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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Indian Agricultural Commodity Trade“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Indian Agricultural Commodity Trade"
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Gupta, Sumeet, und Vinay Kandpal. „HEDGING IN AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES“. Journal of Global Economy 14, Nr. 4 (08.11.2018): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v14i4.496.
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The Indian Agriculture Sector is on the edge of a rebellion that will revolutionize the complete food chain by means of the total food production in India is expected to twofold in the following ten years. Outstanding export projections, competitive pricing of agricultural products that are internationally comparable has created trade prospects in the agro industry. Agricultural Output is expected to grow by 11% in 2018-2019 after recording a 8-9 % increase in the previous years. It will create Indian Agriculture Industry Gateway by which exporter and importer can fulfill their requirement and reap the benefits of agro related opportunities. MCX (Multi Commodity Exchange) and NCDEX (National Commodity Derivatives Exchange) has developed opportunities for trading in spot and forward trade. It will help to develop India as Agricultural Based Economy. Trading of agricultural commodities help the traders to take the advantage of Price Fluctuations but also faces Investment Risk and Price Risk. Movement in future prices create the possibility for short
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Bhagwat, Shree, und Angad Singh Maravi. „THE ROLE OF FORWARD MARKETS COMMISSION IN INDIAN COMMODITY MARKETS“. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, Nr. 11 (30.11.2015): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i11.2015.2919.
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This paper examines the role of Forward Markets Commission (FMC) in Indian Commodity Markets. The Results show important developments of Forward Markets Commission. Commodity futures and derivatives have a crucial role to play in the price risk management process, especially in agriculture sector. The significance of commodity derivatives has increased in the current scenario. India has long history of trade in commodity derivatives. Organized commodity derivatives in India started as early as 1875, barely about a decade after they started in Chicago. Since 2003, when commodity futures’ trading was permitted, commodity futures market in India has experienced an unprecedented boom in terms of the number of modern exchanges, number of commodities allowed for derivatives trading as well as the value of futures trading in commodities. There are 6 national and 16 regional commodity exchanges recognized and regulated by the FMC. Different types of commodities such as agricultural; bullion, plantation, energy etc. is traded on commodity exchanges in the country. So considering these points an attempt has been made to know the regulatory framework of commodity futures and derivatives market in India and various developments in Indian commodity market and commodity exchanges. This study is an attempt to investigate the performance of Forward Markets Commission in India and its role in Indian commodity market.
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Jagdambe, Subhahs. „India’s export competitiveness of agricultural products with asean“. Journal of Management and Science 6, Nr. 1 (30.06.2016): 72–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2016.9.
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The paper attempts to assess India’s trade intensity as well as Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) for agriculture sector with respect to ASEAN (Association of South- East Nation) at the aggregate and disaggregate level. The study assesses the structure of comparative advantage over 2001 to 2013. ITC (International Trade centre) data available under public domain is used to accomplish the study. HS classification is used to calculate the Trade Intensity (TI) index and RCA index. The study has found that India’s Export intensity in total agriculture trade has been increasing with respect to ASEAN than rest of the world. While in terms of Import Intensity, declining trend has been observed over the study period. It has also been found that comparative advantage is decreasing gradually throughout the study period, although the pattern of India’s comparative advantage in export of agricultural products with ASEAN varies from one commodity to another commodity. The study suggests to direct the policy initiate to promote the products, having comparative advantage in exports. It will also help to producers and exporters to select appropriate commodity for trading, which have comparative advantage. Effect should be focused on promotion of exports like Meat, Vegetables and Fruits, Tea, Rice and Cereal products for Indian exporters in ASEAN market.
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Sehgal, Sanjay, Namita Rajput und Rajeev Kumar Dua. „Price Discovery in Indian Agricultural Commodity Markets“. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 2, Nr. 2 (10.08.2012): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v2i2.2224.
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In this paper, the price discovery relationship for ten agricultural commodities has been examined. Price discovery is confirmed for all commodities except Turmeric. Price discovery results are encouraging given the nascent character of commodity market in India. However the market does not seem to be competitive. The findings have implications for policy makers, hedgers and investors and will help in deeply understanding the role of futures market in information dissemination. The commodity exchanges must strengthen their surveillance system for early detection on continuous basis of anomalous trading behaviour. These markets are becoming informationally mature and market regulators have taken adequate steps for market development. Forwards Market Commission (FMC) should be given adequate powers to regulate commodity market and penalise any insider trading and price manipulations. Well-organized spot markets must be developed, ensuring transparency and trading efficiency. Electronically traded spot exchanges must be developed and warehousing; testing labs as well as other eco-system linkages must be established to strengthen the derivative market trading mechanism for efficient price discovery mechanism.
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Kumar, K. Nirmal Ravi. „Competitiveness of Indian Agricultural Exports: A Constant Market Share Analysis“. Research on World Agricultural Economy 3, Nr. 2 (26.05.2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v3i2.514.
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The 1991 Indian reforms aimed at economic liberalization, as a part of its economic structural adjustment, and transformed the nation’s economy into a more global market-based and service-oriented system, which revolutionized its agricultural trade facet. The new regime paved the way for the self-reliant Indian agriculture to expand its roots into the spheres of global competitiveness and export orientation. India enjoys competitive advantage in the international market and considering the growth in India’s exports of major agricultural commodities. This study employed Constant Market Share model to analyze the export performance of its various facets such as diversification, instability, elasticity, competitiveness, etc. The findings revealed that India’s growth performance of major agricultural commodities’ exports both in terms of quantity and value was found satisfactory (except wheat and cashew nuts, shelled (quantity)) during 1991-2020. During the recent past decade, i.e., 2011-2020, World Demand Effect (WDE) is the main sources of India’s agricultural export performance (due to general rise/fall in world demand given a constant market share of the India, unlike Market Distribution Effect (MDE), Commodity Composition Effect (CCE) and the Residual Competitiveness Effect (RCE) due to high inconsistency arising out of changes in external environment). Both MDE and RCE with respect to commodity-wise exports and CCE and RCE with respect to country-wise exports are found negative for majority of commodities and countries (markets) respectively. Consistently negative CCE for exports of agricultural products, total and across major export destinations were found more disheartening and this should deserve special attention. So, it is imperative to boost the export competitiveness of agricultural commodities from India and the future prospects of exports depend on how much the latest surge in COVID-19 infections in India affects its agricultural production and global demand conditions.
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Gupta, Shashi, Himanshu Choudhary und D. R. Agarwal. „Hedging Efficiency of Indian Commodity Futures“. Paradigm 21, Nr. 1 (Juni 2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971890717700529.
