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1
Nichols, Stephen. The priority environmental concerns of Papua New Guinea. Apia, Samoa: SPREP, 2004.
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2
Ltd, Island Friends, South Pacific Regional Environment Programme., International Waters Project, Global Environment Facility und Strategic Action Programme for the International Waters of the Pacific Small Island Developing States., Hrsg. Cook Islands priority environmental problems (PEC) report: A review and assessment of the priority environmental concerns. Apia, Samoa: SPREP, 2004.
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3
Tim, Hope, und Great Britain. Home Office. Research and Planning Unit., Hrsg. Housing, community and crime: The impact of the Priority Estates Project. London: H.M.S.O., 1993.
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4
International Comparative Risk Analysis Symposium (2nd 1994 Taipei, Taiwan). 2nd International Comparative Risk Analysis Symposium: Priority setting of environmental issues : proceedings of an international specialty conference. Pittsburgh, Pa: The Association, 1996.
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5
Koldaev, Viktor. Theoretical and methodological aspects of the use of information technologies in education. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1014651.
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The article summarizes the experience of implementing a personality-oriented approach to the formation of a structural and content model of the educational process at the university. The results of the introduction of information technologies and their services in the field of education are presented, as well as the impact of computerization on the quality of education in the framework of the modern educational paradigm. The priority directions of innovative educational strategies of the university are identified and a graph model of the individual educational route of the student is proposed in order to predict the state of the educational system and adopt optimal learning strategies. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For graduate students and university teachers in the design of variable models of training in any areas of training and specialties. It will be useful for advanced training on the problems of innovative educational strategies.
6
A, Bonn Mark, Hrsg. Visitor profiles, economic impacts, and recreational aesthetic values associated with eight priority Florida springs located in the St. Johns River Water Management District. [Palatka, Fla: St. Johns River Water Management District, 2004.
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7
Davison, Paul, Bryan Gray, Jesse Laffen und Mike Rendel. Priority Sale: How to Connect Your Real Impact to Your Prospects' Top Priorities. Indie Books International, 2021.
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8
Giné, Xavier, Salma Khalid und Mansuri Ghazala. The Impact of Social Mobilization on Health Service Delivery and Health Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0011.
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This chapter uses a randomized community development programme in rural Pakistan to assess the impact of citizen engagement on public service delivery and maternal and child health outcomes. The programme had a strong emphasis on organizing women, who also identified health services as a development priority at baseline. At midline, we find that the mobilization effort alone had a significant impact on the performance of village-based health providers. We detect economically large improvements in pregnancy and well-baby visits by female health workers, as well as increased utilization of pre- and post-natal care by pregnant women. In contrast, the quality of supra-village health services did not improve, underscoring the importance of community enforcement and monitoring capacity for improving service delivery.
9
Ní Chaoimh, Eadaoin. The Legislative Priority Rule and the EU Internal Market for Goods. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192856210.001.0001.
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Abstract The process of integrating the internal market for goods is intrinsically bound up with the question of how to divide and exercise public power without undermining free movement. The founding Treaties allow for this debate to play out by both protecting the free movement of goods and allowing for national regulatory input. The EU legislator is also empowered to resolve persisting tensions in this field between diversity and centralization, market integration, and market regulation, and as regards the question of who decides. As guarantor of the rule of law, the European Court of Justice must pay heed to such legislative input in a manner that preserves both the principle of institutional balance and the hierarchy of norms. To do so, it often relies on the Legislative Priority Rule as its constitutional compass. Founded on the principles of pre-emption and the presumption of constitutionality, this Rule casts exhaustive EU (product) legislation as the Court’s sole norm of reference to resolve regulatory disputes, to the exclusion of Articles 34–36 TFEU. To avoid any resulting normative inversion, EU (product) legislation must be acknowledged as accommodating a more complex vertical distribution of power than what is often assumed. To this end, the book suggests replacing harmonization models with a new framework to improve the description of EU product legislation and the assessment of its impact, and to facilitate transparent and Treaty-compliant dispute resolution.
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Hemmelgarn, Anthony L., und Charles Glisson. Participatory-based versus Authority-based Human Service Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455286.003.0012.
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This chapter introduces ARC’s principle of being participatory based. This principle requires the active, open participation of front-line staff, middle managers, and top administrators in decisions about practices and policies that affect the well-being of clients served by their organization. It counters the conflicting priority of prescribing change in a top-down manner without the benefit of the experience of those closest to service provision. The chapter explains how participatory-based organizations impact staff discretion, motivation, learning, and engagement with clients and reviews the empirical evidence that supports participatory-based approaches. This evidence includes research in social cognition and neuroscience. Case examples illustrate the positive impact of participatory approaches on service provider and client outcomes, outlining their influence through norms and expectations as well as underlying beliefs and assumptions.
11
Hawthorne, Lesleyanne. Attracting and Retaining International Students as Skilled Migrants. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815273.003.0010.
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OECD countries compete to attract and retain international students as skilled migrants. By definition former international students are of prime workforce age, face no regulatory barriers, and have self-funded to meet domestic employer demand. Within the global ‘race for talent’ they have emerged as a priority human capital resource. This chapter examines the study-migration pathways that have evolved in the past decade within skilled migration policy frameworks. Three case studies are provided, assessing select challenges in the context of national debate. The first examines the UK’s attempt to reduce net migration flows and the impact of this on student migration. The second explores the retention of international doctoral students in the US amid concerns for labour market substitution rather than complementarity. The third defines the extent to which Australian employers value former international students compared to domestic graduates, including the impact of demand and demographic variables on early employment outcomes.
