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Alam, Mehreen, und Sibt Ul Hussain. „Roman-Urdu-Parl: Roman-Urdu and Urdu Parallel Corpus for Urdu Language Understanding“. ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 21, Nr. 1 (31.01.2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3464424.
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Availability of corpora is a basic requirement for conducting research in a particular language. Unfortunately, for a morphologically rich language like Urdu, despite being used by over a 100 million people around the globe, the dearth of corpora is a major reason for the lack of attention and advancement in research. To this end, we present the first-ever large-scale publicly available Roman-Urdu parallel corpus, Roman-Urdu-Parl, with 6.37 million sentence-pairs. It is a huge corpus collected from diverse sources, annotated using crowd-sourcing techniques, and also assured for quality. It has a total of 92.76 million Roman-Urdu words, 92.85 million Urdu words, Roman-Urdu vocabulary of 42.9 K words, and Urdu vocabulary of 43.8 K words. Roman-Urdu-Parl has been built to ensure that it not only captures the morphological and linguistic features of the language but also the heterogeneity and variations arising due to demographic conditions. We validate the authenticity and quality of our corpus by using it to address two natural language processing research problems, that is, on learning word embeddings and building a machine transliteration system. Our contribution of the corpus leads to exceptional results in both settings, for example, our machine transliteration system sets a new state-of-the-art with a Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) score of 84.67. We believe that Roman-Urdu-Parl can serve as fuel for igniting and advancing works in many research areas related to the Urdu language.
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Octaviani, Anisa. „TAHLIL AL MUFRODATI AL 'ARABIYYATI AL DAKHILATI ILA AL LUGHATI AL URDIYYATI“. Nazharat: Jurnal Kebudayaan 27, Nr. 1 (05.01.2022): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30631/nazharat.v27i1.55.
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This study discusses the analysis of Arabic vocabulary into Urdu. Urdu is one of the languages in India and is the official language in Pakistan and Bangladesh. Urdu language with its development is heavily influenced by Arabic because during the Islamic era, its expansion was very rapid in the Indian Subcontinent.The purpose of this study is to: ) Knowing what Arabic vocabulary is used by Urdu in the Google Play Store application ) Knowing the changes in writing Arabic vocabulary into Urdu. ) Knowing the sound changes in Arabic vocabulary into Urdu. ) Knowing the changes in the meaning of Arabic vocabulary into Urdu. The type of research used is qualitative research. It can be concluded from the results of this study: ) There are Arabic vocabulary that goes into Urdu on the Google Play Store application ) There is a change in writing Arabic vocabulary that goes into Urdu ) There is a change in the sound of Arabic vocabulary that goes into Urdu. in urdu ) There is a change in the meaning of arabic vocabulary into urdu.
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Akbar, Dr Sumaira, Dr Abdul Aziz Malik und Dr Rabia Sarfraz. „Services of Radio Pakistan in the Promotion of Urdu Language & Literature“. Noor e Tahqeeq 7, Nr. 03 (26.09.2023): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/nooretahqeeq.2023.07032021.
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Radio is one of the most amazing and effective inventions of the last century. Radio Pakistan came into being with the independence of Pakistan in 1947. From the very beginning, Radio Pakistan made many efforts for the promotion and development of Urdu language, consciously and unconsciously. Urdu programs were started from Radio Pakistan to acquaint people with Urdu language. Later, Urdu experts were hired to correct the accent and pronunciation of Urdu language. The services of Radio Pakistan are very important in popularizing Urdu poetry through music. Drama is an important genre of literature and radio played an important role in bringing and popularizing Urdu drama to the masses. Many radio dramas of Radio Pakistan were later published in book form and proved to be an important addition to Urdu literature. Another important service of Radio Pakistan in relation to the promotion of Urdu language and literature is the publication of the Urdu radio magazine "Ahang". "Ahang" is the only Urdu magazine of Pakistan which has been continuously published since 1948. In short, services of Radio Pakistan for the promotion of Urdu language and literature have been assessed thoroughly.
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Afzal, Nimra, Shoaib Waqas, Muhammad Tariq, Asifa Javaid und Hafiz Muhammad Asim. „Translation and Validation Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia in Urdu Language for Cerebral Palsy Patients“. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, Nr. 9 (30.09.2022): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2216958.
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Aim: To translate the Scale for assessment and rating of Ataxia from English to Urdu language Methods: The study employed a linguistic validation study design with a non-random sample approach and was done at different clinical setups of Lahore. Parents of children with ataxic cerebral palsy with children aged 2 to 15 years old who speak Urdu should contact us. Sara's English version was translated into Urdu by two translators, one with a medical background and the other with a technical background in Urdu, both proficient in Urdu and English. Two individuals with medical and technology backgrounds who are competent in Urdu to English translation reverse translated the translated versions of SARA-Urdu I and SARA-Urdu II into English. The re-translated versions of SARA-Urdu I and SARA-Urdu II were translated back into English (SARA English III and SARA English IV). The translated versions were compared and generated a new Urdu version SARA Urdu-V. The data was entered into the SPSS version 23 application, which was also used to analyze it. Results: The translated version of the SARA scale has a Cronbach's alpha of 0.883. The inter-item correlation between the total SARA score and the eight domains of gait, stance, sitting, speech disturbance, finger chase, nose finger test, fast alternating hand movements, and heel shin slide was 0.131, 0.046, 0.159, 0.188, 0.136, 0.400, 0.698, and 0.450, respectively, after the translation of the Urdu version of SARA. For test retest reliability, the Pearson correlation value varied from 0.400 to 0.842. Conclusion: The Urdu version of SARA has appropriate internal consistency and fair inter-item correlation, and hence may be utilized by Urdu speakers. Keywords: Cerebral palsy, Cerebellar ataxia, Scale for assessment and rating of Ataxia
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Hashmi, Sana Mahmood Qureshi. „Syntactic Analysis of Urdu Case Clitics as Postpositions in Comparison with English Prepositions“. Global Social Sciences Review IX, Nr. I (30.03.2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2024(ix-i).01.
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The differences between Urdu and English pose many challenges for learners in Pakistan. One of them is the functioning of ‘Urdu case clitics as postpositions in comparison with English prepositions’. ‘Case Theory’ by Chomsky and Lasnik in 1977 has been implemented to qualitatively analyze whether Urdu accusative, dative and instrumental case clitics can function as Urdu postpositions in comparison with English prepositions. The study's major findings demonstrate that Urdu accusative case clitic ‘KO’ as well as Urdu dative case clitic ‘KO’ do not have structural compatibility with the English preposition ‘to’, hence, cannot be determined as Urdu postpositions. However, instrumental ‘se’ case clitics are harmonious to English prepositions to be called Urdu postpositions, for their placement in a sentence in relation to the noun they are modifying. The study also concludes the recommendation of further research to analyze the semantic properties of Urdu case clitics in comparison with English prepositions.