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This article examines the hedge ratio and hedging effectiveness in agricultural (castor seed, guar seed) and non-agricultural (copper, nickel, gold, silver, natural gas and crude oil) commodities traded in National Commodity and Derivative Exchange (NCDEX) and Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX), respectively. Constant and dynamic hedge ratios are estimated by using ordinary least square (OLS), vector autoregression (VAR), vector error correction model (VECM) and vector autoregressive-multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model (VAR-MGARCH). The results of constant as well as dynamic hedge ratios reveal that the Indian futures market provides higher hedging effectiveness in case of precious metal (65–75 per cent) compared to industrial metal and energy commodities (less than 50 per cent). Hedging effectiveness for castor seed and natural gas is even lower than 10 per cent. This study concluded that VECM and VAR-MGARCH both are providing higher hedging although VECM is providing the highest hedge ratio. It has been found that the next to near month futures provide better hedging effectiveness as compared to near month futures for crude oil and silver. It is recommended that the policy makers should pay attention towards the number of delivery centres, standard of quality of underlying assets and transaction costs in spot market.
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CHETAN KUMAR, G. K., K. B. RANGAPPA und S. SUCHITRA. „REGULATORíS DECISION AND RISK MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF INDIA“. Review of Finance and Banking 14, Nr. 2 (31.12.2022): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/rfb.22.14.02.04.
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Whenever Indian Economy had to tackle signiÖcant ináationary pressure, Secu- rities Exchange Board of India (SEBI), which is the apex regulator of capital and commodity markets, has time and again resorted to stop the trade in futures of essential agricultural commodities while allowing trade in futures of essential energy commodities. SEBI has jus- tiÖed the step on the grounds that, doing so prevents volatility in agricultural spot market. Our study tries to analyze the nature of correction in the two segments with the help of vec- tor error correction model in the backdrop of ináationary and non-ináationary periods. In energy segment, among select commodities, the speed of error correction was 1to 2 days more as compared to non-ináationary period. With regards to commercial agricultural segment, the rate of error correction among select commodities was 4 to 7 days more as compared to non-ináationary period. Given the underdeveloped nature of agricultural futures market, SEBIís action seems bit too stringent. Although prior studies have been undertaken about Indian spot and derivative markets, empirical studies which have focused on analyzing eco- nomic rationale of SEBIís decision of restricting trade in agricultural futures during ináation are scarce. Our study tries to bridge the gap regarding the same.
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Kumar, P. Sai, und N. T. Krishna Kishore. „Direction of trade of Indian arabica coffee“. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 19, Nr. 1 (15.01.2023): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/19.1/122-125.
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Coffee (Coffea) is one of the most valuable commercial crops and the second most traded agricultural commodity on a global scale. Around 100.55 lakh MT of coffee will be consumed worldwide in 2019–20. South America, Asia, Africa, and Central America were identified as major coffee-growing regions, comprising of countries Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia, Honduras, Ethiopia, India, Uganda, Peru, and Mexico. While Brazil and Vietnam contribute 50 per cent of the world’s coffee, India stands at 7th position in terms of production and exporting 2,61,374 GBE (Green Bean Equivalent - Quantity In MT) of coffee to the world, worth of Rs. 4131.82 crores during 2019-20 and contributes 2.5 per cent to the nation’s primary sector export earnings. Markov Chain analysis helps to understand the export pattern of Indian arabica coffee. Italy, Belgium, Germany, U.S.A, Switzerland, United Kingdom, France, Australia, Russian Federation and some other countries are the major importers of Indian arabica coffee. The only consistent importer of Indian arabica coffee was Italy. Despite having many major importers, India was unable to maintain a consistent share of the global market. Because of increased competition, arabica coffee’s export share has been declining. One of the major reasons for this decline was tough competition from Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia, Honduras, and Ethiopia. This shows that there is a need to frame policies in favor of increased coffee marketing to gain the competitive advantage in the global coffee market.
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Jagadeshwaran, P., K. R. Ashok, A. Vidhyavathi und M. Prahadeeswaran. „India’s trade potential and export opportunities for spices“. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, SI (15.07.2022): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14isi.3574.
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Economic growth and development of a country rely on trade as it serves as a driving force with efficient utilization of factor of endowments. Several commodities are traded world-wide, among them spices which has a long history of being one of the highly traded commodity. Developing countries including India are the leading producer and exporter of spices in the world. The demand for Indian spices has gone up in the United States of America, Vietnam, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, etc. The study assess the comparative advantage of major spices exporting countries for pepper, cardamom and turmeric-based on data available in International Trade Centre. To analyse the effect of trade liberalisation, a simulation model (SMART) developed by UNCTAD was used to estimate trade creation, diversion and revenue effect on importing and exporting countries. The result shows that India has a comparative advantage in the export of Turmeric, Guatemala in Cardamom and Vietnam in Pepper. The impact of tariff relief on India has greater advantage, which has trade creation in the export of cardamom and turmeric. Whereas in pepper, comparatively, trade diversion is higher than trade creation, indicating that less efficient countries are given a chance to export to the top importing countries due to a reduction in tariff. Indian spice exporters should focus on promoting or exporting spices to countries like Netherlands, United States, United Kingdom, and Germany.
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A, Indhushree, Uma Gowri M, Saravana Kumar M, Jeyajothi R, Ramadass S und Rajesh Kumar A. „Spill-over effect of India cotton trade on labour and household income“. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 16, Nr. 1 (20.03.2024): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i1.5256.
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India is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of cotton, the major raw material for the textile industry, employing more than 4.5 crore people in the country. The present study aimed to analyse the impact of adverse trade in Indian cotton sector on labor and household income by employing Social Analysis Matrix based multiplier model and partial equilibrium model. Indian textile sector has strong backward linkages with primary input multiplier and household income multiplier of 4.13 and 3.44, respectively and, thus transmitting external impacts to the labour and household income. The sector has a higher multiplier effect of 10.17 on production activities, of which the impact on the cotton sector is 0.126. Fall in export and domestic demand for clothing and apparel in addition to movement restrictions around the world during the period 2020-2021, disrupted cotton supply chain and consequent fall in demand and price of the commodity. Simulations for the increase in carry-over stock and reduction in domestic consumption and cotton exports revealed that limiting the commodity's production and supply would retain the market equilibrium and increase the domestic price to the advantage of the farmers. The study reveals that dynamics in the Indian cotton sector trade significantly impacted labour and household income. Appropriate planning for areas under cotton cultivation and alternate procurement mechanisms during emergency situations would stabilise the Indian cotton economy.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Indian Agricultural Commodity Trade"
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Chakraborty, Debasish. „IMPACT OF WTO ON INDIAN AGRICULTURAL TRADE (A Comparison of the Trade in Agricultural commodities in India in the Pre & Post WTO regime)“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2018. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2790.
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Makki, Shiva S. „A Dynamic Equilibrium Analysis of Storage-Trade Interactions in Commodity Markets“. The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1393346349.
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Ejiasa, Cyprian Onyeogadirimma. „The exchange rate and the competitiveness of U.S. agricultural commodity trade /“. The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487259125220352.
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Njoroge, Nancy Njambi 1964. „The terms of trade for commodity exports: A case study of Kenya“. Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291826.
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The study estimated changes in the terms of trade of three Kenyan exports--tea, coffee, and pyrethrum--to test the validity of the theory of deterioration in the terms of trade for primary products. Several different measures of the terms of trade were considered. The results show no evidence of a secular deterioration. They also indicate that the terms of trade measure is extremely sensitive to the choice of the price index for manufactured goods. To evaluate the impact of domestic policies, costs and returns of the three exports were examined. The results show that the impact of policy distortions on profits is far greater than the impact of expected future world price declines. Future export expansion still is possible because policy changes can offset the effect of low world prices.
