Dissertationen zum Thema „Indian left“

The Christian Church has since its inception formulated various ways of relating its claims regarding the decisive and universal significance of the Christ-event to the religious traditions and experience of people of other faiths. A common theme that undergirds several of the approaches that have emerged in the history of the Christian engagement with other religions is the fulfilment concept. The fulfilment concept, with its roots in the New Testament and the early church fathers, continues to find prominence and creative theological expression in Roman Catholic circles. Protestant fulfilment theology, however, reached the peak of its development in the early years of the twentieth century, and subsequently fell into decline. This study presents a case for the revitalization of the Protestant fulfilment tradition based on a recovery and assessment of the fulfilment approaches of Indian Christian converts in the pre-independence period, focussing especially on the views of Krishna Mohan Banerjea and Sadhu Sundar Singh. Our analyses of the fulfilment approaches of Indian converts furnish us with a conceptual framework for a cumulative fulfilment proposal which complements the nineteenth century Protestant fulfilment tradition. The experience of Indian converts affords significant evidence to c9nfirm the fulfilment claim that there are elements in the Hindu tradition that can serve as a 'pedagogy' to Christ. It offers empirical verification of a trinitarian scheme of progressive, differentiated and complementary divine revelation for affirming revelational continuity between Christianity and Hinduism. It also provides components for a theologically coherent Christology upon which to base the fulfilment proposal.The fulfilment approaches of Indian converts help authenticate the plausibility of fulfilment theology, confirming its adequacy over alternative explanations, in affirming the particular truth claims of the Christian faith while ascribing genuine value to the religious traditions and experience of people of other faiths. The recovery of Protestant fulfilment theology requires attention to several pending tasks, including the development of a Christian hermeneutic of non-Christian texts, and a careful assessment of the influence of the fulfilment concept among Hindu converts and "non-baptised believers in Christ" today. This study contributes towards that recovery.

The purpose of the study was to determine the impact, if any, of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) on middle level characteristics (e.g. interdisciplinary teams, common planning time, heterogeneous grouping, interdisciplinary curriculum, and advisory programming) in Indiana middle level schools as assessed by building principals, and if those characteristics have increased, decreased, or remained consistent as a result of NCLB. The research also included demographic information (e.g. age of respondents, years in administration, years in current position), university/certification training on the specific needs of young adolescents, current Adequate Yearly Progress status under NCLB, improvement in mathematics and/or language arts as measured by ISTEP, and adjustments to the daily schedule to provide more time for mathematics and/or language arts classes. In addition, respondents were surveyed regarding the increase in remediation classes, both in place of elective and core classes, and the expansion of grade retention.The population for the study included all Indiana public schools that include grade seven as reported by the 2006-2007 Indiana Department of Education School Directory. The sample did not include principals of Indiana Department of Correction schools or alternative schools. The survey instrument was mailed to 420 principals. At the close of the survey window, 274 surveys had been returned for a 65 % return rate.The findings indicate a greater level of implementation of middle level characteristics as a result of No Child Left Behind in all areas with the exception of wide participation in exploratory activities. Data also indicates a narrowing of the curriculum for young adolescent students as more students are removed from core classes and exploratory classes to spend extended time in mathematics and/or language arts classes, There has also been a dramatic increase in schools utilizing grade retention as a result of NCLB.
Department of Educational Leadership

The Castillo de San Marcos is the oldest stone fortification on the North American mainland, a unique site that integrates Florida’s Spanish colonial past with American Indian narratives. A complete history of this fortification from its origins to its management under the National Park Service has not yet been written. During the Spanish colonial era, the Indian mission system complemented the defensive work of the fort until imperial skirmishes led to the demise of the Florida Indian. During the nineteenth century, Indian prisoners put a new American Empire on display while the fort transformed into a tourist destination. The Castillo became an American site, and eventually a National Monument, where visitors lionized Spanish explorers and often overlooked other players in fort history. This thesis looks at the threads of Spanish and Indian history at the fort and how they have or have not been interpreted into the twenty-first century.