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Najavits, Lisa M., und Nicole M. Capezza. Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comorbidity. Herausgegeben von C. Steven Richards und Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.029.
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Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly comorbid diagnoses following a traumatic event. In this chapter, we explore a range of topics related to comorbid depression and PTSD, including impact, prevalence, shared risk factors, temporal priority, key research areas, intervention strategies, and future research directions. Given the overlap in symptoms and shared risk factors, some researchers have suggested that the comorbidity between depression and PTSD following a traumatic event may be better understood as a single general mood disorder rather than two separate disorders. We examine evidence supporting both possibilities. We briefly review the two research areas that have received the most attention, namely comorbidity related to military traumas and interpersonal abuse. Practical implications, assessments, interventions, and treatment recommendations are also discussed.
13
Godson, Jenny, und Diane Seymour. Primary prevention and health promotion in oral health. Herausgegeben von Alan Emond. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0013.
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Tooth decay, although preventable, is the most common oral disease affecting children and young people. This chapter outlines why child oral health is a priority, the impact of poor oral health on children and families, and what causes poor oral health. It looks at the evidence of what works to improve oral health at an individual level, how we can support children and families to reduce their intake of free sugars, and increase access to fluoride. In addition, it highlights population-based programmes that have evidence that they can improve the oral health of children and what the local return on investment of such a programme would be at 5 and 10 years after commencement. Practitioners, managers, and commissioners all have an important role to play and the chapter concludes with recommendations for action.
14
Baru, Sanjaya. The Economic Imperatives Shaping Indian Foreign Policy. Herausgegeben von David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan und Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.24.
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India’s national priority is economic development, the well-being of all its people, and the maintenance of peace and stability within its neighbourhood. While Indian foreign policy is defined by these considerations, there has always been a tension between its economic policy compulsions and its international aspirations. However, India has come to recognize that its global image and influence are shaped primarily by its economic capability and capacity. The key question for foreign policy-makers is how any given strategy would impact India’s developmental aspirations and needs and provide a secure environment for the fulfilment of those needs and aspirations. India will, therefore, seek to maintain good relations with all major powers, key economic and strategic partners, and its neighbours with a view to maintaining a regional and global environment conducive to her sustained and sustainable growth.
15
Henschke, Adam. The Internet of Things and Dual Layers of Ethical Concern. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190652951.003.0015.
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The internet of things (IoT), where objects can communicate with each other in a way that affects the physical world, will likely have a great impact on people and society at large. Like a massively distributed set of robots, its effects will be felt on both physical and information realms. After describing key elements of the IoT, this chapter summarizes major ethical concerns. For the physical layer, the primary ethical concerns center on safety, while the informational layer’s primary concerns are about controlling information. Given the two layers’ distinct ethical concerns, we face a problem of moral pluralism—which of these layers should take priority? Recognizing this pluralism, the chapter argues that designers, policymakers, and users not only must not pay attention to both layers, but may also have to prioritize one layer over the other.
16
Hardy, Jeffrey S. Restructuring the Penal Empire. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501702792.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses the impact of Stalin's death on 5 March 1953 on the Gulag. Stalin's passing, the ensuing power struggle, and the existing reformist tendencies within the Gulag all contributed to the substantive reforms that would quickly and permanently alter the Soviet penal system. By 1960 the Gulag empire would be drastically reduced in size and economic importance. Its organizational structure would be decentralized to a significant degree. Reeducation as opposed to labor extraction would be proclaimed the top priority of the Gulag. Ultimately, the reforms of 1953–60 were just as monumental in terms of transforming the Soviet penal system as those of 1930–37. In many respects, in fact, they worked to roll back the reforms of the 1930s, which in general had made the penal system larger, more economically focused, and deadlier.
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Highlights of major research outputs, impacts and perspectives in priority crop and animal commodities and production systems. [Butare, Rwanda]: Institut des sciences agronomiques du Rwanda, 2004.
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18
Wratten, Simon. Sales and Marketing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574797.003.0006.
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Traditionally OUP relied on travellers to promote and sell its books in the UK and branch staff to do so overseas; these activities were managed from the Sales Department at Ely House. Feedback from the branches and UK travellers on customer preferences did not reliably reach editors in Oxford and London. Following the reorganization of the Press in the 1970s, publishing divisions took control of marketing their own books and a greater priority was given to market preferences in decisions about design, format, pricing, timing of publication, and projected sales. The chapter chronicles the changes in marketing policy and sales techniques, offering examples of the impact of market analysis, customer feedback, and promotional campaigns on particular titles. The chapter also considers the way the Press reacted to changes in the retail book sales with the growth of chain stores, book clubs, and the online marketplace.
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Sookman, Debbie. Ethical Practice of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Herausgegeben von John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford und Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.35.
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Contemporary cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) comprises complex interventions that have demonstrated efficacy and/or are currently the evidence-based psychotherapeutic treatment of choice for many psychiatric disorders. This chapter discusses management of ethical issues that may arise during evidence-based CBT: initial assessment, informed consent, exposure-based therapy, out of office sessions, management of boundaries, homework, and risk management. The patient-therapist relationship and conceptualization of resistance during CBT are discussed. A crucial requirement of ethical mental health care is additional dissemination of CBT expertise. In this current era of specialization, interventions that target disorder specific symptoms and related difficulties (American Psychiatric Association,2013) show special promise. It is the ethical responsibility of clinicians regardless of orientation to be guided by current empirical research and their own specific areas of competence when making treatment recommendations. A priority for clinical research is further examination of the specific therapeutic ingredients that impact outcome and optimize recovery.