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Booth, Jerome Paul. „Protectionism and agricultural commodity trade : an investigation into world wheat trade using spatial equilibrium modelling“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b86ded93-a697-43b8-b940-1651703e143c.
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Protectionism is found to be the most significant cause of distortion in the international wheat market. In some cases, however, in particular the US Export Enhancement Program, it appears to be counter-distortionary i.e. redressing distortions on trade patterns caused by other protectionist policies. Also, the effects of including in the model countries additional to those in the basic model are analysed, and a comparison with the international soya market is made.
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Alden, David M. „The greenhouse effect, trade liberalization and agricultural commodity markets : modelling the economic impacts“. Thesis, Keele University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305801.
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Estevez, Christopher L. „A Market Study of Organic and Fair Trade Coffee in Bolivia“. FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2012.
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The purpose of this research is to study the commercialization of Fairtrade and Organic coffee in the Bolivia. Fairtrade and Organic coffee are alternative trade systems designed to promote the equitable and environmentally sustainable production of coffee. However, these alternative trading systems often fail to meet these goals. The producers and environment these systems are intended to protect remain marginalized. These failures are due to a number of local institutions. In order to better understand these institutions, this research conducted interviews of various stakeholders including producers, cooperative leaders, organic/Fair Trade certifiers, government agencies and private buyers. All these stakeholders influence the success of the alternative trade systems. By better understanding how these stakeholders impact the commercialization of coffee in Bolivia; new policies can be develop to improve the outcomes of alternative trade, to benefit both producers and the environment. This is especially critical in Bolivia because of the environmentally sensitive area in which coffee is grown, the potentially damaging impact of coca on the region and, the devastating economic impact to farmers.
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Антонян, М. А. „Стан та перспективи підвищення ефективності зовнішньої торгівлі товарами Одеського регіону“. Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2021. http://local.lib/diploma/Antonyan.pdf.
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Доступ до роботи тільки на території бібліотеки ОНЕУ, для переходу натисніть на посилання нижчеУ роботі розглядаються теоретико-методичні основи дослідження ефективності зовнішньої торгівлі товарами на регіональному рівні. Систематизовано фактори впливу на ефективність зовнішньої торгівлі товарами регіону та визначено методи аналізу ефективності зовнішньої торгівлі товарами регіону. Проаналізовано показники сучасного стану та динаміки зовнішньої торгівлі товарами Одеського регіону. Проведено SWOT- та PEST – аналіз регіону. Визначені можливі сценарії підвищення ефективності зовнішньої торгівлі товарами регіону. Проаналізовані показники ефективності зовнішньої торгівлі товарами Одеського регіону. Визначені перспективи підвищення ефективності зовнішньої торгівлі товарами в Одеському регіоні шляхом розвитку зовнішньої торгівлі сільськогосподарською продукцією. Особливий наголос зроблено на удосконаленні транспортної інфраструктури зовнішньої торгівлі товарами Одеського регіону.
The paper considers the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of the effectiveness of foreign trade in goods at the regional level. The factors influencing the efficiency of foreign trade in goods of the region are systematized and the methods of analysis of the efficiency of foreign trade in goods of the region are determined. Indicators of the current state and dynamics of foreign trade in goods of the Odessa region are analyzed. SWOT and PEST analysis of the region was conducted. Possible scenarios for improving the efficiency of foreign trade in goods in the region are identified. The indicators of efficiency of foreign trade in goods of the Odessa region are analyzed. Prospects for improving the efficiency of foreign trade in goods in the Odessa region through the development of foreign trade in agricultural products. Special emphasis was placed on improving the transport infrastructure of foreign trade in goods of the Odessa region.
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Li, Na. „Essays on Trade Agreements, Agricultural Commodity Prices and Unconditional Quantile Regression“. Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/7741.
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My dissertation consists of three essays in three different areas: international trade; agricultural markets; and nonparametric econometrics. The first and third essays are theoretical papers, while the second essay is empirical. In the first essay, I developed a political economy model of trade agreements where the set of policy instruments are endogenously determined, providing a rationale for countervailing duties (CVDs). Trade-related policy intervention is assumed to be largely shaped in response to rent seeking demand as is often shown empirically. Consequently, the uncertain circumstance during the lifetime of a trade agreement involves both economic and rent seeking conditions. The latter approximates the actual trade policy decisions more closely than the externality hypothesis and thus provides scope for empirical testing. The second essay tests whether normal mixture (NM) generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models adequately capture the relevant properties of agricultural commodity prices. Volatility series were constructed for ten agricultural commodity weekly cash prices. NM-GARCH models allow for heterogeneous volatility dynamics among different market regimes. Both in-sample fit and out-of-sample forecasting tests confirm that the two-state NM-GARCH approach performs significantly better than the traditional normal GARCH model. For each commodity, it is found that an expected negative price change corresponds to a higher volatility persistence, while an expected positive price change arises in conjunction with a greater responsiveness of volatility. In the third essay, I propose an estimator for a nonparametric additive unconditional quantile regression model. Unconditional quantile regression is able to assess the possible different impacts of covariates on different unconditional quantiles of a response variable. The proposed estimator does not require d-dimensional nonparametric regression and therefore has no curse of dimensionality. In addition, the estimator has an oracle property in the sense that the asymptotic distribution of each additive component is the same as the case when all other components are known. Both numerical simulations and an empirical application suggest that the new estimator performs much better than alternatives.the Canadian Agricultural Trade Policy and Competitiveness Research Network, the Structure and Performance of Agriculture and Agri-products Industry Network, and the Institute for the Advanced Study of Food and Agricultural Policy.
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Dalheimer, Bernhard. „Economic Policy in Global Commodity Markets - Methods, Efficiency and Trade-offs“. Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-14B4-9.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBücher zum Thema "Indian Agricultural Commodity Trade"
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Sehgal, Sanjay. An empirical analysis of futures, price, and trading behaviour of select agri commodities in India. New Delhi: The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India, 2012.
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Chand, Ramesh. Effects of trade liberalization on agriculture in India: Commodity aspects. Bogor, Indonesia: CGPRT Centre, 1999.
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Chand, Ramesh. Effects of trade liberalization on agriculture in India: Commodity aspects. Bogor, Indonesia: Regional Co-ordination Centre for Research and Development of Coarse Grains, Pulses, Roots and Tuber Crops in the Humid Tropics of Asia and the Pacific, 1999.
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Rao, D. Panduranga. Agricultural commodity transportation. New Delhi: Inter-India Publications, 1997.
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L, Gardner Bruce, und American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research., Hrsg. Reforming agricultural commodity policy. Washington, D.C: AEI Press, 1995.
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., Hrsg. FAO agricultural commodity projections to 1990. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1986.
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Econometric modelling of agricultural commodity markets. London: Routledge, 1990.
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Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service., Hrsg. Farm commodity programs: Sugar. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1996.
