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1
Grisetto, Fanny. "Impulsivity is not just disinhibition : investigating the effects of impulsivity on the adaptation of cognitive control mechanisms." Thesis, Lille 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL3H031.
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L’impulsivité est une tendance comportementale fréquemment observée dans la population générale mais à des degrés différents. À ce propos, une forte impulsivité augmente les risques de développer un trouble psychiatrique, tel que les différentes formes d’addiction ou des troubles de la personnalité. Pour comprendre l’émergence de ces divers troubles comportementaux, mon projet de thèse s’est porté sur le rôle du contrôle cognitif dans les manifestations de l’impulsivité. Le contrôle cognitif est, en effet, un ensemble de fonctions cognitives nous permettant d’adapter nos comportements à un environnement changeant, et donc complexe. Durant ma thèse, je me suis plus particulièrement intéressée aux capacités d’adaptation des mécanismes de contrôle proactif et réactif chez des individus impulsifs, principalement dans la population générale mais également auprès de patients alcoolo-dépendants.Les trois premières études de ma thèse ont montré qu’une forte impulsivité était caractérisée par une utilisation moindre des mécanismes proactifs associée à un défaut d’adaptation des mécanismes de contrôle aux demandes externes et aux contraintes internes.Les individus impulsifs exercent moins de contrôle proactif alors que celui-ci devrait être favorisé au vu des caractéristiques contextuelles ou individuelles. Dans une quatrième étude dans laquelle des enregistrements EEG ont été effectués, nous nous sommes intéressées à l’activité cérébrale typique observée au moment de l’exécution des erreurs,nommée ERN/Ne, et dont le rôle serait de signaler les besoins en contrôle. Une réduction de cette activité cérébrale a été observée chez les individus les plus agressifs, mais pas chez les individus les plus impulsifs. Ce résultat suggère que l’émergence de comportements inadaptés pourrait être en partie expliquée par cette réduction du signal d’alarme. Enfin,des résultats préliminaires suggèrent un lien entre un indice périphérique de l’adaptation physiologique (HRV) et les capacités d’adaptation des mécanismes de contrôle. Ce résultat ouvre la voie à de nouvelles interventions thérapeutiques pour la réduction des comportements inadaptés.Dans l’ensemble, les résultats de cette thèse suggèrent que l’impulsivité en population générale est associée à un système de contrôle cognitif moins proactif et moins flexible,menant potentiellement à des comportements inappropriés quand les mécanismes de contrôle en jeu sont inadaptés<br>Impulsivity is a behavioral tendency frequently observed in the general population butat different degrees. Interestingly, higher impulsivity increases the probability to develop and to be diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder, such as substance use or personality disorders. To gain a better understanding on the emergence of such psychiatric disorders, my PhD project focused on the role of cognitive control in impulsive manifestations. Indeed, cognitive control is a set of basic executive functions ensuring adaptive behaviors to an ever-changing and complex environment. More particularly, during my PhD research, I investigated the flexible adaptation between reactive and proactive control mechanisms in impulsive individuals, mainly from the general population but also from an alcohol-dependent population.The first three studies of my thesis revealed that high impulsivity was characterizedby a less-proactive cognitive control system, and associated with a weaker adaptation ofcognitive control mechanisms both to external demands and internal constraints. Morespecifically, I observed that high impulsive individuals less exert proactive control whileit should be favored given contextual or individual characteristics. In the fourth study inwhich EEG signals were recorded, we were interested in the brain activity that is typicallyobserved during errors (i.e., the ERN/Ne), which is thought to signal the need for control.A reduction in this brain activity was observed in high aggressive individuals, but notin high impulsive individuals. This finding suggest that the emergence of maladaptivebehaviors may be explained, to a certain extent, by the reduced alarm signal. Finally, somepreliminary results suggest a link between a peripheral index of physiological adaptation(i.e., HRV) and the capacity to adapt control mechanisms. These findings open newavenues for therapeutic interventions in the reduction in maladaptive behaviors.Overall, findings from the current thesis suggest that impulsivity in the general population is associated with a less proactive and a less flexible cognitive control system, potentially leading to inappropriate behaviors when the control mechanisms at play are maladapted
2
Miller, Emily. "The measurement of impulsivity." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2003. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2900/.
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The focus of this thesis is the much debated construct of impulsivity, exploring its meaning, etiology and measurement. The literature review provides a background for the empirical papers, by examining the theoretical underpinnings of impulsivity, from which a plethora of measuring instruments have been generated. The review explores the difficulties associated with measuring a contrast which has little consensus over its components, and highlights studies which have attempted to draw together a common understanding of the construct. The main paper provides a useful exploration of four widely used self-report measures of impulsivity, investigating whether the measures examine similar or different facets of impulsivity. The results demonstrate the lack of congruity between the measures, suggesting that two of the measures appear to tap a common construct, whereas the remaining two measure only a narrow construct and raise questions about its validity. The brief paper is a pilot study drawing upon a visual search paradigm to investigate the Attentional Fixity theory of impulsivity, arousal and performance among a sexual offending sample. The findings although tentative, failed to support the hypothesis that arousal improves performance in a cognitive task. Instead it was found that performance decreased when individuals were presented with sexual stimuli. The findings also fail to support the hypothesis that high impulsivity is associated with an inability to fix attention on a source of input. This suggest that the current sample of sexual offenders, as a high impulsive group tend to fix their attention on sexual stimuli and become distracted from other cognitive demands. Finally, the reflective review explores further findings from the empirical papers, reflecting upon methodological, ethical and conceptual issues.
3
Alford, Max. "Impulsivity in forensic populations." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33164.
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Purpose: The systematic review summarised the research investigating potential risk factors for impulsive behaviours in forensic populations. The empirical study examined the predictive utility of clinician rated, self-report and behavioural measures of impulsivity in detecting violence and antisocial behaviour in forensic mental health inpatient settings. Method: The review is comprised of 9 studies identified through electronic database searches using a structured search strategy and predetermined inclusion criteria. The empirical study employed a cross-sectional design using retrospective and prospective statistical analysis. Forty-three participants were recruited from secure forensic mental health inpatient settings across Scotland and data collected from clinician rated, self-report and behavioural measures of impulsivity. Results: The review found original evidence to suggest that traumatic brain injury, substance and alcohol misuse, trauma and sleep as possible predictors of impulsive behaviour in forensic populations. The empirical study found a relatively consistent relationship between impulsive behaviour and violent or antisocial behaviour in a sample of forensic mental health inpatients. Conclusions: The systematic review identified a limited number of risk factors thought to influence impulsive behaviour in forensic populations. The review highlights the need for future research with improved methodological design to further explore contributory factors for increased levels of impulsivity. Findings from the empirical study reveal clinician rating of impulsive behaviour to be the most sensitive in predicting future incidents of violent and antisocial behaviour, which may be supplemented by the addition of a self-report measure.
4
Hair, Peter. "Exploring and explaining impulsivity." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2007. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842923/.
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The research reported in this dissertation supports a conceptualisation of impulsivity as a fundamental trait which is not subsumed by other traits in large scale models of personality, whether of three five or more factors. It argues for this by showing that a measure of impulsivity demonstrates incremental validity over and above the validity of two measures of the Big Five personality traits in the prediction of a variety of behaviours which previous research has linked to individual differences in impulsivity. The research also demonstrates that while impulsivity is a coherent trait it nevertheless subsumes at least two and perhaps three correlated lower order traits; in the first instance this is demonstrated through an analysis of the factor structure of the BIS-11 which replicates the factor structure proposed by Patton et al (1996). Research reviewed in the first three chapters suggests a conceptual overlap between the multi-facetted trait of impulsivity and the dual factor model of inattentive and impulsive behaviours which constitutes the syndrome of ADHD. Two studies explore this overlap by first establishing that ADHD behaviours may be considered as two highly correlated traits and then exploring the correlations and conceptual overlap between these ADHD traits and the impulsivity facets measured by the BIS-11. The results suggest that while the correspondence between the variables across the two questionnaires and domains is not simple it does justify further exploration. The final study explores the relationships between self report measures of inattention and impulsivity and laboratory tasks selected to tap into behavioural and cognitive inhibition. The significant correlation between the cognitive inhibition tasks and the variance shared by the inattention and impulsivity scales supports the hypothesised role of cognitive variables in affecting individual differences in a unitary construct of impulsivity/inattention.