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Muhammad Hassaan Rafiq, Shiza Gul Niazi und Subaika Ali. „Comparative Analysis of Urdu Based Stemming Techniques“. Lahore Garrison University Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 2, Nr. 3 (28.09.2018): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgurjcsit.2018.020348.
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Stemming reduces many variant forms of a word into its base, stem or root, which is necessary for many different language processing application including Urdu. Urdu is a morphologically rich and resourceful language. Multilingual Urdu words are very challenging to process due to complexity of morphology. The Research of Urdu stemming has an age of a decade. The present work introduces a research on Urdu stemmers with better performance as compare to the existing Urdu stemmer.
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Ali Raza Siddique, Muhammad Ahmad und Dr. Muhammad Asim Mahmood. „Identification of Boosters as Metadiscourse across Punjabi and Urdu Languages: A Machine Translation Approach“. Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review (RJSSER) 2, Nr. 1 (07.03.2021): 208–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/rjsser-vol2-iss1-2021(208-222).
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Boosters are said to function appropriately as metadiscourse features across languages. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the functions and appropriateness of the metadiscourse features across Punjabi and Urdu languages. For this purpose, a list of 79 boosters (as metadiscourse features) was considered that (boosters) were first transliterated across Punjabi and Urdu languages employing a machine translation process. Punjabi translation was carried through ‘Akhar’ (a software), and Punjabi corpus (a tool). Whereas Urdu translation was realized through online Urdu thesaurus, and ‘ijunoon’ (an online dictionary). Machine transliteration was followed by manual cleansing of Punjabi and Urdu translated wordlists that helped identify boosters in the corpora. Appropriateness of the identified boosters was then realized through expert opinion and Punjabi corpus (for the Punjabi language), and expert opinion, online Urdu thesaurus, and Urdu WordNet (for the Urdu language). This process further guided about how to; make wordlists, filter as well as verify translated words, and offer interactional and interactive metadiscourse categories across Punjabi and Urdu languages.
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DATLA, KAVITA. „A Worldly Vernacular: Urdu at Osmania University“. Modern Asian Studies 43, Nr. 5 (September 2009): 1117–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x08003715.
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AbstractTwinned as Urdu has become with the fate of India's largest religious minority, Muslims, and with the emergence of the independent state of Pakistan, for which Urdu is the official national language, the story of Urdu holds a peculiar place and a special significance in histories of the subcontinent. Stories of the Urdu language are dramatic, bound up as they are in questions of politics, the fate of Hindus and Muslims and the vicissitudes of both the Urdu and the Hindi languages. Though Hindi–Urdu language politics are an important part of these languages' colonial history, this article emphasizes another story. For, like the other vernaculars of south Asia, Urdu had to contend as much with English as with Hindi, and it is that story that is emphasized here. This article details how early-twentieth-century Hyderabad's Urdu educators engaged with questions of native education, language, and Western science. It highlights the discussions and disagreements that accompanied this educational project as Urdu advocates re-evaluated their language and its sources of authority, attempting to make the Urdu language a worldly vernacular, useful for more than the subcontinent's Muslim population.
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Dr. Tahmina Abbas. „The revival of Urdu language and Sir Syed Ahmad Khan“. Noor e Tahqeeq 6, Nr. 04 (13.11.2022): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/nooretahqeeq.2022.06041830.
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Sir Syed Ahmad Khan had verstyle personality. At the time when Sir Syed's literary period began, there was no notable prose creation in the Urdu language except the story. During this period, Urdu was the spoken language, but Persian was given priority for writing and compilation. Sir Syed's far-sighted eyes examined all these reasons and found ways for the development of Urdu language. With his efforts, Sir Syed made Urdu one of the top languages of the world. He wrote articles in Urdu with fluency and with his influence. His articles published in "Tehbihul-ul-Akhlaq" have priority among Urdu articles. His works written in Urdu language, ‘‘Tarikh Sarkshi Bijnoor’’, ‘‘Risala Asaab Baghawat e Hind’’, “Khutbat-e- Ahmadiyya”, “Aasaar e sanadeed”, are counted among the important works of this period. Sir Syed is the founder of modern Urdu prose. The language has been given an important place among the important languages of the world. In this paper, the efforts made by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan regarding the revival of Urdu language and literature have been studied.
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Bader, Dr Qandeel. „Urdu Ghazal’s Initial and practiced forms in Baluchistan“. DARYAFT 15, Nr. 02 (26.12.2023): 12–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52015/daryaft.v15i02.374.
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In Baluchistan, the inception of Urdu poetry was delayed compared to other major literary centers of Urdu. There are several important reasons for this, which, along with the unfamiliarity of this remote region with Urdu as a language, the unavailability of chronological links from a research point of view bears specific importance. According to the known facts, the first voice of Urdu poetry was Mulla Muhammad Hassan Brahui; even after him, this region's poetic journey seems to have been divided into large time gaps. This paper presents an analytical study of Urdu Ghazal, which was created in Baluchistan until the establishment of Pakistan. These initial relics of Urdu Ghazal in Baluchistan are not more than practiced forms, so they mostly fail to present a high specimen of creativity. However, under the influence of this poetic capital, this tradition of Urdu Ghazal got strengthened here in Baluchistan, and afterward, through this route, high and unique features of Urdu Ghazal appeared here, which can be proudly compared to the overall Urdu Ghazal.
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Ullah, Ashraf, Khair Ullah Khan, Aurangzeb Khan, Sheikh Tahir Bakhsh, Atta Ur Rahman, Sajida Akbar und Bibi Saqia. „Threatening language detection from Urdu data with deep sequential model“. PLOS ONE 19, Nr. 6 (06.06.2024): e0290915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290915.