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Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service., Hrsg. Farm commodity programs: Sugar. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1995.
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Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service., Hrsg. Farm commodity programs: Peanuts. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1998.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Indian Agricultural Commodity Trade"
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Subramanian, Shankar. „Trade Liberalisation and Indian Agriculture“. In Economic Reform, Trade and Agricultural Development, 215–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23103-4_9.
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Sam, Neha, Vidhi Vashishth und Yukti. „Monofractal and Multifractal Analysis of Indian Agricultural Commodity Prices“. In Trends in Mathematics, 381–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68281-1_28.
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Pursell, Garry, und Peter Warr. „Agricultural Trade Policies and Rural Poverty: Where is India Heading?“ In The Indian Economy Sixty Years After Independence, 215–32. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230228337_12.
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Weber, Klaus. „Injection: Atlantic Slavery and Commodity Chains“. In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery throughout History, 413–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13260-5_23.
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AbstractSouth Asia, and Central and Eastern Europe were more closely involved with slavery in the Americas than is commonly assumed. Lower costs for labor, raw materials, and solid fuel gave specific regions a competitive edge in the production of commodities used in the barter trade for slaves from West Africa, as well as in provisioning New World plantations. Ironware from the Rhineland; copper and iron from Sweden; Bohemian glassware; and especially Indian cottons and German linen, all contributed to lowering costs in the acquisition of slaves and in the maintenance of plantations. The purchasing power thus generated in Central Europe contributed to the growth of the population and of proto-industries, and ultimately to industrialization. This injection essay illuminates the impact of commodity chains on New World slavery by focusing on the single most important plantation product destined for Europe—sugar—and the two single most important barter commodities destined for Africa: textiles and metalware.
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Prakash, Om. „Opium in the Indian Ocean Trade in the Early Modern Period: A Commodity of Both Official and Contraband Commercial Exchange“. In Early Global Interconnectivity across the Indian Ocean World, Volume I, 227–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97667-9_9.
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Masters, William A., und Amelia B. Finaret. „From Local to Global: International Trade and Value Chains“. In Food Economics, 399–440. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53840-7_11.
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AbstractThis chapter shows how local and national food systems are interconnected through trade, storage and processing, forming a global system that links each country’s producers and consumers. We define the concept of comparative advantage and extend our analytical diagrams to explain the prices observed in international trade, including the influence of transportation costs and commodity storage on price levels and price volatility in each country. We address the role of tariffs, quotas and other policies, showing their impact on income distribution within each country and the incentives they create for political leaders to restrict trade, and describe the extent and nature of policy interventions that shape each country’s role in the global food system. The second section of the chapter addresses the institutional arrangements and value chains in each country that link agricultural producers to end-users. Individual enterprises often seek horizontal integration in the provision of different things over a larger geographic area, and may also seek vertical integration in controlling their own source of supplies and marketing to end-users. The alternative to integration is for enterprises to specialize in their own domain, and make transactions with each other through markets whose institutional structure and governance influences the risk of market failure in terms of quality assurance, pricing and market power. The institutional context for each activity along the value chain also influences its environmental externalities, worker rights and health impacts, creating the need and opportunity for social accounting of the full costs and benefits of each product.
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Nanda Kumar, T., Sandip Das und Ashok Gulati. „Dairy Value Chain“. In India Studies in Business and Economics, 195–226. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4268-2_6.
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AbstractLivestock sector is the backbone of Indian agriculture and plays a crucial role in the development of the rural economy. More than one-fifth (23%) of agricultural households with area less than 0.01 hectare reported livestock as their principal source of income (GoI Government of India (2014) Key indicators of situation of agricultural). Livestock is one of the fastest-growing sectors of Indian agriculture. While the share of overall agriculture and allied sectors in Gross Value Added (GVA) declined from 18.2% in 2014–15 to 17.8% in 2019–20, the share of livestock sector in GVA increased from 4.4% to 5.1% in the same period (GoI Government of India (2021) The economic survey (2020–21). Ministry of Finance. Government of India). Livestock sector accounts for 31% of the gross value of output in agriculture and allied sector (GVOA). Within livestock, milk is the biggest component with 20% share in GVOA. In fact, milk is the largest agriculture commodity in terms of value of output worth INR 772,705 crores in 2018–19 which was more than the value of cereals, pulses, oilseeds and sugarcane combined worth INR 623,462 crores (MoSPI. (2021). National Accounts Statistics 2020. Central Statistical Organization. Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation.). Around 70 million of rural households are engaged in milk production, most of them are landless, marginal, and small farmers (NCAER. (2020). Analyzing Socio-Economic Impact of National Dairy Plan—I. National Council for Applied Economic Research. February 2020.). As a source of livelihood for million of poor households, dairying also supplements their dietary sources of protein and nutrition thus playing a critical role in the country’s food security needs.
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Neufeld, Lynnette M., Jikun Huang, Ousmane Badiane, Patrick Caron und Lisa Sennerby Forsse. „Advance Equitable Livelihoods“. In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 135–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_8.
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AbstractFood system transformation provides the opportunity to shift current trends in all forms of malnutrition, prioritizing the availability and affordability of nutritious food for all – from shifting priorities in agricultural production, to improved food systems that favor nutrition and sustainability. The task of Action Track 4 is to explore approaches to doing so that will advance equitable livelihoods for producers, businesses, workers across the food system and consumers, with a particular emphasis on addressing inequalities and power imbalances. As the Science Group for AT 4, we explore the nature of these issues, using the drivers of food systems as articulated by the High Level Panel of Experts of the UN Committee on World Food Security (HLPE 2020) as framing. Small and medium-sized producers and people who rely on food systems in rural and urban areas for livelihoods are disproportionately affected by all biophysical and environmental drivers, including soil and water resources and climate change. Unequal opportunity in access to all types of resources reduces overall production, resilience and rural transformation. Advances in innovation, technology and infrastructure have had important impacts on food production and sustainability, transportation and processing along food value chains, marketing, and, ultimately, diets, including the consumption of both nutritious and unhealthy foods. However, achievement of equitable livelihoods in food systems will require that issues of access to contextually suitable innovation and technology, inclusive of indigenous knowledge, be substantially enhanced. Many economic and political factors can be essential causes of inequality and power imbalances at the household, community, national and global levels, which may constrain the ability of food system transformation to deliver poverty reduction and sustainable, equitable livelihoods. Finally, vast evidence illustrates that several socio-cultural and demographic drivers underpin inequalities among and within societies and constrain the potential for some to benefit from actions to improve their livelihoods, particularly women, youths, the disabled, the elderly and indigenous peoples. These issues have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic is having a significant impact on global commodity markets and trading systems, economic growth, incomes, and poverty levels, with a likely disproportionate burden falling on vulnerable communities in both urban and rural areas. This is likely to worsen inequalities and set back progress against poverty and hunger goals. To address these issues, we must transform not only food systems, but the structures and systems that continue to enable and exacerbate inequities. Drivers of food system inequities are highly interconnected, and progress in addressing one will likely require change across several. For example, globalization and trade interact with other powerful drivers, especially technology resource mobilization and demographic trends, which shape food production, distribution, and consumption. Hence, in the final section, we reflect on several factors that should be part of effective solutions for combating inequalities in food systems, including rights-based approaches. We then share a series of recommendations aimed at enhancing inclusive decision-making, protecting the livelihoods of those living in situations of vulnerability while creating opportunities, adapting institutions and policies to favor equitable food system livelihoods, and increasing investment so as to realize the potential of improved institutional and policy actions. We invite governments, businesses, and organizations to hold themselves and others to account in advancing equitable livelihoods, and open avenues towards realizing the potential of science, innovation, technology, and evidence to favor equitable livelihoods.