20
Mirola, William A. A “New Consciousness” for Constructing a Morality of Leisure. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038839.003.0006.
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This chapter details several key eight-hour campaign successes and losses in the 1890s and their impact on the religious framing among workers and clergy. As the 1880s gave way to the 1890s, arbitration was heard much more frequently as a solution to impasses between employers and organized labor. Prominent businessmen such as Cyrus McCormick and Marshall Field rejected the notion of bargaining with their employees on what they considered to be their right to conduct their business affairs free from interference. Nevertheless, finding ways to minimize class hostilities and prevent the production losses that inevitably accompanied drawn-out strikes and lockouts was becoming a priority for more and more employers. In 1893, Illinois enacted the “Sweatshop Act” that limited the workdays of women and children to eight hours. Moreover, the 1890s is significant as the period in which eight-hour support among Protestant clergy was strengthened as the result of a new social consciousness regarding labor reform.
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Benton, Matthew A., John Hawthorne und Dani Rabinowitz, Hrsg. Knowledge, Belief, and God. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798705.001.0001.
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Recent decades have seen a fertile period of theorizing within mainstream epistemology which has had a dramatic impact on how epistemology is done. Investigations into contextualist and pragmatic dimensions of knowledge suggest radically new ways of meeting skeptical challenges and of understanding the relation between the epistemological and practical environment. New insights from social epistemology and formal epistemology about defeat, testimony, a priority, probability, and the nature of evidence all have a potentially revolutionary effect on how we understand our epistemological place in the world. Religion is the place where such rethinking can potentially have its deepest impact and importance. Yet there has been surprisingly little infiltration of these new ideas into philosophy of religion and the epistemology of religious belief. The present volume incorporates these myriad new developments in mainstream epistemology, and extends these developments to questions and arguments in religious epistemology. The investigations proposed in this volume offer substantial new life, breadth, and sophistication to issues in the philosophy of religion and analytic theology. They pose original questions and shed new light on long-standing issues in religious epistemology; and these developments will in turn generate contributions to epistemology itself, since religious belief provides a vital testing ground for recent epistemological ideas.
22
Young, Andrew, David Boshier und Timothy Boyle. Forest Conservation Genetics. CSIRO Publishing, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101029.
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Forest management must be sustainable not only in ecological, economic and social, but also genetic terms. Many forest managers are advocating and developing management strategies that give priority to conserving genetic diversity within production systems, or that recognise the importance of genetic considerations in achieving sustainable management. Forest Conservation Genetics draws together much previously uncollected information relevant to managing and conserving forests. The content emphasises the importance of conserving genetic diversity in achieving sustainable management.
Each chapter is written by a leading expert and has been peer reviewed. Readers without a background in genetics will find the logical sequence of topics allows easy understanding of the principles involved and how those principles may impact on day-to-day forest planning and management decisions. The book is primarily aimed at undergraduate students of biology, ecology, forestry, and graduate students of forest genetics, resource management policy and/or conservation biology. It will prove useful for those teaching courses in these fields and as such help to increase the awareness of genetic factors in conservation and sustainable management, in both temperate and tropical regions.
23
Garrido, Paulo Ivo. Health, development, and institutional factors: The Mozambique case. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/888-7.
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The central aim of this text is to show the impact institutions have on the performance of the health sector in Mozambique. The text shows that of the social determinants of health, institutions play a central role in the performance of the Mozambican health sector—and, through it, economic and social development—particularly for the poorer and more vulnerable, such as children, women, the disabled, and the elderly. It is also argued that the deficiencies and inefficiencies of the operation of the health sector in Mozambique are largely the result of the fact that the institutions with influence on the health sector are controlled by a minority of privileged people who do not give the appropriate priority to the basic health needs of the majority of the population. Finally, it is argued that the most important institutional measures for improving the state of health of Mozambicans are the revision of the Constitution of the Republic, the strengthening of the National Health System (particularly the National Health Service), and the reduction of poverty and economic and social inequality.
24
Harwood, Winifred Anne. The impact of St. Swithun's Priory on the City of Winchester in the later middle ages. 1998.
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25
Visitor profiles, economic impacts, and recreational aesthetic values associated with eight priority Florida springs located in the St. Johns River Water Management District. [Palatka, Fla: St. Johns River Water Management District, 2004.
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26
Field, John. Therapeutic strategies in managing cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0064.
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Emergency and critical care specialists are important interdisciplinary physicians who often impact on the long-term survival of patients sustaining cardiac arrest, as well as immediate outcomes. These specialists are often at the crossroads of survival for patients achieving return of spontaneous circulation, and it is important to appreciate that out-of-hospital and in-hospital cardiac arrest patients represent different pathophysiological subgroups with respect to aetiology and pathophysiology. Important time-dependent triage and therapy are crucial, and efforts to identify and treat pathophysiological triggers share priority with the initiation of hypothermia protocols and other targeted interventions, such as coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention. Updated basic life support (BLS) and advanced life support (ACLS) protocols emphasize the importance of high quality chest compressions as central to achieving return of spontaneous circulation and emphasize that airway interventions should not detract from this objective. No specific ACLS intervention including intubation, vasopressor therapy or use of anti-arrhythmic agents has been found to improve outcome. The goal of both BLS and ACLS protocols is the achievement of return of spontaneous circulation, the prevention of re-arrest and the initiation of immediate post-resuscitation interventions associated with improved outcome. These include targeted temperature management (induced hypothermia) and coronary angiography for appropriate patients and ‘bundled’ critical care for all recognizing that the post-arrest state is a systemic inflammatory condition requiring multidisciplinary care beyond hypothermia and cardiovascular support.