This thesis looks at the people of Nueva Vizcaya's history of resistance to incorporation into the state during the colonial age, and how this history is connected to the contemporary context in the Sierra Tarahumara. To do this, I use and frame the concepts of community, resistance, violence, ethnogenesis, territory and history as intertwined in such a way that the Sierra Tarahumara and its inhabitants cannot be completely disassociated one from another. By looking at the engagements between colonizers and native people of the colonial North of the Nueva España –Tarahumara and other native indigenous people of the Sierra Madre Occidental– in history, and frame the narratives about these historical encounters, drawing colonial accounts, modern narratives and other sources, I contest in this work, allows to frame indigenous societies agency in history. In addition, this thesis endeavors to engage with the broader discussion about ethnogenesis, indigenous resistance to colonialism, native community and ecological conflicts in Nueva Vizcaya and in the Sierra Tarahumara. Finally, this research wants to make sense of the contemporary conflicts over land rights that indigenous communities of the Sierra Tarahumara face today, and connect them with the history of the colonial encounters of the people of the Nueva Vizcaya. I propose that these encounters, in the colonial time of the conquest of the Nueva Vizcaya, and in the national period, are largely a consequence of a colonial process of ethnogenesis that taxonomically indexed native people in categories related to colonial labor needs and control over the territory, which I frame as tarahumarizacíon and raramurización.

The content of this diploma thesis is a comparison of China and India, not only from an economic point of view, since the mid 1990's. Both countries are compared from the perspective of their specifics (geographical, political, cultural and human resources), macroeconomic indicators and economic sectors of each country. Savings, investments, foreign trade, FDI, infrastructure and membership in international organizations or corporations are all characterized throughout the paper. Prospective future developments, opportunities for foreign investments and cooperation between countries, as well as the present status of China and India in the world, are also briefly characterized in this thesis.

This dissertation examines how West Indians utilized the conception of black internationalism—the idea that blacks across the world were part larger global community regardless of country of origin—to inform and give meaning to their struggles in Panama. West Indians were active participants in Marcus Garvey's international Pan-African organization, the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), and joined it in droves. Through participation in the UNIA and a strong belief in Garveyism, West Indians started schools and opened businesses to support the community, all the while envisioning themselves as part of a worldwide community of blacks. The dissertation also discusses how in the 1930s and 1940s black internationalism lost sway among West Indians due to shifting social and political contexts. As second generation West Indians—those born in Panama—came of age, they no longer embraced black internationalism. Second generation West Indians (or criollos) sought to integrate into Panamanian society by embracing Spanish and participating in national politics. The main tenets of black internationalism failed to resonant among criollos, who had a more internal and national focus than their parents. Still, race played a large role in criollo efforts to become part of Panamanian society. Criollos embraced their racial heritage and fought for consideration as both Panamanian and black.

This dissertation also offers the most in-depth look at the West Indian community in Panama to date, and foregrounds their history within the overall history of Panama. West Indians had a major influence on Panamanian history, most notably during the 1930s and 1940s when racist, anti-West Indian political parties and politicians rose to prominence. These politicians, most prominently Arnulfo Arias, pledged to expel West Indians from Panama. This dissertation offers a thorough overview of Panamanian history from 1920 to the 1940s, but it does so using the experience of West Indians as the jumping off point.

This thesis examines the relationship between the Communist Party of India (Marxist)-led Left Front Government and the media in the provincial state of West Bengal, India, during the thirty four years (1977-2011) period when the party was in government. The main aim of the thesis is to investigate the relation between the CPI (M) led Left Front Government and the media in West Bengal (1977-2011), the role of the media in stabilising or destabilising the Left Front Government, the impact of neoliberalism on the Left Front Government and their relation with the media, the role of the media in communicating developmental policies of the LFG to the public and finally the role which the mainstream and the party controlled media played in the public sphere. These questions are addressed through document research of CPI (M)’s congress and conference reports, manifestos, press releases, pamphlets, leaflets, booklets; and interviews with the CPI (M) leadership and the Editors and Bureau Chiefs of the key newspapers and television channels in West Bengal. The findings are contextualised within a broader discussion of the political and historical transitions India and West Bengal have gone through in this period (chapter 4). This is the first study looking at the relationship between the media and the CPI (M) led Left Front Government over a period of thirty four years (1977-2011). The thesis finds that neoliberalism in India had considerable effects on the CPI (M), the media and their relationship. The research finds a continuous effort from the mainstream and the party-controlled media to dominate the public sphere leading debates in order to seek some form of political consensus in order to govern. The media in West Bengal were politically divided between the left and the opposition. The research finds that this generated a market for political advertisements and political news contributing to a politically polarised media market in West Bengal that assisted in generating revenue for the media. The findings also suggest that the media contributed to rather than played a determining role in destabilising the Left Front Government. Finally the research finds that the CPI (M) had an arduous relation with the media since 1977 when the party decided to participate in the parliamentary democracy. The LFG and the mainstream media entered into an antagonistic relationship post 1991 contributing to a politically polarised media market in West Bengal.