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Masih, Jolly, Neha Saini, Vaishanavee . und Vartak . „Soybean: The Sustainable Wonder Crop Trade Analysis“. In New Paradigms of Sustainability in the Contemporary Era, 34–45. CSMFL Publications, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46679/9788195732289ch04.
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Soybean, a versatile and nutritionally rich crop, has gained prominence recently as a key player in global agricultural trade. This research paper delves into the multifaceted dimensions of Soybean trade, examining its role as a sustainable wonder crop with far-reaching implications for food security, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. The objectives of this study are twofold. First, it aims to analyze the global Soybean trade dynamics, exploring the leading producers, consumers, and trade patterns. Second, it investigates the sustainable aspects of Soybean cultivation and trade, emphasizing its potential to address emerging challenges such as food demand, economic development, and environmental conservation. The research findings underscore the remarkable growth of Soybean as a major global commodity, driven by its applications in food, feed, and industrial sectors. The study identifies key contributors to the Soybean trade, including major producing nations like the United States, Brazil, Argentina, and China, as well as significant consumers like India and European countries. Furthermore, it shed light on the sustainable attributes of Soybean cultivation, emphasizing its nitrogen-fixing properties, reduced carbon footprint, and potential for crop rotation. In conclusion, this study highlights Soybean’s pivotal role in the global agricultural landscape, both as a key trade commodity and a sustainable crop. It underscores the need for continued research and policy initiatives to harness Soybean’s full potential in fostering food security and sustainable development worldwide.
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Chadha, Deepali ,. „Digitalization of Agriculture in India: Pathway to Prosperity“. In Agribusiness Development Planning and Management. New Delhi Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30954/ndp.agribusiness.2020.3.
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Digital marketing covers all the marketing strategies that are using the internet or an electronic device. It is a new way of approaching customers. According to a recent survey, India’s digital advertising industry is growing at a rate of 33.5 per cent annually. There is a gradual rise in digitization and modernization taking place in several aspects. Agriculture sector is also identified as one of the potential sectors of digitization due to large volumes traded and a high level of fragmentation present in the supply chain. In India, a significant part of the population is engaged in agriculture. Although different modern techniques and practices have been adopted in agriculture that has undoubtedly helped to improve the production over the years, but there has been a constant challenge to provide a market for the marketed surplus and getting fair prices for the same. Agricultural marketing covers the services involved in moving a farm product to the target consumer. It has undergone numerous changes over the last few years. It has beautifully evolved from barter system to organized marketplaces to today’s electronic market platform owing to several technological changes and government interventions. Institutions such as Agriculture Produce Marketing Committees (APMC), regulated market yards, and minimum support price are instances of state support that have led to a strong primary sector. Further, development of technological and financial innovations has changed the commodity transaction pattern of the stakeholders. Digitization of transactions helps in trading large volumes and also enhances transparency and associated benefits. Different initiatives have been taken by the Indian Government to digitize the agriculture sector to help the farming community such as launching of Digital India Campaign and various mobile applications that help in increasing agriculture productivity
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Indian Agricultural Commodity Trade"
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Sundaram Karibeeran, Shanmuga, M. Prakash, Ramachandiran Alaguraja und Muruganandhan Radhakrishnan. „Computer Assisted Design and Analysis of Shedding Mechanism of Powerloom Machineries“. In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51277.
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Cloth has always been the most worldwide of all imported and exported commodities. It is an enlightening example of the movement of knowledge, skills, goods and investment across wide geographic seats. South Asia has been dominant for making of these worldwide interactions over period. This capacity grants advanced research that discovers the dynamic ways in which various textile production and trade regions generated the ‘first globalization’. A series of specialists connect this worldwide commodity with the dramatic political and economic alterations that characterised the India in the recent centuries. Together, the papers transform our understanding of the contribution of South Asian cloth, specifically Indian cloth to make the modern world economy. India is the largest share of its exports being textiles and apparels to the world. Also weaving is second only to agriculture sector in terms of providing employment in India. This paper a simple spreadsheet program method of calculations for the complete kinematics and dynamic analysis of the shedding mechanism of the classical powerloom is presented. Shedding is one of the important processes used in weaving technology of textile machineries. Most of the powerlooms of India uses staubli’s M5 module for shedding. These modules are activated through the traditional slider-crank mechanism. The source energy for these modules is through electric motor coupled with clutch and resulting output is shedding action of warp threads of cloth. Objective of this work is to address the kinematics and Dynamics simulation of linkage assembly of shedding mechanism of textile machinery considering all the links of the model as rigid one. Also this paper examines the effect of dynamic forces on various joints of conventional kinematic model. Subsequently the optimisation of mechanism is carried out by varying the design factor ratio of the slider crank mechanism. Length of connecting rod to radius of the crank shaft has been taken into account for defining design factor ratio for the analysis. Altered varieties of models having various design factors are modeled using 3D modeling package Solidworks. Simulation test results and force analysis of these models were carried out using ADAMS. Being a single degree of freedom mechanism as defined by its crank angle, the spreadsheet program can be used to answer what - if? situation queries through tables and graphical plots to evaluate variations of key motion and loading parameters with changes in the design factor. Thus, it allows for the conduct of parameter studies in selecting optimum crank-and-connecting-rod linkage dimensions and speeds. Thus, this work provides an alternative solution and scope for further research in shedding mechanism’s simulation analysis.
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Kontsevaya, Stanislava, Lubos Smutka, Alexander Metlyahin und Alina Danilovska. „Trade Flow Estimation Between Russia and European Union Countries per Agricultural Commodity Group“. In Hradec Economic Days 2020, herausgegeben von Petra Maresova, Pavel Jedlicka, Krzysztof Firlej und Ivan Soukal. University of Hradec Kralove, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36689/uhk/hed/2020-01-040.
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Karaalp Orhan, Hacer Simay. „Competitiveness of Turkey in Eurasia: A Comparison with CIS Countries“. In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00210.
