Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Import and Export performance“

Certains pays se sont historiquement développés en s'ouvrant au commerce et en adoptant une stratégie de croissance tirée par les exportations manufacturières. Le commerce promeut l'allocation efficace des ressources suivant l'avantage comparatif, les importations favorisant les transferts technologiques et la croissance de la productivité, alors que les exportations jouent un rôle-clé en soutenant la balance des paiements et les efforts de mobilisation des recettes domestiques. En stimulant la croissance, le commerce offre la possibilité de réduire la pauvreté et d'améliorer les conditions de vie des populations. En se fondant sur le cas du Cambodge où l'industrie du textile et de l'habillement fournit la majorité des emplois manufacturiers et représente l'essentiel des exportations du pays, le Chapitre 2 montre que l'ouverture commerciale à travers les exportations manufacturières permet d'améliorer le bien-être des ménages. Nous utilisons la méthode d'appariement par score de propension pour montrer que le secteur textile améliore le bien-être des ménages faisant partie des 40 pourcent les plus pauvres en augmentant leur consommation, l'accumulation d'actifs et la part des enfants allant à l'école, ainsi qu'en réduisant l'insécurité alimentaire et l'incidence et l'ampleur de la pauvreté. L'application de la méthode des variables instrumentales indique également que les transferts de migrants travaillant dans le secteur textile permettent de relâcher la contrainte budgétaire des ménages récipiendaires et d'augmenter les dépenses d'éducation, de santé et les investissements agricoles propices à la hausse de la productivité. Le Chapitre 3 adopte une approche macroéconomique et explore les déterminants d'épisodes de croissance forte et soutenue des exportations. Il en ressort que la qualité des institutions appuyée par la stabilité macroéconomique, la dépréciation du taux de change, la diversification des exportations, la participation aux chaînes de valeur mondiales et les réformes agricoles orientées vers le marché sont sources d'accélérations des exportations. L'accroissement de la concurrence sur le marché des industries de réseau et la levée des restrictions aux mouvements de capitaux stimulent surtout les exportations de services, alors que les flux d'investissements directs étrangers favorisent les accélérations des exportations de biens. L'application de la méthode du contrôle synthétique aux cas illustratifs du Brésil et du Pérou révèle que les accélérations des exportations sont suivies par une croissance du PIB par tête réel et une baisse du chômage et des inégalités de revenu. Les résultats du chapitre indiquent une complémentarité entre les biens et les services et suggèrent que l'abaissement des barrières au commerce des services serait également favorable à celui des biens. Le Chapitre 4 quantifie une nouvelle source de barrières au commerce liée au temps de traitement des importations en douanes. L'imprévisibilité des délais d'attente liés au dédouanement des marchandises importées entache la fiabilité de la chaîne d'approvisionnement et affecte la performance à l'export des firmes importatrices de biens intermédiaires. En utilisant l'estimateur Poisson du pseudo maximum de vraisemblance, nous trouvons que l'incertitude liée aux délais de traitement en douanes des biens intermédiaires importés n'impacte ni le taux d'entrée, ni le taux de sortie des firmes manufacturières, mais se traduit par une réduction des taux de survie des nouveaux exportateurs. Cet effet s'avère hétérogène à travers les industries, croît avec le temps en raison de la dégradation de la réputation des exportateurs et semble tiré par le commerce Sud-Nord, sans doute parce que les acheteurs dans les pays développés sont plus sensibles au temps. Il est également atténué par les coûts irrécupérables d'entrée sur les marchés<br>Historical evidence shows that countries can successfully develop by opening up to trade and pursuing manufacturing export-led strategies. Trade promotes efficient allocation of resources according to comparative advantage, with imports acting as a vehicle for technology transfers and productivity growth while exports are key to relaxing balance-of-payments constraints and supporting domestic revenue mobilization efforts. By spurring growth, trade has the potential of alleviating poverty and delivering better livelihoods. Drawing on the case of Cambodia where the garment industry provides the bulk of manufacturing jobs and accounts for the lion's share of the export bundle, Chapter 2 provides micro evidence of the welfare-enhancing potential of trade openness through manufacturing exports. It relies on propensity score matching estimators to show that the textile and apparel sector enhances the welfare of households in the bottom 40 percent of the income distribution, boosting consumption, asset ownership and the proportion of children attending school, while curbing exposure to food insecurity and lowering the incidence and depth of poverty. Based on instrumental variables, we also show that remittances from the export-oriented garment industry relax household budget constraints, increasing expenditures in education, health and productivity-raising investments in agriculture. Chapter 3 adopts a macro approach to investigate the determinants of episodes of strong and sustained export growth. Institutional quality underpinned by macroeconomic stability, a depreciated exchange rate, export diversification, global value chain participation and market-oriented agricultural reforms show up as strong predictors of export takeoffs. Lowering barriers to competition in network industries and lifting capital movement restrictions mainly bolster services exports, while foreign direct investment inflows are conducive to goods export accelerations. Applying the synthetic control method to the illustrative cases of Brazil and Peru yields evidence of higher real GDP per capita and lower unemployment and income inequality in the years following the export surge. Our results point to significant complementarities between goods and services, and suggest that lowering barriers to trade in services is likely to support trade in goods. Chapter 4 quantifies a new source of domestic trade costs related to import processing times at the border that generate supply chain unreliability by exposing importing firms to unexpected delays in the provision of critical inputs, ultimately undermining their export performance. Using the Poisson-pseudo-maximum-likelihood estimator, we find that uncertainty in the time required to clear imported inputs through Customs impacts neither the entry nor the exit rate of manufacturing firms, but translates into lower survival rates for new exporters. This effect is heterogeneous across export industries, grows larger over time owing to rising reputational costs to input-importing exporters, and is mainly driven by South-North trade, possibly reflecting the time-sensitivity of buyers in developed countries. It is also attenuated by sunk costs of entry in foreign markets