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The Urdu language is spoken and written on different social media platforms like Twitter, WhatsApp, Facebook, and YouTube. However, due to the lack of Urdu Language Processing (ULP) libraries, it is quite challenging to identify threats from textual and sequential data on the social media provided in Urdu. Therefore, it is required to preprocess the Urdu data as efficiently as English by creating different stemming and data cleaning libraries for Urdu data. Different lexical and machine learning-based techniques are introduced in the literature, but all of these are limited to the unavailability of online Urdu vocabulary. This research has introduced Urdu language vocabulary, including a stop words list and a stemming dictionary to preprocess Urdu data as efficiently as English. This reduced the input size of the Urdu language sentences and removed redundant and noisy information. Finally, a deep sequential model based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) units is trained on the efficiently preprocessed, evaluated, and tested. Our proposed methodology resulted in good prediction performance, i.e., an accuracy of 82%, which is greater than the existing methods.
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Sattar Malik, Dr Abdul. „The Justification of Urdu Letters with Similar Sounds and Diacritics“. Noor e Tahqeeq 8, Nr. 01 (31.03.2024): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/nooretahqeeq.2024.08012155.
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Urdu script is derived from the Arabic script but Urdu differs from Arabic in its nature and unlike Arabic some sounds are pronounced like each other. Due to that some experts object to Urdu script and suggest the removal of letters with similar sounds. But the removal of these letters can create many complexities and difficulties which cannot be resolved. These eight specific sounds of Urdu are common to Pakistani languages such as Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Kashmiri, and other local languages. How is it possible to exclude these words from all these languages? These sounds are the valuable capital of world languages like Persian and Arabic. With this collaboration, Urdu emerges as a great global and scientific language. By removing these letters, Urdu will suffer a great loss in terms of knowledge. There will be an encounter, which cannot be compensated. In short, this change is not feasible in context with Urdu historical background and present linguistic geographical condition. The Urdu script is non- diacritical in its nature and diacritics in Urdu are not arranged in the same way as in Arabic. However, it is necessary to organize the essential diacritics in the basic textbooks. This article argues and analyses the justification of Urdu letters with similar sounds and diacritics in detail.
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Ahmad, Rizwan. „Urdu in Devanagari: Shifting orthographic practices and Muslim identity in Delhi“. Language in Society 40, Nr. 3 (24.05.2011): 259–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404511000182.
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AbstractIn sociolinguistics, Urdu and Hindi are considered to be textbook examples of digraphia—a linguistic situation in which varieties of the same language are written in different scripts. Urdu has traditionally been written in the Arabic script, whereas Hindi is written in Devanagari. Analyzing the recent orthographic practice of writing Urdu in Devanagari, this article challenges the traditional ideology that the choice of script is crucial in differentiating Urdu and Hindi. Based on written data, interviews, and ethnographic observations, I show that Muslims no longer view the Arabic script as a necessary element of Urdu, nor do they see Devanagari as completely antithetical to their identity. I demonstrate that using the strategies of phonetic and orthographic transliteration, Muslims are making Urdu-in-Devanagari different from Hindi, although the difference is much more subtle. My data further shows that the very structure of a writing system is in part socially constituted. (Script-change, Urdu, Urdu-in-Devanagari, Hindi, Arabic script, Devanagari, orthography, transliteration)*
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Muhammad, Khalid Bin, und S. M. Aqil Burney. „Innovations in Urdu Sentiment Analysis Using Machine and Deep Learning Techniques for Two-Class Classification of Symmetric Datasets“. Symmetry 15, Nr. 5 (05.05.2023): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15051027.
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Many investigations have performed sentiment analysis to gauge public opinions in various languages, including English, French, Chinese, and others. The most spoken language in South Asia is Urdu. However, less work has been carried out on Urdu, as Roman Urdu is also used in social media (Urdu written in English alphabets); therefore, it is easy to use it in English language processing software. Lots of data in Urdu, as well as in Roman Urdu, are posted on social media sites such as Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, etc. This research focused on the collection of pure Urdu Language data and the preprocessing of the data, applying feature extraction, and innovative methods to perform sentiment analysis. After reviewing previous efforts, machine learning and deep learning algorithms were applied to the data. The obtained results were compared, and hybrid methods were also recommended in this research, enabling new avenues to conduct Urdu language data sentiment analysis.
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Rehman, Iffraah, und Tariq Rahim Soomro. „Urdu Sentiment Analysis“. Applied Computer Systems 27, Nr. 1 (01.06.2022): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acss-2022-0004.
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Abstract The world is heading towards more modernized and digitalized data and therefore a significant growth is observed in the active number of social media users with each passing day. Each post and comment can give an insight into valuable information about a certain topic or issue, a product or a brand, etc. Similarly, the process to uncover the underlying information from the opinion that a person keeps about any entity is called a sentiment analysis. The analysis can be carried out through two main approaches, i.e., either lexicon-based or machine learning algorithms. A significant amount of work in the different domains has been done in numerous languages for sentiment analysis, but minimal research has been conducted on the national language of Pakistan, which is Urdu. Twitter users who are familiar with Urdu update the tweets in two different textual formats either in Urdu Script (Nastaleeq) or in Roman Urdu. Thus, the paper is an attempt to perform the sentiment analysis on the Urdu language by extracting the tweets (Nastaleeq and Roman Urdu both) from Twitter using Tweepy API. A machine learning-based approach has been adopted for this study and the tool opted for the purpose is WEKA. The best algorithm was identified based on evaluation metrics, which comprise the number of correctly and incorrectly classified instances, accuracy, precision, and recall. SMO was found to be the most suitable machine learning algorithm for performing the sentiment analysis on Urdu (Nastaleeq) tweets, while the Roman Urdu Random Forest algorithm was identified as the best one.
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Khurshid, Muhammad Athar, Hina Azad und Samreen Riaz Ahmed. „Urdu Postposition Phrases“. Global Language Review VI, Nr. II (30.06.2021): 224–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2021(vi-ii).24.
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Urdu post positions need to be clearly defined because long as an accurate concept of Post position Phrases is chalked out, the concepts of Noun and Verb Phrase will also remain incomplete. The available literature describes them either semantically (traditional approach), or in Lexico-Functional-Grammar. Neither approach differentiates between their roles as case markers and post positions. Nor is their basic structure described. The researcher has tried to minimize the confusion between their mixed roles of case markers, grammatical functions, and post position.Disagreeing with the existing theory of Urdu PPs, the researcher has defined and classified them in the framework of generative grammar. This paper elaborates the internal structure of Urdu PPs, their maximal and intermediate projections, and their distribution in the clause structure. In addition to that, their overt and covert roles have also been pointed out here.
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Grossman, Wendy M. „URLs in Urdu?“ Scientific American 286, Nr. 6 (Juni 2002): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0602-21.
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Sen, Sharmila. „Urdu in Custody“. South Asian Review 22, Nr. 1 (Dezember 2001): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02759527.2001.11932214.