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The main aim of this paper is to examine international competitiveness of Turkey both in world market and CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) in comparison with Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and to determine the value of trade between Turkey and CIS countries. The Revealed Comparative Advantage, Grubel-Lloyd (IIT) and Trade Intensity indices were calculated for sixteen commodity groups over the period 1996–2008 by using WTO data. The results suggest that Turkey is more competitive in CIS market and has comparative advantage in various products. Turkey has comparative advantage not only in agricultural products, food, manufactures, automotive products, textile and clothing as the world market but also in chemicals, pharmaceuticals, machinery-transport equipment, office-telecom equipment and telecommunications vis-à-vis CIS countries. CIS countries exhibit similar comparative advantages in the world market. CIS countries have comparative advantage particularly in fuels and mining products, agricultural products, food, iron and steel but in a decreasing trend. The IIT results indicate that while Turkey approaches intra-industry specialization in agricultural products, food and textile but also manufacture products such as iron and steel, telecommunications equipment, machinery-transport and automotive products. CIS countries’ economy indicates increasing intra-industry trade in agriculture products, food manufactures, iron and steel. It is found that there is an intense relationship between Turkey and CIS countries except Belarus. Bilateral trade flow between Turkey and Azerbaijan, Kyrgyz Republic and the Georgia is extremely larger than these countries’ importance in world trade.
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Kiforenko, Oksana. „Effective Public Administration of Agro-exports in Disruptive Times – The Way to Make Rural Territories Sustainable“. In 8th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2022.9.
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Effective public administration is a key prerequisite for the suc- cessful functioning of any sphere of social functioning. Ukraine takes the leading place in the production and exporting of many agricultural items. In the research, special attention is paid to the sustainable development of Ukraine’s rural territories due to the extreme importance of agriculture ei- ther for the country’s own population or for its trading partners. The data analysed in the article were taken from the official web page of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. While analysing the agro–exports of Ukraine, “agro” denotes the commodity from the groups I—IV of the Ukrain- ian Classification of Commodities in Foreign Trade. The timeframe under analysis is nine years – from 2012 to 2020 included. The appropriate statis- tical software and tools as well as tabular and visualization methods were used to conduct the research and present its results in the article. The research and its results will be interesting and useful for public administration officials, companies’ managers engaged in agriculture and international trade, decision makers, academic community representatives as well as beginners and experienced data analysts.
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Yotzov, Victor. „Is an Export-Led Growth Sustainable for Bulgaria?“ In 8th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2022.17.
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Effective public administration is a key prerequisite for the suc- cessful functioning of any sphere of social functioning. Ukraine takes the leading place in the production and exporting of many agricultural items. In the research, special attention is paid to the sustainable development of Ukraine’s rural territories due to the extreme importance of agriculture ei- ther for the country’s own population or for its trading partners. The data analysed in the article were taken from the official web page of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. While analysing the agro–exports of Ukraine, “agro” denotes the commodity from the groups I—IV of the Ukrain- ian Classification of Commodities in Foreign Trade. The timeframe under analysis is nine years – from 2012 to 2020 included. The appropriate statis- tical software and tools as well as tabular and visualization methods were used to conduct the research and present its results in the article. The research and its results will be interesting and useful for public administration officials, companies’ managers engaged in agriculture and international trade, decision makers, academic community representatives as well as beginners and experienced data analysts.
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Belete, Nícolas Alessandro de Souza, Everton Castelão Tetila, Gilberto Astolfi und Hemerson Pistori. „Classification of weed in soybean crops using unmanned aerial vehicle images“. In XV Workshop de Visão Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wvc.2019.7639.
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Soybeans have been Brazil's main agricultural commodity, contributing substantially to the country's trade balance. However, their production and productivity costs are affected by weeds, diseases and pests. This paper proposes a computer vision system to monitor weeds in soybean fields using images captured by a UAV. The proposed system adopts the SLIC superpixels segmentation method to detect the plants in the images and visual attributes to describe the characteristics of the physical properties of the leaf, such as color, gradient, texture and shape. Our methodology evaluated the performance of three classifiers (kNN, Randon Forest and SVM) for images captured at a height of 3 meters. The best results were obtained by the SVM classification algorithm with accuracy of 91.34%. However, the results do not yet indicate that our approach can support experts and farmers in weed monitoring in soybean crops, requiring more images and experiments.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Indian Agricultural Commodity Trade"
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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. A quantitative analysis of trade policy responses to higher world agricultural commodity prices. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896292499_11.
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Adams, Kevin, Magnus Benzie, Simon Croft und Sebastian Sadowski. Climate Change, Trade, and Global Food Security: A Global Assessment of Transboundary Climate Risks in Agricultural Commodity Flows. Stockholm Environment Institute, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.009.
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Hertel, Thomas, Roman Keeney, Maros Ivanic und Alan Winters. Distributional Effects of WTO Agricultural Reforms in Rich and Poor Countries. GTAP Working Paper, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp33.
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Rich countries’ agricultural trade policies are the battleground on which the future of the WTO’s troubled Doha Round will be determined. Subject to widespread criticism, they nonetheless appear to be almost immune to serious reform, and one of their most common defenses is that they protect poor farmers. Our findings reject this claim. The analysis conducted here uses detailed data on farm incomes to show that major commodity programs are highly regressive in the USA, and that the only serious losses under trade reform are among large, wealthy, farmers in a few heavily protected subsectors. In contrast, analysis using household data from fifteen developing countries indicates that reforming rich countries’ agricultural trade policies would lift large numbers of developing country farm households out of poverty. In the majority of cases these gains are not outweighed by the poverty-increasing effects of higher food prices among other households. Agricultural reforms that appear feasible, even under an ambitious Doha Round, achieve only a fraction of the benefits for developing countries that full liberalization promises, but protects US large farms from most of the rigors of adjustment. Finally, the analysis conducted here indicates that maximal trade-led poverty reductions occur when developing countries participate more fully in agricultural trade liberalization.
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Birur, Dileep, Thomas Hertel und Wally Tyner. Impact of Biofuel Production on World Agricultural Markets: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis. GTAP Working Paper, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp53.
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This paper introduces biofuels sectors as energy inputs into the GTAP data base and to the production and consumption structures of the GTAP-Energy model developed by Burniaux and Truong (2002), and further modified by McDougall and Golub (2008). We also incorporate Agro-ecological Zones (AEZs) for each of the land using sectors in line with Lee et al. (2005). The GTAP-E model with biofuels and AEZs offers a useful framework for analyzing the growing importance of biofuels for global changes in crop production, utilization, commodity prices, factor use, trade, land use change etc. We begin by validating the model over the 2001-2006 period. We focus on six main drivers of the biofuel boom: the hike in crude oil prices, replacement of MTBE by ethanol as a gasoline additive in the US, and subsidies for ethanol and biodiesel in the US and EU. Using this historical simulation, we calibrate the key elasticities of energy substitution between biofuels and petroleum products in each region. With these parameter settings in place, the model does a reasonably good job of predicting the share of feedstock in biofuels and related sectors in accordance with the historical evidence between 2001 and 2006 in the three major biofuel producing regions: US, EU, and Brazil. The results from the historical simulation reveal an increased production of feedstock with the replacement of acreage under other agricultural crops. As expected, the trade balance in oil sector improves for all the oil exporting regions, but it deteriorates at the aggregate for the agricultural sectors.
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Hertel, Thomas, Maros Ivanic, Paul Preckel und John Cranfield. Trade Liberalization and the Structure of Poverty in Developing Countries. GTAP Working Paper, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp25.