Les métamatériaux sont des matériaux possédant des caractéristiques exotiques qui n'existent pas dans la nature. Ils peuvent être réalisés par une structure métallique périodique dont la cellule élémentaire est assez petite devant la longueur d'onde aux fréquences d'intérêt. D'un point de vue électromagnétique, ces matériaux peuvent notamment avoir une perméabilité négative à certaines fréquences. D'autre part, un plasma à basse pression peut être modélisé comme un matériau à permittivité négative si sa densité électronique dépasse la densité critique à une fréquence spécifique. Cette thèse étudie l'intégration d'un métamatériau à perméabilité négative, le Split Ring Resonator (SRR), dans un plasma d'argon à basse pression (entre 5 et 100 mTorr). Les objectifs visent d'une part, à la réalisation d'un métamatériau reconfigurable à base du plasma comme élément contrôlable, et d'autre part, à la réalisation d'un matériau doublement négatif, connu aussi sous le nom de matériau main gauche, présentant à la fois une permittivité et une perméabilité négative. La démarche a été menée de manière expérimentale à l'aide d'une cavité métallique où une source à couplage inductive (ICP) à 13.56 MHz a été placée au-dessus de la cavité (isolée par une vitre du quartz) pour l'allumage et l'entretien du plasma. A l'intérieur de cette cavité deux antennes cornets ont été fixées pour la caractérisation microonde. Une méthode de caractérisation dédiée, spécifique à cet environnement complexe, a été développée pour caractériser électromagnétiquement la structure créée. Une sonde de Langmuir a été utilisée pour mesurer la densité électronique du plasma généré. Des simulations électromagnétiques sont faites en utilisant l'outil ANSYS Electronics Desktop(r) pour aider à comprendre les effets du plasma sur le métamatériau SRR et sa résonance
Metamaterials are materials with exotic characteristics that do not exist in nature. They can be made by a periodic metal structure whose elementary cell is quite small compared to the wavelength at the frequencies of interest. From an electromagnetic point of view, these materials can in particular have a negative permeability at certain frequencies. On the other hand, a low pressure plasma can be modeled as a material with negative permittivity if its electron density exceeds the critical density at a specific frequency. This thesis studies the integration of a negative permeability metamaterial, the Split Ring Resonator (SRR), into a low pressure argon plasma (between 5 and 100 mTorr). The objectives are, on the one hand, to produce a reconfigurable metamaterial based on plasma as a controllable element and, on the other hand, to produce a doubly negative material, also known as a left-hand material, presenting both a permittivity and a negative permeability. The approach was experimentally conducted using a metal cavity where a 13.56 MHz Inductively Coupled Source (ICP) was placed over the cavity (isolated by quartz glass) for ignition and the maintenance of the plasma. Inside this cavity two horn antennas have been fixed for the microwave characterization. A dedicated characterization method, specific to this complex environment, has been developed to electromagnetically characterize the created structure. A Langmuir probe was used to measure the electron density of the generated plasma. Electromagnetic simulations are made using the ANSYS Electronics Desktop(r) tool to help understand the effects of plasma on the SRR metamaterial and its resonance