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Haynes, Jeffrey. Religion, Nationalism, and Transnational Actors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.417.
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A proper understanding of the development of nationalism should incorporate the direct and indirect influences of religion. To focus on the current international order is to note that various aspects of international conflict have significantly changed in recent years, with frequent involvement of religious, ethnic, and cultural non-state actors. The type of religious nationalism affects what type of nation state develops. The stronger the religious influence on the national movement, the greater the likelihood that discrimination and human rights violations will occur. In addition, there are scholars who argue that the activities of transnational religious actors—such as the Roman Catholic Church, the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC), and al Qaeda—can undermine state sovereignty. The premise here is that globalization facilitates the growth of transnational networks of religious actors. Feeding off each other’s ideas and perhaps aiding each other with funds, these actors and institutions are bodies whose main priority is the well-being and advance of their transnational religious community. But opinions about the current involvement of religion in international relations and its impact on international order tend to be polarized. On the one hand, the re-emergence of religion in international relations is often seen to present increased challenges to international order, especially from extremist Islamist organizations. On the other hand, some religious actors may help advance international order—for example the Roman Catholic Church and its widespread encouragement to authoritarian regimes to democratize—by significantly affecting international governments.
28
Potter, Simon J. This is the BBC. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898524.001.0001.
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This book examines one hundred years of the history of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), from 1922 to 2022. It looks at that history in terms of people and programmes, and also explores the BBC as an institution. It examines the role of politicians and civil servants in shaping and guiding the work of the BBC, and the impact of successive technological innovations, from radio, to television, to the new digital age. It shows how the BBC has changed over the last century, adapting to dramatic shifts in its political, social, and cultural environment. The BBC was initially constituted as a monopoly, controlling all broadcasting in Britain, including an Empire Service for white listeners in Britain’s colonies. It went on to provide services for audiences at home and overseas throughout the Second World War and into the Cold War, seeking to ‘inform, educate, and entertain’, roughly in that order of priority. From the 1950s, it faced domestic commercial competition, as politicians overturned the idea of a public service monopoly. It has since faced multiple challenges from those who question whether the public sector has a legitimate role to play in the mass media, and from governments seeking to control and influence what gets broadcast. Today it can be regarded as a vast machine for commissioning programmes, patronizing the arts, doing journalism, promoting the Union, and projecting British cultural influence to a global audience.
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Mills, Gus, und Margaret Mills. Kalahari Cheetahs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712145.001.0001.
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This book demonstrates how cheetahs are adapted to arid savannahs like the southern Kalahari, and makes comparisons with other areas, especially the Serengeti. Topics dealt with are: demography and genetic status; feeding ecology, i.e. methods used for studying diet, diets of different demographic groups, individual diet specializations of females, prey selection, the impact of cheetah predation on prey populations, activity regimes and distances travelled per day, hunting behaviour, foraging success and energetics; interspecific competition; spatial ecology; reproductive success and the mating system; and conservation. The major findings show that cheetahs are well adapted to arid ecosystems and are water independent. Cheetah density in the study area was stable at 0.7/100 km2 and the population was genetically diverse. Important prey were steenbok and springbok for females with cubs, gemsbok, and adult ostrich for coalition males, and steenbok, springhares, and hares for single animals. Cheetahs had a density-dependent regulatory effect on steenbok and springbok populations. Females with large cubs had the highest overall food intake. Cheetahs, especially males, were often active at night, and competition with other large carnivores, both by exploitation and interference, was slight. Although predation on small cubs was severe, cub survival to adolescence was six times higher than in the Serengeti. There was no difference in reproductive success between single and coalition males. The conservation priority for cheetahs should be to maintain protected areas over a spectrum of landscapes to allow ecological processes, of which the cheetah is an integral part, to proceed unhindered.
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Sidhu, Kulraj S., Mfonobong Essiet und Maxime Cannesson. Cardiac and vascular physiology in anaesthetic practice. Herausgegeben von Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0001.
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This chapter discusses key components of cardiovascular physiology applicable to clinical practice in the field of anaesthesiology. From theory development to ground-breaking innovations, the history of cardiac and vascular anatomy, as well as physiology, is presented. Utilizing knowledge of structure and function, parameters created have allowed adequate patient clinical assessment and guided interventions. A review of concepts reveals the impact of multiple physiological variables on a patient’s haemodynamic state and the need for more accurate and efficient measurements. In particular, it is noted that a more reliable index of ventricular contractility is the end-systolic elastance rather than the ejection fraction. Constant direct preload assessment has not yet been achieved but continues to be determined through surrogate variables, and continuous cardiac output monitoring for oxygen delivery, although advancing, has limitations. Considering the effect of compound factors perioperatively, especially heart failure, modifies the goals and interventions of anaesthetists to achieve improved outcomes. Therefore, medical management prior to surgery and complete assessment through history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests are a priority. This chapter also details the expectations following volume expansion to augment haemodynamics during surgery, the concept of functional haemodynamic monitoring, and limitations to the parameters applied in assessing fluid responsiveness. Challenging the accuracy of conventional indices to predict volume status led to the use of goal-directed therapy, reducing morbidity and minimizing length of hospital stay. The mainstay of this chapter is to reinforce the relevance of advances in haemodynamic monitoring and homeostasis optimization by anaesthetists during surgery, using fundamental concepts of cardiovascular physiology.