5
Mokbel, Jasmin. "Profanity's relation to personality and impulsivity." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/895.
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The relationship of swearing in respect to personality, religiosity, and social influences was analyzed in this study. Many assumptions are made about the effects of swear words and the act of swearing can have on an individual. The present study hypothesizes that the use of swears words is dependent on an individual's personality characteristics and that exposure first happens from an external source (mass media outlets) rather than a familiar source (family member). More specifically, extroverted personality types will be more likely to engage in the use of profanity, due to their more impulsive nature. Online surveys such as the Big Five Inventory (BFI) and The Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, & Sensation Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P) were used to collect data from 763 participants. The results indicated impulsivity was positively correlated with personality characteristics of neuroticism and swearing acceptance. Swearing acceptance was negatively correlated with how often participants' families took part in religious activities growing up and was positively correlated with how important religion is the participant, their family, and religious affiliation. In conclusion, familial exposure (i.e., mother) was dominant over any media source for exposure to swearing, which goes against the previous assumptions about swearing.<br>B.S.<br>Bachelors<br>Sciences<br>Psychology
6
Dent, Claire. "Imprinted genes, impulsivity and risk-taking." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/66461/.
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genes show monoallelic parent-of-origin specific expression and have an important role in mediating adult behaviour. Previous research has indicated that maternally expressed Nesp and paternally expressed Grb10, which are expressed in overlapping brain regions, may have a role in mediating risk-taking and/or impulsive behaviours. Impulsivity and risk taking are natural parts of human behaviour; however pathological levels of impulsivity and risk-taking are recognised as clinical traits of many psychiatric disorders. The aim of the current research is to explicitly test whether these two oppositely imprinted genes influence impulsivity and/or risk-taking behaviour in mice by examining mouse models that lack functional copies of paternal Grb10 (Grb10+/p) and maternal Nesp (Nespm/+) in a number of tests of impulsivity and risk-taking. Unlike previous findings in Nespm/+ mice, Grb10+/p mice had the same propensity to explore a novel environment as wild type (WT) controls. However, in a measure of delay-discounting behaviour it was discovered that Grb10+/p mice were less likely to discount delayed rewards. This is in contrast to previous work with Nespm/+ mice, which discounted delayed rewards more steeply. This is the first demonstration that oppositely expressed imprinted genes antagonistically affect behaviour. To further explore these behaviours, a novel test of risk-taking was developed. Using predator odours a perceived ‘risky’ environment was created in order to measure the decision between fear and reward seeking. Using the Predator Odour Risk-Taking (PORT) task it was demonstrated that Nespm/+ and Grb10+/p mice showed comparable levels of risk-taking behaviour to WT littermates. Finally, immunofluorescence was used to discover that Nesp55 and Grb10 are not only expressed in the same brain regions, but are co-expressed in some cells, particularly in serotonergic neurons. This suggests that these imprinted genes may be influencing delay discounting behaviour via the same integral neurotransmitter systems.
7
Kitchenham, Nathan Sean. "Impulsivity and addictive behaviours in prisoners." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/impulsivity-and-addictive-behaviours-in-prisoners(74d55afd-d7e3-4811-8ce9-9ae532f5e677).html.
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Background: Addiction presents a significant problem for many in prison, yet this group remains relatively understudied in research exploring associated psychological phenomena. Impulsivity has been established as one important psychological factor associate with addiction in the general population and it is of interest to broaden the scope of such investigation to relevant groups. Aims and Objectives: The current study primarily aimed to study the relationship between impulsivity and addictive behaviours in a sample of prisoners, including use of a range of substances and problem gambling. A further objective was to support ongoing developments in the field of impulsivity research, which consider the importance of conceptualising impulsivity as a multifaceted construct. Method: Seventy-two prisoners were recruited from a male prison in south London. Associations between their engagement with addictive behaviours and level of impulsivity were explored both for a trait measure of impulsivity and behavioural measures of two specific facets of impulsivity; all previously associated with addiction in the wider literature. Results: High rates of engagement with addictive behaviours were found, consistent with previous research of prisoners. However associations between impulsivity and addictive behaviours were highly varied depending on the variables under study. Of note lifetime frequent use of only two substances (crack/cocaine and opiates) were found to strongly associate with either elevated trait or behavioural impulsivity. In particular one subscale of trait impulsivity was found to be significantly predictive of frequent crack/cocaine use in the sample. Conclusion: The variance in findings suggests a need for more thorough and selective investigation of how different types of impulsivity may or may not relate to different addictive behaviours in the prisoner population. This would help support firmer conclusions being drawn on the nature of these relationships. The current findings should be considered in the context of limited and inconsistent related research of prisoners to date; however do highlight important areas of prisoner need and potential areas of research interest to consider in future large-scale investigations.
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Greene, Lisa B. "Impulsivity and trauma exposure in adolescents." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5911.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 44 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 32-37).
9
Gregory, David Alan. "Impulsivity control and self-regulated learning /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1407688881&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2007.<br>"Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education." Keywords: Impulsivity control, Self-regulated learning, Achievement Includes bibliographical references (p. 132-167). Also available online.
10
Rasmussen, Jessica L. "Acquisition and impulsivity in compulsive hoarding." Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/32046.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University<br>PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.<br>Compulsive hoarding is a serious disorder that causes significant impairment in the home. While compulsive hoarding has been traditionally associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), standard OCD treatments have been mostly ineffective for hoarding. Recent research has provided evidence that hoarding has a distinct profile that could indicate a separate disorder. Further understanding of hoarding may advance classification and treatment. One understudied aspect of hoarding is excessive acquisition. Acquisition behaviors in hoarding appear to share similarities with impulse control disorders. While preliminary research has suggested elevated impulsivity in those who hoard, prior studies have been inconsistent in their measurement of impulsivity. Also, the relationship between impulsivity and excessive acquisition behaviors remains unexplored.
This study assessed impulsivity in hoarding (n = 32) and anxiety disorder (n = 32) participants using a multi-dimensional model of impulsivity. Participants underwent a diagnostic assessment and completed self-report forms and neuropsychological tasks measuring impulsivity. Participants also completed an experimental task to assess acquiring behaviors after a mood induction. Participants completed measures of affect and state impulsivity, before and after a negative or neutral mood induction.
There were no significant differences between diagnostic groups on self-reported impulsivity levels. Significant between-group differences were found on several neuropsychological tasks. Those with hoarding had significantly poorer response inhibition and lowered levels of adaptive and maladaptive risk-taking than participants with anxiety disorders. A diagnosis of hoarding predicted these outcomes independent of social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and major depressive disorder. In the acquisition task, the hoarding group acquired significantly more items than the anxiety disorder group but there was not a significant interaction effect with mood induction condition. The hoarding group had a significantly greater increase in state impulsivity across time but there was also not an interaction effect with mood induction condition. An analysis designed to assess whether state impulsivity mediated the relationship between negative affect and acquisition behaviors failed to find a significant indirect effect. Overall, study findings suggest differences in impulsivity for those who hoard as compared to those with an anxiety disorder. A continued emphasis on understanding impulsivity in hoarding could further diagnostic classification and treatment development.<br>2031-01-02
11
Easey, Geoff. "Impulsivity, alcohol use and risky sexual behaviours." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0001/MQ43377.pdf.