Abstract: Monte Carlo simulations were used here to compare the radiation chemistry of pure water and aqueous bromide solutions after irradiation with two different types of radiation, namely, tritium β-electrons (~7.8 keV) and [superscript 60]Co γ-rays/fast electron (~1 MeV) or high energy protons. Bromide ions (Br-) are known to be selective scavengers of hydroxyl radicals •OH precursors of hydrogen peroxide H[subscript 2]O[subscript 2]. These simulations thus allowed us to determine the yields (or G-values) of H[subscript 2]O[subscript 2] in the radiolysis of dilute aqueous bromide solutions by the two types of radiations studied, the first with low linear energy transfer (LET) (~0.3 keV/μm) and the second with high LET (~6 keV/μm) at 25 °C. This study was carried out under a wide range of Br- concentrations both in the presence and the absence of oxygen. Simulations clearly showed that irradiation by tritium β-electrons favored a clear increase in G(H[subscript 2]O[subscript 2]) compared to [superscript 60]Co γ-rays. We found that these changes could be related to differences in the initial spatial distributions of radiolytic species (i.e., the structure of the electron tracks, the low-energy β-electrons of tritium depositing their energy as cylindrical “short tracks” and the energetic Compton electrons produced by γ-radiolysis forming mainly spherical “spurs”). Moreover, simulations also showed that the presence of oxygen, a very good scavenger of hydrated electrons (e-[subscript aq]) and H• atoms on the 10[superscript-7] s time scale (i.e., before the end of spur expansion), protected H[subscript 2]O[subscript 2] from further reactions with these species in the homogeneous stage of radiolysis. This protection against e-[subscript aq] and H• atoms therefore led to an increase in the H[subscript 2]O[subscript 2] yields at long times, as seen experimentally. Finally, for both deaerated and aerated solutions, the H[subscript 2]O[subscript 2] yield in tritium β-radiolysis was found to be more easily suppressed than in the case of cobalt-60 γ-radiolysis, and interpreted by the quantitatively different chemistry between short tracks and spurs. These differences in the scavengeability of H[subscript 2]O[subscript 2] precursors in passing from low-LET [superscript 60]Co γ-ray to high-LET tritium β-electron irradiation were in good agreement with experimental data, thereby lending strong support to the picture of tritium-β radiolysis in terms of short tracks of high local LET.
Résumé: Les simulations Monte Carlo constituent une approche théorique efficace pour étudier la chimie sous rayonnement de l'eau et des solutions aqueuses. Dans ce travail, nous avons utilisé ces simulations pour comparer l’action de deux types de rayonnement, à savoir, le rayonnement γ de [indice supérieur 60]Co (électrons de Compton ~1 Me V) et les électrons β du tritium (~ 7,8 keV), sur la radiolyse de l’eau et des solutions aqueuses diluées de bromure. Les ions Br- sont connus comme d’excellents capteurs des radicaux hydroxyles •OH, précurseurs du peroxyde d’hydrogène H[indice inférieur 2]O[indice inférieur 2]. Les simulations Monte Carlo nous ont donc permis de déterminer les rendements (ou valeurs G) de H[indice inférieur 2]O[indice inférieur 2] à 25 °C pour les deux types de rayonnements étudiés, le premier à faible transfert d'énergie linéaire (TEL) (~0,3 keV/μm) et le second à haut TEL (~6 keV/μm). L’étude a été menée pour différentes concentrations d’ions Br-, à la fois en présence et en absence d'oxygène. Les simulations ont montré que l’irradiation par les électrons β du tritium favorisait nettement la formation de H[indice inférieur 2]O[indice inférieur 2] comparativement aux rayons γ du cobalt. Ces changements ont pu être reliés aux différences qui existent dans les distributions spatiales initiales des espèces radiolytiques (i.e., la structure des trajectoires d'électrons, les électrons β du tritium déposant leur énergie sous forme de «trajectoires courtes» de nature cylindrique, et les électrons Compton produits par la radiolyse γ formant principalement des «grappes» de géométrie plus ou moins sphérique). Les simulations ont montré également que la présence d'oxygène, capteur d’électrons hydratés et d’atomes H• sur l'échelle de temps de ~10[indice supérieur -7] s (i.e., avant la fin des grappes), protégeait H[indice inférieur 2]O[indice inférieur 2] d’éventuelles réactions subséquentes avec ces espèces. Une telle «protection» conduit ainsi à une augmentation de G(H[indice inférieur 2]O[indice inférieur 2]) à temps longs. Enfin, en milieu tant désaéré qu’aéré, les rendements en H[indice inférieur 2]O[indice inférieur 2] obtenus lors de la radiolyse par les électrons β du tritium ont été trouvés plus facilement supprimés que lors de la radiolyse γ. Ces différences dans l’efficacité de capture des précurseurs de H[indice inférieur 2]O[indice inférieur 2] ont été interprétées par les différences quantitatives dans la chimie intervenant dans les trajectoires courtes et les grappes. Un excellent accord a été obtenu avec les données expérimentales existantes.