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Brownson, Ross C., Graham A. Colditz und Enola K. Proctor, Hrsg. Dissemination and Implementation Research in Health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683214.001.0001.
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Fifteen to twenty years is how long it takes for the billions of dollars of health-related research to translate into evidence-based policies and programs suitable for public use. Over the past 15 years, an exciting science has emerged that seeks to narrow the gap between the discovery of new knowledge and its application in public health, mental health, and health care settings. Dissemination and implementation (D&I) research seeks to understand how to best apply scientific advances in the real world, by focusing on pushing the evidence-based knowledge base out into routine use. To help propel this crucial field forward, leading D&I scholars and researchers have collaborated to put together this volume to address a number of key issues, including: how to evaluate the evidence base on effective interventions; which strategies will produce the greatest impact; how to design an appropriate study; and how to track a set of essential outcomes. D&I studies must also take into account the barriers to uptake of evidence-based interventions in the communities where people live their lives and the social service agencies, hospitals, and clinics where they receive care. The challenges of moving research to practice and policy are universal, and future progress calls for collaborative partnerships and cross-country research. The fundamental tenet of D&I research—taking what we know about improving health and putting it into practice—must be the highest priority. This book is nothing less than a roadmap that will have broad appeal to researchers and practitioners across many disciplines.
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Wooldredge, John, und Paula Smith, Hrsg. The Oxford Handbook of Prisons and Imprisonment. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948154.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook on Prisons and Imprisonment provides a rich source of information on institutional corrections around the world, covering the most critical issues facing both inmates and prison staff. The contributors offer theoretically informed and critical discussions of these issues that facilitate more objective and realistic assessments of related problems and their possible solutions. The handbook is the first original volume on prisons and prisoners to cover topics relevant to both the social and behavioral sciences with equal depth paid to each area. Focusing on the impact of these issues on the philosophies of incarceration (retribution, general and specific deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation) is also unique to a single volume, providing a larger picture of their implications. Included are updated discussions of the always popular topics such as conditions of confinement and prisoner subcultures and topics that have taken or are destined to take greater priority in the field such as inmate victimization, special offender populations, prison programs, prisoner re-entry, and privatization. The handbook is divided into six sections corresponding to topic areas identified as major focal points of discussion and research in the field. As such, it provides a single source that bridges social and behavioral science perspectives, providing students with a comprehensive understanding of these topics while providing academics with a knowledge base that will more effectively inform their own research. For practitioners, particularly those in the treatment sector, the book provides an excellent overview of best program practices that are empirically based and research-driven.
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Wales, Kim. Peer-to-Peer Lending and Equity Crowdfunding. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400695902.
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Written by an industry pioneer who has hands-on experience in the brave new world of peer-to-peer lending and equity crowdfunding, this book serves as a resource for investors and entrepreneurs alike and investigates how these alternative mechanisms will increase the financial and operational capacity of borrowers, lenders, buyers, and sellers in the private markets. More than 60 governments across the globe have established financial inclusion as a policy priority and are vying for access to and use of financial services by households and firms to boost economic growth. A thought leader on securities-based crowdfunding, author Kim Wales explores how women and the millennial generation, the world's largest groups of people, can influence "crowd" direct investment, economic freedom, and economic growth. The book provides building blocks to instruct investors and entrepreneurs about how to leverage social networks and supplies tools to help retail investors—"the crowd"—to understand the language, risks, and rewards of this type of investment. Providing an indispensable resource for investors and entrepreneurs, Peer-to-Peer Lending and Equity Crowdfunding summarizes past theory as well as current schools of thought related to capital formation and economic growth, explains why creating a secondary market for private placement offerings is essential to stimulating market liquidity, and documents how public-private partnerships using digital finance will enhance financial inclusion and positively impact investing. The book not only describes how crowdfunding works but also explains investment approaches, secondary markets, governance and compliance, transparency, and risk models that are necessary for investors to make informed decisions.
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Levitov, Alex, und Stephen Macedo. Human Rights, Membership, and Moral Responsibility in an Unjust World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713258.003.0029.
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International human rights instruments establish both a fundamental right to collective self-determination and a right of individuals to free movement. What principles and priorities should guide us when these two sets of claims come into conflict? When and under what conditions are political communities morally entitled to exclude those who wish to enter? And when, on the other side, do the rights of individuals seeking entry take priority? These issues are both philosophically contested and of great practical import, and this chapter seeks to illuminate them.
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Camargo-Plazas, Pilar, Jennifer Waite, Michaela Sparringa, Martha Whitfield und Lenora Duhn. Nobody listens, nobody wants to hear you: Access to healthcare/social services for women in Canada. Ludomedia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36367/ntqr.11.e554.
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In Canada, an unacceptable number of women live below the poverty threshold. Some subgroups of women, such as Indigenous, visible minorities, immigrants and refugees, older adults, and single mothers are more likely to live in poverty, as they face multiple systemic barriers preventing their financial stability. Further, socioeconomic status, employment, gender, and access to healthcare and social services negatively impact women’s well-being and health. Yet little is known about how these factors affect healthcare behaviours and experiences for women living on a low income. Our goal is to describe and understand how gender and income influence access to healthcare and social services for women living on a low income. Methods: Partnered with a not-for-profit organization, we explored the experiences of women living on a low income in Kingston, Canada. Using participatory, art-based research and hermeneutic phenomenological approaches, our data collection methods included photovoice, semi-structured interviews and culture circles. A purposive sample was recruited. Analysis was conducted following the social determinants of health framework by Loppie-Reading and Wien. Results: Participants perceived the healthcare and social services systems as unnecessarily complex, disrespectful, and dismissive–one where they are mere spectators without voice. They do not feel heard. They also identified problematic issues regarding living conditions, housing, and fresh food. Despite these experiences, participants are resilient and optimistic. Implications: Learning from participants has indicated priority issues and potential, pragmatic solutions to begin incremental improvements. Changing system design to enable self-selection of food items is one example. Conclusion: For an individual to feel others view them as unworthy of care, especially if those ‘others’ are the care providers, is ethically and morally distressing–and it certainly does not invite system-use. While our early findings reveal considerable system improvements are required, we are inspired by and can learn from the strength of the participants.