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Dr Mubashar Saeed und Sadia Irshad. „CHILDREN'S URDU LITERATURE“. Tasdiqتصدیق۔ 4, Nr. 2 (30.12.2022): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.56276/tasdiq.v4i2.100.
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One of the major fields of literature and journalism is Children's Literature. In the 19th century, the tradition of the publication of magazines in Urdu journalism became very strong, but the first regular magazines for children began in the early twentieth centure. “Bachon Ka Akhbar” of Munshi Mehboob Alam is regarded as the first children magazine published in May 1902. So far more than 300 such magazines have been launched till now. The Role of Government in this regard also praiseworthy. In the last half of Twentieth Century Government of Pakistan translate many booklets from English Literature to Urdu Literature for Children. It made the history of children literature.
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Akhter, Muhammad Pervez, Zheng Jiangbin, Irfan Raza Naqvi, Mohammed Abdelmajeed und Muhammad Tariq Sadiq. „Automatic Detection of Offensive Language for Urdu and Roman Urdu“. IEEE Access 8 (2020): 91213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2994950.
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Khan, Ihsan Ullah, Aurangzeb Khan, Wahab Khan, Mazliham Mohd Su’ud, Muhammad Mansoor Alam, Fazli Subhan und Muhammad Zubair Asghar. „A Review of Urdu Sentiment Analysis with Multilingual Perspective: A Case of Urdu and Roman Urdu Language“. Computers 11, Nr. 1 (27.12.2021): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers11010003.
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Research efforts in the field of sentiment analysis have exponentially increased in the last few years due to its applicability in areas such as online product purchasing, marketing, and reputation management. Social media and online shopping sites have become a rich source of user-generated data. Manufacturing, sales, and marketing organizations are progressively turning their eyes to this source to get worldwide feedback on their activities and products. Millions of sentences in Urdu and Roman Urdu are posted daily on social sites, such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and Twitter. Disregarding people’s opinions in Urdu and Roman Urdu and considering only resource-rich English language leads to the vital loss of this vast amount of data. Our research focused on collecting research papers related to Urdu and Roman Urdu language and analyzing them in terms of preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification techniques. This paper contains a comprehensive study of research conducted on Roman Urdu and Urdu text for a product review. This study is divided into categories, such as collection of relevant corpora, data preprocessing, feature extraction, classification platforms and approaches, limitations, and future work. The comparison was made based on evaluating different research factors, such as corpus, lexicon, and opinions. Each reviewed paper was evaluated according to some provided benchmarks and categorized accordingly. Based on results obtained and the comparisons made, we suggested some helpful steps in a future study.
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Yaqub, Humaira, Ansa Ahsan und Mubashir Iqbal. „A Contrastive Analysis of Predicated Thematic Structures in the English Novel and its Urdu Translation“. Global Social Sciences Review VI, Nr. IV (30.12.2021): 144–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2021(vi-iv).14.
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The study investigates the predicated thematic structures in the English text and its Urdu translation. The first objective is to define the variations in the Urdu translation of English predicated thematic structures. The second objective is to define how the variations in Urdu translation affect the thematic progression. The data has been collected from the English novel Things Fall Apart by Achebe (1958) and its Urdu translation Bikharti Duniya by Ullah (1991). The UAM Corpus Tool has been used to annotate the data and to find predicated thematic structures and their thematic progression.The findings show that the Urdu translation of English predicated themes is ambiguous and misleading. The English predicated themes have been translated as Urdu unmarked and marked ideational themes. Such unmotivated displacement of themes affects thematic progression. There occur some variations in the thematic progression of translated Urdu themes.
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Khan, Shahnawaz, Usama Mir, Salam S. Shreem und Sultan Alamri. „Translation Divergence Patterns Handling in English to Urdu Machine Translation“. International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 27, Nr. 05 (August 2018): 1850017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213018500173.
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English to Urdu machine translation is still in its infancy. This study illustrates various types of translation divergences and their implication in English to Urdu machine translation. The divergence in English to Urdu machine translation can be thought as representing the translation divergences between Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) class languages to Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) class languages. This study discusses the different types of divergences in English to Urdu machine translation and presents novel computational algorithms to detect and to resolve these divergences in English to Urdu Machine Translation. These algorithms for detection of divergence have been implemented in English to Urdu Machine Translation system, and results have been presented in this paper. The work introduced here is the only one, to the best of our knowledge, which automatically detects and resolves divergences in English to Urdu machine translation.
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Tayaba Waliyat Khan und Dr. Rukhsana Bibi. „The Common Heritage of the Eighteenth Century“. Tasdiqتصدیق۔ 4, Nr. 01 (30.06.2022): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.56276/tasdiq.v4i01.98.
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Urdu is an ancient Aryan language associated with Sanskrit. Its history in India dates back to about 1500 years ago. The form came into being which met the standard of literature. This is how the evolutionary journey of Urdu began early specimens of Urdu are found in northern India Amir Khosrow has tried his hand at all genres of prose. Urdu language words are often found together. That is why all Urdu and Hindi people recognize him as their poet. He used common sense language in his speech which was very clear language. Therefore it is appropriate that Amir Khosrow has accepted the influence of Punjabi, a Steep, dialect. The great heritage of Urdu is also found in Deccan who worked for the promotion & publication of this language. Therefore, the early impressions of Urdu are ancient. Among the earliest works of prose are Khawaja Ashraf Jahangir's Magazine and Khawaja Banda Nawaz Gesu Daraz's Miraj-e-Aashiqeen. The most important work of the century is Sub Ras. Another name of this book is Qissa Husan-o-Adal. The Urdu language is slowly developing.
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Rafique, Ayesha, Kamran Malik, Zubair Nawaz, Faisal Bukhari und Akhtar Hussain Jalbani. „Sentiment Analysis for Roman Urdu“. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 38, Nr. 2 (01.04.2019): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1902.20.
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The majority of online comments/opinions are written in text-free format. Sentiment Analysis can be used as a measure to express the polarity (positive/negative) of comments/opinions. These comments/ opinions can be in different languages i.e. English, Urdu, Roman Urdu, Hindi, Arabic etc. Mostly, people have worked on the sentiment analysis of the English language. Very limited research work has been done in Urdu or Roman Urdu languages. Whereas, Hindi/Urdu is the third largest language in the world. In this paper, we focus on the sentiment analysis of comments/opinions in Roman Urdu. There is no publicly available Roman Urdu public opinion dataset. We prepare a dataset by taking comments/opinions of people in Roman Urdu from different websites. Three supervised machine learning algorithms namely NB (Naive Bayes), LRSGD (Logistic Regression with Stochastic Gradient Descent) and SVM (Support Vector Machine) have been applied on this dataset. From results of experiments, it can be concluded that SVM performs better than NB and LRSGD in terms of accuracy. In case of SVM, an accuracy of 87.22% is achieved.