This study empirically investigates the direct and indirect effects of export promotion programs (EPPs) on firm export performance. Government export promotion programs normally define the premise for successful exporting activities of the corporate sector and play a key role in stimulating international business activities of firms (Cavusgil and Michael, 1990; Marandu, 1995; Seringhaus and Rosson, 1990). While the extant literature on export performance mostly neglected EPPs as an antecedent of export performance, the literature on export promotion fails to relate it to export performance. A very few researchers in this area have focused on a direct relationship between EPPs and firm export performance, however, no study has investigated the effect of EPPs on other determinants of export performance toward establishing any indirect relation between EPPs and export performance. This study attempts to develop and test a comprehensive model of firm export performance that investigates how EPPs directly and indirectly influence firm export performance. Theoretical foundations are drawn from internationalization process and resource-based theories as frameworks for the analysis of the study. The model integrates the use of EPPs, management perception of export market environment, export knowledge, export commitment, and export strategy that influence firm export performance and develops a number of hypotheses. Export promotion programs are classified into two categories according to their similarity of purpose- "market development", and "finance and guarantee" related programs. All other variables in the model are latent and are measured by a set of observed items. The model is tested on primary data obtained from a sample survey of exporting firms drawn from three major export oriented industries in Bangladesh. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques (in AMOS 5) are used to test the validity of the overall model and the relationship between variables hypothesized in the model. A two stage process is employed whereby the construct measurements are first evaluated, followed by an evaluation of the structural relationships. Analysis of the structural relationships supports most of the hypothesized relationships. The dimensions of export promotion programs are found to positively impact overall export performance. The research findings demonstrate that the use of market development-related export promotion programs influence firm export performance directly as well as indirectly through management perception of the export market environment, export knowledge and commitment. However, finance and guarantee-related export promotion programs indirectly influence export performance through export commitment. The study provides a guideline for managers of firms suggesting how they can benefit from EPPs in improving their positive attitude towards the export market environment, building their knowledge and enhancing commitment to exporting for better success in their international operations. This study provides guidelines to policymakers in designing and targeting export promotion programs effectively. The study also contributes to the literature by examining the indirect impact of EPPs on firm export performance. Finally, the limitations of the study are considered and possible directions for further research outlined.