Abstract : Monte Carlo simulations have proven to be very powerful techniques to study the radiolysis of water and the mechanisms underlying this radiolysis. Monte Carlo simulations particularly become important when there are no experimental results available in the literature due, for instance, to the difficulty of performing such experiments. This thesis presents a study of the radiolysis of water irradiated by different types of radiation and at various temperatures, employing Monte Carlo simulations. The first part of the thesis uses Monte Carlo simulations to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the self-radiolysis of tritiated water and to examine the importance of the effects of higher “linear energy transfer” (LET) by comparing [[superscript 3]H [beta][superscript -] radiations (mean initial energy of ~5.7 keV) with [superscript 60]Co [gamma]-rays (~1 MeV electrons). Our simulations showed that, for [superscript 3]H [beta][superscript -], we observe lower radical and higher molecular yields than in γ-radiolysis. These differences in yields are consistent with differences in the nonhomogeneous distribution of primary transient species in the two cases. Overall, our results corroborate well with previously reported work, and support a picture of [superscript 3]H [beta][superscript -] radiolysis mainly driven by the chemical action of “short tracks” of high local LET. This same trend in yields of radical and molecular products was also found under acidic conditions as well as in the aerated Fricke dosimeter. One of our main findings was that the measured Fricke yield G(Fe[superscript 3+]) could be best reproduced if a single, mean “equivalent” electron energy of ~7.8 keV were used to mimic the energy deposition by the tritium [beta][superscript -] particles (rather than the commonly used mean of ~5.7 keV), in full agreement with a previous recommendation of ICRU Report 17. The second part of this thesis investigates the radiolysis of the ceric-cerous sulfate dosimeter at elevated temperatures. In this radiolysis, H[superscript •] (or HO[subscript 2][superscript •] in the presence of oxygen) and H[subscript 2]O[subscript 2] produced by the radiolytic decomposition of water both reduce Ce[superscript 4+] ions to Ce[superscript 3+] ions, while [superscript •]OH radicals oxidize the Ce[superscript 3+] present back to Ce[superscript 4+]. Our simulations showed that the net Ce[superscript 3+] yield decreases almost linearly with increasing temperature up to ~250 °C, in excellent agreement with experiment. Above 250 °C, our model predicts that G(Ce[superscript 3+]) drops markedly with temperature until, instead of Ce[superscript 4+] reduction, Ce[superscript 3+] oxidation is observed. This drop is shown to result from the occurrence of the reaction of H[superscript •] atoms with water in the homogeneous chemical stage.//Résumé : La méthodologie de simulation Monte-Carlo s’est révélée être une très puissante technique dans l’étude des mécanismes de la radiolyse de l’eau. En particulier, la simulation Monte-Carlo se rend même plus importante quand les résultats expérimentaux ne sont pas disponibles, notamment dû aux difficultés techniques. Le mémoire actuel représente une étude sur la radiolyse de l’eau irradiée par différents rayonnements à différentes températures, en utilisant la simulation Monte-Carlo. Dans la première partie de ce mémoire, on examine les mécanismes d’auto-radiolyse de l’eau tritiée ainsi que l’importance de l’effet de « transfert linéaire d'énergie » (TLE) en comparant les électrons [béta][indice supérieur -] de [indice supérieur 3]H avec les rayons [béta][indice supérieur -] de [indice supérieur 60]Co. Nos simulations montrent que, pour les rayons [béta][indice supérieur -] de [indice supérieur 3]H, on observe moins de production de radicaux libres et plus de produits moléculaires. Ces différences de rendement sont en accord avec les différences de distribution non-homogène des espèces primaires transitoires dans les deux cas. En résumé, nos résultats corroborent bien avec les travaux publiés précédemment et donnent une perspective de la radiolyse [béta][indice supérieur -] de [indice [supérieur 3]H qui est en majorité contrôlée par l’action chimique de « trajectoires courtes » de TLE local élevé. La même tendance pour la production des radicaux libres et des produits moléculaires a été trouvée en milieu acide ainsi que pour le dosimètre aéré de Fricke. Un de nos résultats principaux montre que le rendement G(Fe[indice supérieur 3+]) du dosimètre de Fricke peut être mieux reproduit si une seule énergie électronique moyenne « équivalente » de ~7.8 keV est utilisée pour mimer la déposition d’énergie par les particules [béta][indice supérieur -] du tritium (au lieu de la valeur moyenne de ~5.7 keV qui est utilisée fréquemment). Ceci est en complet accord avec une recommandation du rapport 17 de l’ICRU. La deuxième partie de ce mémoire concerne la radiolyse du dosimètre au sulfate cérique-céreux à températures élevées. Lors de cette radiolyse, H[indice supérieur •] (ou HO[indice inférieur 2][indice supérieur •] en présence d’oxygène) et H[indice inférieur 2]O[indice inférieur 2] produits par la décomposition radiolytique de l’eau réduisent les ions cériques Ce[indice supérieur 4+] en ions céreux Ce[indice supérieur 3+], tandis que les radicaux [indice supérieur •]OH oxydent Ce[indice supérieur 3+] en Ce[indice supérieur 4+]. Nos simulations montrent que le rendement G (Ce[indice supérieur 3+]) décroît quasi linéairement avec la température entre 25 et 250 ° C, en excellent accord avec l’expérience . Au-dessus de 250 °C, notre modèle prédit une diminution marquée de G (Ce[indice supérieur 3+]) jusqu’à ce qu’on l’observe, au lieu d’une réduction de Ce[indice supérieur 4+], une oxydation de Ce[indice supérieur 3+]. Nous montrons que cette diminution est due à l’intervention de la réaction des atomes H[indice supérieur •] avec l’eau en milieu homogène.