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12
Kim, Nami. "Decision-making, impulsivity, and borderline personality disorder." access full-text online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3215400.
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13
Wright, Hannah Frances. "Impulsivity in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris)." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508302.
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14
Chamberlain, S. R. "The neuropsychology of impulsivity and cognitive flexibility." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597406.
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Despite the theoretical and clinical importance of the terms impulsivity and cognitive flexibility, there has been relatively little research in humans setting to (i) to fractionate these terms neuropsychologically using objective computerised tests; (ii) to investigate the relationship between impairments in these domains and the manifestation of psychiatric symptoms; and (iii) to investigate the neurochemical substrates of these functions. The first half of this thesis investigates impulsivity and cognitive flexibility in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and trichotillomania (repetitive hair-pulling). Impaired response inhibition (i.e. increased motor impulsivity) was found in both OCD and trichotillomania patients, but only patients with OCD exhibited cognitive inflexibility across several tasks. Following up these studies, motor impulsivity and cognitive inflexibility were identified in unaffected first-degree relatives of OCD patients, suggesting that these deficits represent trait rather than state impairments that can exist in the absence of medication confounds and clinical phenotype. The second half of this thesis investigates the neurochemical substrates of impulsivity and cognitive flexibility by using single-dose pharmacological manipulations in healthy volunteers and in neuropsychiatric patients. A double-dissociation is observed for the involvement of noradrenaline and serotonin in response inhibition and probabilistic learning in healthy volunteers. Inhibition of noradrenaline reuptake (with atomoxetine) improved response inhibition with no effect on probabilistic learning with no effect on response inhibition. Agonism of serotonin 1A receptors (with buspirone) had no effect on response inhibition in healthy volunteers. Atomoxetine was also shown to improve aspects of impulse control in adult patients with ADHD.
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Lane, Jennifer Natalie. "Problem gambling : predictors, impulsivity and executive function." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488646.
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Background: Recent research into problem gambling (PG) has suggested many associated environmental, sociological, biological and psychological factors, specifically male gender, age, alcohol use, drug use, depression, anxiety, neuropsychological deficits and impulsivity. As yet, causal relationships remain to be established. Several theoretical models of PG have been hypothesised, with biopsychosocial approaches being favoured. Aims included; to identify specific predictors of PG in a bid to isolate potential causal factors ofPG and; to investigate the level of executive function in PGs and its relationship with impulsivity Method: The study was divided into two parts. Part one utilised a correlation design with participants (n=67) completing several questionnaires to collect demographic, psychological and personality information. Part two used.a case control design (n=14), PGs and matched controls. Participants completed neuropsychological assessment of executive fimction. Results: Multiple regression analysis indicated male gender, depression and impulsivity were significantly associated with PG. A case series presentation indicated that PGs' neurocognitive profiles of executive function differ from non-PGs. Preliminary statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences between specific neuropsychological tests. Trends towards significance were seen for planning and performance time, with PGs being identified as taking less time to plan their actions, taking longer to complete a test and making more errors. Conclusions: The specific domains of executive function, which show deficits in PGs have been suggested as the 'higher' executive functions involving planning, organising and self-monitoring behaviour. Impulsivity is hypothesised to contribute to deficits in executive function. The findings of tins study provide some insight into a fuller understanding of the factors associated with PG and tile neuropsychological functioning of a sample of PGs and have clinical implications including tile adaptation of current CBT interventions for PGs. The present investigation has been able to suggest that male gender, depression, impulsivity and executive function deficits may serve as vulnerability factors for the development and maintenance of PG. These potential vulnerability factors have been recommended as specific areas of interest for future research.
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Stautz, Kaidy. "Impulsivity, peer influence, and adolescent substance use." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2013. http://research.gold.ac.uk/10158/.
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Individuals in Western societies commonly begin to experiment with alcohol and/or cannabis during their adolescent years. Many experience negative consequences from the use of these substances and a minority develop pathological problems such as abuse and dependence. Previous research has identified myriad individual and environmental variables that precede and predict problematic substance use. Two such risk factors are the personality trait impulsivity and the influence of substance-using peers. This thesis aimed to study possible interactive effects of these factors on adolescent alcohol and cannabis use. A systematic review of the literature identified that a trait termed urgency, reflecting emotion-based impulsivity, showed larger associations than other impulsivity-related traits with problematic alcohol use. A study of 270 adolescent students found urgency to be significantly related to problematic alcohol and cannabis use. This study also identified a moderating effect of urgency on the relationship between perceived peer alcohol use and own problematic use. These findings were replicated in a late adolescent undergraduate sample. A three month follow-up of these participants found that urgency also predicted later problematic alcohol use. Next, an experimental study sought to identify social and emotional conditions in which impulsivity-related traits might influence alcohol use more strongly. This study found that an approach-motivated positive mood state and the presence of a friend did not influence trait effects on alcohol consumption in a beer taste test, although a main effect of sensation seeking was identified. The final study of the thesis considered how affective associative thoughts might explain links between urgency, peers, and substance use, particularly amongst adolescents. These findings help to further understanding of the role of impulsivity in adolescent substance use, and contribute to theoretical models of risk for substance use disorders.
17
Ward, Elizabeth Rebecca. "Inhibitory control, impulsivity, and recreational substance use." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517898.
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18
White, Melanie Jade. "Understanding impulsivity : molecular genetic and environmental influences." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16578/1/Melanie_J._White_Thesis.pdf.
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Features of impulsivity underlie multiple psychological disorders. The body of work examining impulsivity has largely focussed on self-report measurement and has incorporated psychological constructs without reference to the broader biological factors that may influence impulsive behaviour. Two studies were conducted to examine whether environmental stress and genetic status associated with dopaminergic and serotonergic function (DRD2, ANKK1 and 5HT2AR genotypes) were predictive of dimensions of impulsivity and risky behaviour (alcohol use). The two studies used a multi-method approach in a non-clinical community sample of young adults (aged 17-25 years). Dopamine is integral to the two leading theories of impulsive personality, Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and Cloninger's Psychobiological model of personality. Dopamine plays a crucial role in reward reinforcement circuits in the brain. The A1 allele of the ANKK1 gene (also referred to as TaqIA of the DRD2 gene region) and the CC genotype of the C957T polymorphism of the DRD2 gene have both been associated with reduced D2 dopamine receptor density in key structures linked to brain reward. In addition, a strong body of evidence implicates their involvement in a number of clinical disorders associated with impulsivity. Serotonin function has also been associated with impulsivity in Cloninger's theory and there is also evidence of associations of two polymorphisms of the 2A serotonin receptor gene (5HT2AR T102C and -1438A/G SNPs) with impulsivity. Acute and chronic forms of stress are also important correlates of impulsive behaviour and the two studies directly examined the relationship between genotype, stress and impulsivity.
Study 1 (N=180) utilised a cross-sectional design and examined interactions between these polymorphisms and chronic stress exposure on key impulsivity dimensions of reward sensitivity, Novelty Seeking and rash impulsiveness. Participants completed psychological questionnaires measuring chronic stress, dimensions of impulsivity, mood and substance use and provided mouth swab samples of buccal mucosal cells for DNA analysis. The study confirmed the association between A1 and CC allelic status and chronic stress being associated with harm avoidance and sensitivity to punishment. This suggests a role for both dopamine and background stress in impulsive behaviour. Study 2 (N=73) built upon this questionnaire research in the laboratory by utilising experimental psychological paradigms of impulsive behaviour and experimentally manipulating acute stress. Study 2 employed a mixed experimental design with a sub-sample of those studied in the cross-sectional sample. These behavioural paradigms included pre- and post- stress induction administration of the Card Arranging Reward Responsiveness Objective Test (capturing behavioural approach in the presence of reward cues, presumed to reflect reward sensitivity) and post-induction delay discounting and response inhibition measures. Study 2 confirmed the role of one of the two dopamine-related polymorphisms, with those with A1+ allelic status demonstrating lower reward responsiveness prior to rest or stress induction, which was overcome in the second administration of this task, independent of environment. A1+ allelic individuals also demonstrated significantly poorer response inhibition independent of stress, further confirming the association between A1+ allelic status and impulsivity. Those with CC allelic status showed an increase in reward responsiveness only in the stress induction condition.