This study empirically investigates the direct and indirect effects of export promotion programs (EPPs) on firm export performance. Government export promotion programs normally define the premise for successful exporting activities of the corporate sector and play a key role in stimulating international business activities of firms (Cavusgil and Michael, 1990; Marandu, 1995; Seringhaus and Rosson, 1990). While the extant literature on export performance mostly neglected EPPs as an antecedent of export performance, the literature on export promotion fails to relate it to export performance. A very few researchers in this area have focused on a direct relationship between EPPs and firm export performance, however, no study has investigated the effect of EPPs on other determinants of export performance toward establishing any indirect relation between EPPs and export performance. This study attempts to develop and test a comprehensive model of firm export performance that investigates how EPPs directly and indirectly influence firm export performance. Theoretical foundations are drawn from internationalization process and resource-based theories as frameworks for the analysis of the study. The model integrates the use of EPPs, management perception of export market environment, export knowledge, export commitment, and export strategy that influence firm export performance and develops a number of hypotheses. Export promotion programs are classified into two categories according to their similarity of purpose- "market development", and "finance and guarantee" related programs. All other variables in the model are latent and are measured by a set of observed items. The model is tested on primary data obtained from a sample survey of exporting firms drawn from three major export oriented industries in Bangladesh. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques (in AMOS 5) are used to test the validity of the overall model and the relationship between variables hypothesized in the model. A two stage process is employed whereby the construct measurements are first evaluated, followed by an evaluation of the structural relationships. Analysis of the structural relationships supports most of the hypothesized relationships. The dimensions of export promotion programs are found to positively impact overall export performance. The research findings demonstrate that the use of market development-related export promotion programs influence firm export performance directly as well as indirectly through management perception of the export market environment, export knowledge and commitment. However, finance and guarantee-related export promotion programs indirectly influence export performance through export commitment. The study provides a guideline for managers of firms suggesting how they can benefit from EPPs in improving their positive attitude towards the export market environment, building their knowledge and enhancing commitment to exporting for better success in their international operations. This study provides guidelines to policymakers in designing and targeting export promotion programs effectively. The study also contributes to the literature by examining the indirect impact of EPPs on firm export performance. Finally, the limitations of the study are considered and possible directions for further research outlined.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR TECHNOLOGIAE Human Resource Management CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2014<br>This study sought to gain a better understanding of the recruitment and performance management functions in the import and export industry in Cape Town, South Africa. While many studies have been conducted on recruitment and performance management, there is a paucity of research on these two functions within the industry. Recruitment and performance management are vital human capital and human resource (HR) functions that play a crucial role in guaranteeing an organisation’s ability to achieve its business strategy. Furthermore, studies have shown that in recent years, performance management has become intrinsic to most organisations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop awareness relating to the importance of the recruitment and performance management functions, among all levels of management. The research comprised five phases of data collection from 151 randomly selected respondents. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to gain insight into how these two functions were executed within the industry under investigation. Thereafter a performance management module was developed and implemented, and the questionnaire was redistributed after six months. The results support the view that the functions of recruitment and performance management are poorly managed within the industry. Furthermore, the intervention of the performance management module indicates that interaction with employees relating to individual performance enhances both their work performance and general awareness of inter-personal and organisational issues. The findings from this research suggest that recruitment and performance management are essential HR practices often overlooked in an environment that is random and extremely demanding. Disregard of these practices, especially performance management, has proved to have a negative impact on employee job performance. It is therefore recommended that organisations follow processes and invest in such programmes, not only to achieve their organisational goals, but also to develop and enhance employee performance. This study has specific and important implications for the import and export industry in Cape Town, substantiating the researcher’s premise that effective recruitment and performance management can improve and facilitate the management of the industry’s employees.