Résumé : Le contrôle de la chimie de l'eau dans un réacteur nucléaire refroidi à l'eau nécessite une compréhension détaillée des effets de la radiolysede l'eau afin de limiter la corrosion et la dégradation des matériaux par oxydation générée par les produits de cette radiolyse. Toutefois, la mesure directe de la chimie dans le cœur des réacteurs est extrêmement difficile, sinon impossible, en raison des conditions extrêmes de haute température et haute pression, et les champs d’irradiation mixtes neutrons/γ, qui ne sont pas compatibles avec l'instrumentation chimique normale. Pour ces raisons,des modèles théoriques et des simulations sur ordinateur sont essentielles pour la prédiction de la chimie sous rayonnement de l'eau de refroidissement dans le cœur et son impact sur les matériaux. Dans ce travail, des simulations Monte Carlo ont été utilisées pour calculer les rendements des principales espèces (e[indice supérieur -][indice inférieur aq], H[indice supérieur •], H[indice inférieur 2], [indice supérieur •]OH et H[indice inférieur 2]O[indice inférieur 2]) formées lors de la radiolyse de l’eau liquide neutre par des neutrons mono-énergétiques de 2 MeV à des températures entre 25 et 350 °C. Le choix des neutrons de 2 MeV comme énergie d'intérêt est représentatif du flux de neutrons rapides dans un réacteur. Pour l'eau légère, la contribution la plus significative à la radiolyse vient des quatre premières collisions des neutrons qui produisent, dans la majorité des cas, des protons avec des énergies de recul de ~1.264, 0.465, 0.171 et 0.063 MeV et des transferts d’énergie linéique (TEL) moyens respectivement de ~22, 43, 69et 76 keV/[micro]m. Par ailleurs, nous avons négligé les effets des radiations dus aux ions de recul de l’oxygène. Les rendements moyens finaux peuvent alors être estimés comme étant la somme des rendements résultant de l’action de ces protons après pondérations en fonction de l’énergie déposée. Les rendements ont été calculés à 10[indice supérieur -7], 10[indice supérieur -6] et 10[indice supérieur -5] s. Les valeurs obtenues sont en accord avec les données expérimentales disponibles. En comparant nos résultats avec les données obtenues pour les rayonnements à faible TEL (rayons γ de [indice supérieur 60]Co ou électrons rapides), nos rendements calculés pour les neutrons rapides ont montré une dépendance en température essentiellement similaire, mais avec des valeurs plus faibles pour les rendements en radicaux libres et des valeurs plus élevées pour les rendements moléculaires. Nous avons également utilisé les simulations Monte Carlo pour étudier l'existence de la chute rapide de la constante de vitesse de réaction de l'électron hydraté (e[indice supérieur -][indice inférieur aq]) sur lui-même – l’une des principales sources de formation de H[indice inférieur 2] – au-dessus de 150 °C. Cette dépendance en température a été observée expérimentalement en milieu alcalin par divers auteurs, mais jamais en milieu neutre. Lorsque cette baisse de la constante de vitesse d’auto-réaction de e[indice supérieur -][indice inférieur aq] est incluse dans nos codes de simulation, tant pour des rayonnements de bas TEL (grappes isolés) que de haut TEL (trajectoires cylindriques), g(H[indice inférieur 2]) montre une discontinuité marquée à la baisse à ~150°C, ce qui n'est pas observée expérimentalement. Les conséquences de la présence de cette discontinuité dans le rendement en H[indice inférieur 2] pour les rayonnements à bas et haut TEL sont discutées. Enfin, nous avons tenté d’expliquer l'augmentation – considérée comme anormale – du rendement en H[indice inférieur 2] en fonction de la température au-dessus de 200 °C par l’intervention de la réaction des atomes H[indice supérieur •] avec l'eau, préalablement proposée par Swiatła-Wojcik et Buxton en 2005. La constante de vitesse de cette réaction est toujours controversée. // Abstract : Controlling the water chemistry in a water-cooled nuclear power reactor requires understanding and mitigating the effects of water radiolysis to limit the corrosion and degradation of materials by oxidizing radiolysis products. However, direct measurement of the chemistry in reactor cores is extremely difficult due to the extreme conditions of high temperature, pressure, and mixed neutron/γ-radiation fields, which are not compatible with normal chemical instrumentation. For these reasons, theoretical models and computer simulations are essential for predicting the detailed radiation chemistry of the cooling water in the core and the impact on materials. Monte Carlo simulations were used to calculate the yields for the primary species (e[superscript -][subscript aq], H[superscript •], H[subscript 2], [superscript •]OH, and H[subscript 2]O[subscript 2]) formed from the radiolysis of neutral liquid water by mono-energetic 2-MeV neutrons and the mechanisms involved at temperatures between 25 and 350 °C. In this work, we chose 2-MeV neutron as our energy of interest since it is known as representative of a fast neutron flux in a nuclear reactor. For light water, for that chosen energy, the most significant contribution to the radiolysis comes from the first four neutron collisions that generate mostly ejected protons with energies of ~1.264, 0.465, 0.171, and 0.063 MeV, which had, at 25 °C, mean linear energy transfers (LETs) of ~22, 43, 69, and 76 keV/[micro]m, respectively. In this work, we simply neglected the radiation effects due to oxygen ion recoils. The average final fast neutron yields could be estimated as the sum of the yields for these protons after allowance was made for the appropriate weightings (by using the Eq (2) in Chapter 4) according to their deposited energy. Yields were calculated at 10[superscript -7], 10[superscript -6] and 10[superscript -5] s. Our computed yield agreed reasonably well with the available experimental data. By comparing our results with data obtained for low-LET radiation ([superscript 60]Co γ-rays or fast electrons), our computed yields for fast neutron radiation showed essentially similar temperature dependences over the range of temperature studied, but with lower values for yields of free radicals and higher values for molecular yields. In this work, we also used our Monte Carlo simulation to investigate the existence of drop of hydrated electron (e[superscript -][subscript aq]) self-reaction rate constant at 150 °C. One of the main sources of H[subscript 2] formation is the self-reaction of hydrated electrons. The temperature dependence of the rate constant of this reaction (k[subscript 1]), measured under alkaline conditions, reveals that the rate constant drops abruptly above ~150 °C. However, when this drop in the e[superscript -][subscript aq] self-reaction rate constant is included in our code for low (isolated spurs) and high (cylindrical tracks) linear energy transfer (LET), g(H[subscript 2]) shows a marked downward discontinuity at ~150 °C which is not observed experimentally. The consequences of the presence of this discontinuity in H[subscript 2] yield for both low and high LET radiation are discussed. Another reaction that might explain the anomalous increasing of H[subscript 2] yield with temperature is the reaction of H[superscript •] atoms with water previously proposed by Swiatla-Wojcik and Buxton (2005) whose rate constant is still in controversial.

