens of citizenship had expanded, too, in the form of higher and broader taxation, compulsory military service, and more government oversight. The stage was set for fierce conflicts over the borders of the nation's political communities and the terms of belonging.

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Fisher, Julie A. „Roger Williams and the Indian Business“. New England Quarterly 94, Nr. 3 (September 2021): 352–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00902.

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Abstract Exploring Roger Williams business on the borderlands of New England is as central to explaining his life as his theological and political debates. As in other corners of Early America, Williams's daily activities involved regular and sustained interactions with his Indigenous neighbors in his home, trading business, and colonial politics.

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Lepper, Bradley T. „Early Paleo-Indian Foragers of Midcontinental North America“. North American Archaeologist 9, Nr. 1 (Juli 1988): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/uk8e-gyax-fmkm-89cn.

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A survey of private and public collections produced information on 410 fluted point yielding localities within a single county in east central Ohio. Analysis of techno-functional attributes of the fluted points resulted in the definition of four general settlement types including large and small workshop/occupations, chert processing loci, and food procurement/processing loci. The distribution of these loci in relation to various features of the local paleoenvironment suggests that Paleo-Indian bands were seasonally exploiting the diverse environments of the Appalachian Plateau. Subsistence activities appear to have focused primarily on dispersed, non-aggregated game species such as white-tailed deer. The dense concentration of fluted points here may simply reflect the high redundancy in the Paleo-Indian land use system in areas with limited loci of availability for critical chert resources.

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Borborema-Santos, Cristina Maria, Maria Marta de Castro, Paulo José Benevides dos Santos, Sinésio Talhari und Spartaco Astolfi-Filho. „Oral focal epithelial hyperplasia: report of five cases“. Brazilian Dental Journal 17, Nr. 1 (2006): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402006000100018.

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Focal epithelial hyperplasia or Heck's disease is a rare contagious disease caused by human papillomavirus types 13 or 32, initially described among Native American populations. This condition is characterized by the occurrence of multiple small papules or nodules in oral cavity, especially on labial and buccal mucosa and tongue. This report describes the diagnosis of focal epithelial hyperplasia in five Central Amazonian Indians who sought treatment at the Amazonas State Foundation of Tropical Medicine (FMT-AM), using clinical criteria, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing.

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Hermel, Evan, Mehdy Yavari, Katayoun Edalat Parsi und Kevin Daniel Klapstein. „POPULATION GENETICS AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN CASPASE-12 (100.16)“. Journal of Immunology 178, Nr. 1_Supplement (01.04.2007): S200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.100.16.

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Abstract Casp12 encodes the protein caspase 12 (casp12), which has a downregulatory effect upon IL-1 activation and subsequent inflammatory immune reactions. Casp12 is primarily a pseudogene (Casp12p1) in most humans, but ~20% of people of African ancestry have a functional, intact form of Casp12. This allele is increased in African-American individuals with severe sepsis. We examined Casp12 allele distribution in populations of Indians and Central Asians and in a pilot screen found that a small number of Tamils (2 of 10; 20%) possess the intact Casp12 allele. Gujratis, Punjabis and other Central Asians (Baluchi, Iranian, Pakistani or Afghani) were all homozygous for Casp12p1, as were nearly all other Indians (18/19; 95%). Thus, small but distinct populations outside of Africa still harbor Casp12. To examine the biochemical properties of the protein, we expressed recombinant human casp12. By fractionation techniques, casp12 was found exclusively in the cytosol. In order to better characterize the role of casp12 in the inflammatory process, we generated a rabbit polyclonal antiserum to casp12 and used it to determine if the protein interacted directly with components of the inflammasome. Immunoprecipitation of casp12 revealed that the protein did not interact with ASC, Cardinal, or Caspase 5. Casp12 may thus exert its downregulatory effects by direct interaction with IL1.

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Vest, Jay Hansford C. „Mormons and Indians in Central Virginia: J. Golden Kimball and the Mason Family’s Native American Origins“. Journal of Mormon History 40, Nr. 3 (01.07.2014): 127–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/24243806.

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Peck, Stewart B. „Historical biogeography of Jamaica: evidence from cave invertebrates“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, Nr. 3 (01.09.1999): 368–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-220.

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The Jamaican fauna of obligately subterranean invertebrates contains 25 species of terrestrial troglobitic onychophorans, arachnids, isopods, and hexapods and 16 species of freshwater - brackish water stygobites, mostly crustaceans. Cladistic analyses of the faunas are not available. In place of this, general track analysis of the cave-restricted terrestrial faunas suggests closest relationships with Jamaican forest faunas, followed by other West Indian forest or cave faunas, and lastly Central American forest faunas. Over-water dispersal best accounts for the presence of the terrestrial epigean ancestors of the fauna in Jamaica, and they must have arrived after Jamaica became emergent in the early Miocene (about 20 Ma). The terrestrial cave fauna then descended from the epigean ancestors. In contrast, the aquatic fauna invaded from the sea, but also after the Miocene emergence. There is no evidence for a macro-vicariance origin of the cave-evolved fauna from one existing in cave environments at the time when Jamaica separated from proto-Middle America. The troglobites probably arose on Jamaica through habitat shift or Pleistocene climatic change (both micro-vicariance mechanisms). Seven terrestrial and three aquatic species seem to be phylogenetic relicts. These relicts also have a stronger relationship to other Antillean islands than to Central America. This fauna shows no evidence of a South American origin. There is a very significant species-area linear regression for Greater Antillean stygobites but not for troglobites (probably because Hispaniola is not sufficiently studied).