Together, results from the two studies inform the development of a multidimensional model of impulsivity that captures gene-environment influences on discrete aspects of impulsive personality and behaviour. Further refinement of this model may lead to the development of more effective customised prevention and treatment interventions for clinically disordered impulsivity. The implications of dopaminergic systems and stress in understanding disorders such as ADHD and substance dependence are discussed.
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White, Melanie Jade. "Understanding impulsivity : molecular genetic and environmental influences." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16578/.
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Features of impulsivity underlie multiple psychological disorders. The body of work examining impulsivity has largely focussed on self-report measurement and has incorporated psychological constructs without reference to the broader biological factors that may influence impulsive behaviour. Two studies were conducted to examine whether environmental stress and genetic status associated with dopaminergic and serotonergic function (DRD2, ANKK1 and 5HT2AR genotypes) were predictive of dimensions of impulsivity and risky behaviour (alcohol use). The two studies used a multi-method approach in a non-clinical community sample of young adults (aged 17-25 years). Dopamine is integral to the two leading theories of impulsive personality, Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and Cloninger's Psychobiological model of personality. Dopamine plays a crucial role in reward reinforcement circuits in the brain. The A1 allele of the ANKK1 gene (also referred to as TaqIA of the DRD2 gene region) and the CC genotype of the C957T polymorphism of the DRD2 gene have both been associated with reduced D2 dopamine receptor density in key structures linked to brain reward. In addition, a strong body of evidence implicates their involvement in a number of clinical disorders associated with impulsivity. Serotonin function has also been associated with impulsivity in Cloninger's theory and there is also evidence of associations of two polymorphisms of the 2A serotonin receptor gene (5HT2AR T102C and -1438A/G SNPs) with impulsivity. Acute and chronic forms of stress are also important correlates of impulsive behaviour and the two studies directly examined the relationship between genotype, stress and impulsivity. Study 1 (N=180) utilised a cross-sectional design and examined interactions between these polymorphisms and chronic stress exposure on key impulsivity dimensions of reward sensitivity, Novelty Seeking and rash impulsiveness. Participants completed psychological questionnaires measuring chronic stress, dimensions of impulsivity, mood and substance use and provided mouth swab samples of buccal mucosal cells for DNA analysis. The study confirmed the association between A1 and CC allelic status and chronic stress being associated with harm avoidance and sensitivity to punishment. This suggests a role for both dopamine and background stress in impulsive behaviour. Study 2 (N=73) built upon this questionnaire research in the laboratory by utilising experimental psychological paradigms of impulsive behaviour and experimentally manipulating acute stress. Study 2 employed a mixed experimental design with a sub-sample of those studied in the cross-sectional sample. These behavioural paradigms included pre- and post- stress induction administration of the Card Arranging Reward Responsiveness Objective Test (capturing behavioural approach in the presence of reward cues, presumed to reflect reward sensitivity) and post-induction delay discounting and response inhibition measures. Study 2 confirmed the role of one of the two dopamine-related polymorphisms, with those with A1+ allelic status demonstrating lower reward responsiveness prior to rest or stress induction, which was overcome in the second administration of this task, independent of environment. A1+ allelic individuals also demonstrated significantly poorer response inhibition independent of stress, further confirming the association between A1+ allelic status and impulsivity. Those with CC allelic status showed an increase in reward responsiveness only in the stress induction condition. Together, results from the two studies inform the development of a multidimensional model of impulsivity that captures gene-environment influences on discrete aspects of impulsive personality and behaviour. Further refinement of this model may lead to the development of more effective customised prevention and treatment interventions for clinically disordered impulsivity. The implications of dopaminergic systems and stress in understanding disorders such as ADHD and substance dependence are discussed.
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Miller, Jessica A. "Impulsivity in college students with and without ADHD /." Full-text of dissertation on the Internet (1.63 MB), 2010. http://www.lib.jmu.edu/general/etd/2010/doctorate/mille4ja/mille4ja_doctorate_04-21-2010.pdf.
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Solhan, Marika. "Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality disorder." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4605.
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Thesis (M.A.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 28, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Melanko, Shane. "Impulsivity and psychopathy in adolescent smokers and nonsmokers." Connect to resource, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/31786.
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Alfonsson, Sven. "Impulsivity, Negative Mood, and Disordered Eating in Obesity." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-226380.
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Bariatric surgery is a life-altering procedure that leads to substantial weight loss for most patients with obesity. Psychiatric conditions that may interfere with eating behavior and other behavioral prescriptions after surgery are common. Disordered eating is an established risk factor for inferior weight loss but the effects of negative mood and impulsivity are largely unknown. This thesis aims to investigate the prevalence of and associations between these potential risk factors and eating behavior in bariatric surgery patients. Study I assessed the prevalence of adult Attention Deficits/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms in bariatric surgery patients. Symptoms of adult ADHD were elevated compared to the normal population and associated with symptoms of disordered eating, anxiety, and depression. Study II investigated whether treatment with Behavioral Activation (BA) could ameliorate binge eating and other symptoms of disordered eating in patients with obesity and Binge Eating Disorder. The results showed that BA was effective in increasing activity levels and improving mood but not in ameliorating binge eating in these patients. Study III was a prospective study on disordered eating, symptoms of depression and anxiety, symptoms of adult ADHD, and alcohol risk consumption before surgery and at follow-up after 12 months. After controlling for age, no variable measured before surgery could predict weight loss after surgery. Disordered eating after surgery was associated with inferior weight loss in men and a subgroup of older female participants. The present thesis concludes that symptoms of adult ADHD are common among bariatric surgery patients and associated with disordered eating. There is no indication that symptoms of adult ADHD are associated with short-term inferior weight loss after surgery. However, adult ADHD may be a risk factor for postsurgical alcohol abuse. The treatment study showed no direct association among activity, mood, and binge eating. BA, while effective in improving mood, was found not to be an effective treatment for BED, at least in the short group format investigated.
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Berlin, Heather. "Impulsivity, the orbitofrontal cortex and borderline personality disorder." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:df454308-aea1-448a-9237-83735452947f.
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Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has been associated with disinhibited or socially inappropriate behaviour and emotional irregularities in both humans and monkeys. Prominent characteristics of several personality disorder syndromes, in particular Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), are impulsivity and affective instability. This investigation aimed to determine if certain aspects of the Borderline Personality syndrome, in particular impulsivity, are associated with OFC dysfunction. Basic questionnaires of personality, emotion, and impulsivity together with tasks sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction that assess possible factors related to impulsivity, including time perception, sensitivity to reinforcers, and spatial working memory (SWM), were administered to OFC lesion, BPD, non-OFC prefrontal cortex lesion control, and normal control participants. OFC and BPD patients performed similarly, in that they were more impulsive, reported more inappropriate behaviours, BPD traits, anger, and less happiness than both control groups. They were also less open to experience and had a faster perception of time (in terms of time production) than normal controls. They performed differently on other tasks: BPD patients were less extraverted and conscientious and more neurotic and emotional than all other groups. OFC patients had more severe deficits in reversing stimulus-reinforcer associations compared to all other groups and had a faster perception of time (in terms of time estimation) than normal controls. Both OFC and non-OFC lesion patients had mixed lesions that included dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLFC) damage. Accordingly, they both had SWM deficits, a task used to control for DLFC damage, compared to normal and BPD participants. Since BPD participants were not impaired on this task and non-OFC patients did not perform poorly on the same tests that OFC patients did, the neuropsychological deficits of BPD and OFC patients could not be attributed to SWM deficits or DLFC dysfunction. The findings suggest that some of the cognitive/behavioural deficits commonly found in BPD patients are related to OFC dysfunction while others are unrelated and are perhaps related to other brain systems. The possibility of amygdala dysfunction is discussed. The similarities and dissociations found between BPD and OFC patients on certain tasks may lead to a better understanding of the aetiology of BPD and the functions of the OFC. Theoretical and therapeutic implications of the findings are discussed.
