Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „India`s federal system“

“What distinguishes the American Indians from other native groups is . . . the nature of their relationship with a government which, while protecting their welfare and their rights, is committed to the principles of tribal self-government and the legal equality of races.”Felix S. Cohen, Chairman, Board of Appeals, United States Department of Interior (1942)“[T]he objective of Congress is to make the Indians self-supporting and into good individual American citizens . . . . You cannot have a good American citizen . . . unless you have a good citizen of the State.”United States Representative Antonio M. Fernández (D., New Mexico) (1949)“While all this red tape is being untangled, one in need dies without assistance.”David A. Johnson, Sr., Governor and Chairman of the Gila River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community (1949)These three quotations come from a period in modern American history often remembered for economic depression and war, but perhaps most remarkable for the accompanying changes in governance. Building on Progressive Era innovations, America's federal system became ever more “cooperative”— that is, marked by intricate federal-state personnel and revenue sharing. Meanwhile, Americans witnessed the steady expansion of central state authority. By the 1940s, neither the states nor the federal government enjoyed many areas of exclusive jurisdiction. The federal and state governments' relationships with their subjects were similarly in flux, and the stakes were high. As a result of New Deal social welfare programs, as well as numerous war-related measures, the benefits of state and national citizenship had expanded by the late 1940s. The burdens of citizenship had expanded, too, in the form of higher and broader taxation, compulsory military service, and more government oversight. The stage was set for fierce conflicts over the borders of the nation's political communities and the terms of belonging.

PRODUÇÃO E RESPOSTAS FISIOLÓGICAS DA MANGUEIRA CV. KEITT SOB DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO NO SUBMÉDIO DO SÃO FRANCISCO WELSON LIMA SIMÕES1; PEDRO PAULO BEZERRA FERREIRA2; MARIA APARECIDA DO CARMO MOUCO3; MARIA AUXILIADORA COELHO DE LIMA4; MIGUEL JULIO MACHADO GUIMARÃES5 E JOSÉ ALIÇANDRO BEZERRA DA SILVA6 1 Embrapa Semiárido, rodovia BR-428, Km 152, s/n, Zona Rural, EMBRAPA, Petrolina, PE, CEP 56302-970. E-mail: welson.simoes@embrapa.br2 Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, UNIVASF, Juazeiro, BA, CEP 48.902-300. E-mail: pedro_k77@hotmail.com3 Embrapa Semiárido, rodovia BR-428, Km 152, s/n, Zona Rural, EMBRAPA, Petrolina, PE, CEP 56302-970. E-mail: maria.mouco@embrapa.br4 Embrapa Semiárido, rodovia BR-428, Km 152, s/n, Zona Rural, EMBRAPA, Petrolina, PE, CEP 56302-970. E-mail: auxiliadora.lima@embrapa.br5 Engenharia Agrícola - Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, UFRPE, Recife, PE, CEP 52171-900. E-mail: mjmguimaraes@hotmail.com6 Departamento de fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, UNIVASF, Juazeiro, BA, CEP 48.902-300. E-mail: jose.alicandro@univasf.edu.br 1 RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de quatro arranjos de sistemas de irrigação sobre a fisiologia, a produtividade e a qualidade pós-colheita dos frutos da mangueira (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Keitt, no Submédio do Vale São Francisco. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com 04 tratamentos e 05 repetições, durante dois ciclos de cultivo. Os tratamentos foram: T1 – Um microaspersor sob copa; T2 – Um microaspersor entre plantas; T3 – Duas linhas laterais de gotejadores por fileira de planta; e T4 – Uma faixa de gotejo em formato de anel ou espiral (rabo de porco) ao redor da planta. Foram avaliadas: as respostas fisiológicas das plantas (fotossíntese líquida, condutância estomática, transpiração e temperatura foliar); o peso médio dos frutos; a produtividade; a quantidade de frutos por planta; e a qualidade dos frutos: volume, densidade, firmeza da polpa, teor de sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável. O sistema de irrigação por gotejamento é o mais indicado para o cultivo da mangueira cv. Keitt no Submédio do Vale do São Francisco, por interferir positivamente na fisiologia e na produtividade da planta e no número e firmeza dos frutos. Palavras-chave: fotossíntese, produtividade, qualidade de fruto SIMÕES, W. L.; FERREIRA, P. P. B.; MOUCO, M. A. do C.; LIMA, M. A. C.; GUIMARÃES, M. J. M.; SILVA, J. A. B. da.PRODUCTION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF MANGO CV. KEITT UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN SÃO FRANCISCO RIVER’S LOWER MIDDLE 2 ABSTRACT In order to assess the effect of four irrigation systems on post-harvest physiology, productivity and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Keitt fruits, in São Francisco river’s lower middle, an experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 04 treatments and 05 repetitions for two crop cycles. The treatments were: T1 - One micro-sprinkler under plant; T2 – One micro-sprinkler between plants; T3 - Two lines of drippers per plant; and T4 - One line of drippers around the plant. The physiological characteristics of plants (net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and leaf temperature); the average weigh of fruits; productivity; amounts of fruits per plant; and fruit quality (volume, density, pulp firmness, content of soluble solids, and titratable acidity) were assessed. It was found that the drip irrigation system is best suited for the cultivation of mango cv. Keitt in São Francisco river lower middle, for positively affecting the plant physiology and productivity and the number firmness of fruits. Keywords: photosynthesis, productivity, fruit quality

<p>O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade de insetos em área de policultivo e monocultivo agroecológico de frutíferas no município de Ipanguaçu, Rio Grande do Norte. O levantamento foi realizado na fazenda escola do Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), <em>Campus</em> Ipanguaçu, no período de junho à agosto de 2012, em duas áreas distintas (0,8 ha cada): Área 1 (5°32'14.86"S e 36°52'19.81"W) - Pomar agroecológico (policultivo com goiaba, acerola, graviola, limão, manga e banana) e Área 2 (5°32'1.55"S 36°53'2.21"W) - monocultivo agroecológico de banana. Foram identificadas ao final do levantamento nove ordens na área de policultivo agroecológico de frutíferas: Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Blattodea, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata e Dermaptera e quatro na área com monocultivo agroecológico de banana: Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera e Orthoptera. O resultado obtido no presente trabalho indica que, mesmo sob o mesmo sistema de manejo, em áreas cultivadas com mais de uma espécie frutífera ocorre à presença de uma maior diversidade de insetos. </p><p align="center"><strong><em>Primary inventory of entomofauna in polyculture and monoculture fruit trees areas in municipality of Ipanguaçu, RN</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> This study aimed to evaluate the insect diversity in polyculture and monoculture agroecological of fruit trees in municipality of Ipanguaçu, Rio Grande do Norte. The survey was carried out at the experimental farm of the Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Norte, <em>Campus</em> Ipanguaçu, in period from June to August 2012, in two distinct areas (0.8 ha each): Area 1 (5°32'14.86"S e 36°52'19.81"W) - Agroecological orchard (polyculture with guava, acerola, graviola, lemon, mango and banana) and 2 (5°32'1.55"S 36°53'2.21"W) – Banana’s agroecological monoculture. At the end of the survey, nine orders were identified in area of fruit trees’s agroecological polyculture: Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Blattodea, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata e Dermaptera e quatro na área com monocultivo agroecológico de banana: Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera e Orthoptera. The results obtained in the present study indicate that even under the same management system, in areas cultivated with more than one fruit species, the presence of a greater diversity of insects occurs.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>

SISTEMA WEB DE MANEJO DA IRRIGAÇÃO – SISMI EDUARDO DE PIERI PRANDO[1]; LUIZ SERGIO VANZELA2; KARLA NASCIMENTO SENA3 E GUILHERME MORAIS4 [1]Mestre, Professor Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo - IFSP, Votuporanga/SP, Email: eduardoprando@yahoo.com.br.2 Doutor, Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco - UNICASTELO, Fernandópolis/SP, Email: lsvanzela@yahoo.com.br.3 Mestranda, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" Ilha Solteira/SP, Email: karlla_senna@hotmail.com.4 Mestre, Professor Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo - IFSP, Votuporanga/SP, Email: morais_guilherme@yahoo.com.br. 1 RESUMO Como os atuais métodos de manejo da irrigação são de difícil aplicação e custo relativamente elevado para irrigantes de baixa renda, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um aplicativo de baixo custo denominado SISMI (Sistema Web de Manejo da Irrigação), para o controle da água pelo manejo da irrigação.A plataforma foi desenvolvidautilizando a IDE NetBeans com o módulo da linguagem PHP, adaptada para computadores e celulares.O aplicativo SISMI indica o momentoe calcula o tempo de irrigação de acordo com uma adaptação da metodologia do balanço hídrico para o controle da irrigação, tanto para sistemas de irrigação por aspersão quanto para localizada. Para isso, são utilizados dados do clima (temperatura máxima e mínima, e precipitação), dados do tipo de solo da área (textura ou capacidade média de água disponível), dados da planta (espécie, fase de desenvolvimento, fator de disponibilidade de água no solo e profundidade efetiva do sistema radicular) e do sistema de irrigação (método de irrigação, eficiência de aplicação, vazão do emissor e espaçamento). O aplicativo (disponível em http://www.sismmi.com.br/), proporciona aos usuários uma ferramenta capaz de auxiliá-los no controle da aplicação de água pelo manejo da irrigação via atmosfera, de forma simples, de baixo custo e confiável, com aumento da eficiência do uso da água e energia na irrigação. Palavras-chave: recursos hídricos,evapotranspiração, irrigação por aspersão, irrigação localizada. PRANDOE. P.; VANZELAL. S.; SENA K. N.; MORAIS G.SYSTEM WEB FOR MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION - SISMI 2 ABSTRACT As the current water management methods are difficult to apply and relatively high cost for low-income irrigators, this study aimed to develop a low cost single application SISMI (Web Management System of Irrigation), for control water for irrigation management. The platform was developed using NetBeans IDE with the module of the PHP language, adapted to computers and mobile phones. The application SISMI indicates the time, and calculates the time of irrigation according to an adaptation of the method of water balance control for irrigation, both irrigation sprinkler systems and for localized. For this, climate data are used (maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation), soil type data area (texture or medium capacity available water), plant data (type, developmental stage, water availability factor in soil and effective depth of the root system) and irrigation system (irrigation method, application efficiency, emitter flow and spacing). The application (available in http://www.sismmi.com.br/), provides users with a tool to assist them in controlling the application of water for irrigation management in the atmosphere, so simple, inexpensive and reliable, with increased efficiency of water use and energy in irrigation. Keywords: drip irrigation, evapotranspiration, sprinkler irrigation, water resources.