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Camargo-Plazas, Pilar, Jennifer Waite, Michaela Sparringa, Martha Whitfield und Lenora Duhn. Nobody listens, nobody wants to hear you: Access to healthcare/social services for women in Canada. Ludomedia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36367/ntqr.11.2022.e554.
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In Canada, an unacceptable number of women live below the poverty threshold. Some subgroups of women, such as Indigenous, visible minorities, immigrants and refugees, older adults, and single mothers are more likely to live in poverty, as they face multiple systemic barriers preventing their financial stability. Further, socioeconomic status, employment, gender, and access to healthcare and social services negatively impact women’s well-being and health. Yet little is known about how these factors affect healthcare behaviours and experiences for women living on a low income. Our goal is to describe and understand how gender and income influence access to healthcare and social services for women living on a low income. Methods: Partnered with a not-for-profit organization, we explored the experiences of women living on a low income in Kingston, Canada. Using participatory, art-based research and hermeneutic phenomenological approaches, our data collection methods included photovoice, semi-structured interviews and culture circles. A purposive sample was recruited. Analysis was conducted following the social determinants of health framework by Loppie-Reading and Wien. Results: Participants perceived the healthcare and social services systems as unnecessarily complex, disrespectful, and dismissive–one where they are mere spectators without voice. They do not feel heard. They also identified problematic issues regarding living conditions, housing, and fresh food. Despite these experiences, participants are resilient and optimistic. Implications: Learning from participants has indicated priority issues and potential, pragmatic solutions to begin incremental improvements. Changing system design to enable self-selection of food items is one example. Conclusion: For an individual to feel others view them as unworthy of care, especially if those ‘others’ are the care providers, is ethically and morally distressing–and it certainly does not invite system-use. While our early findings reveal considerable system improvements are required, we are inspired by and can learn from the strength of the participants.
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Gestión del riesgo y medio ambiente. Sello Editorial Tecnológico de Antioquia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53995/9789585309968.
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El futuro ambiental depende del equilibrio entre los componentes económico y tecnológico de la sociedad; sin embargo, se prioriza la búsqueda de la eficiencia productiva en contravía del cuidado de los recursos naturales renovables lo que trae consigo un deterioro ambiental que genera una variedad de riesgos que derivan en una problemática socioambiental. Por lo tanto, surge la gestión del riesgo de desastres y medio ambiente como respuesta al sinnúmero de eventos de origen natural y antrópico que impactan de manera negativa a la sociedad y se erige con el propósito de salvaguardar la vida de los seres vivos y promover el sano desarrollo de los ecosistemas. En consecuencia, la gestión de riesgo de desastres y las buenas prácticas ambientales se soporta, en gran medida, desde un enfoque preventivo que permita reducir la ocurrencia de eventos e impactos negativos y es precisamente este propósito el que convierte a la educación en el camino facilitador de apropiación de hábitos y prácticas que propicien el desarrollo sostenible.
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Rodríguez Juárez, Carolina. Accesibilidad a la función Sujeto en lengua inglesa: restricciones funcionales, intrínsecas y jerárquicas. Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Científica de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20420/1650.2021.479.
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La accesibilidad de un término para participar en una operación gramatical como la asignación de Sujeto está condicionada por restricciones jerárquicas, funcionales e intrínsecas que favorecerán la asignación de la función de Sujeto al primer argumento, resultando en una oración activa, o a un término distinto al primer argumento, obteniéndose una construcción pasiva. Estas restricciones se representan en forma de jerarquías de carácter tipológico cuya relevancia ha sido enfatizada tanto en la teoría de la Gramática Funcional (Dik, 1978, 1989) como en la Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (Hengeveld y Mackenzie, 2008, 2011) y cuya validez no solo está demostrada en estudios realizados entre lenguas, sino también en el caso de lenguas individuales al permitir determinar qué categorías son estadísticamente más frecuentes y consecuentemente menos marcadas en una lengua en particular. A través de un estudio cuantitativo y multidimensional basado en el análisis de un corpus escrito formado por oraciones activas transitivas y pasivas en lengua inglesa, estudiamos la incidencia directa de siete jerarquías de prioridad en la selección de Sujeto: Jerarquía de Funciones Semánticas, de Definición, de Persona, de Animacidad, de Número, de Entidades/ Abstracción, de Predicación y la Jerarquía de Términos. Los resultados demuestran que se observan preferencias de unas jerarquías sobre otras a la hora de determinar la accesibilidad de los términos a la función sintáctica de Sujeto. Basándonos en los niveles de frecuencia y de dominancia registrados entre las jerarquías, presentamos una nueva jerarquía que predice qué prioridades son más dominantes en esta operación gramatical. Estas prioridades se agrupan y ordenan jerárquicamente en tres grandes bloques atendiendo al tipo de restricciones que expresan: restricciones relacionadas con la complejidad estructural y movilidad sintáctica del término; restricciones intrínsecas del término asociadas con operadores gramaticales; y restricciones atribuibles al referente del término. Accessibility to the Subject function in the English language: functional, intrinsic and hierarchical restrictions The accessibilty of terms in grammatical operations such as Subject assignment is constrained by hierarchical, functional and intrinsic restrictions that will either trigger the assignment of the Subject function to a first argument resulting in an active sentence, or to a non-first argument, which will produce a passive sentence. These restrictions are represented in the form of typological hierarchies whose relevance has been stressed both in the theory of Functional Grammar (Dik, 1978, 1989) and in Functional Discourse Grammmar (Hengeveld y Mackenzie, 2008, 2011), and whose validity has been tested not only in studies across languages but also in the