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AHMAD, RIZWAN. „Polyphony of Urdu in Post-colonial North India“. Modern Asian Studies 49, Nr. 3 (03.07.2014): 678–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000425.
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AbstractMany scholars, politicians, and the lay people alike believe that Urdu in North India symbolizes a Muslim identity and culture. Based on an eight-month long ethnographic study and quantitative language data collected in Old Delhi, this article challenges this notion and shows that the symbolic meanings of Urdu have been mutating in post-colonial India. A cross-generational study involving both Muslims and Hindus shows that different generations assign different meanings to Urdu. Unlike the older generation, Muslim youth do not identify themselves with Urdu. A study of the Urdu sounds /f/, /z/, /kh/, /gh/, and /q/ in the speech of Muslim youth further demonstrates that they are losing three of these sounds. Another transformation involves the adoption of the Devanagari script to write Urdu by many Muslims. This change in the literacy practices of Muslims reinforces the shift in the symbolic meanings of Urdu. I argue that the transformation in the symbolic meanings of Urdu is reflective and constitutive of the sociopolitical changes that Muslims have undergone in the twentieth century.
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Dr. Jan Nisar Moin. „A Research Review of Urdu Language“. Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq 2, Nr. 3 (21.03.2022): 1–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.58760/dareechaetahqeeq.v2i3.23.
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Urdu originated in the 12th century AD from the Upabharmsha region of northwestern India, which served as a linguistic system after the Muslim conquest. His first great poet was Amir Khosrow (1253–1325), who wrote duets, folk songs, and riddles in the newly formed speech, which was then called Hindu. This mixed speech was spoken in different ways in Hindi, Hindi, Hindi, Delhi, Rekhta, Gujari, Dakshini, Urdu, Mullah, Urdu, or Urdu only. The great Urdu writers continued to call it Hindi or Hindi until the beginning of the 19th century, although there is evidence that it was called Indian in the late 17th century. This article presents a research overview of Urdu language.
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Munsif Khan und Dr.Tahseeb Bibi. „Dr. Attish Durrani As Researcher“. Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq 4, Nr. 2 (05.07.2023): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.58760/dareechaetahqeeq.v4i2.123.
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Dr. Attish Durrani was a renowned researcher who was formally trained in principled research and in this field, he had a recognized name and position. Although he was a versatile personality in Urdu literature. He at the same time researcher, intellectual, a linguist information specialist, terminologist, eminent Journalist, curriculum specialist, pedagogical expert, a critic, an exemplary teacher, an authentic essay writer in Urdu and English languages, style prose writer, an author of many books, Dr. Attish Durrani has authored more than 200 books articles in Urdu and English. In fact, he has experimented in all genres of Urdu literature but pay special attention to Urdu research. He is known as a researcher in Urdu literature.
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Ishtiaq, Muhammad, Nasim Gul und Yasir Khan. „English to Urdu Transliteration AS A Major Cause of Pronunciation Error in L1 and L2 Urdu Speakers of English: A Pedagogical Perspective“. Global Language Review VII, Nr. II (30.06.2022): 282–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2022(vii-ii).24.
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This study aims to investigate the internalization of the transliterated English words in Urdu by Urdu speakers. In Urdu, words are spelt the same as they are pronounced. Consequently,everyday Urdu speakers presume the same as holding true also for English pronunciation and its orthography. Hence, the study explores the ways and processes influencing the pronunciation of certain English words by fresh undergraduate L1 and L2 Urdu speakers at university or college levels. A comprehensive list of 197 English words has been listed, along with the transcription of deviant as well as Standard British English. It can evidently be observed that educated L1 and L2 Urdu speakers articulate the words in a different or, in some cases,incorrect way. No doubt, they may be influenced by the negative transfer of features from L1. However, a considerable negative role is also found due to the transliteration of English words into Urdu.
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Aftab, Saba, Moeen Khan Zai und Adeena Aftab. „An Analytical Study of Sociolinguistic Variations in Urdu Language“. Advances in Social Behavior Research 3, Nr. 1 (23.11.2023): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7102/3/2023025.
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This paper will talk about the sociolinguistic variations in Urdu Language. It takes account with the interviews that conduct from the various senior citizens of Urdu speakers in Pakistan, each interview base on 4 questions to find out Urdu language variations for this paper. The questions on the value of the Urdu language in todays world, what changes took place in the Urdu language over the period from lexical and dialectical point of view. The interviews were conducted as semi-structured with the use of different modern and simple tools. The study of this paper will be very helpful for the young generation of Pakistan because all the past studies did not solely talk about the sociolinguistics in Urdu language. It guides them to bring their native or national language with original accents and vocabulary which shows their actual culture and purity of Urdu language.
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Rai, Alok. „Urdu's Ambiguous Exile: Love and Loathing in "New India"“. Social Research: An International Quarterly 91, Nr. 2 (Juni 2024): 519–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sor.2024.a930754.
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ABSTRACT: Hostility toward Urdu—primarily toward script but more markedly in some contexts toward lexicon as well—is a noticeable feature of a "Hinduizing" India. However, the implicit Islamization of Urdu is a historical puzzle that has been normalized into becoming obvious. I seek to uncover the historical context of the emergence of this tragically consequential historical misunderstanding. But the story of Urdu in "new India" is incomplete without also incorporating the paradoxically pervasive presence of Urdu, the deep longing for Urdu and its tonalities, its emotional nuances and resonances, in our popular culture.
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Ifrahim, Prof Sagheer Ifrahim. „"Abiasa" A symbolic expression of the contradictions and conflicts of human life“. Rashhat-e-Qalam 2, Nr. 2 (15.09.2022): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56765/rq.v2i2.64.
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This is well known fact that Ghazanfar is one of the important writers in the field of contemporary Urdu literature. He is multidimensional writer but in this article. I have focused only on his fiction specially novel nigari. He has written nine novels on different topics. He contributed many new things in Urdu novel. He introduced dalit. Discours in Urdu fiction. His novel Divya Bani first novel on dalit problem in Urdu. He also wrote fusun campus novel first time in Urdu. The language of Ghazanfar fiction is also different from his contemporary writers. He language is very creative and also symbolic but his symbols are not difficult and embigus. He has also experimented in form and technic in Urdu novel.