Ambedkar was a multifaceted personality who made deep impression on the social-political-economic life of India of his times. Ambedkar provided valuable guidance on the socio-political-economic platform in colonial India and independent India as well; yet economists have generally ignored his contributions to India. In this context, this article examines his significant role in federal finance, which is an important branch of economics and makes an effort to understand and evaluate the process of its development and his contribution to it. He had played a major role in a newborn country like India. He had been one of the contributors to the Constitution of India and had contributed towards the development of the federal finance system in independent India. His main insistence on the federal finance system was for economic welfare of the people with the establishment of such an economic system from the local to centre levels, which could progressively raise their economic level without jeopardizing their interests.

The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed. References World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available at: https://covid19.who.int/ [Accessed on 23 August 2020] Sim K, Chua HC. The psychological impact of SARS: a matter of heart and mind. CMAJ. 2004; 170:811e2. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1032003. Wu P, Fang Y, Guan Z, Fan B, Kong J, Yao Z, et al. The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. Can J Psychiatr. 2009; 54:302e11. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400504. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020; 395:912e20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8. Robertson E, Hershenfield K, Grace SL, Stewart DE. The psychosocial effects of being quarantined following exposure to SARS: a qualitative study of Toronto health care workers. Can J Psychiatr. 2004; 49:403e7. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370404900612. Barbisch D, Koenig KL, Shih FY. Is there a case for quarantine? Perspectives from SARS to Ebola. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2015; 9:547e53. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.38. Jeong H, Yim HW, Song YJ, Ki M, Min JA, Cho J, et al. Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Epidemiol Health. 2016;38: e2016048. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016048. Liu X, Kakade M, Fuller CJ, Fan B, Fang Y, Kong J, et al. Depression after exposure to stressful events: lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic. Compr Psychiatr. 2012; 53:15e23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.02.003 Chadda RK, Deb KS. Indian family systems, collectivistic society and psychotherapy. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013;55: S299‑ https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5545.105555. Grover S, Sahoo S, Mehra A, Avasthi A, Tripathi A, Subramanyan A, et al. Psychological impact of COVID‑19 lockdown: An online survey from India. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020; 62:354-62. https://doi.org/ 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry _427_20. Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Ann Behav Med. 2010; 40: 218–27. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12160-010-9210-8. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7. Bhandari S, Sharma R, Singh Shaktawat A, Banerjee S, Patel B, Tak A, et al. COVID-19 related mortality profile at a tertiary care centre: a descriptive study. Scr Med. 2020;51(2):69-73. https://doi.org/10.5937/scriptamed51-27126. Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychol Bull. 1995; 117: 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497. Caspi A, Harrington H, Moffitt TE, Milne BJ, Poulton R. Socially isolated children 20 years later: risk of cardiovascular disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006; 160(8):805-11. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.8.805. Eaker ED, Pinsky J, Castelli WP. Myocardial infarction and coronary death among women: psychosocial predictors from a 20-year follow-up of women in the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1992; 135(8):854-64. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116381. Luo Y, Hawkley LC, Waite LJ, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: a national longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med. 2012 Mar; 74(6):907-14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2011.11.028. Olsen RB, Olsen J, Gunner-Svensson F, Waldstrøm B. Social networks and longevity. A 14-year follow-up study among elderly in Denmark. Soc Sci Med. 1991; 33(10):1189-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90235-5. Patterson AC, Veenstra G. Loneliness and risk of mortality: a longitudinal investigation in Alameda County, California. Soc Sci Med. 2010; 71(1):181-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.024. Savikko N, Routassalo P, Tilvis RS, Strandberg TE, Pitkalla KH. Predictors and subjective causes of loneliness in an aged population. Arch Gerontol Geriatrics. 2005; 41:3;223-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2005.03.002. Health Advisory for Elderly Population of India during COVID19. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/AdvisoryforElderlyPopulation.pdf [Accessed on 13 August 2020]. Dicks D, Myers R, Kling A. Uncus and amygdala lesions: effects on social behavior in the free-ranging rhesus monkey. Science. 1969; 165:69–71. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.165.3888.69. Kanai R, Bahrami B, Duchaine B, Janik A, Banissy MJ, Rees G. Brain structure links loneliness to social perception. Curr Biol. 2012; 22(20):1975-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.08.045. Bender AR, Daugherty A, Raz N. Vascular risk moderates associations between hippocampal subfield volumes and memory. J Cogn Neurosci. 2013; 25:1851–62. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00435. Raz N. Diabetes: brain, mind, insulin–what is normal and do we need to know? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011; 7:636–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2011.149. Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Naftali R, Andrew GW, Cohen NJ, McAuley E, et al. Aerobic fitness reduces brain tissue loss in aging humans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003; 58:176–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/58.2.m176. Maass A, Düzel S, Goerke M, Becke A, Sobieray U, Neumann K, et al. Vascular hippocampal plasticity after aerobic exercise in older adults. Mol Psychiatry. 2015; 20, 585–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2014.114. Wilson RS, Krueger KR, Arnold SE, Schneider JA, Kelly JF, Barnes LL, et al. Loneliness and Risk of Alzheimer Disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(2):234–240. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234. Kogan JH, Frankland PW, Silva AJ. Long-term memory underlying hippocampus-dependent social recognition in mice. Hippocampus. 2000;10(1):47-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-1063(2000)10:1%3C47::aid-hipo5%3E3.0.co;2-6. Yorgason JT, España RA, Konstantopoulos JK, Weiner JL, Jones SR. Enduring increases in anxiety-like behavior and rapid nucleus accumbens dopamine signaling in socially isolated rats. Eur J Neurosci. 2013;37(6):1022-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12113. Bledsoe AC, Oliver KM, Scholl JL, Forster GL. Anxiety states induced by post-weaning social isolation are mediated by CRF receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Brain Res Bull. 2011;85(3-4):117-22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresbull.2011.03.003. Lukkes JL, Engelman GH, Zelin NS, Hale MW, Lowry CA. Post-weaning social isolation of female rats, anxiety-related behavior, and serotonergic systems. Brain Res. 2012; 1443:1-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2012.01.005. Ago Y, Araki R, Tanaka T, Sasaga A, Nishiyama S, Takuma K, et al. Role of social encounter-induced activation of prefrontal serotonergic systems in the abnormal behaviors of isolation-reared mice. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013; 38(8):1535-47. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.52. Veenema AH. Early life stress, the development of aggression and neuroendocrine and neurobiological correlates: what can we learn from animal models? Front Neuroendocrinol. 2009;30(4):497-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.03.003. Zhao X, Sun L, Jia H, Meng Q, Wu S, Li N, et al. Isolation rearing induces social and emotional function abnormalities and alters glutamate and neurodevelopment-related gene expression in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33(7):1173-1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.06.016. Sciolino NR, Bortolato M, Eisenstein SA, Fu J, Oveisi F, Hohmann AG, et al. Social isolation and chronic handling alter endocannabinoid signaling and behavioral reactivity to context in adult rats. Neuroscience. 2010;168(2):371-86. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2010.04.007. Ghasemi M, Phillips C, Trillo L, De Miguel Z, Das D, Salehi A. The role of NMDA receptors in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014; 47:336-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.017. Olivenza R, Moro MA, Lizasoain I, Lorenzo P, Fernández AP, Rodrigo J, et al. Chronic stress induces the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat brain cortex. J Neurochem. 2000;74(2):785-791. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.740785.x. Maeng S, Zarate CA Jr, Du J, Schloesser RJ, McCammon J, Chen G, et al. Cellular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine: role of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63(4):349-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.028. Kalia LV, Kalia SK, Salter MW. NMDA receptors in clinical neurology: excitatory times ahead. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(8):742-755. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1474-4422(08)70165-0. Waxman EA, Lynch DR. N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Subtypes: Multiple Roles in Excitotoxicity and Neurological Disease. The Neuroscientist. 2005; 11(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858404269012. Hermes G, Li N, Duman C, Duman R. Post-weaning chronic social isolation produces profound behavioral dysregulation with decreases in prefrontal cortex synaptic-associated protein expression in female rats. Physiol Behav. 2011;104(2):354-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2010.12.019. Sestito RS, Trindade LB, de Souza RG, Kerbauy LN, Iyomasa MM, Rosa ML. Effect of isolation rearing on the expression of AMPA glutamate receptors in the hippocampal formation. J Psychopharmacol. 2011;25(12):1720-1729. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110385595. Toua C, Brand L, Möller M, Emsley RA, Harvey BH. The effects of sub-chronic clozapine and haloperidol administration on isolation rearing induced changes in frontal cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate and D1 receptor binding in rats. Neuroscience. 2010;165(2):492-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.10.039. Alò R, Avolio E, Mele M, Storino F, Canonaco A, Carelli A et al. Excitatory/inhibitory equilibrium of the central amygdala nucleus gates anti-depressive and anxiolytic states in the hamster. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2014; 118:79-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2014.01.007. St JP, Petkov VV. Changes in 5-HT1 receptors in different brain structures of rats with isolation syndrome. General pharmacology. 1990;21(2):223-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-3623(90)90905-2. Miachon S, Rochet T, Mathian B, Barbagli B, Claustrat B. Long-term isolation of Wistar rats alters brain monoamine turnover, blood corticosterone, and ACTH. Brain Res Bull. 1993;32(6):611-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(93)90162-5. Van den Berg CL, Van Ree JM, Spruijt BM, Kitchen I. Effects of juvenile isolation and morphine treatment on social interactions and opioid receptors in adult rats: behavioural and autoradiographic studies. Eur J Neurosci. 1999;11(9):3023-3032. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00717.x. Vanderschuren LJ, Stein EA, Wiegant VM, Van Ree JM. Social play alters regional brain opioid receptor binding in juvenile rats. Brain Res. 1995;680(1-2):148-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)00256-p. Moles A, Kieffer BL, D'Amato FR. Deficit in attachment behavior in mice lacking the mu-opioid receptor gene. Science. 2004;304(5679):1983-1986. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1095943. Panksepp J, Herman BH, Vilberg T, Bishop P, DeEskinazi FG. Endogenous opioids and social behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1980;4(4):473-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7634(80)90036-6. Gong JP, Onaivi ES, Ishiguro H, Liu Q, Tagliaferro PA, Brusco A, et al. Cannabinoid CB2 receptors: immunohistochemical localization in rat brain. Brain Res. 2006;1071(1):10-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.035. Breivogel CS, Sim-Selley LJ. Basic neuroanatomy and neuropharmacology of cannabinoids. Int Rev Psychiatry 2009; 21:2:113-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260902782760. Haj-Mirzaian A, Amini-Khoei H, Haj-Mirzaian A, Amiri S, Ghesmati M, Zahir M, et al. Activation of cannabinoid receptors elicits antidepressant-like effects in a mouse model of social isolation stress. Brain Res Bull. 2017; 130:200-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.01.018. Banach M, Piskorska B, Czuczwar SJ, Borowicz KK. Nitric Oxide, Epileptic Seizures, and Action of Antiepileptic Drugs. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2011;10: 808. https://doi.org/10.2174/187152711798072347. Förstermann U, Sessa WC. Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(7):829-37, 837a-837d. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Feurheartj%2Fehr304. Hu Y, Wu D, Luo C, Zhu L, Zhang J, Wu H, et al. Hippocampal nitric oxide contributes to sex difference in affective behaviors. PNAS. 2012, 109 (35) 14224-14229. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1207461109. Khan MI, Ostadhadi S, Zolfaghari S, Mehr SE, Hassanzadeh G, Dehpour, A et al. The involvement of NMDA receptor/NO/cGMP pathway in the antidepressant like effects of baclofen in mouse force swimming test. Neuroscience Letters. 2016; 612:52-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.006. Matsumoto K, Puia G, Dong E, Pinna G. GABAA receptor neurotransmission dysfunction in a mouse model of social isolation-induced stress: Possible insights into a non-serotonergic mechanism of action of SSRIs in mood and anxiety disorders. Stress. 2007; 10:1:3-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890701200997. Zlatković J, Filipović D. Chronic social isolation induces NF-κB activation and upregulation of iNOS protein expression in rat prefrontal cortex. Neurochem Int. 2013;63(3):172-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2013.06.002. Haj-Mirzaian A, Amiri S, Kordjazy N, Momeny M, Razmi A, Balaei MR, et al. Lithium attenuated the depressant and anxiogenic effect of juvenile social stress through mitigating the negative impact of interlukin-1β and nitric oxide on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Neuroscience. 2016; 315:271-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.024. Larson HJ. The biggest pandemic risk? Viral misinformation. Nature 2018; 562:309. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-07034-4. Zarocostas J. How to fight an infodemic. Lancet 2020; 395:676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30461-X. World Health Organization, 2019. Ebola Virus Disease – Democratic Republic of the Congo. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: https://www.who.int/csr/don/28-november-2019-ebola-drc/en/ [Accessed on August 8, 2020] Times of India. Covid-19: doctors gone to collect samples attacked in Indore. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/covid-19-doctors-goneto- collect-samples-attacked-in-indore/videoshow/74942153.cms; 2020 [Accessed on August 8, 2020]. Withnall A. Coronavirus: why India has had to pass new law against attacks on healthcare workers. The Independent. April 23, 2020. Semple K. “Afraid to be a nurse”: health workers under attack. The New York Times. 2020 Apr 27. The Economist. Health workers become unexpected targets during COVID-19. The Economist. May 11, 2020. Turan B, Budhwani H, Fazeli PL, Browning WR, Raper JL, Mugavero MJ, et al. How does stigma affect people living with HIV? The mediating roles of internalized and anticipated HIV stigma in the effects of perceived community stigma on health and psychosocial outcomes. AIDS Behav. 2017; 21: 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1451-5. James PB, Wardle J, Steel A, Adams J. An assessment of Ebola-related stigma and its association with informal healthcare utilisation among Ebola survivors in Sierra Leone: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20: 182. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8279-7. Aljazeera, 2020. Iran: Over 700 Dead after Drinking Alcohol to Cure Coronavirus. Aljazeera. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/ news/2020/04/iran-700-dead-drinking-alcohol-cure-coronavirus200427163529629.html. (Accessed June 4, 2020) Delirrad M, Mohammadi AB, 2020. New methanol poisoning outbreaks in Iran following COVID-19 pandemic. Alcohol Alcohol. 55: 347–348. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agaa036. Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Zamani N, Kolahi A-A, McDonald R, Hovda KE. Double trouble: methanol outbreak in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran-a cross-sectional assessment. Crit Care. 2020; 24: 402. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03140-w. Soltaninejad K. Methanol Mass Poisoning Outbreak: A Consequence of COVID-19 Pandemic and Misleading Messages on Social Media. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2020;11(3):148-150. https://dx.doi.org/10.34172%2Fijoem.2020.1983. Islam MS, Sarkar T, Khan SH, Kamal AM, Hasan SMM, Kabir A, et al. COVID-19–Related Infodemic and Its Impact on Public Health: A Global Social Media Analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020; 00(0):1–9. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0812. Hawryluck L, Gold W, Robinson S, Pogorski S, Galea S, Styra R. SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1206–1212. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1007.030703. Lee S, Chan LYY, Chau AAM, Kwok KPS, Kleinman A. The experience of SARS-related stigma at Amoy Gardens. Soc Sci Med. 2005; 61(9): 2038-2046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.010. Yoon MK Kim SY Ko HS Lee MS. System effectiveness of detection, brief intervention and refer to treatment for the people with post-traumatic emotional distress by MERS: a case report of community-based proactive intervention in South Korea. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2016; 10: 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-016-0083-5. Reynolds DL, Garay JR, Deamond SL, Moran MK, Gold W, Styra R. Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience. Epidemiol Infect. 2008; 136: 997-1007. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0950268807009156. Marjanovic Z, Greenglass ER, Coffey S. The relevance of psychosocial variables and working conditions in predicting nurses' coping strategies during the SARS crisis: an online questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2007; 44(6): 991-998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.02.012. Bai Y, Lin C-C, Lin C-Y, Chen J-Y, Chue C-M, Chou P. Survey of stress reactions among health care workers involved with the SARS outbreak. Psychiatr Serv. 2004; 55: 1055-1057. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.9.1055. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/Guidelinesforhomequarantine.pdf [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/RevisedguidelinesforHomeIsolationofverymildpresymptomaticCOVID19cases10May2020.pdf [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/AdvisoryformanagingHealthcareworkersworkinginCOVIDandNonCOVIDareasofthehospital.pdf (Accessed on 25 August 2020). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/RevisedguidelinesforInternationalArrivals02082020.pdf [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Cost of the lockdown? Over 10% of GDP loss for 18 states. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cost-of-the-lockdown-over-10-of-gdp-loss-for-18-states/articleshow/76028826.cms [Accessed on 21 August 2020]. Jorda O, Singh SR, Taylor AM. Longer-Run Economic Consequences of Pandemics. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper. 2020-09. https://doi.org/10.24148/wp2020-09. Firdaus G. Mental well‑being of migrants in urban center of India: Analyzing the role of social environment. Indian J Psychiatry. 2017; 59:164‑ https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_272_15. National Crime Record Bureau. Annual Crime in India Report. New Delhi, India: Ministry of Home Affairs; 2018. 198 migrant workers killed in road accidents during lockdown: Report. Available at: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/198-migrant-workers-killed-in-road-accidents-during-lockdown-report/story-hTWzAWMYn0kyycKw1dyKqL.html [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y, Song Q, Chen D. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20:689-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30198-5. Dalton L, Rapa E, Stein A. Protecting the psychological health of through effective communication about COVID-19. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(5):346-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30097-3. Centre for Disease Control. Helping Children Cope with Emergencies. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/childrenindisasters/helping-children-cope.html [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Liu JJ, Bao Y, Huang X, Shi J, Lu L. Mental health considerations for children quarantined because of COVID-19. Lancet Child & Adolesc Health. 2020; 4(5):347-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30096-1. Sprang G, Silman M. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Parents and Youth After Health-Related Disasters. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2013;7(1):105-110. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2013.22. Rehman U, Shahnawaz MG, Khan NH, Kharshiing KD, Khursheed M, Gupta K, et al. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Indians in Times of Covid-19 Lockdown. Community Ment Health J. 2020:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00664-x. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 287:112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934. Wang C, Zhao H. The Impact of COVID-19 on Anxiety in Chinese University Students. Front Psychol. 2020; 11:1168. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2020.01168. Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, Chen M, Yang C, Yang BX, et al. The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psychiatry 2020;7(3): e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30047-x. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3(3): e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976. Lancee WJ, Maunder RG, Goldbloom DS, Coauthors for the Impact of SARS Study. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Toronto hospital workers one to two years after the SARS outbreak. Psychiatr Serv. 2008;59(1):91-95. https://dx.doi.org/10.1176%2Fps.2008.59.1.91. Tam CWC, Pang EPF, Lam LCW, Chiu HFK. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hongkong in 2003: Stress and psychological impact among frontline healthcare workers. Psychol Med. 2004;34 (7):1197-1204. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002247. Lee SM, Kang WS, Cho A-R, Kim T, Park JK. Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Compr Psychiatry. 2018; 87:123-127. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.comppsych.2018.10.003. Koh D, Meng KL, Chia SE, Ko SM, Qian F, Ng V, et al. Risk perception and impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on work and personal lives of healthcare workers in Singapore: What can we learn? Med Care. 2005;43(7):676-682. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000167181.36730.cc. Verma S, Mythily S, Chan YH, Deslypere JP, Teo EK, Chong SA. Post-SARS psychological morbidity and stigma among general practitioners and traditional Chinese medicine practitioners in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2004; 33(6):743e8. Yeung J, Gupta S. Doctors evicted from their homes in India as fear spreads amid coronavirus lockdown. CNN World. 2020. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/25/asia/india-coronavirus-doctors-discrimination-intl-hnk/index.html. [Accessed on 24 August 2020] Violence Against Women and Girls: the Shadow Pandemic. UN Women. 2020. May 3, 2020. Available at: https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/4/statement-ed-phumzile-violence-against-women-during-pandemic. [Accessed on 24 August 2020]. Gearhart S, Patron MP, Hammond TA, Goldberg DW, Klein A, Horney JA. The impact of natural disasters on domestic violence: an analysis of reports of simple assault in Florida (1999–2007). Violence Gend. 2018;5(2):87–92. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2017.0077. Sahoo S, Rani S, Parveen S, Pal Singh A, Mehra A, Chakrabarti S, et al. Self-harm and COVID-19 pandemic: An emerging concern – A report of 2 cases from India. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51:102104. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajp.2020.102104. Ghosh A, Khitiz MT, Pandiyan S, Roub F, Grover S. Multiple suicide attempts in an individual with opioid dependence: Unintended harm of lockdown during the COVID-19 outbreak? Indian J Psychiatry 2020; [In Press]. The Economic Times. 11 Coronavirus suspects flee from a hospital in Maharashtra. March 16 2020. Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/11-coronavirus-suspects-flee-from-a-hospital-in-maharashtra/videoshow/74644936.cms?from=mdr. [Accessed on 23 August 2020]. Xiang Y, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry 2020;(3):228–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8. Van Bortel T, Basnayake A, Wurie F, Jambai M, Koroma A, Muana A, et al. Psychosocial effects of an Ebola outbreak at individual, community and international levels. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94(3):210–214. https://dx.doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.15.158543. Kumar A, Nayar KR. COVID 19 and its mental health consequences. Journal of Mental Health. 2020; ahead of print:1-2. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2020.1757052. Gupta R, Grover S, Basu A, Krishnan V, Tripathi A, Subramanyam A, et al. Changes in sleep pattern and sleep quality during COVID-19 lockdown. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020; 62(4):370-8. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_523_20. Duan L, Zhu G. Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4): P300-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0. Dubey S, Biswas P, Ghosh R, Chatterjee S, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S et al. Psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020; 14(5): 779–788. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dsx.2020.05.035. Wright R. The world's largest coronavirus lockdown is having a dramatic impact on pollution in India. CNN World; 2020. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/31/asia/coronavirus-lockdown-impact-pollution-india-intl-hnk/index.html. [Accessed on 23 August 2020] Foster O. ‘Lockdown made me Realise What’s Important’: Meet the Families Reconnecting Remotely. The Guardian; 2020. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/keep-connected/2020/apr/23/lockdown-made-me-realise-whats-important-meet-the-families-reconnecting-remotely. (Accessed on 23 August 2020) Bilefsky D, Yeginsu C. Of ‘Covidivorces’ and ‘Coronababies’: Life During a Lockdown. N. Y. Times; 2020. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/world/coronavirus-lockdown-relationships.html [Accessed on 23 August 2020]