case of individual languages since they are able to determine what categories are statistically more frequent and, as a result, less marked in a particular language. Through a quantitative and multidimensional study based on a written corpus of active and passive sentences in English, we explore the direct impact of seven priority hierarchies on Subject selection: the Semantic Function Hierarchy, the Definiteness Hierarchy, the Person Hierarchy, the Animacy Hierarchy, the Number Hierarchy, the Entities/Abstraction Hierarchy, the Predication Hierarchy and the Term Hierarchy. The results reveal that preferences of some hierarchies over others can be observed when determining the accessibility of terms to the Subject function. Taking as a basis the frequency and dominance levels registered for the different hierarchies, we present a new hierarchy that predicts what priorities are more dominant in this grammatical operation. These priorites are grouped and ordered in a hierarchical fashion into three big blocks according to the type of constraints they express: restrictions related to the structural complexity and syntactic mobility of the term; intrinsic restrictions of the term associated with grammatical operators; and restrictions related to the referent of the term.
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Henham, Ralph. Sentencing Policy and Changing Notions of Social Justice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718895.003.0002.
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This chapter considers the importance of reflecting social values in the practice of sentencing. It explores this issue in the context of the sentencing policy of England and Wales during the past twenty-five years, focusing on the extent to which social change and value pluralism has damaged the essential connections between penal ideology and sentencing policy. More specifically, it emphasises how the fragmentation of communities and the ensuing breakdown in social cohesion has affected public perceptions of punishment. It also considers how the increasing politicization of penal policy has obfuscated the values justifying state intervention. Thus, the chapter concludes that neo-liberal values have taken priority at the expense of any broader consideration of which social values should inform a more inclusive and socially constructive approach to sentencing. The argument is illustrated by describing how these tensions have impacted the sentencing of so-called ‘irregular’ migrants.
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Castriotta, Natalie, und Michelle G. Craske. Depression and Comorbidity with Panic Disorder. Herausgegeben von C. Steven Richards und Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.027.
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Comorbidity between panic disorder and major depression is found in the majority of individuals with panic disorder and a substantial minority of individuals with major depression. Comorbidity between panic disorder and depression is associated with substantially more severe symptoms of each of the disorders, greater persistence of each disorder, more frequent hospitalization and help-seeking behavior, more severe occupational impacts, and a significantly higher rate of suicide attempts. These two disorders share many risk factors, such as neuroticism, exposure to childhood abuse, informational processing biases, and elevated amygdala activation in response to negative facial expressions. Research on the temporal priority of panic disorder and major depression has most frequently found that panic attacks and other symptoms of anxiety predate the onset of the first major depressive episode, but the first depressive episode predates the onset of full panic disorder. Treatment studies indicate that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most effective treatment for panic disorder. Other forms of treatment include medication, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Comorbid depression does not appear to affect the outcome of CBT for a principal diagnosis of panic disorder, and CBT for panic disorder has positive, yet limited, effects on symptoms of depression.
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Kornblith, Hilary. Philosophical Naturalism. Herausgegeben von Herman Cappelen, Tamar Szabó Gendler und John Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.013.8.
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This article focuses on naturalistic approaches to philosophical methodology. It begins with an overview of naturalism, its relationship with views about the a priori, and the implications of a philosopher’s commitment to naturalism for proper method in philosophy. It then considers the disagreement among naturalists about the tenability of the a priori/a posteriori distinction with respect to naturalism, before turning to a discussion of the use of science to address philosophical questions. It also looks at work in epistemology which draws on results in the cognitive sciences as a way of understanding the nature of knowledge, with particular emphasis on the role of Alvin Goldman in getting epistemologists to pay attention to the import of empirical work for understanding epistemological issues. Finally, it explores experimental philosophy as a methodological approach to philosophical questions and comments on the debate over the legitimacy of armchair methods in philosophy.
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Sarıaslan, Kübra Zeynep. Empowering Housewives in Southeast Turkey. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755646517.
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The Southeast Anatolia Region is one of the least developed parts of Turkey. For decades, development aid from the government and NGOs has been offered, with women in the area – particularly housewives – being invited to state-initiated opportunities for education and employment. But what is the impact of these ‘empowerment programmes’ and whose interests do they serve? This book draws on ethnographic research conducted in empowerment programmes for marginalized women to understand how these projects operate and why they have failed. Based on interviews and observations, the book argues that everyday barriers in Turkey’s ‘gendered regime’ still impede women’s potential, and that the programmes’ own feminist agendas are undermined through their capitalist ethos of personal growth and culturalist reasoning. Particularly revealing is the state’s large-scale regional development project, the ‘Southeast Anatolia Project’, which is the priortiy and ultimately facilitates women’s structural exclusion. Situating the ongoing empowerment programmes within the larger social engineering project of the Republic of Turkey – which is long associated with emancipating women through top-down measures – this book highlights the repetition of failure in women’s liberation in the history of the country.