abstract: ABSTRACT Because economic advancement has been defined by Western society and not by Indigenous peoples themselves, the material gains of such narrowly defined notions of advancement have long been an elusive dream for many Indigenous communities in the United States. Many reasons have been given as to why significant economic advancement through a Western materialistic lens has been unattainable, including remoteness, the inability to get financing on trust land, and access to markets. These are all valid concerns and challenges, but they are not insurmountable. Another disconcerting reason has been the perception that the federal government through its trust responsibility is to do everything for the tribes, including economic advancement, job creation and economic diversification. Despite the problematic nature of this lens, this work is concerned with both how Indigenous--and particularly southwestern tribal, Pueblo Indian nations--interpret and participate in the drive to achieve measures of prosperity for their communities. Granted, the U.S. government does have a trust responsibility to assist tribes, however, that does not mean tribes are relieved of their obligation to do their part as well. Here, I provide an observation of the notion of government responsibility towards tribes and ultimately suggest that there is a strong and devastating addiction that hinders Indigenous communities and impacts economic advancement. This addiction is not alcoholism, drugs, or domestic violence. Instead, this is an addiction to federal funds and programs, which has diminished Indigenous inspiration to do for self, the motivation to be innovative, and has blurred responsibility of what it means to contribute. I will also include the need to utilize data to develop new economic policies and strategies. Last, I will include a policy suggestion that will be aimed at operationalizing the trust reform and data concepts. While discussing these challenges, my focus is to moreover offer a suggestion of how to strategize through them. Drawing from Pueblo Indian examples, the argument becomes clear that other Indigenous citizens across the lower forty-eight have an opportunity to break the prescribed mold in order to advance their economies and on their terms.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Justice Studies 2015