This article provides a new conceptual and empirical analysis of party system nationalization, based on four different measurements. Unlike previous nationalization studies, these measurements conceptualize party system nationalization on the basis of electoral performance in national (general or federal) and sub-national (state) elections. After introducing these measurements we apply them to 16 general and 351 state elections in India, the world’s largest democracy with strong sub-national governments. By incorporating state election results we are able to demonstrate that: (1) the pattern of denationalization in India has been more gradual than assumed in previous studies of party system nationalization; (2) denationalization in recent decades results less from dual voting (vote shifting between state and federal elections) than from the growing divergence among state party systems (in state and federal elections); (3) the 2014 general election result, although potentially transformative in the long run, provides more evidence of continuity than change in the short run.

Hindu-Muslim conflict and riots in India are enduring intergroup conflicts in south Asia, destabilizing the region for a long time. Despite having federal democracy and secular nationalism in the political system of India, the state and its various technology of power take sides with religious groups abetting the persecution of minority Muslims as religious or ethnic groups. Among the various ethnic groups and communities living in India, Muslims are among the most deprived communities in contemporary times. In the issue of minority conflict, a permanent solution in the federal system of government has become a dream. This paper analyses India’s divergent political systems and state ideology and its failure and success in respective cases to counter communal and ethnic violence. We argue that, rather than focusing on the weakness of the existing political systems of India, the common failure to adequate power sharing can better explain these conflicts and successive persecution of minority Muslims. Keywords: Minority, Conflict, India, Political System, Muslim, Community.