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“Globalization increases poverty” is a common assertion made by critics of globalization. The proliferation of low-wage jobs and higher food prices are some of the arguments brought forward in support of this argument. One of the hallmarks of globalization is the systematic dismantling of barriers to trade. Advocates of trade liberalization – particularly industrialized country agriculture reform – argue that the ensuing rise in world prices for agriculture products will boost rural incomes, thereby reducing poverty in the poorest countries, where the bulk of world poverty resides. Who is right? The goal of this paper is take a systematic look at the structure of poverty across a range of developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, and explore how national poverty rates in some of the poorest countries in the world are likely to be affected by global trade liberalization. Our analysis of the structure of poverty is based on national household surveys from 14 developing countries. While we consider both spending and earnings effects of trade liberalization, it is argued that the earnings effects will generally be the dominant factor. This is particularly true in the short run for households that are highly specialized in their earnings patterns. Consider the case of a self-employed farm household. Assuming that trade liberalization results in higher farm prices, we expect the short run effect on the returns to family labor and land to be positive, and somewhat larger in percentage terms (the so-called “magnification effect”). Furthermore, if this household is not employed off-farm, then the farm profitability effect translates directly into an income effect, and this is likely to be sufficient to lift some of the farm households out of poverty. Of course this same effect can work in reverse, with commodity price declines increasing poverty. This makes specialized households highly vulnerable to trade policy shocks. In addition to agriculture-specialized households, we focus on self-employed non-agriculture specialized households, households specialized in wage labor and those relying on transfer payments for 95% or more of their income. Together, these four types of specialized households account for an average of 56% of the poor in the 14 countries examined. Thus a majority of the poor have specialized earnings patterns and are likely to be disproportionately affected by trade liberalization. The same is not true of the non-poor, where a majority of the households are diversified, and are therefore less vulnerable to sector-specific commodity price changes. We also find that the poor are over-represented among the agriculture-specialized households. With this background, we turn to an examination of the broad effects of multilateral trade liberalization on relative commodity prices and factor returns across the 14 countries in question. We distinguish between per capita effects – or the impact of trade liberalization on the “average” household in each country, and the effects on the poorest households. Our per capita results are quite similar to other studies of multilateral trade liberalization, with most countries gaining modestly, while a few gain substantially and a few lose due to the erosion of benefits from existing preferences. Some argue that this “rising tide will lift all boats” and so the positive per capita gains from trade liberalization will reduce poverty. However, we show that the short run impact of trade liberalization on different household groups is quite varied, and not always positive. First of all, global trade liberalization tends to raise food prices – particularly for staples, relative to non-food prices. This is true in all but 2 of the countries in our sample. This food price hike has an adverse effect on the poor, relative to the per capita household, since they spend a disproportionate share of their income on food. Also, the short run earnings impacts are quite varied, with agricultural profits rising relative to per capita income in 11 of the 14 countries, while relative non-agricultural profits and wages fall in many of these countries. Thus the overall impact on poverty depends on the structure of poverty in each country – hence our emphasis on this topic. We proceed to systematically explore the impact of trade liberalization on poverty utilizing a recently developed analytical framework that combines the detailed household survey data with a global economic model in order to measure the poverty impacts of trade liberalization on the five different household strata in each country. Each of the first four strata corresponds to one of the groups of earnings-specialized households, while the fifth encompasses the diversified households in each country. We conduct our analysis at the level of one hundred income percentiles, ranging from poorest to richest in each stratum. In this way, we uncover the differential impact of trade liberalization, by country, stratum and by income level. We also calculate the change in poverty rates, both at the stratum and national levels. Our findings emphasize the differential short run poverty impacts of multilateral trade liberalization on poverty across countries, across strata, and within strata, thereby highlighting the links between the structure of poverty and the national impacts of trade liberalization.
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Valdes, Constanza, Jeffrey Gillespie und Erik N. Dohlman. Soybean production, marketing costs, and export competitiveness in Brazil and the United States. [Washington, D.C.]: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Dezember 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2023.8142532.ers.
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The production of soybeans, the fourth leading crop produced globally, is projected to reach a record level in marketing year (MY) 2023/24. Combined, soybeans and their derivatives--soybean meal and soybean oil--are the most traded agricultural commodity, accounting for nearly 9 percent of the total value of global agricultural trade. Brazil is now the world's largest soybean producer and exporter, while the United States and Brazil jointly supplied nearly 90 percent of soybean exports to the world in MY 2021/22. Soybeans stand out as a crucial crop in the expansion of Brazil's farm sector and the country's ascent as a top global supplier of agricultural products. This report focuses on the export competitiveness for soybeans in Brazil and in the United States over the MY 2017/18--2021/22 periods, by comparing farm-level production costs, producer returns, the cost of internal transportation, and the cost of shipping to a common export destination. With soybean production in Brazil expected to reach a record high in MY 2023/24, a depreciating Brazilian currency, and the country's exporting capabilities expecting a boost (from expanding transportation infrastructure), changes in the competitiveness of Brazil will have important implications for U.S. and international agricultural markets.
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Chepeliev, Maksym. Incorporating Nutritional Accounts in the GTAP Data Base. GTAP Working Paper, Oktober 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp90.
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In this paper, we develop an approach towards incorporation of nutritional accounts for the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) Data Base. We rely on the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) food balance sheets data and nutritive indicators to estimate nutritional content of primary commodities and derived commodities represented in primary equivalent within the food balance sheets. Calories, fats, proteins and carbohydrates are estimated and reported. We further identify use categories that account for food, feed, seed, losses and other uses. In terms of food supply, we identify GTAP Data Base primary commodity sectors, food processing sectors and service sectors that supply food. To redistribute nutritional data according to GTAP Data Base sectors, we calculate Leontief inverses, operating only over those sectors (and uses) that supply food. Trade in both primary and processed commodities is taken into account. The approach is applied to all four GTAP 10 Data Base reference years and can be replicated in a dynamic modelling framework for each simulated year (time step).
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Safeguarding through science: Center for Plant Health Science and Technology 2009 Accomplishments. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Februar 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7296843.aphis.
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The Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST) provides scientific support for the regulatory decisions and operations of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service’s (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) program in order to safeguard U.S. agriculture and natural resources. CPHST is responsible for ensuring that PPQ has the information, tools, and technology to make the most scientifically valid regulatory and policy decisions possible. In addition, CPHST ensures that PPQ’s operations have the most scientifically viable and practical tools for pest exclusion, detection, and management. This 2009 CPHST Annual Report is intended to offer an in-depth look at the status of our programs and the progress CPHST has made toward the Center’s long-term strategic goals. CPHST's work is organized into six National Science Programs: Agricultural Quarantine Inspection and Port Technology; Risk and Pathway Analysis; Domestic Surveillance, Detection, and Identification; Emergency Response; Response and Recovery Systems Technology - Arthropods; and Response and Recovery Systems Technology - Plant Pathogens and Weeds. the scientists of CPHST provide leadership and expertise in a wide range of fields, including risk assessments that support trade, commodity quarantine treatments, pest survey and detection methods, molecular diagnostics, biological control techniques, integrated pest management, and mass rearing of insects. Some highlights of significant CPHST efforts in 2009 include: Establishment of the National Ornamentals Research Site at Dominican University of California, Established LBAM Integrated Pest Management and Survey Methods, Continue to develop Citrus Greening/Huanglongbing Management Tools, and further European Grapevine Moth (EGVM) Response.