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ABBAS, QAISER. „Morphologically rich Urdu grammar parsing using Earley algorithm“. Natural Language Engineering 22, Nr. 5 (16.04.2015): 775–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324915000133.
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AbstractThis work presents the development and evaluation of an extended Urdu parser. It further focuses on issues related to this parser and describes the changes made in the Earley algorithm to get accurate and relevant results from the Urdu parser. The parser makes use of a morphologically rich context free grammar extracted from a linguistically-rich Urdu treebank. This grammar with sufficient encoded information is comparable with the state-of-the-art parsing requirements for the morphologically rich Urdu language. The extended parsing model and the linguistically rich extracted-grammar both provide us better evaluation results in Urdu/Hindi parsing domain. The parser gives 87% of f-score, which outperforms the existing parsing work of Urdu/Hindi based on the tree-banking approach.
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Raza, Attif, Bakht Munir und Ekaterina Gavrishyk. „Aligarh Movement: The Torchbearer of Modern Trends in Urdu Literature“. Global Language Review VII, Nr. IV (30.12.2022): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2022(vii-iv).08.
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Aligarh Movement can rightly be considered as the torchbearer of modern trends in Urdu literature as it introduced new trends in Urdu literature hitherto non-existent therein. The efforts of the exponents of the movement expanded the horizons of Urdu literature beyond poetry that too, in the past, was limited only to the praise of the beloved; it enabled Urdu literature to open up its folds to embrace new realities of life, thus paving the way for a utilitarian view of literature. It is justifiably credited with for laying the founding stone for new movements in Urdu Literature like Romanticism, Progressive Movement, and Halqa Arbab-e-Zauq. This movement is so prolific and holistic in its nature that it lefts imprints on every field of Urdu Literature and even after the lapse of more than 150 years, it is still relevant while finding out historic and literary genesis of various trends in Urdu literature.
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Aftab, Saba, Moeen Khan und Adeena Aftab. „An Analytical Study of Sociolinguistic Variations in Urdu Language“. Communications in Humanities Research 23, Nr. 1 (20.12.2023): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/23/20230058.
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This paper will talk about the sociolinguistic variations in Urdu Language. The study uses the qualitative method it takes account of the interviews conducted by the various senior citizens of Urdu speakers in Pakistan, each interview is based on 4 questions to find out Urdu language variations for this paper. The questions on the value of the Urdu language in todays world, what changes took place in the Urdu language over the period from a lexical and dialectical point of view. The interviews were conducted as semi-structured with the use of different modern and simple tools. The study of this paper will be very helpful for the young generation of Pakistan because all the past studies did not solely talk about sociolinguistics in the Urdu language. It guides them to bring their native or national language with original accents and vocabulary which shows their actual culture and purity of Urdu language.
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Dar, Rida Khawar, Shoaib Waqas, Muhammad Tariq, Hafiz Muhammad Asim, Asifa Javaid und Imran Ghafoor. „Translation and Validation of Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire in Urdu Language for Developmental Coordination Disorder Population“. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, Nr. 5 (27.05.2023): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs202317528.
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Aim: To translate developmental coordination disorder questionnaire in Urdu language and validate its psychometric properties for cross cultural adaptation. Methods: This validation study was done at the Lahore College of Physical Therapy. The Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ) was translated into Urdu utilizing Bombardier, Beaton, and Guillemin's cross-cultural adaption principles. The forward and backward translations were completed by two separate translators, one of whom is a medical professional professor and the other an Urdu language professor. The final certified version of DCDQ-Urdu was confirmed by bilingual professionals. The validated version's reliability was then evaluated on 28 children with developmental coordination disorder. Results: After population testing, the Cranach's alpha of the DCDQ-Urdu version was 0.873. The inter item correlation of the DCDQ-Urdu for three domains, control during movement, fine motor/handwriting, and general coordination, with total DCDQ score is 0.386, 0.312, and 0.3002, respectively, and after population testing is 0.273, 0.303, and 0.397. The original English and translated DCDQ-Urdu versions had a significant association (Spearman's rho 0.951 p 0.000).Test retest reliability ranged from 0.504 to 0.721. Conclusion: The Urdu version of the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire has good internal consistency and fair inter-item correlation, making it suitable for use as a screening tool for parents of children with and without impaired motor coordination. Keywords: Developmental Coordination Disorder, DCDQ-Urdu version, Motor skill impairment
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Mirza, Nadine, Maria Panagioti und Waquas Waheed. „Cultural validation of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Version III Urdu for the British Urdu-speaking population: a qualitative assessment using cognitive interviewing“. BMJ Open 8, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2018): e021057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021057.
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ObjectivesOur research determined whether the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Version III (ACE-III) Urdu eliminated cultural bias through a qualitative assessment of its understanding and acceptability within the British Urdu-speaking population, employing cognitive interviews.MethodWe aimed to recruit 25 participants fluent in speaking and writing Urdu, over the age of 60 years, able to give informed consent and who did not have a history of cognitive impairment. Participants were administered the ACE-III Urdu, and cognitive interviews were conducted, which involve obtaining verbal data on the individual’s perception of the assessment overall, their understanding of the mental processes behind how they interpreted questions within the assessment and how they produced appropriate responses. This allows us to gauge the participants’ overall thoughts on the Urdu ACE-III before applying question-formatted prompts to every ACE-III Urdu item.ResultsWe recruited 25 participants, 12 women (48%), ranging from ages 60 years to 85 years (M=69.12, SD=6.57), all from Greater Manchester. Participants came from varied socioeconomic backgrounds, with 22 identifying as Pakistani, one as British Pakistani and two as East African. Across 19 ACE-III Urdu items, 7 required changes based on participant feedback: item 5a: fluency; items 6, 18 and 19: memory; items 12 and 13: language; and item 17: visuospatial abilities.The need for some of these changes was realised after 21 participants, due to persistently reoccurring issues, and these were applied before the last four participants. Overall, the ACE-III Urdu was considered easy and straightforward by all 25 participants, who understood items and felt the ACE-III Urdu was appropriate, not just for them, but for British Urdu speakers in general.ConclusionOur cognitive interviews determined the ACE-III Urdu was acceptable, especially with regards to cultural context, but further changes were made to ensure understanding. Therefore, we adapted the ACE-III Urdu in accordance with feedback, resulting in our finalised version being culturally validated.