The concept of sustainable development attained prominence after the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held at Johannesburg in September, 2002. Earlier, the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), also known as Brundtland Commission Report (1987), named after its chairperson Gro Harlem Brundtland of Norway, had warned the global community on unwise use of natural resources for economic development. It defined sustainable development, “ the development that meets the need of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” The report highlighted the fundamental components of sustainable development, environment protection, economic growth and social equity. Much could not be done till September 2015, when 70th session of UN general assembly adopted 17 sustainable goals. These goals together constitute a blue print of development by the people and for the people conceived by active participation of UNESCO. Amongst these, five goals viz. good health and well- being, clean water and sanitation, decent work and economic growth, life below water and life on land, fall under the ambit of toxicology. National Toxicology Program (NTP) that was established by US Department of Health and Human Services in 1978 with its headquarters at National Institute of Environment Health Sciences, administers a unique collaboration between several federal agencies to develop new ways to test adverse effects of substances on human health. This program is known as Toxicology in 21st century (Tox- 21) (http://tox21.gov). The Tox21 collaboration was formalized in 2008 through a MOU between the National Institutes of Health, NTP, National Chemical Genomics Centre and the National Centre for Computation Toxicology. FDA joined Tox21 in 2010.The goal of Tox 21 is to research, develop, evaluate and translate innovative test methods that will better predict the effects of chemicals on human and environment health. The new focus areas include – development of expanded portfolio of alternative test systems to predict human toxicity, to address limitations of in vitro test systems, to curate the legacy of in-vivo testing, to establish confidence in in-vitro test systems. Excellent job has been done by Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast). Through robotic screening system housed at NCATS, toxicologists are screening 10.000 environmental chemicals for their potential to cause toxicity (www.ncats.nih.gov). Toxicology is also contributing to Planetary Health initiative launched by Lancet (2015). The European Union (EU) has introduced a regulation – Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) by legislation in 2007. Other programs that address the goal of good health and well being include, International Program on Chemical safety (IPCS), Inter-organization Program for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOSMC), Inter-government forum for Chemical Safety (IFCS),Health and Environment Linkage Initiative (HELI), Strategic Approach to International Chemical Management (SAICM) and Global Chemical Outlook. The next goal of clean water and sanitation is addressed by regulatory toxicology through Clean Water Act (1972; amended 1977, 1978, 1987), Safe Drinking Water act (1974, amended in 1977, 1986, 1996) and Water Quality Act of 1987. In India, Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974) addresses this issue. The sub-discipline of aquatic toxicology nicely embraces this particular goal of sustainable development. Decent work or safe work environment is directly associated with human health. Science of toxicology considers it under another sub-discipline, i.e., occupational health/ industrial health or hygiene. Agencies like Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA), American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and International Labour Organization (ILO) have enacted suitable laws/ regulations to safeguard human health. Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA, 1976) remains to be the most powerful act. In India, National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH), an ICMR institute located at Ahemdabad, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR) located at Lucknow and Factory Advice Service Labour Institute (FASLI) Mumbai, are contributing to sustainable development through their commitment to safe work environment. Universities in India and abroad do teach occupational toxicology, thus generating a good human resource to work for sustainable development. Next goal, i.e., life below water is covered by aquatic toxicology. This discipline by definition is the study of the effects of chemicals and other anthropogenic and natural materials on aquatic organisms and ecosystems. The concepts of eco-magnification or bio-magnification emerged from aquatic toxicology. A toxicologist understands that life below water is vulnerable to toxins. Famous episodes related to aquatic toxicology include acid rain, toxic oil syndrome and contamination of water bodies with pesticides, heavy metals, TCDD and phenols. Therefore, the powerful acts like Federal Insecticides Fungicides and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and TSCA have been enacted to deal with health issues raised by the presence of hazardous materials in water. Accidental release of hydrocarbons in sea and their effects on flora and fauna have been studied by toxicologists. Efforts are being made to restore ecosystems like Great Barrier Reefs. Sustainability of life on land is a big issue. It includes- animal toxicology, plant toxicology, wild life toxicology and veterinary toxicology. Eco-toxicological problems, soil contamination by chemicals, air pollution, solid waste pollution and bio hazards, fall under the scope toxicology. Clean Air Act (1970, amended in 1974, 1977, 1990 ) and Central Air Pollution Control and Prevention Act (1981), Wild Life Protection Act (1972) are available to safe guard life on land. The foregoing paragraphs establish a link between toxicology and sustainable development. It offers an opportunity to ponder that principles of environment management viz. environmental impact assessment (EIA), environmental auditing, Environmental Impact Assessment and risk assessment - need to be supplemented with toxicological assessment/ monitoring of exposure to chemical hazards ( Rana ,2018 , Everyman Science.,103,373-380).Quantitative concepts, i.e., NOEL, LOEL, PEI, BEI etc., need to be introduced in parameters that monitor sustainable development. Putting toxicological inputs into the selected goals of sustainable development will help in making our planet chemically safe. In other words, multiphase science of toxicology too, is a partner of other sciences that are working towards sustainable development. Efforts being made by Journal of Environment Biology in encouraging the activities related to sustainable development deserve profound appreciation. It is my proud privilege to describe, in brief, my association with Journal of Environmental Biology since its inception in 1980. I am a witness to its journey of 42 years and persistent growth. There were no computers at that time and publication of a journal was an ardous task. I have seen its Editor-in-chief Dr. R. C. Dalela devoting most of his time and energy to the regular publication of journal. With the increase in the reputation of journal, number of foreign contributors also increased and it succeeded in becoming an international journal. Today, it is very popular amongst Asian Environmental Biologists. Special issues on a particular theme were also published from time to time. It encouraged the young scientists by awarding them JEB Award every year. Dr. R. C. Dalela Oration Lectures were also organised under the aegis of this journal. It was enlisted as online journal in 1988 and continues to maintain the same status even today. Its h index today is 48. This all could be possible due to tremendous energy and efforts put by Dr. R. C. Dalela in this journal. I fondly cherish my association with Dr. R. C. Dalela, as his student and with JEB as a contributor, the member of its editorial board, research advisor and editor of special volume(s). My articles published in this journal achieved good citations. I must appreciate the present Editor of Journal, Dr. Sumati Gaumat and her publication team for their efforts in maintaining the standard of this journal. I wish it all success in coming years

Speaking at the Travancore legislative assembly on February 2, 1938, Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyar said: “The federation contemplated in the Government of India Act (1935) was founded on the recognition of the fundamental idea that the Ruler alone represents his state and that the Ruler is the government of the state.” Travancore was one of the oldest princely states in India, which antedated the British occupation and claimed a dynastic rule uninterrupted by any foreign or domestic powers. Its history of constitutional reforms and economic advancement enabled it to occupy a pivotal position in colonial India. As the Dewan (prime minister) of Travancore, Sir C.P. played a crucial role in the constitutional debates on the political form of postcolonial India, especially federation, in the last two decades of the British Empire in India. He argued that Indian states were inherently sovereign, and that the only locus of sovereignty in the states was their rulers. In doing so, he imagined a future Indian federation predicated on the idea of divisible sovereignty, which was given constitutional effect by the Government of India (GOI) Act (1935). Sir C.P.'s expositions on the sovereignty of the states and Travancore's constitutionalism offer analytical lenses to recuperate a history of imperial constitutionalism and the grand political project it enabled: Indian federation.

AbstractInteractions between ruling and opposition parties in India have long been sorely neglected by political analysts. This study finds clear contrasts between interactions at national and state levels in this federal system, and further, often marked variations across the 28 states – each of which has its own Westminster-style legislature. Government–opposition relations range from semi-civilized to caustic, although most cases are situated some at distance from those extremes. So, despite a recent confrontation in the Indian Parliament, there are no strong trends towards either deterioration or greater accommodation. This is a study in ambiguity.

AbstarctThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, detected first in China in December 2019, is now rapidly spreading across the world. India responded by drawing up National Containment Plan for COVID-19 that envisaged screening of people for COVID-19 for early detection of infection, providing community, primary health care-centered management for those with mild infection, tertiary care for those with severe infection, and health education to the population to reduce person-to-person transmission of infection. To minimize the spread of infection from other countries, all travelers were screened and quarantined; in the third week of March, India imposed ban on all international travel. To prevent person-to-person spread, congregation of people for commercial, educational, entertainment, sports, religious, and other social activities was banned. To minimize intracity, interstate, and urban rural spread, India imposed nationwide lockdown on 25th March 2020. The lockdown flattened the epidemic curve and provided needed time for the country to reorganize the health system, so that it can provide needed care for the increasing number of COVID-19 patients at all levels of health care. National guidelines for screening of people for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection, quarantine, and home isolation and care of infected people were drawn up and implemented. Health education on methods by which person-to-person transmission of infection can be minimized has been provided using all media of communication. Global comparison shows that currently India has low infection rates, low fatality rates per 1,00,000, and high recovery rates. There are ongoing research studies to document the course and outcome of COVID-19 in India. Clinical trials of potential drugs for treatment of severe infections and vaccines for preventing infection in the high-risk groups are underway. A COVID-19 disease surveillance program is underway to track the infection rates and bring appropriate midcourse corrections in interventions. In the coming months, the people and health system will not only have to evolve a sustainable strategy to provide needed care for COVID-19 cases but also ensure that all other health care programs are implemented and patients with other illnesses get optimal care too.

The performance of science and technology (S&T) activities in the federal government has long been supported as a means of advancing innovation and economic objectives as well as of addressing public policy and regulatory needs. As Canada’s science and innovation system has matured, however, the federal government’s relative contribution to Canada’s overall performance of research and development has declined significantly—from about 30% (of total spending) in 1971 to under 9% today. Throughout this period, a dominant policy theme with respect to government S&T has been to migrate these activities from government into the private or academic sectors. The authors trace this history and argue that science policy thinking regarding federally-performed S&T must evolve with the changing position of government laboratories in Canada’s science and innovation system. A case is made for maintaining an adequate S&T capacity within the federal government in order to deliver on unique public interest roles.

AbstractThis note traces the reasoning behind Riker's addenda to Duverger's law, which exempts Canada and India from its general determinism. Characteristics common to Canada and India, but not to other countries using the plurality electoral system, are examined. The study finds that the uniqueness of those two federal nations employing the simple-majority system lies in the dominance of one national party, the weakness of the conventional alternative governing party, and the persistence of ideological parties of the left.

The goal of this article is to analyze and understand the institutional peculiarities of functionality of the master&rsquo;s program in sociology in Russian and Indian universities. In the conditions of rapid development of global educational space, master&rsquo;s programs become an attractive means of exercising academic mobility by students. For this case study, Ural Federal University and Mumbai University were selected, both of which offer master&rsquo;s programs in sociology and are not part of the QS World University Rankings. The author analyzes the websites of both university, and conducts surveys of sociology students in India (n=65) and Russia (n=66). The results of this research demonstrate that master&rsquo;s program in the Russian university is practically oriented and is aimed at filling the demands of the regional job market. The program offered by the Indian university is accompanied by national specificity, reflecting peculiarities of the current state of Indian society. For Indian students, getting an education in a Russian university master&rsquo;s program serves as an important instrument for securing strong status positions. Russian sociology students do not demonstrate interest towards education in Indian universities, opting instead for education in BRICS countries and China.

In order to help the designer collect relative materials from expanding Internet, a product innovation design knowledge acquisition system based on MAS has been developed. Information on the Internet can be divided into structured data, non-structured data and semi-structured data, and two different acquisition processes from different sources were established. Based on aforementioned, the framework of the system was established with federal system of MAS. Layered structure feature was applied in each internal federal system. Finally, the development environment was selected, and three-tier B/S architecture was adopted. Each function modules with system were fulfilled by programming.

Summary Objectives: While recognized that global actors influence health information system design, studies of health informatics have largely focused on micro politics of technology design and implementation. Here a problematic patient care information system (PCIS) is discussed in relation to federal and provincial policies and corporate strategies to demonstrate that our understanding of health informatics can be enhanced by linking micro studies of health informatics to larger macro contexts. Methods: Interviews and document study. Results: Although the extent to which federal initiatives influenced (or failed to influence) provincial and hospital initiatives remains debateable, events initiated at one level (the hospital’s decision to implement software, initiated at the organizational level) are influenced (perhaps indirectly) by developments in other contexts (federal /macro changes gave an initiative more weight; provincial initiatives such as the Labour Accord altered the industrial relations environment in which system development occurred). Conclusions: Micro-studies of work practice, invaluable in addressing interactions between technologies, users and work practices, often fail to account for the historic reach of global actors, although it is often these historic circumstances that contribute to present-day interactions between user, information system and organization, and that find expression – often indirectly – in daily work practices.