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Leung, Patrick W. L. "Inattention and impulsivity in hyperactivity : their cognitive basis." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263538.
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Lansdall, Claire Jade. "Apathy and impulsivity in frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/268020.
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There has been considerable progress in the clinical, pathological and genetic fractionation of frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes in recent years, driving the development of novel diagnostic criteria. However, phenotypic boundaries are not always distinct and syndromes converge with disease progression, limiting the insights available from traditional diagnostic classification. Alternative transdiagnostic approaches may provide novel insights into the neurobiological underpinnings of symptom commonalities across the frontotemporal lobar degeneration spectrum. In this thesis, I illustrate the use of transdiagnostic methods to investigate apathy and impulsivity. These two multifaceted constructs are observed across all frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes, including frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome. They cause substantial patient morbidity and carer distress, often coexist and are undertreated. Using data from the Pick’s disease and Progressive supranuclear palsy Prevalence and INcidence (PiPPIN) Study, I examine the frequency, characteristics and components of apathy and impulsivity across the frontotemporal lobar degeneration spectrum. A principal component analysis of the neuropsychological data identified eight distinct components of apathy and impulsivity, separating patient ratings, carer ratings and behavioural tasks. Apathy and impulsivity measures were positively correlated, frequently loading onto the same components and providing evidence of their overlap. The data confirmed that apathy and impulsivity are common across the spectrum of frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes. Voxel based morphometry revealed distinct neural correlates for the components of apathy and impulsivity. Patient ratings correlated with white matter changes in the corticospinal tracts, which may reflect retained insight into their physical impairments. Carer ratings correlated with grey and white matter changes in frontostriatal, frontotemporal and brainstem systems, which have previously been implicated in motivation, arousal and goal directed behaviour. Response inhibition deficits on behavioural tasks correlated with focal frontal cortical atrophy in areas implicated in goal-directed behaviour and cognitive control. Diffusion tensor imaging was highly sensitive to the white matter changes underlying apathy and impulsivity in frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes. Diffusion tensor imaging findings were largely consistent with voxel-based morphometry, with carer ratings reflecting widespread changes while objective measures showed changes in focal, task-specific brain regions. White matter abnormalities often extended beyond observed grey matter changes, providing supportive evidence that white matter dysfunction represents a core pathophysiology in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Apathy was a significant predictor of death within two and a half years from assessment, consistent with studies linking apathy to poor outcomes. The prognostic importance of apathy warrants more accurate measurement tools to facilitate clinical trials. Although causality remains unclear, the influence of apathy on survival suggests effective symptomatic treatments may also prove disease-modifying. These findings have several implications. First, clinical studies for apathy/impulsivity in frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes should target patients who present with these symptoms, irrespective of their diagnostic category. Second, data-driven approaches can inform the choice of assessment tools for clinical trials, and their link to neural drivers of apathy and impulsivity. Third, the components and their neural correlates provide a principled means to measure (and interpret) the effects of novel treatments in the context of frontotemporal lobar degeneration.
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Ashourian, Paymon. "Behavioral impulsivity and hallucinations : insights from Parkinson's disease." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68418.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, September 2011.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. "September 2011."<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-156).<br>Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related degenerative disease of the brain, characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. Neurologists and neuroscientists now understand that several symptoms of the disease, including hallucinations and impulse control behaviors, stem from the dopaminergic medications used to control the motor aspects of PD. Not all patients experience these nonmotor symptoms and tools that can predict a priori which patients are likely to have an adverse response to medication do not exist. This thesis begins to fill this gap by elucidating the mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of dopaminergic medications. Converging evidence from animals and humans shows that individual differences in particular genes that affect the dopamine system may alter the response of PD patients to dopaminergic medication. We examined the hypothesis that patients taking dopamine replacement therapy who carry candidate alleles that increase dopamine signaling experience a dopamine overdose, causing unwanted psychiatric symptoms.<br>by Paymon Ashourian.<br>Ph.D.
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Dawson, Erica Lind. "Impulsivity and Social Functioning in Healthy Young Adults." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1217511984.
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Athey, Alison J. "Trait Impulsivity and Its Association with Suicide Risk." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1467997145.
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Imhoff, Sarah. "Impulsivity and depression in adolescent smokers and nonsmokers." Connect to resource, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/37215.
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Adam, R. J. "Dopamine and oculomotor impulsivity in health and disease." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1457521/.
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The role of subcortical pathology in altered cognition is increasingly recognised. However, measurement and monitoring of impairments in motivation and behaviour due to subcortical disease is challenging. Basal ganglia – cortico-thalamo-cortical loops and the neurotransmitter, dopamine, are recognised to be important in modulating both reward learning and oculomotor performance. This thesis considers the use of novel and adapted oculomotor (saccadic) tasks as a means of interrogating these dynamic circuits as measures of rewarded decision-making under risk and time pressure. I first describe a novel rewarded oculomotor task, the Traffic Light Task, which provokes two distributions of saccades – one anticipatory, and one reactive. The balance of these distributions, the number of errors and the reward obtained are used to index oculomotor decision-making. Demonstrated effects of healthy aging include a significant reduction in anticipatory responding and consequent reduction in reward. I then compare behavioural oculomotor task responses in healthy controls with established “self-report” measures of impulsivity, finding significant correlations. Next, I consider a patient with focal lesions of the basal ganglia causing profound apathy. I demonstrate reduced oculomotor anticipatory responding and reward sensitivity. I then show the positive effects of dopaminergic medications (levodopa and ropinirole) upon his oculomotor decision-making in tandem with a clinical improvement in his motivational state. To further qualify this dopaminergic effect, I then assess the effects of two dopaminergic drugs (levodopa and methylphenidate) upon healthy volunteers. Finally, I use oculomotor tasks to compare patients with Parkinson’s Disease, with and without impulse control disorders, with both healthy volunteers and pathological gamblers without neurological disease. The results of these experiments raise questions regarding the development of models of basal ganglia – cortico-thalamo-cortical loops and how best to understand them.
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Morgan, Brian Lamar. "Accessing Impulsivity Within Individual's With Traumatic Brain Injuries." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1702.
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The present Study sought to apply the animal model to get a better understanding of the gambling behavior of individuals with brain injuries. The purpose of the present study was to explore how response allocations would be impacted when persons with brain injury were exposed to two concurrently available slot machines that differed by wining percentages and symbols that signaled reinforcement. Ten individuals with acquired brain injuries were recruited through their residential facility. Result indicated that all 10 participants allocated majority of their responses to the machine with symbols.
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Decker, Katelyn. "Effects of Gambling Outcomes on Level of Impulsivity." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2018.