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Tayyab Aziz. „Effects Of Absurdism On Modern Urdu Short Stories“. Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq 3, Nr. 4 (22.02.2023): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.58760/dareechaetahqeeq.v3i4.85.
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The topic of this research is "Effects of Absurdism on Modern Urdu Short Stories". The research method for this is descriptive. In this research, the theory of the philosophy of absurdism has been described and along with, its effects in modern Urdu Short Stories have been studied. In this regard, the themes, techniques and styles of modern Urdu Stories have been researched in the context of philosophy and absurdism. The approach of the critics towards modern Urdu Story and especially towards the philosophy of absurdism is described. This research provides awareness about the modern Urdu story and Short Story writers.
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Kazmi, Syeda Sarah Ali, Shahida Khalique und Syeda Afifa Hassan Kazmi. „A Lexico-Syntactic Analysis of Urdu Riddles“. Global Language Review VII, Nr. II (30.06.2022): 324–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2022(vii-ii).27.
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This study aims to identify the Lexi-co-Syntactic patterns along with their functions in Urdu riddles in the framework of Alabi (2007) for stylistic analysis. In order to achieve this aim, a qualitative and descriptive method was adopted for the study. The data were randomly selected from the weekly magazine ‘Jagmag moti', the Urdu riddles book 'Paheliyon ki dunia' and the internet.Forty-five Urdu riddles were analyzed under stylistic levels mentioned by Alabi (2007). In lexicon-Syntactic analysis of Urdu riddles, findings showed that language in Urdu riddles is skillfully manipulated through several lexicon-syntactic devices, including anastrophe, ellipsis, asyndeton,anaphora, epizeuxis, hyperbole, personification,synecdoche, simile, metaphor and archaic. It was found that Urdu riddles use these Lexi-co-Syntactic devices in order to confuse the listeners and to create an impact on them.
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Ahmad, Ali, Rana Faqir Muhammad Aslam und Muhammad Sajid Akbar. „RETRACTED: Effects of using Urdu dictionary as a teaching tool for teaching Urdu in Urdu language class room“. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2, Nr. 2 (2010): 3994–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.629.
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Liaqat, Qurratulaen, und Amra Raza. „Diasporic Intertextual Musings: The Relevance of Classical Urdu Poetry to Contemporary Pakistani Situation in Nadeem Aslam’s The Golden Legend“. NUML journal of critical inquiry 18, Nr. I (01.06.2020): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.52015/numljci.v18ii.125.
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Anglophone literary works usually refer implicitly or explicitly to the culture, language and literature of authors’ native lands. Nadeem Aslam is one such author who makes explicit use of native language and literature in his fiction. Most of his works refer to classical Urdu poetry, phrases and extended adjectives to embellish as well as celebrate the rich legacy of the classical Urdu poetry tradition. Thus, intertextuality is a predominant feature of Aslam’s latest novel, The Golden Legend (2017). It is is not only an intertextual narrative but also an intercultural and inter-linguistic text because it incorporates popular classical Urdu poetry’s diction, metaphors and symbols. Aslam employs old poetic expressions and connects them to specific contexts of the characters in his novels. For instance, Urdu expressions like zamana and chaaragar are of special importance in the narrative structure of the novel. Moreover, the spatial structures of ‘garden’ and ‘Cordoba Mosque’ connect this text with classical Urdu literary tradition. Additionally, the English translations of many Urdu verses enrich the implied meanings of this novel. This study conducts a hermeneutic textual analysis of Aslam’s novel according to the theoretical frameworks of ‘intertextuality’ proposed by Julia Kristeva and Gerard Gennette. This paper contends that the use of Urdu language and literature is not random but a deliberate narrative technique that demonstrates the relevance of Urdu classical poetry to the contemporary socio-political situation of Pakistan. The Golden Legend illustrates the continuing relevance of Urdu classical poetry for present-day Pakistan and forges a new literary tradition of Urdu inspired poetic-prose in the mainstream contemporary Anglophone fiction.
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Mustafa, Kashmala ,., Shoaib Waqas, Rida Khawar Dar, Qurat Ul Ain Sherazi, Muhammad Tariq und Hafiz M. Asim. „Translation and Validation of Barthel Index in Urdu Language for Stroke Patients“. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, Nr. 3 (26.03.2022): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22163163.
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Aim: To translate and validate of Barthel index in Urdu language for stroke patients Methodology: From June 2020 to January 2021, a descriptive linguistic validation research was done using convenient sampling at Ghurki Trust and Teaching Hospital in Lahore. Twenty neurological rehab professionals and 200 stroke survivors who could understand Urdu were used to validate the content. Two translators, one with a medical background and the other with a technical background in Urdu language, forward translated the BI English version into Urdu. The backward translation of the translated versions BI-Urdu-I and BI-Urdu-II into English was done by two professionals with medical and technical backgrounds who are fluent in Urdu to English translation. After that, the re-translated versions BI-English-III and BI-English-IV were compared to the original BI-English (English version) by expert committee. Data was collected by Final version of Urdu while considering inclusion and exclusion. Patients gave their consent in advance, and anonymity was guaranteed. Results: The mean age of stroke patients was 54.87 and standard deviation was 0.7648. The Chronbach’s alpha of translated version of BI questionnaire is 0.732. The inter item correlation (Pearson Correlation) after testing and re-testing on stroke patients was ranged from (0.425-0.945). The Intra-class Correlation after the translation of BI ranged from 0.314-0.732. Conclusion: Urdu version of Barthel index is a valid and reliable tool for stroke patients. Keywords: Validation, Barthel Index and Stroke
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Dr. Aasma Rani, Dr. Aqsa Naseem Sindhu und Dr. Sadaf Naqvi. „MUTUAL TRANSLATIONS OF URDU AND PUNJABI“. Tasdiqتصدیق۔ 4, Nr. 01 (30.06.2022): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.56276/tasdiq.v4i01.91.
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Human being uses language to convey their messages, emotions, feelings, observations and experiences to others. For this, language was used as spoken and written language, and different languages came into existence due to geographical boundaries and linguistic groups. And for those who know one language, commonly it is not possible to know another language. Human emotions and feelings are expressed in one language in speech or writing which the other language knower is generally unable to understand. Thus there was a need to translate this expression into another language which was called Translation. This Tradition of translation is also found in the Urdu language, Urdu is also influenced by international and regional languages and it has also had its effects on these languages that are why there is a wide and coherent series of translations of international literature into Urdu and Urdu literature into foreign languages. On the other hand, there is a strong tradition of Urdu translations of regional languages such as Sindhi, Seraiki, Pashto, Balouchi, Brahui and Punjabi literature, and a well-built tradition of translation from Urdu literature into these regional languages. In this article, we will discuss the tradition and importance of Urdu to Punjabi and Punjabi to Urdu translations.