In a federal polity, the role of bureaucracy is ineluctable to cement the centre-state relations. Being the primary catalyst for social change and nation building, Indian bureaucracy is stitched into the federal fabric. The bureaucratic system as well as its potential for public welfare is greatly influenced by the power dynamics in the centre-state relations. Therefore, the paper examines the role of public bureaucracy from the vantage point of centre-state relations. The study synthesizes the literature on the subject to explore the role of bureaucracy in the various phases of centre-state relations in India. The historical analysis is used to reveal the reasons for political control over bureaucracy in India. The main finding of the study reveals that a change in the power constellations of political authorities at the central and state levels of government also induces a change in the influence or capacity of the bureaucracy to work independently and impartially, thereby weakening the neutrality of bureaucracy. The study can be highly useful for policy analysts in understanding the federal democracy and adds to the canon of academic literature on politico-administrative relations in India.

The present article aims to analyse empirically the national innovation system (NIS) of India. Specifically, the objectives were to (a) examine the different innovation-related input and output variables that reflect the structure of NIS over the years, and (b) examine the factors determining NIS. However, it was very difficult to identify the variables that could reflect the NIS of the country. Individual indicators of innovation, both from input and output side, are largely inconclusive. However, relatively more reflective indicators were chosen for the period 1980–2012. It was found that although India’s GDP has increased over the years, but its share in total world’s GDP was very meagre. Further, it was also found that as compared to major developed and comparable emerging economies, India lagged behind in both innovation inputs variables like expenditure on R&D and S&T manpower; and innovation output indicators like patents, proportion of high-tech manufacturing exports, etc. Further, for the second objective of the article concerning the determinants of NIS, a modified version of the Crepon, Duguet and Mairesse (CDM) model (1998) was used. The estimation using three-stage least square (3SLS) estimator for simultaneous equations shows that expenditure on R&D by government, stock of science and technology personnel, world’s stock of patents and openness index have positive impact on innovation performance indicators. Therefore, policies should be framed in a manner that they emphasize more on innovation inputs like expenditure on R&D and building human capital in the form of S&T personnel.

ABSTRACTIndia, a country with rich cultural and health care heritage has progressed by leaps and bounds since independence. The health indices have improved and mortality and morbidity have come down significantly. The health care system of India is a mix of public and private sector. In 2017, there are 479 medical colleges in India with admission capacity of over 60,000 at the undergraduate level. The pattern of modern medical education is modeled after the British system and the first few medical schools were established in 19th century. Medical Council of India (MCI), the government-mandated regulatory agency for medical education, was formed in 1934. The Government of India is regularly reviewing the existing medical education policy to give it a new direction so as to make the curriculum relevant and responsive to the national needs. The MCI has also recognized the need to reduce the artificial compartmentalization of the curriculum into preclinical, para-clinical and clinical disciplines. Horizontal and vertical integration is being promoted but not practiced in most medical colleges. Instruction remains teacher-based and not much emphasis has been laid on self-directed learning. There is a paucity of innovative approaches and lack of adapting the recent technology into most medical schools in India. Skills such as related to communication and managerial domains, and professionalism are not imparted in the current curriculum. While the level of knowledge in the medical sciences is highly unsatisfactory, medical graduates are often found to be lacking in the clinical skills. So far, attempts to introduce innovations in medical education have been limited to certain institutions. Also, there is lack of adequate motivation and opportunities for faculty development. It is strongly felt that there is a need to redefine the goals of medical education in India depending upon the needs of the society. MCI has recently attempted designing a need-based curriculum. At present, medical education in India is at a significant juncture with initiatives coming from both external and internal influences, and the political will to attain the goal of health for all, India hopes to be in a better position to prepare physicians for the 21st century.

India uses the single member plurality system (SMPS) to elect members of the lower house of its national (federal) parliament and the state assemblies. The electoral system has remained stable despite its inherent disproportionality, India’s highly heterogeneous population and, more recently, a fragmented party system. Using a comprehensive data set covering all national and some state assembly elections during the period 1952–2017, this article evaluates how SMPS has performed in India in comparison to its expected benefits, and whether there is a case for reform of the electoral system. The article finds that SMPS neither provides effective representation nor is likely to lead to stable single party governments in India – a situation that could be termed ‘the worst of both worlds’. It also highlights that a combination of rational-choice behaviour on the part of key actors as well as historical and institutional reasons has ensured the continuation of SMPS in India. The article concludes that it is time for India to seriously consider reforming its electoral system.

Agricultural policies in India directly impact the livelihoods of close to two thirds of India’s population. Through policies, the government manages food security, urban and rural poverty, energy, and infrastructure, among others. Given the current state of India’s governance, the connection between policy making and its results in society becomes a key issue for research. This paper presents a game for use as a research instrument. The game can facilitate research into the policy making process at various levels of the government in India. The design is intended to understand the complexity of the institutional arrangement that defines and implements agricultural policies. The game integrates with other games that simulate other aspects of the agricultural system in India. The paper presents the verification and validation cycles followed, and identifies further steps for field validation.

The Constitution of India follows a federal setup. There are clearly elaborated roles, when it comes to the legislative powers of the Central and state governments, which have been stated in the seventh schedule of the Constitution. Article 356 is a device through which, in exceptional and emergency circumstances, the Central government can take over the legislative and executive roles of a state government for a limited time. In India, there exists a multi-party system and there are different parties in states and center. The abuse of Article 356 by the political party at the center is not a shocking event and instances of the same have been observed at various times in India. Because of the ambiguity and subjectivity of the language of the said Article, the misuse becomes possible. This work is a doctrinal research based on case analysis of the Supreme Court of India about the said misuse.

India is one of the largest contributors to the world?s agricultural products. The majority of people?s livelihood in India depends on agriculture and its allied sec-tors. According to an economics survey in the agricultural year of 2019-2020, India is estimated to have produced around 292 million tonnes of food grain. The share of agriculture in India?s GDP is 19.9%. Even though India is an active participant in global agricultural trade, the total agricultural product export is only 2.5%. Agricultural produce is easily perishable and the quality gets affected which will then affect their market value. To meet the future food demands, agricultural produce must be able to store for a longer amount of time for round the year availability. The traditional food storage practices cannot satisfy that condition. These perishables need a proper cold supply chain to increase the shelf life. In this paper performance of a parabolic trough collector integrated vapor absorption refrigeration system was developed and studied. Renewable integrated cold storage would open door to the sustainable energy future.

The potential impact of fundamental guarantees in favour of equality on the Canadian immigration system is significant. Although immigration law is inherently unequal, the role of equality rights is still of primary importance in distinctions based on the enumerated and analogous grounds of s. 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The objective of this paper is to examine the federal independent immigrant selection criteria and to assess its conformity to the standards of s. 15 of the Charter, according to recent judicial interpretation by the Supreme Court of Canada.

This paper attempts to analyse whether women’s mobility is restricted in comparison to men. It makes an attempt to analyse both patriarchal system & women’s mobility along with Human capital model & women’s mobility.  It attempts to examine the NSS 64th round survey (July 2007-June 2008). The NSS 64th round survey provides ample empirical data on women’s migration, sufficient to conclude that there are large chunks of migrants among woman in India. However, this copious data remains sadly unanalyzed, as there is very little literature available in this area. Unless such literature is available any empirical analysis of the data will be hardly of any significance.Â

India holds a dominant position in influencing global issues related to climate change, world trade, international terrorism, and nuclear proliferation. Considering the trade war between US and China, the threat to multilateralism from the US and the uncomfortable trade relationship between US and EU and Japan, India is now at a crossroads in the international economic order. This offers a leadership opportunity to ‘Aspirational India’ that is willing to engage in new issues of international economic order. This article examines India’s position in Multilateral Trade System by comprehensively reviewing the difference between its overall trade and sectoral interests; India’s role at the World Trade Organization (WTO) and how it has evolved; the role of India’s foreign policy in guiding its regionalism; and the opportunities that India may have in the trade war currently prevailing in the global economy. The article concludes that India’s interest is to preserve a stable multilateral trading order through the WTO, while using regionals or even sectoral agreements to augment its trade competitiveness

Since the Bretton Woods Agreement, the U.S. dollar has played the role of dominant global currency. As a result, the Federal Reserve Bank has many privileges such as the ability to run trade deficits without foreign exchange reserves. In the world, foreign exchange rates of currencies are quoted against the dollar, and majority of currency trading involves the dollar. Besides, international trade in primary commodities, such as oil, wheat, gold and coffee are bought and sold in U.S. dollar. The central banks of countries hold major positions of their international reserves in dollars. Any changes in its interest rates automatically alter the revenues of all world assets. With deregulated financial markets, the spillover effects of the Federal Reserve Bank’s decisions have increased. In this paper, we examine the impacts of Federal Reserve Bank policies over the Fragile Five that is a sub group of the weaker emerging markets namely Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Turkey. We are mainly focusing on the consequences of changes in Fed’s policies on the fragile five’s basic indicators; exchange rate, interest rate, and the stock exchange indices. All Fragile Five currencies have been depreciated by about 10 to 25% after the Fed tapering decisions. In addition we test for mean and volatility spillover of Wall Street on stock exchange indices of the Fragile Five in GARCH in mean framework and document the existence of such spillovers in almost all cases.