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Monetary Policy Report - April 2022. Banco de la República, Juni 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr2-2022.
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Macroeconomic summary Annual inflation continued to rise in the first quarter (8.5%) and again outpaced both market expectations and the technical staff’s projections. Inflation in major consumer price index (CPI) baskets has accelerated year-to-date, rising in March at an annual rate above 3%. Food prices (25.4%) continued to contribute most to rising inflation, mainly affected by a deterioration in external supply and rising costs of agricultural inputs. Increases in transportation prices and in some utility rates (energy and gas) can explain the acceleration in regulated items prices (8.3%). For its part, the increase in inflation excluding food and regulated items (4.5%) would be the result of shocks in supply and external costs that have been more persistent than expected, the effects of indexation, accumulated inflationary pressures from the exchange rate, and a faster-than-anticipated tightening of excess productive capacity. Within the basket excluding food and regulated items, external inflationary pressures have meaningfully impacted on goods prices (6.4%), which have been accelerating since the last quarter of 2021. Annual growth in services prices (3.8%) above the target rate is due primarily to food away from home (14.1%), which was affected by significant increases in food and utilities prices and by a rise in the legal monthly minimum wage. Housing rentals and other services prices also increased, though at rates below 3%. Forecast and expected inflation have increased and remain above the target rate, partly due to external pressures (prices and costs) that have been more persistent than projected in the January report (Graphs 1.1 and 1.2). Russia’s invasion of Ukraine accentuated inflationary pressures, particularly on international prices for certain agricultural goods and inputs, energy, and oil. The current inflation projection assumes international food prices will increase through the middle of this year, then remain high and relatively stable for the remainder of 2022. Recovery in the perishable food supply is forecast to be less dynamic than previously anticipated due to high agricultural input prices. Oil prices should begin to recede starting in the second half of the year, but from higher levels than those presented in the previous report. Given the above, higher forecast inflation could accentuate indexation effects and increase inflation expectations. The reversion of a rebate on value-added tax (VAT) applied to cleaning and hygiene products, alongside the end of Colombia’s COVID-19 health emergency, could increase the prices of those goods. The elimination of excess productive capacity on the forecast horizon, with an output gap close to zero and somewhat higher than projected in January, is another factor to consider. As a consequence, annual inflation is expected to remain at high levels through June. Inflation should then decline, though at a slower pace than projected in the previous report. The adjustment process of the monetary policy rate wouldcontribute to pushing inflation and its expectations toward the target on the forecast horizon. Year-end inflation for 2022 is expected to be around 7.1%, declining to 4.8% in 2023. Economic activity again outperformed expectations. The technical staff’s growth forecast for 2022 has been revised upward from 4.3% to 5% (Graph 1.3). Output increased more than expected in annual terms in the fourth quarter of 2021 (10.7%), driven by domestic demand that came primarily because of private consumption above pre-pandemic levels. Investment also registered a significant recovery without returning to 2019 levels and with mixed performance by component. The trade deficit increased, with significant growth in imports similar to that for exports. The economic tracking indicator (ISE) for January and February suggested that firstquarter output would be higher than previously expected and that the positive demand shock observed at the end of 2021 could be fading slower than anticipated. Imports in consumer goods, retail sales figures, real restaurant and hotel income, and credit card purchases suggest that household spending continues to be dynamic, with levels similar to those registered at the end of 2021. Project launch and housing starts figures and capital goods import data suggest that investment also continues to recover but would remain below pre-pandemic levels. Consumption growth is expected to decelerate over the year from high levels reached over the last two quarters. This would come amid tighter domestic and external financial conditions, the exhaustion of suppressed demand, and a deterioration of available household income due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue to recover, while the trade deficit should tighten alongside high oil and other export commodity prices. Given all of the above, first-quarter economic growth is now expected to be 7.2% (previously 5.2%) and 5.0% for 2022 as a whole (previously 4.3%). Output growth would continue to moderate in 2023 (2.9%, previously 3.1%), converging similar to long-term rates. The technical staff’s revised projections suggest that the output gap would remain at levels close to zero on the forecast horizon but be tighter than forecast in January (Graph 1.4). These estimates continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with geopolitical tensions, external financial conditions, Colombia’s electoral cycle, and the COVID-19 pandemic. External demand is now projected to grow at a slower pace than previously expected amid increased global inflationary pressures, high oil prices, and tighter international financial conditions than forecast in January. The Russian invasion of Ukraine and its inflationary effects on prices for oil and certain agricultural goods and inputs accentuated existing global inflationary pressures originating in supply restrictions and increased international costs. A decline in the supply of Russian oil, low inventory levels, and continued production limits on behalf of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and its allies (OPEC+) can explain increased projected oil prices for 2022 (USD 100.8/barrel, previously USD 75.3) and 2023 (USD 86.8/barrel, previously USD 71.2). The forecast trajectory for the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) interest rate has increased for this and next year to reflect higher real and expected inflation and positive performance in the labormarket and economic activity. The normalization of monetary policy in various developed and emerging market economies, more persistent supply and cost shocks, and outbreaks of COVID-19 in some Asian countries contributed to a reduction in the average growth outlook for Colombia’s trade partners for 2022 (2.8%, previously 3.3%) and 2023 (2.4%, previously 2.6%). In this context, the projected path for Colombia’s risk premium increased, partly due to increased geopolitical global tensions, less expansionary monetary policy in the United States, an increase in perceived risk for emerging markets, and domestic factors such as accumulated macroeconomic imbalances and political uncertainty. Given all the above, external financial conditions are tighter than projected in January report. External forecasts and their impact on Colombia’s macroeconomic scenario continue to be affected by considerable uncertainty, given the unpredictability of both the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the pandemic. The current macroeconomic scenario, characterized by high real inflation levels, forecast and expected inflation above 3%, and an output gap close to zero, suggests an increased risk of inflation expectations becoming unanchored. This scenario offers very limited space for expansionary monetary policy. Domestic demand has been more dynamic than projected in the January report and excess productive capacity would have tightened more quickly than anticipated. Headline and core inflation rose above expectations, reflecting more persistent and important external shocks on supply and costs. The Russian invasion of Ukraine accentuated supply restrictions and pressures on international costs. This partly explains the increase in the inflation forecast trajectory to levels above the target in the next two years. Inflation expectations increased again and are above 3%. All of this increased the risk of inflation expectations becoming unanchored and could generate indexation effects that move inflation still further from the target rate. This macroeconomic context also implies reduced space for expansionary monetary policy. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) continues to adjust its monetary policy. In its meetings both in March and April of 2022, it decided by majority to increase the monetary policy rate by 100 basis points, bringing it to 6.0% (Graph 1.5).