This MA thesis titled as - India-U.S. Relations in the Late 1960s and in the First Half of the 1970s - focuses on mutual relations of the U.S. on one side and India on the other. It elaborates various events, which influenced these relations during the late 1960s and in the first half ot the 1970s. The result of this work is the confirmation that the U.S., in its foreign policy strategy, strictly followed the principle of realpolitik. Thanks to that their interests, however, often collided with those of India. Its effort of rapprochment with the PRC, during which Pakistan played an important role as the main communication channel between both countries, was a 'thorn in the side' of India's top officials, including its Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The U.S. foreign policy, which was mainly in hands of the National Security Advisor of President Richard Nixon Henry Kissinger, had to logically prefer an alliance with Pakistan. This, of course, was not welcomed by India because these two Asian countries waged several wars against each other and had strained relations since their birth. Thus, in spite of the fact that India might seem as the best American partner, given its strong democratic principles, the opposite was true. Nixon/Kissinger, in defiance of all obstacles, did not relent and remained firm...

La tesi analizza l’influenza della cultura degli indiani d’America sull’opera di Anna Maria Ortese. Escludendo solo pochissime pubblicazioni, la ricerca è partita fin dalle prime prove, in poesia e in prosa, dell’autrice, e ha considerato l’intero arco della sua produzione, inclusi i contributi postumi. La ricerca è stata così suddivisa in undici capitoli, i quali studiano in maniera approfondita le riformulazioni più significative fatte da Ortese riguardo il tema dei nativi: un tema stratificato, complesso, affasciante e duttilissimo; un tema che la scrittrice fa proprio e costantemente rimodula, adattandolo alla propria storia personale e rendendolo materia viva, nella quale rispecchiarsi e far rispecchiare i suoi simili, più esattamente il consorzio umano che le stava accanto, ma dal quale si sentì sempre esclusa. E proprio l’esclusione, più o meno cercata da parte di Ortese, proprio la sua diversità, la sua alterità, la sua otherness, è la parola chiave del presente progetto di ricerca: gli indiani d’America, vittime del peggior massacro che la storia ricordi, incapaci di difendersi e relegati nelle riserve, chiusi, estraniati, stranieri al mondo, ecco che quegli indiani d’America insegnano all’autrice a sopravvivere, ad accettare sofferenze senza pari e riformularle: nel suo caso, attraverso la letteratura. È questa la premessa per poter parlare di un’Ortese straniera; un’Ortese gemellata con la sensibilità dei nativi; un’Ortese che farà dell’attenzione ad altre otherness, altre esclusioni, altri modi e forme di essere stranieri – cioè lontani, lontanissimi dal sentire più comune – farà di quella tendenza un tratto di riconoscimento, una condizione senza la quale il suo universo (letterario, stilistico, etico, filosofico) non sarebbe quello che è sempre stato. Obiettivo della tesi, che ha approfondito anche importanti materiali inediti, è dimostrare come l’America e i suoi più antichi abitanti siano per Ortese qualcosa di più di un semplice simbolo, riprendendo l’autrice una tematica che è stata, è tuttora, più complessa di un immaginario. Da “Angelici dolori” ad “Alonso e visionari” allora, dalle prime liriche per il fratello Manuele a “Le Piccole Persone”, dai pezzi giornalistici agli scritti di viaggio, dai romanzi alla corrispondenza privata, si delineerà il ritratto di un’autrice che è tuttora un unicum della letteratura (forse non solo italiana), un’artista che grazie al paradigma dei nativi, come spiega il titolo della tesi, ha disperatamente scoperto la propria alterità, il proprio modo di essere straniera, e su quello ha fondato la propria scrittura.