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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Katelyn Louise Decker, Master of Science Degree in Behavior Analysis and Therapy, presented on April 30, 2015, at Southern Illinois University TITLE: EFFECTS OF GAMBLING OUTCOMES ON LEVEL OF IMPULSIVITY MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Mark R. Dixon The effects of exposure to winning and losing gambling outcomes on levels of impulsivity among non-gamblers were investigated in a within-subjects experimental design with randomization of treatment phases. Participants included 20 non-gamblers (10 male, 10 female), 18 years or older, selected from a sample of 40 volunteers who completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen (Lesieur & Blume, 1987) and received a score of 0, indicating no predictors of potential pathological gambling. Dependent measures of levels of impulsivity were recorded using an abbreviated version of the delayed discounting questionnaire described by Dixon et al. (2003). Derived k-values were calculated by fitting indifference points at each delay to the hyperbolic equation proposed by Mazur (1987) and average k-value was calculated for each participant across delays. Participants were exposed to both winning and losing outcomes by completing 25 trials within a slot-machine task programmed in Microsoft Visual Basic Express Edition 2008 (Maclin, et al., 2006, p. 127-154). Results were subjected to statistical analysis to determine whether a statistically significant, functional relationship existed between increases and decreases in level of impulsivity (k-value) in comparison to baseline. Across all participants, regardless of order of experimental conditions, results indicated a more than 26% decrease (-82.20-3133.33) in level of impulsivity (0-2.1694) following a losing outcome and a more than 24% decrease (-89.95-3300) in level of impulsivity (0-2.1694) following a winning outcome in comparison to baseline (0-2.3056). Results are consistent with the hypothesis that exposure to winning outcomes decrease impulsivity, but inconsistent with the hypothesis that exposure to losing outcomes increase impulsivity. Historical perspectives of pathological gambling, social impacts of gambling disorder, and trait and state-dependent perspectives of impulsivity are discussed. Potential implications for further research using delayed discounting measures are provided, as well as potential limitations of the present study. Keywords: gambling, impulsivity, delayed discounting, slot-machine, outcomes
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Åström, Jeanette. "Att få rätt stöd vid rätt tidpunkt : En observationsstudie av två barn med AD/HD-diagnos." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Lärarutbildningen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-18821.
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The purpose of the study is to examine different situations and behaviors for students diagnosed with AD / HD and see if there are times where their diagnosis will be extra visible. This will ultimately see how and where these children may need support in their daily lives, and about the support they receive is relevant to their needs. Questions I intend to examine: Are there situations for students throughout the school day in which ADHD diagnosis becomes extra visible? If so, what situations? How is the diagnosis in these situations? It is estimated that about 3-6 percent of school children have AD/HD. It causes difficulties with concentration as well as impulse and activity control. It's not a given that these students get the right support. This is a qualitative study using observations of two children to investigate whether there are situations where students' AD/HD will be extra visible. The results show that there are times when these behaviors clearly manifests during the school day, but also that there are some occasions when some behavior is not particularly noticeable. Some behaviors became evident during the free time during the day, while others became more visible during the controlled period. The result also shows that the times when behaviors are apparent, differs between the two observed the students. This emphasizes the importance to look to the specific needs of support for each individual.
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Kheramin, Shirali. "An investigation of the role of the orbital prefrontal cortex in impulsive choice behaviour." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275629.
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Carre, Arnaud. "Anxiété-trait, anxiété-état et alexithymie : éléments affectifs, cognitifs et cérébraux impliqués dans la régulation émotionnelle." Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIML001.
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Ce travail étudie les différents mécanismes cognitifs, affectifs et cérébraux de l'anxiété, en distinguant les effets de l'anxiété-trait, l'anxiété-état et les effets de l'alexithymie. L'objectif était notamment de définir les dissociations entre les dimensions trait et état et l'influence de l'alexithymie comme marqueur de difficultés de régulation émotionnelle. Dans cette perspective, nous avons conduit plusieurs travaux dans une approche dimensionnelle (en continuum). Dans les premières études testant les capacités attentionnelles et de contrôle inhibiteur, les résultats ont objectivé différents patterns de distinction entre l'anxiété-trait et état (d'altération ou d'amélioration de la performance) et des effets améliorateurs ou perturbateurs de l'alexithymie sur les performances. En outre, une distinction entre les paradigmes d'émotions dimensionnelles (tâche de Stroop) versus catégorielles (tâche de Simon) sont apparus. La troisième étude en IRMf est venue appuyer les similitudes et distinctions entre d'une part l'anxiété dans ses dimensions trait, état et sociale, et d'autre part l'alexithymie. Enfin la quatrième étude a permis de situer l'anxiété dans un spectre d'affectivité négative (peur et tristesse) distinguée mais en lien avec les affects de colère. Ces deux profils émotionnels ont entretenu des relations opposées avec les facteurs cognitifs de la régulation émotionnelle (basés sur l'alexithymie et l'empathie). L'ensemble des résultats a conduit à une conceptualisation de l'anxiété et de l'alexithymie basée sur les processus de sur-activation et d'inhibition émotionnelle<br>This study examines the cognitive, affective and neutral components of anxiety, distinguishing the effects of trait-anxiety, state-anxiety, and the impact of alexithymia. The objective was to define the particular dissociation between trait and state anxiety and the influence of alexithymia as a marker of emotion dysregulation. In this way, we conducted several studies in a dimensional approach (continuum). In the first and second studies testing the attentional abilities and inhibitory control, the results revealed different patterns that supported the distinction between state and trait anxiety (alteration or improvement of the performance) and enhancers or disruptive effects of alexithymia on the cognitive performance. In addition, a distinction between the paradigms constituted by a dimensional approach of emotions (positive versus negative words, Stroop task) versus categorical approach (with facial expressions, Simon task) appeared. The third study using fMRI highlighted the similarities and differences between on the one hand the dimension anxiety (trait, state and social anxiety), and on the other hand alexithymia. Finally, the fourth study permitted to define anxiety in a spectrum of negative affects (profile of fear and sadness). It also permitted to distinguish it from the affects of anger, but underlined a relation between them. These two profiles (negative affects and affects of anger) were differentially related to cognitive factors of emotion regulation (based on alexithymia and empathy). These overall results led to a conceptualization of anxiety and alexithymia based on over-activation and emotional inhibition
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Lewitzka, Ute, Michael Bauer, Bettina Ripke, Thomas Bronisch, and Lydia Günther. "Impulsivity and Saliva Cortisol in Patients with Suicide Attempt and Controls." Karger, 2017. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70639.
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Objectives: The objective of this study was to prove concepts in the characterization of suicidal patients and the possible usefulness of those markers to potentially identify patients with a higher risk for suicidality. Methods: Patients with a recent suicide attempt were compared with patients suffering from depression, adjustment disorder, anxiety, or eating disorders without suicidality, healthy controls and remitted patients with a history of at least 1 suicide attempt (≥1 year). We analyzed impulsivity (Barratt Impulsivity Scale, BIS) and saliva cortisol concentrations. Results: Independently of suicidality and disease state patients display higher BIS scores than healthy controls. Saliva cortisol levels tend to be higher in patients in the acute disease state than in remitted patients and healthy controls. Conclusions: Saliva cortisol may be a useful marker that reveals alterations in nonsuicidal patients suffering from depression, adjustment disorder, anxiety, or eating disorders who might be at risk.
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Ramos, Ferraz Liliana. "Study of impulsivity dimension in Borderline Personality Disorder: The influence of impulsiveness, impulsivity-related traits and childhood sexual abuse to suicidal behaviour." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284481.
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Este trabajo de tesis doctoral incluye dos estudios transversales que examinan una serie de variables relacionadas con la gravedad del Trastorno Límite de la Personalidad (TLP). El objetivo del primer estudio consistió en estudiar la naturaleza multidimensional de la impulsividad en pacientes con TLP, mediante el uso de diferentes medidas psicométricas de la impulsividad y rasgos relacionados, conjuntamente con una medida de laboratorio de la conducta impulsiva. El segundo estudio tuvo como principal objetivo aclarar la implicación de estos rasgos de la personalidad y los antecedentes de abuso sexual en la infancia en la conducta suicida en pacientes con TLP.