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Hillenbrand, James M. „American English: Southern Michigan“. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33, Nr. 1 (Juni 2003): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100303001221.

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As Ladefoged (1999) points out in his description of American English, there is considerable diversity in the phonetic characteristics of English spoken in North America, such that the commonly used phrase ‘General American English’ is not entirely meaningful. The description of American English provided by Ladefoged was based on a southern California dialect. The purpose of this report is to augment that account with a brief description of southern Michigan speech patterns. According to Labov and colleagues (e.g. Labov, Yeager & Steiner 1972, Labov 1994), southern Michigan, particularly in its urban areas, is part of a relatively large dialect region in the inland northeast United States called ‘Northern Cities’. According to Labov, the Northern Cities dialect cuts an irregular swath through a chain of cities in the inland northeast extending, roughly, from upstate New York (e.g. Syracuse, Rochester, Buffalo), through northern Ohio (e.g. Cleveland, Toledo), southern Michigan (e.g. Detroit, Kalamazoo, Grand Rapids), northwest Indiana (e.g. Gary, Hammond), northeast Illinois (e.g. Chicago, Rockford) and south-central Wisconsin (e.g. Milwaukee, Madison). Speakers from neighboring regions such as northwest Vermont, northwest Pennsylvania, and north-central/northeast Indiana appear to show some features of the dialect. Labov contends that the vowel shifts that characterize the Northern Cities dialect are observed in their most advanced forms in the largest urban areas of the region, such as Detroit, Buffalo, and Rochester.

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DeJong, David. „"Down to the Gila": A. J. Chandler's Desert Land Scheme and the Gila River Indian Reservation, 1891-1911“. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 38, Nr. 3 (01.01.2014): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.38.3.v5880293q05k7287.

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In the latter nineteenth century, few American Indians had rights that powerful economic interests were bound to respect. These speculative interests in central Arizona Territory's Salt River Valley understood this and influenced federal bureaucrats and policymakers to adopt a scheme giving them access to the natural resources of the Gila River Indian Reservation. Led by A. J. Chandler and his Detroit investors, speculators took advantage of a series of poorly written, loosely interpreted, and badly managed federal laws at the turn of the twentieth century and initiated a battle over control of scarce American Indian land and water resources. At stake was the economic and cultural survival of the Pima residing on the Gila River Indian Reservation. While the Pima successfully stopped Chandler's scheme, they were unable to stop the economic transformation occurring around them. Lacking irrigation water needed to farm and sustain themselves, hundreds of Pima men cut thousands of acres of mesquite trees to sell. Chandler's scheme also hastened allotment in severalty of the reservation, encouraged the consolidation of the Pima to the central portion of the reservation, and provided Pima funds for the continued development of the off-reservation Salt River Project. But while it is easy to catapult Chandler into the role of a villain, the founder of the city that bears his name was a product of the social Darwinist philosophies of his day. Subscribing to the theory of survival of the fittest, Chandler used every means available to his advantage. A century later, the City of Chandler and the Gila River Indian twist of irony, the Gila River Indian community today accepts delivery of Salt River Project water through A. J. Chandler's Consolidated Canal, and the northern branch of the Santan floodwater canal that a century ago was designed to carry water to Chandler's ranch, now delivers irrigation water to reservation lands directly west of the former Chandler ranch. In ways A. J. Chandler never could have imagined, water today does indeed flow "down to the Gila."

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Horimoto, Andrea R. V. R., Quan Sun, James P. Lash, Martha L. Daviglus, Jianwen Cai, Karin Haack, Shelley A. Cole, Timothy A. Thornton, Sharon R. Browning und Nora Franceschini. „Admixture Mapping of Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Factors in Hispanic/Latino Individuals From Central America Country of Origin“. Circulation: Genomic and Precision Medicine, Juli 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circgen.123.004314.

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BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent in Central America, and genetic factors may contribute to CKD risk. To understand the influences of genetic admixture on CKD susceptibility, we conducted an admixture mapping screening of CKD traits and risk factors in US Hispanic and Latino individuals from Central America country of origin. METHODS: We analyzed 1023 participants of HCHS/SOL (Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos) who reported 4 grandparents originating from the same Central America country. Ancestry admixture findings were validated on 8191 African Americans from WHI (Women’s Health Initiative), 3141 American Indians from SHS (Strong Heart Study), and over 1.1 million European individuals from a multistudy meta-analysis. RESULTS: We identified 3 novel genomic regions for albuminuria (chromosome 14q24.2), CKD (chromosome 6q25.3), and type 2 diabetes (chromosome 3q22.2). The 14q24.2 locus driven by a Native American ancestry had a protective effect on albuminuria and consisted of 2 nearby regions spanning the RGS6 gene. Variants at this locus were validated in American Indians. The 6q25.3 African ancestry–derived locus, encompassing the ARID1B gene, was associated with increased risk for CKD and replicated in African Americans through admixture mapping. The European ancestry type 2 diabetes locus at 3q22.2, encompassing the EPHB1 and KY genes, was validated in European individuals through variant association. CONCLUSIONS: US Hispanic/Latino populations are culturally and genetically diverse. This study focusing on Central America grandparent country of origin provides new loci discovery and insights into the ancestry-of-origin influences on CKD and risk factors in US Hispanic and Latino individuals.

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