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Ahmad, Riaz, und Mashhood Ahmad. „The Passive Voice in Urdu: A Syntactic Investigation and Transformational Analysis“. Journal of Advances in Humanities Research 3, Nr. 2 (02.06.2024): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56868/jadhur.v3i2.188.
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This paper explores passive structures in the Urdu language. It aims to understand their syntactic configuration and how to convert active sentences into passive ones. Limited research exists on Urdu's passivization compared to English. The research questions focus on the structure of passive sentences in Urdu and the necessary modifications for passivization. A qualitative research methodology is used, analyzing written texts and daily conversations of native Urdu speakers. The literature review compares Urdu's passive structures with English, including the standard "be" passive and less common "get passive" and "have passive." Findings show that Urdu passives use the auxiliary “Gaya” and the agent can be explicitly mentioned using "from-PP" rather than "by-PP." The paper also covers passivization in imperative sentences, using “ja:” and “cha:hi:e” morphemes. Moreover, voice neutrality is examined, showing that passive and active sentences in Urdu often convey the same event with similar agent-patient relationships. The study’s conclusive remarks on passive construction in Urdu have the potential to ignite future research in this domain. The paper contributes to the knowledge of passive constructions in Urdu which can significantly impact translation accuracy and interpretation between Urdu and English. This research also adds to the big picture of how languages work.
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Major Dr. Irshad Ali und Ateeq Nwar. „Yusuf Hussain’s Role in Critical Interpretations of Urdu Ghazal“. DARYAFT 15, Nr. 02 (26.12.2023): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52015/daryaft.v15i02.373.
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Yusuf Hussain was proficient in different languages. His criticism also holds a prestigious position in Urdu literature. His book "Urdu Ghazal" is regarded as a complete addition to Urdu criticism. In this book, he has thoroughly reviewed all aspects of Urdu Ghazal along with a complete analysis. Although the basic reality of ghazal has not been affected much, there have been equal changes in the style of Urdu ghazal. He is a supporter of classicism in ghazal and in his opinion, the main motivational elements of ghazal are passion and imagination, due to which the heart is filled with joy and excitement. Like other critics and poets, he is also convinced of love in Urdu ghazal. It has been solved in a critical manner. In his opinion, creation is not possible without grief, so the colour of Sufism is also dominant in Urdu Ghazal. His special thing is that he has presented his arguments and critical ideas in an effective manner without finding flaws in the criticism of others, that is why he is known as a reliable critic.
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Usama, Muhammad, Sana Mehboob und Rafia Waheed. „Linguistic Variations in Urdu Lexicon in Everyday Communication: A Case Study of the Last Decade of the Modern Century“. Advances in Humanities Research 4, Nr. 1 (21.02.2024): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7080/4/2024029.
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The study discusses the variation in general (everyday) communication found in the Urdu lexicon in the previous 10 years. The research is qualitative, based on random interviews collected from Urdu speakers belonging to District Sanghar and Karachi from Sindh; and Lahore from Punjab. The study is based on the data provided by the interviewed participants who have rich experience and proficiency in Urdu. The article aims to find the changes in the lexicon of Urdu that include modifications in Urdu vocabulary by borrowing words and code-mix in communication. It discusses the causes of variations (technology, migration, and language imperialism) in detail and determines the status of language after these changes. It highlights the words used in Urdu speech whose equivalent alternatives are present in Urdu and those words that have died due to a lack of use of those words. It determines the impact of geography, modernization, globalization, and cultural coherence on language. It studies the changes in words used to call family members and friends and the changes in speech for communication between friends and family.
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Sarper ALAP, Mustafa. „TÜRKİYE'DE YAYINLANMIŞ URDU DİLİ KONULU KİTAP VE MAKALELERDE "URDU" VE "URDUCA"“. Route Educational and Social Science Journal 3, Nr. 10 (01.01.2016): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.17121/ressjournal.524.
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Aiman, Aisha, Yao Shen, Malika Bendechache, Irum Inayat und Teerath Kumar. „AUDD: Audio Urdu Digits Dataset for Automatic Audio Urdu Digit Recognition“. Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 19 (23.09.2021): 8842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198842.
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The ongoing development of audio datasets for numerous languages has spurred research activities towards designing smart speech recognition systems. A typical speech recognition system can be applied in many emerging applications, such as smartphone dialing, airline reservations, and automatic wheelchairs, among others. Urdu is a national language of Pakistan and is also widely spoken in many other South Asian countries (e.g., India, Afghanistan). Therefore, we present a comprehensive dataset of spoken Urdu digits ranging from 0 to 9. Our dataset has 25,518 sound samples that are collected from 740 participants. To test the proposed dataset, we apply different existing classification algorithms on the datasets including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and flavors of the EfficientNet. These algorithms serve as a baseline. Furthermore, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) for audio digit classification. We conduct the experiment using these networks, and the results show that the proposed CNN is efficient and outperforms the baseline algorithms in terms of classification accuracy.
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Waseem, Muhammad. „Anglicization of Urdu Language: A Lexico Grammatical Analysis of Urdu Advertisements“. Pakistan Social Sciences Review 4, Nr. III (15.09.2020): 656–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-iii)46.
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Safdar, Muhammad, und Riaz Ahmed Mangrio. „Derivational Morphology in Urdu: A Lexical Morphology Approach“. Linguistics and Literature Review 7, Nr. 1 (26.03.2021): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/llr.71.08.
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From the theoretical perspective of lexical morphology (LM), this paper analyzes neutral and non-neutral affixes and their general organizational position in the morphology of derived words in Urdu. It explores the properties and behavior that Urdu affixes exercise during their attachment or insertion into roots/bases to produce new words, to question the assumptions of LM. Nine hundred and eighty sample words were randomly selected from our observations, articles in Urdu newspapers, and Urdu news television channels in Pakistan. While LM helps a lot regarding the analysis of neutral and non-neutral affixes, its assumptions concerning the hierarchical organization of affixes in derived word-formations do not correspond with the morphology of words in Urdu. This paper contributes as an initial step toward formulating a theory of the morphology of derived words in Urdu – a language rarely theoretically analyzed regarding the morphology of its derived words.