This research paper aims to provide a comparative study on the fiscal federalism of India and Canada. Both India and Canada have a federal form of government, but their fiscal federalism systems differ in many aspects. This paper analyzes the historical development, constitutional provisions, tax systems, revenue-sharing mechanisms, and challenges of fiscal federalism in India and Canada. The paper concludes that while both countries face challenges in fiscal federalism, Canada has a more established and effective system due to its focus on revenue sharing and cooperative federalism. This paper will examine the key features of Canada's fiscal federalism model and explore the lessons that can be drawn for India.

Since 1990-s India has attained in the global system of international division of labour a role of computer services and business processes outsourcing center. The paper shows the place of India in world exports of computer services. It characterizes the evolution of IT services sector, (including both computer services and business process outsourcing, actually called business process management, BPM), the role of transnationals and largest Indian companies that have also become TNCs. The focus is also on startups that become unicorns as their market capitalization exceeds 1 billion dollars. Some results of “Digital India” strategy are shown.

ABSTRACTThere is a disconnect between the objectives of medical education in the country and the actual training being imparted. The present system of discipline based MBBS Curriculum has many inherent disadvantages eg. Compartmentalized teaching, poor development of problem solving skills, failure to generate interest in students and acquisition of dissociated knowledge are few of them. The SPICES model of medical education ie. (Student centered, Problem based, Integrated, Community oriented, Elective enabling and Systematic exposure) may be better suited to our country. Assessment system and examination system need a very drastic change based on the needs of the Community and the stakeholders in the healthcare section. Internship programme needs to be totally revamped. The acquisition of practical skills using newer medical education technology like DOPS (Directly Observed Practical Skills), one minute preceptor and other newer methods needs to be incorporated. In our study on “DOPS” interns we found the usefulness of this methodology (FAIMER study - Chhina RS).The use of technology has revolutionized the world eg. in Space technology, Computer Sciences, Social marketing Strategies. There is an urgent need to incorporate the “MOOC” model and the Social media eg. Facebook, Twitter, We chat, Whatsapp for better coverage and more useful teaching modules. In our study, we found “Facebook” teaching to be an important component of improving the teaching methodology and acquisition of knowledge by students (FAIMER study- Sharma Anu & Chhina RS). The “Feedback” technique for improvement in the needs of student knowledge base, their aspirations, what they thought is appropriate in teaching skills and methodology was studied and powerful conclusions have been drawn in our institution. (FAIMER study-Singh Daljit). The postgraduate training seats needs to be modified as the disease burden load in the country requires. A study done by us showed a total disconnect between the need and the available resources in the State of Punjab. The requirements of the Community, Medical students, Healthcare providers and patients need to be advanced in an objectively scientific, need oriented manner in relation to medical education in India.

An attempt is made in this article about the dominion status of India in pre- independence era. The insecurity and lack of status have a disastrous effect on the whole system of the country. It was no wonder that it has been the root of all social, political and economic problems in past and present times. The primary purpose of dominion status is to develop the social, political and economic growth of the citizens within the territory of India. The dominion status of India relating to the constitution needs more viable to establish a responsible Government and vigilant society. At present we need to have a fresh look towards the dominion status of Pre-Independence India and to transform India into a harmonious, developed and federal nation. This is nothing wrong if we make a new constituent assembly to decide the present and future fate of India from its dominion status. Any changes made in past will not be destructive but constructive so far as our national unity is concerned. This article is useful for academicians, research scholars and general public.

Evidence abound that Nigeria&rsquo;s form of federal system has been grappling with serious working and institutional challenges. The paper interrogated contending issues ravaging Nigeria&rsquo;s federal polity with a clarion call for timely adoption of neo-federalism paradigm. It employed qualitative research method with classical model of federalism as framework of analysis. The paper established that Nigeria&rsquo;s federal republic is associated with over-concentration of governmental powers at the centre, sectional domination of powers and political leadership, inept and corrupt leadership/bad governance, socio-economic crisis, insecurity, corruption, favouritism and nepotism, problem of power sharing and poor implementation of federal character principle, which further heightened the delivery of socio-economic services and democratic dividends to the people. It concluded that for Nigeria&rsquo;s federation to stand the test of time and overcome myriad problems it is currently facing, embracing the neo-federalism paradigm is inevitable. Among recommendations proffered include devolution of powers, adequate provision of sustainable security, and election of dedicated, committed and visionary leadership at all levels of government with the ability to drive the economic blueprints of this nation towards greatness, provide essential needs for the citizenry and promote good governance.

After 1945, Carl Schmitt largely revoked his nationalist positions from before the war, although he also rarely publicly voiced his opinion about the Federal Republic of Germany and the development of the European Union. However, his complex system of categories offers manifold possibilities for an independent update. This paper aims to sketch the development of Schmitt?s friend-enemy theory in his Theory of the Partisan, adapting this treatise to present issues. It further tries to, using Schmitt?s categories, address the current situation in the EU from the perspective of the Federal Republic of Germany.

The problem of regional disparity in economic development in geographically large democratic countries gets inseparably linked with macro public policies and the economic philosophies behind them. Two such countries, India and Canada, are considered in this paper. Although the two countries share several common features, they differ considerably in the size of the population, nature of the federation, constitutional provisions defining property rights on minerals and revenue sharing arrangements between the centre and the states, and the economic philosophy behind the macro policies of the governments. This paper addresses the issue of regional imbalance under federal structure in a comparative perspective. The following variables are used to analyse the regional problem: worker rate capital productivity capital intensity industrial structure. The paper argues that free and barrier-less mobility of population and goods across the states in Canada has resulted in the regional problem getting diluted and less intense. In India, on the other hand, the economic philosophy behind macro policies has throughout been of direct intervention with emphasis on ensuring equity across regions. As a result, the problem of fiscal transfers from the centre to the states has become more complicated and less manageable in India than in Canada. The degree of autonomy and economic independence of provinces is far more in Canada than the states in India. Studies of regional disparity in the levels and rates of economic development in the two countries revealed that: capital intensity or capital-labour ratio was the major determinant of the regional disparity in the level of economic development technology or capital productivity was the main factor behind the disparity in regional growth rates. The government policies have to consider these findings while investing or encouraging investments in the lagging regions. The other revelations of the study are as follows: In India, the federal-fiscal transfers are used as a mechanism to address the regional problem through direct governmental intervention. In Canada, most tax-bases are directly shared by the centre and provinces with the rates differing. In India, the tax-bases are allocated to the centre and states by the constitution. The horizontal and vertical equity concepts are more relevant for Canada where both the layers of governments run in surplus and are not compelled to borrow in order to meet expenditures. In India, on the other hand, a majority of the states depend on the central government for borrowing due to their perennial deficits. In Canada, the provinces and the centre directly borrow from the market as per their credibility which is not the case in India where most states lack credibility in the market. Confusion regarding the notion of horizontal balance and regional equity leads the Indian political system to focus on the direct governmental intervention rather than market orientation. The Canadian experience suggests an urgent need to change the attitude, mindset, and philosophy behind the macro policies to achieve better and faster results on regional disparity reduction.

A lot has been debated upon the nature of federalism in India. A few consider it quasifederal, few consider it federal and a few others consider it federal with a centralizing tendency. India's obligation to abide by the International law is one of the pointers that have led to the debate of the state not being an independent unit in the Indian federal system. Federalism in India would be discussed with reference to India's obligation in the International order with special mention to TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Law). Obligations under TRIPS had led to the amendment of the Patent Act which has impacted the agricultural and pharmacy sector both of which fall within the ambit of the State unit and not the Center. Whether India’s obligation under Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) usurps the power from states that they are entitled to have under the Constitution of India? On the other hand, noncompliance with the State's International obligations would tarnish the image of the State in the global order due to violation of the principle of Pacta Sunt Sevaranda. This article critically analyses India's treaty-making power under the Constitution and stresses on the need for the procedure to be compliable with the principle of federalism by incorporating the State units in the treaty- making process.