En el primer estudio, 39 mujeres diagnosticadas de TLP fueron comparadas con 102 controles sanos en cuanto a las puntuaciones obtenidas en diferentes instrumentos psicométricos y al rendimiento en una medida de laboratorio de impulsividad. Como medidas psicométricas de impulsividad y rasgos relacionados se emplearon la Escala de Impulsividad de Barratt-11 (BIS-11), el Inventario de Hostilidad de Buss-Durkee (BDHI) y el Inventario del Temperamento y el Carácter (TCI-R). El Continuous Performance Test (CPT-IP) fue utilizado como medida de laboratorio de la capacidad de inhibición de respuesta, constituyendo un marcador de la respuesta impulsiva. Los resultados en los instrumentos psicométricos revelaron que los sujetos con TLP se caracterizan por una elevada impulsividad-rasgo y elevada hostilidad en varias de sus facetas, y por puntuaciones extremas en los rasgos de temperamento de búsqueda de novedad y de evitación del daño en comparación con los controles sanos. No se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre pacientes TLP y sujetos controles en el rendimiento del CPT-IP.
En el segundo estudio, se analizó la relación entre la impulsividad y rasgos relacionados, los antecedentes de abuso sexual en la infancia y los comportamientos suicidas en una muestra de 76 pacientes diagnosticados con TLP. Primeramente, se analizaron las diferencias entre pacientes con TLP con y sin antecedentes de suicidio en relación a las medidas de personalidad, el abuso sexual en la infancia y la gravedad general del trastorno, a lo que se siguieron un conjunto de análisis de regresión con el objetivo de determinar la contribución independiente de estas variables para las conductas suicidas. Las variables relacionadas con el suicidio y con el abuso sexual en la infancia fueron recogidas mediante una entrevista estructurada diseñada ad hoc. Por último, se utilizó la Escala de Evaluación de la Actividad Global (EEAG) para evaluar la gravedad general y sintomatológica del trastorno. Los individuos con TLP con antecedentes de conductas suicidas obtuvieron puntuaciones más elevadas en hostilidad y en tres de sus facetas - resentimiento, desconfianza y culpa-, al compararlos con los pacientes con TLP sin intentos previos. No se encontraron diferencias significativas para otras variables de la personalidad entre los dos grupos. En relación al abuso sexual en la infancia, los sujetos con TLP con antecedentes de suicidio revelaron prevalencias significativamente más elevadas de abuso sexual en la infancia que los pacientes TLP sin intentos previos. Consistentemente, los resultados de los análisis de regresión indicaron que una elevada hostilidad y el hecho de haber sufrido abusos sexuales en la infancia son variables predictoras de la presencia, mayor número y mayor gravedad de los intentos de suicidio, lo que apunta a estas dos variables como importantes factores de riesgo para las conductas suicidas en el TLP.
Así pues, los resultados de este trabajo sustentan el papel preponderante de la dimensión impulsividad en el TLP. Asimismo, sugieren que la hostilidad, entendida como agresividad impulsiva, podría actuar como un potencial factor de riesgo biológico, mientras que el abuso sexual en la infancia representaría un factor de riesgo ambiental para la conducta suicida en el TLP.<br>The present work is a doctoral dissertation concerning two cross-sectional studies examining a series of severity-related variables in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). In the first study, the aim was to address the multidimensional nature of impulsivity in BPD subjects, using different self-report measures of impulsivity and impulsivity-related traits together with a laboratorial behavioural measure. In the second work, we intended to clarify the role of these personality traits as well as the impact of sexual abuse during childhood in relation to suicidal behaviour in BPD patients.
In the first study, we compared the differences in self-report instruments and the performance in a laboratorial measure of impulsivity between a sample of 39 BPD female subjects and 102 healthy controls. As self-reported measures of impulsivity and impulsivity-related traits, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R) were used. We used a Continuous Performance Test (CPT) as a laboratorial-behavioural measure of response inhibition and behavioural impulsivity. The results in the psychometric instruments revealed that BPD subjects were characterized by higher levels of trait impulsiveness and hostility in several of its domains, and by higher temperament traits of novelty seeking and harm avoidance compared to healthy controls. Concerning the laboratorial-behavioural measure of impulsivity, there were no differences in the performance between BPD and control subjects.
In the second study, we examined the relationships between impulsivity and impulsivity-related traits, as well as the presence of childhood sexual abuse in relation to suicidal behaviours in a sample of 76 BPD patients. We first analysed the differences between BPD patients with and without previous suicide attempts concerning personality measurements, childhood sexual abuse and overall disorder severity. In a second set of analyses, we performed different regression analyses to determine the independent contribution of these variables to suicidal behaviours. Suicidal related variables were assessed by means of a structured interview designed to obtain a detailed history of previous suicidal behaviour and childhood sexual abuse was registered using a clinical interview designed for the purpose of the present work. Finally, the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) was used to evaluate general symptoms and disorder severity. The results showed that BPD individuals with history of suicidal behaviours were characterized by higher levels of behavioural and attitudinal hostility, also in three of its facets, resentment, suspiciousness and guilt, in comparison to non-attempters BPD patients. In contrast, no differences were found in any other personality variables. In relation to childhood sexual abuse, BPD individuals with previous suicide attempts report significantly higher percentages of sexual abuse during childhood than BPD patients without attempts. Consistently, results from regression analyses indicated that increased hostility and having suffered sexual abuse during childhood predicted the presence, higher number and severity of suicide attempts, suggesting both factors as relevant risk factors for suicidal behaviours in BPD.
Taken together, the main results of the present work support impulsivity dimension as a prominent feature in BPD, and suggest that within the construct impulsivity, hostility (more related to impulsive aggression) could be a potential biological risk factor, and childhood sexual abuse as an environmental risk factor for suicidal behaviour in BPD.
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Tompkins, Season C. "Impulsivity : a link between bipolar and alcohol use disorders." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/53773.
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There are many commonalities between bipolar and alcohol use disorders which suggest a common etiology, or vulnerability, for these disorders. Impulsivity is a shared feature of both disorders which may help to identify an underlying link between the disorders. The presented studies used an undergraduate sample to examine personality, behavioural, and electroencephalogram (EEG) measures which have previously been linked to either bipolar or alcohol use disorders, or to both disorders. The first study examined self-report impulsivity as a mediator of the relationship between hypomanic personality and alcohol use. Individuals from the first study were then invited to participate in a second study using delay discounting, a behavioural measure of impulsivity, and EEG measures, which have been related to bipolar and alcohol use disorders. In the first study, higher hypomanic personality was related to higher impulsivity and alcohol use. Impulsivity was also positively related to alcohol use. In this study, impulsivity mediated the relationship between hypomanic personality and various measures of alcohol use. Specifically, Sensation Seeking and Negative Urgency were the UPPS-P scales found to most often mediate the relationships between hypomanic personality and alcohol use. In the second study, hypomanic personality, Positive Urgency, and alcohol use were all positively correlated with delay discounting rates. However, Positive Urgency did not significantly mediate the relationship between hypomanic personality or alcohol use and delay discounting. With regard to EEG measures, there were some findings showing impulsivity, hypomanic personality, and alcohol use related to longer latencies of the P300 event-related potential, but not smaller amplitudes. This lack of EEG findings may be explained by the relatively healthy sample of undergraduate participants that did not endorse severe enough psychopathology to show the associations previously seen in clinical samples.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Psychology, Department of<br>Graduate
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PALASANTZA, ATHANASIA. "Behavioural Testing for the Study of Impulsivity in Rats." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-156253.