<p>The study draws on secondary data from the Bureau of Statistics in Lesotho. Simple and multiple linear regression models techniques are used to analyze the relationship between the GDP of Lesotho and the GDP of manufacturing. The secondary data is analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel. The major finding is that there exists a strong positive linear relationship ( r = 0.986) between the GDP of Lesotho and the GDP of manufacturing. This means that every time the GDP of manufacturing increases the GDP of Lesotho does the same. Based on this finding, the study recommends that in order to improve, sustain and maintain the economic growth and to avoid further deterioration in the manufacturing industry, the manufacturing capacity must be strengthened for it to effectively deal with growing competition and rapid economic changes.</p>

Dissertação de Mestrado em Negócios Internacionais apresentada à ESTG - Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão do Instituto Politécnico de Leiria.<br>Why do some firms succeed in exporting while others do not? Export activities are a crucial area of international business but the drivers of superior export performance are not yet well understood. In this study, employing a sample of 52 Portuguese firms, we examine what are the distinctive resources and capabilities associated to superior export performance through the establishment of sustainable competitive advantages. Resource-based view supports the development of explicit hypothesis. Different combinations of export-related resources and capabilities are identified as source of cost, product and service-type advantages and how do these advantages impact economic, strategic and relational dimensions of export performance. The findings of this study have important implications for theory, managers and policymakers. Limitations of the study are considered, and future research directions are identified.

The study of <I>export</I> information use is in its infancy stage since the export information literature has tended to focus on <I>acquisition</I> rather than <I>use </I>issues. The objectives were thus the development of reliable and valid measures of export information use, and the assessment or antecedents and impact on export performance. After reviewing the literature, an exploratory study of export decision-makers was undertaken. The results suggested the existence of two types of export information use: <I>instrumental/conceptual </I>and <I>symbolic</I>. A mail questionnaire was developed on the basis of both the literature review (Chapter Two) and the exploratory study (Chapter Three). The research instrument was pretested. For the main mail survey, a sample of 198 cases was achieved. Established measure development procedures were employed for producing scales of use of information acquired via different types of sources. In addition, measures of export information acquisition, intra-organisational use (reflecting <I>extent </I>of use) and export performance were developed to enhance the analysis. Finally, an overall model of export information use was tested via a series of multiple regression and moderated regression approaches. The antecedents to export information use examined in this study encompassed company size, export experience, export structure, export dependence, and export complexity, acquisition from different types of sources, awareness of export information sources, information intensity, over-acquisition, overload and environmental turbulence. Some of these variables were found to be directly related to export information use while others were linked to use through acquisition. Intra-organisational use of export information was found to have a positive link with export performance, as did instrumental/conceptual use of export market intelligence information. Instrumental/conceptual use of both export marketing research and export assistance information were found to be negatively related to export performance.

The objective of this study is to investigate the determinants of the export behavior of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Turkey. In SMEs, key decision makers play important roles<br>therefore, studying the impact of managerial characteristics is of paramount importance for understanding the determinants of SME export behavior. Particularly, possible relations between CEO age, tenure, level of education, international experience and foreign language skills and the export performance of SMEs will be examined. While doing this, two distinct theories, namely, upper echelons perspective and resource-based view of the firm (RBV) will be integrated. Furthermore, the study will focus on the role of the human capital as a strategic resource that may enhance the SME export performance. The relations between international experience and foreign language skills of the human capital and SME export performance will be analyzed from upper echelons perspective and RBV point of view. Overall, this study attempts to illustrate that CEOs and human resources are valuable, rare, inimitable and non-substitutable resources for SMEs, and that studying their attributes in SME internationalization context is crucial to understanding the determinants of expert activities of SMEs. As a result, this study expects to reveal important implications for those who aim at increasing the export performance of SMEs. Practitioners may benefit from the findings by addressing which managerial and human capital characteristics influence SME export behavior and in which directions, so that they can better match the characteristics of CEOs and human capital with SMEs in order to attain higher export performance.