HYDRO-PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSTRATES FOR LETTUCE PRODUCTION IN FLOATING GROWTH SYSTEM ALEX BECKER MONTEIRO1; IVAN DOS SANTOS PEREIRA2; ADILSON LUÍS BAMBERG3; CRISTIANE MARILIZ STÖCKER4; PABLO LACERDA RIBEIRO5 E LUÍS CARLOS TIMM6 1Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, s/n, CEP 96160-000, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, alexbeckermonteiro@gmail.com. 2Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, s/n, CEP 96160-000, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, ivanspereira@gmail.com. 3Embrapa Clima Temperado, Rodovia BR 392, km 78, 9º Distrito, CEP 96010-971, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, adilson.bamberg@embrapa.br. 4Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, s/n, CEP 96160-000, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, crisstocker@yahoo.com.br. 5Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, s/n, CEP 96160-000, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, pabloribeirolr@gmail.com. 6Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, s/n, CEP 96160-000, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, lctimm@ufpel.edu.br. 1 ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the hydro-physical properties of different substrates and their effects on the development of lettuce seedlings in a floating system. The study was carried out in a greenhouse during the months of January and February of 2017. The design was randomized blocks with 16 treatments, represented by 13 proportions of substrates based on organic fertilizer, carbonized rice husk and vermiculite, and three other commercial substrates. The hydro-physical characteristics (granulometric fraction, dry bulk density, total porosity, aeration space, easily available water, available water, remaining water and water retention capacity), pH, and electrical conductivity of the substrates were evaluated. Number of leaves, plant height, root system length, fresh mass of root and shoot and dry mass of root and shoot were evaluated at 25 days after emergence. Aeration space and remaining water are the priority hydro-physical variables that should be evaluated in substrates that will be used in floating systems. The formulations with 33.33% organic fertilizer, 43.33 to 53.33% of carbonized rice husk, and 23.33 to 13.33% vermiculite presented the best performance among the substrates studied for the production of seedlings lettuce in floating systems. Keywords: Lactuca sativa L., carbonized rice husk, organic compost. MONTEIRO, A. B.; PEREIRA, I. S.; BAMBERG, A. L.; STÖCKER, C. M.; RIBEIRO, P. L.; TIMM, L. C. CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICO-HÍDRICAS DE SUBSTRATOS PARA A PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE ALFACE EM SISTEMA FLOATING 2 RESUMO O objetivo foi avaliar as propriedades físico-hídricas de diferentes substratos e seus efeitos no desenvolvimento de mudas de alface em sistema floating. O estudo foi realizado em casa de vegetação durante os meses de janeiro e fevereiro de 2017. O delineamento foi de blocos casualizados, com 16 tratamentos, representandos por 13 proporções de substratos à base de composto orgânico, casca de arroz carbonizada e vermiculita e três substratos comerciais. Foram avaliadas as características físico-hídricas (fração granulométrica, densidade seca, porosidade total, espaço de aeração, água facilmente disponível, água disponível, água remanescente e capacidade de retenção de água), pH e condutividade elétrica dos substratos. O número de folhas, altura das plantas, comprimento do sistema radicular, massa fresca de raiz e parte aérea e massa seca de raiz e parte aérea foram avaliados aos 25 dias após a emergência. O espaço de aeração e a água remanescente são as variáveis físico-hídricas aprioritárias que devem ser avaliadas em substratos que serão utilizados em sistema floating. As formulações com 33,33% de composto orgânico, 43,33 a 53,33% de casca de arroz carbonizada, e 23,33 a 13,33% de vermiculita apresentaram os melhores desempenhos entre os substratos estudados para a produção de mudas de alface em sistema floating. Palavras-chave: Lactuca sativa L., casca de arroz carbonizada, composto orgânico.

The present study aims to study the successive and debatable reforms that the Brazilian Social Security system has undergone since its formatting in its current form and constitutionalization, concluding that despite the variety of speeches in favor and against the 2019 Social Security Reform, it is It is possible to observe that all political parties that assumed the Executive Branch of the Federal Government imposed reforms or changes to the social protection system. It will be analyzed whether the social protection system really needs the reforms introduced. To achieve the intended objective, the methodology applied is the theoretical review of Social State theories.

The aim of this article is to find out what philosophy behind the education curriculum in Germany,its system and structure especially on history curriculum to be compared with Indonesia”s experience.Traditionally the German educational system is strongly influenced by the tradition of naturalistichumanism - specifically those of the Humbold philosophy regarding as Bildung. History Education is acompulsory subject that is given to students from grade 6-10 as much as two hours of lessons per week,while in grade 10-12 or 13 lessons, history is no longer a compulsory subject. In grade 6-9 curriculum isbased on chronological history revolves around the history of Western Civilization, in grade 10 historylessons relating to contemporary history in the 20th century, while in grade 11-12 / 13 history lessonfocused on the history of modern Europe and non- European history.

The idea of forming a two-tier federal structure in India gathered considerable momentum after the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League came together through a Pact in 1916. But the concept of the third tier which was mooted in the Constituent Assembly through the incorporation of panchayats in the Directive Principles of State Policy after detailed deliberation began receiving attention after the 73rd Amendment of the Constitution in 1992 which coincided with the paradigmatic shift in the policy of the Indian State. This Act signified in clear terms the intention of the State to strengthen the process of third tier federalism in India. This article seeks to critically examine the process of evolution of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) as a new tier in the Indian federal system, excluding the Fifth and Sixth Scheduled Areas. An attempt has also been made to analyse despite constitutionalisation of PRIs where the shoe still pinches and wherein lies the ray of hope.

In the years ahead both the state and federal governments will have a shared interest in improving the fairness of state post-conviction review systems. Under Cullen v. Pinholster, 131 S. Ct. 1388 (2011) states' post-conviction rulings will be given considerable deference on federal habeas corpus review if but only if they emerge from procedurally sound systems. This gives the states a finality interest and the federal government a cost-savings interest in the creation of such systems. At the same time unsound systems are increasingly vulnerable to attacks under Section 1983. These converging circumstances make it more desirable than ever that the states provide competent counsel in state post-conviction proceedings.

Irrigation in India has been practiced from ancient times and irrigation tanks and wells are a familiar feature of the India landscape to supplement and conserve the rainfall. Artificial lakes and canals that dot the country in the hundred are centuries old and some of them has served for more than thousand years. Storages and their water courses are common in south, central and eastern India. Hindu monarchs and the Mughal emperors later on, the Britishers undertook a large number of irrigation works. Water is needed in almost every sphere of human activity. Irrigation through major and medium canal systems was a key component of green revolution that transformed India and made the spectre of famines in India history. Irrigated agriculture is thus responsible for the rapid improvement in the agriculture productivity in the 1960’s, 70s, and 80’s. There is a marked difference in the levels of contribution from agriculture in the rain-fed and the irrigated areas. In general irrigation is seen to be affecting poverty by increasing returns to the physical, human and social capital; integrating the poor with factor, product and information markets and improving the overall national growth rates. Among taluks, the area of corps, production and productivity of crops are higher in Dharwad and Navalgund taluks owing to more area under irrigation. Even horticulture crops are also more in these two taluks as compared to other taluks as a consequence of more area under irrigation. The available utilizable water resource of the District, viz: Dharwad, Hubli, Kalghatgi, Kundagol, Navalgund; is considered insufficient to meet all the future needs. Under such a situation, in order to face the challenge of water deficit, apart from accelerating pace of development of available utilizable water resources, all out efforts, on the part of people from every walk of life, would need to be made to conserve every drop of water and improve efficiency in all areas of water use. Keywords: Irrigation; Sources of Irrigation; Yielding; Cropping; Agriculture Economy

While comparing the Constitution of Nepal 2015 and the Constitution of India 1950 the paper comparatively analyses the major issues such as citizenship, inclusiveness, fundamental rights and independence of judiciary. Both constitutions are committed to socialism based on democratic norms and values, including people’s competitive multiparty democratic system of governance, civil liberties, fundamental rights, federal republic, secularism, adult franchise, periodic elections, full freedom of the press, and independent, impartial, competent and free judiciary and concept of the rule of law. This qualitative research article observes the salient features of the constitution of Nepal and India in descriptive and analytical order with comparative methodology.

The article deals with the problem of interaction of public authorities of different levels in federal states within the framework of the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. The experience of such countries as Australia, Brazil, India, USA, Switzerland and Germany is analyzed. As the development of events in the countries under consideration showed, a proper response to the threat of a pandemic in federal states can be somewhat difficult taking into account their characteristic system of multilevel governance and complex mechanisms of delineation of powers between the federation and its subjects. At the same time, the federal form of the state structure has also certain advantages including the possibility of applying a more flexible and differentiated approach towards individual territories and the availability of the established mechanisms of interaction between public authorities of different levels.

The present article attempts to study financing patterns of elementary education in Uttar Pradesh. A review of educational development in the state reveals that the goal of universalizing elementary education in a resource-poor state seems to be elusive in the near future. Neither the financing pattern of education per se nor elementary education in particular is conducive to achieving the target of universal elementary education. The magnitude of out-of-school children (leaving or dropped-out children) vis-à-vis the resources allocated toward elementary education provides a gloomy picture in the state. Financing the additional resources required to universalize elementary education in the state would require significant reallocations in overall expenditure with federal assistance, since the fiscal situation in Uttar Pradesh is highly imbalanced. The state and central government should bear the entire responsibility of funding and ensure the twin principles of equity and efficiency in the public education system in the state. This requires an indomitable political commitment in terms of reorientation of spending priorities and improving the efficiency of resource use in the state. This study reaffirms that the goal of universal elementary education could become a reality only if there is a joint commitment between the federal and state polities.

US Vaccine Rights Attorney Alan Phillips briefly reviews vaccine effectiveness historically; then highlights some of the well-documented, systemic corruption in today's health care system generally, and introduces components of vaccine law in the United States, including the federal Vaccine Injury Compensation Program and vaccine exemptions that apply to vaccine mandates in over a dozen different contexts and subcontexts.

Introduction: The present study is a retrospective analysis of a total of 36 cases of bacteriologically proven extra-intestinal salmonellosis, managed at Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, between 1987 and 2012 (25 years). The extra-intestinal sites involved were the skin, cerebrum, spleen, ovary, synovium, and the skeletal muscle. Methodology: The extra-intestinal specimens were first processed using standard methods. Colonies suspected as Salmonella were identified by standard laboratory methods, initially by manual biochemical reactions and later by the API system (bioMerieux, Marcy l’Etoile- France) and the Vitek-2 system (bioMerieux). All the Salmonella isolates were sent to Central Research Institute, Kasauli, for serotyping. Results: The predominant serotype isolated was Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) in 27 (75%) patients, followed by Salmonella Senftenberg (S. Senftenberg) in 5 (14%), Salmonella Paratyphi A (S. Paratyphi A) in 3 (8%), and Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in 1 (3%). There was an increasing resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cephalosporins (third generation), and quinolones over the 25 years. Conclusions: The diagnosis of extra-intestinal salmonellosis requires a high degree of clinical suspicion and should be included in the differential diagnosis in patients with deep-seated abscesses.