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The present work aims to prepare a study that will investigate the role of serotonin in respect to impulsive behaviour in rats. The methodology followed employs behavioural testing, based on operant conditioning, which will be later combined with optogenetic stimulations. The stimulations will be applied to the animals in order to influence their serotonergic system. For the implementation of this project, an experimental set up was built that consists of an operant behavioural box, connected through microcontrollers with a computer and a laser. Also, three different behavioural protocols were designed: Autoshaping, Cue Matching and Peak Interval. Autoshaping has a training character, whereas the other two tasks are used in order to study the different aspects of impulsive behaviour. The results without the laser stimulations that will be obtained from these experimental tasks will be used as control, in order to allow the comparison with the results from the experiments employing the laser stimulations.<br>Syftet med denna studie är att utforma ett experiment där rollen av serotonerga neuron undersöks under impulsivt beteende i råtta. Metoden vi använt är operant betigning som senare ska kombineras optogenetik. Med optogenitik kan vi styra utsöndringen av serotonin med ljus. För att kunna studera impulsivt beteende, med eller utan denna frisättning av serotonin, introducerade vi djuret för ett beteendeparadigm med eller utan optogenetisk stimulering. Tre olika protokoll utformades, autoshaping, cue matching och peak interval. Protokollet för autoshaping används vid djurets träningsfas (inlärningsfas) medan de två andra användes för att testa olika typer av impulsivt beteende. Resultaten från dessa tre beteendeparadigm utan optogenetisk stimulering har används som baslinje för att kunna undersöka effekten serotonin har på impulsivt beteende.
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Edwards, Jeremiah Kevin. "Predicting violence with hostility and impulsivity : a moderational approach /." Available to subscribers only, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1240699431&sid=19&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Yates, Shirley Mary. "Reflection-impulsivity and delay of gratification in young children /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EDM/09edmy34.pdf.
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Meyers, Stephanie A. "Ecstasy use, impulsivity, adult ADHD, and unprotected anal sex." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527333.
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<p> Previous research indicates that ecstasy use is positively associated with higher levels of impulsivity and risky sexual behaviors. In addition, methamphetamine use, which is chemically related to ecstasy, has been associated with higher levels of adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms. This study adds to the existing literature by investigating the relationship between adult ADHD symptoms, impulsivity, ecstasy use, and unprotected anal sex. Participants were recruited from the Center for Behavioral Research and Services in Long Beach, California. Adult ADHD symptoms were associated with unprotected anal sex among women, but not for men. Furthermore, ecstasy use was found to be associated with unprotected anal sex among men who have sex with men (MSM) but not for women or men who have sex with women (MSW). In addition, higher levels of impulsivity were associated with both ecstasy use and unprotected anal sex among women, MSM, and MSW.</p>
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Skogsholm, Lauren. "Distractibility, Impulsivity, and Activation of Top-down Control Resources." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1977.
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Thesis advisor: Elizabeth Kensinger<br>Thesis advisor: Katherine Mickley Steinmetz<br>Distractibility and impulsivity have long been thought of as two separate psychological processes; however, there is currently evidence that suggests otherwise. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding on the behavioral level of the interaction between these two traits. I proposed a model in which some individuals have a higher than average threshold for activation of the top-down cognitive control resources that are important for directing and maintaining attention as well as for regulating impulsive behaviors. To test the strength of this model I used an experimental paradigm that combined two different types of tasks—a spatial working memory task and a delay discounting of a primary reward (juice) task. Participants were administered the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale in order to be classified in terms of their trait distractibility and trait impulsivity subscale scores. The results suggest that there is indeed an association between the traits of distractibility and impulsivity, and that they may be linked by a common mechanism involving a variable threshold of activation of top-down control resources to regulate these behaviors<br>Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2011<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: College Honors Program<br>Discipline: Psychology
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Duan, Yiting. "The impact of colour on impulsivity, arousal and emotion." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17468/.
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Colour has the potential to influence people’s emotions and behaviour. However, there is little empirical research exploring in depth how colour influences performance. This study focuses on exploring the impact of colour on two particular responses: impulsivity and arousal. Response time and error rate were used as two indicators to define the levels of impulsivity and arousal. The impact of colour on impulsivity, arousal, and emotions were investigated in detail. To achieve this goal, three psychophysical experiments were conducted to explore the impact of hue and chroma on impulsivity and arousal; and how colour influences impulsivity, arousal and colour emotions such as colour heat. The hue and chroma experiments were designed to determine whether, in a particular colour environment, response time and error rate of the participants were different across different hues and chroma levels. Participants were required to complete a range of screen-based psychometric tests with different colour backgrounds. During the experiment, participants were asked to give their responses to each test as quickly and accurately as possible. The results showed that background hue and chroma differences significantly influence response time and error rate. This suggests that colour has a distinctive influence on impulsivity and arousal. Hue has a greater influence on arousal than impulsivity while chroma affect impulsivity more than arousal. The impact of colour on impulsivity and arousal were also considered with different psychometric test types, different genders and colour preference. To explore the impact of colour on impulsivity, arousal and emotions, the emotion experiment was designed to study ten emotion scales. Participants were asked to report their emotional responses to 20 colours both on cardboard and textile fabric based on ten emotion scales. The reliability of Ou’s (2004) colour emotion models for single colour have been verified using the experimental data in this study. This result suggested that colour influence on impulsivity and arousal can be linked with other emotions. The finding from this study can be applied in various affective design, such as product packaging, consumer purchasing, education efficiency and so forth.
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Bornovalova, Marina Alexa. "Impulsivity processes underlying drug choice and risky sexual behavior." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2873.
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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Psychology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Damnjanovic, Sonja. "Dissociating facets of impulsivity executive control vs. intertemporal choice /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024824.
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McPherson, Shawna K. "The Effect of Brief Mindfulness Exercises on Momentary Impulsivity." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1711.
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Delay discounting involves a hypothetical choice between a smaller-sooner value and a larger-later value. Past research has demonstrated the hypothetical choices made in delay discounting correlate with actual money choices and predict impulsivity with drug use, gambling, and food choices. Though delayed discounting has been studied widely, it is unknown whether impulsivity is a characteristic trait or is influenced by contextual cues. Mindfulness has been demonstrated to improve psychological well-being in various contexts. The present study explored the effect of brief mindfulness exercises on impulsivity through a multiple baseline design across 5 participants. Results were mixed, with some participant’s AUCs increasing post-treatment and others remaining the same or decreasing. The current study raised some questions for future research regarding the contextual control of mindfulness and impulsivity.
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Ng, Janet, and Janet Ng. "The Relation of Impulsivity and Obesity: A Neuroimaging Analysis." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12500.
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The current study examined the relation of impulsivity and obesity in three neuroimaging studies using MRI techniques to test the hypothesis that deficits in brain regions responsible for inhibitory control are associated with obesity. The first study used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to explore volumetric differences in lean, overweight, and obese women (N=83) and found that BMI was negatively correlated with grey matter (GM) in the insula, frontal operculum, and inferior frontal gyrus. BMI was positively correlated with white matter (WM) in the fusiform gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, Rolandic operculum, and dorsal striatum. Genetic alleles for dopamine expression moderated these relations. Additionally, less GM in the superior frontal gyrus predicted future increases in BMI. The second study used VBM to examine differences between lean adolescents at risk versus not at risk for obesity (N=54). There were no regional GM or WM differences based on risk status. There were also no regional differences that predicted weight gain over 1-year follow-up. Additionally, genetic alleles for dopamine expression did not moderate any of these regions. These findings suggest that volumetric differences may emerge after excessive weight gain. Finally, the third study used a psychophysiological interaction analysis to test functional connectivity between prefrontal and limbic regions as a function of BMI in lean, overweight, and obese women (N=37) during a go/no-go task. There was no functional connectivity found in seed regions in relation to BMI. Implications for intervention and future research are discussed.
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Booth, Leon David. "The Measurement and Nature of Impulsivity in Parkinson’s disease." Thesis, Curtin University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/81990.
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This thesis examined methods that are used to assess impulsive behaviours in Parkinson’s. The results demonstrated that to obtain the most valid assessment of impulsivity, both people with Parkinson’s and their friends/family should complete questionnaires that have been designed to identify these behaviours in Parkinson’s. In contrast, using behavioural impulsivity tasks is discouraged. The findings also highlight the reward seeking nature of impulsivity in Parkinson’s, informing future treatments designed to reduce these problematic behaviours.