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Exum, M. Lyn, Lauren A. Austin und Justin D. Franklin. The Effect of Alcohol and Arousal on Criminal Decision Making. Herausgegeben von Wim Bernasco, Jean-Louis van Gelder und Henk Elffers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.18.
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Consequentialist theories of criminal decision making assume crime is a choice that one undertakes if the perceived benefits of the act outweigh its costs. This a priori assessment of costs and benefits involves the use of several neurological components, including the amygdala–striatal system and the prefrontal cortex. Crime is commonly committed by individuals under the influence of alcohol and/or experiencing heightened states of emotional arousal. Both alcohol and arousal impact neurological functioning, including that of the amygdala–striatal system and prefrontal cortex. This chapter examines the influence of alcohol and arousal on criminal decision making from a neuroeconomic perspective. It discusses the neurological effects that alcohol and arousal may have on the identification and evaluation of criminal consequences. These effects bound one’s rationality and increase the likelihood of criminal/aggressive behavior. Empirical research on alcohol, arousal, and criminal decision making is summarized, and suggestions for future research are presented.
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Dalle Vacche, Angela. André Bazin's Film Theory. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190067298.001.0001.
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The best way to understand Bazin’s film theory is to pay attention to art, science, and religion, since spectatorship depends on perception, cognition, and hallucination. By arguing that this dissident Catholic’s worldview is anti-anthropocentric, Angela Dalle Vacche concludes that cinema recapitulates the history of evolution and technology inside our consciousness, so that we may better understand how we overlap with, but also differ from, animals, plants, objects, and machines. Whereas in “Art,” the author explains the difference between painting as a static object and the moving image as an event unfolding in time, in “Science,” she discusses Bazin’s dislike of classical geometry and Platonic algebra, his fascination with biology and modern calculus to underline his holistic Darwinism, and his anti-Euclidean mathematics of motion and contingency. Comparable to a religious practice, Bazin’s cinema is the only collective ritual of the twentieth century capable of fostering an emotional community by calling on critical self-interrogation and ethical awareness. Especially keen on Italian neorealism, Bazin argues that this sensibility thrives on beings and things displacing themselves in such a way as to turn the Other into a Neighbor. Bazin’s film theory acknowledges the equalizing impact of the camera lens, which is analogous to, but also different from, the human eye. In the cinema, two different kinds of eyes coexist: one is mechanical and objective, the other is human and subjective. By refusing to reshape the world according to an a priori thesis, Bazin’s idea of an anti-anthropocentric cinema seeks surprise, dialogue, risk, and experiment.
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Khlestkina, E. K. KOTLAS AS A CONTACT ZONE : RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS FOR THE ARCTIC AND ABOUT THE ARCTIC. N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/978-5-907145-85-6.
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Hereby we present the program and abstracts of the scientific conference "Kotlas as a contact zone: Russian scientists for the Arctic and about the Arctic", which was held on April 13–15, 2022 in the Arkhangelsk Region as part of the first interregional AgroForum "From Science to Practice" dedicated to the 105th anniversary of Kotlas (hereinafter referred to as the Event/Conference). The Governor of the Arkhangelsk Region A.V. Tsybulsky signed an Agreement on scientific cooperation with the Federal Research Center the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) (Director, Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences E.K. Khlestkina). This marks a transition to a new stage of joint activities. It is associated with the development of import substitution in agriculture. The features of farming in the conditions of the north will be studied in cooperation with VIR to enable farmers and agricultural producers implement the results of the research work performed at VIR in practice. The main goal of the Conference was the introduction of scientific achievements of Russian scientists into practice and the popularization of science. The main issues covered by the Conference were the interdisciplinary research of the northern territories, northern agriculture, genetic technologies and plant genetic resources for the development of northern agriculture, inventory of crop wild relatives in the Arctic and the Subarctic, the state of the art of breeding and seed production in the northern regions, priority areas of agronomic research, forage grasses and potato breeding, as well as the adaptation of agriculture in the northern territories to climate warming. A special attention at a meeting held after the Conference was given to personal subsidiary farming in the conditions of the north; the scientists spoke about vegetable, fruit and berry crops growing, seed purchases, and healthy nutrition. Addressed to a wide circle of experts in the sphere of education and agriculture, including undergraduate and postgraduate students, young scientists, horticulturists and amateur gardeners. Abstracts are published in the authors' initial versions. The authors (co-authors) of the published abstracts are responsible for the impartiality and reliability of the data presented.
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Plan Stratégique de l'Organisation panaméricaine de la Santé 2020-2025: L’équité au cœur de la santé. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275222751.
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Le Plan stratégique de l’Organisation panaméricaine de la Santé (OPS) (« le plan ») définit l’orientation stratégique de l’Organisation, fondée sur les priorités collectives de ses États Membres, et précise les résultats de santé publique à atteindre au cours de la période 2020-2025. Le plan définit l’engagement conjoint des États Membres de l’OPS et du Bureau sanitaire panaméricain (BSP ou « le Bureau ») pour les six prochaines années. Les États Membres de l’OPS ont clairement indiqué que le Plan stratégique est un instrument fondamental pour la mise en œuvre du Programme d’action sanitaire durable pour les Amériques 2018-2030 (PASDA2030) et donc pour la réalisation des objectifs de développement durable (ODD) liés à la santé dans la Région des Amériques. Les 11 objectifs du PASDA2030 constituent les objectifs au niveau des impacts du présent plan. Sous le thème L’équité au cœur de la santé, ce plan vise à catalyser les efforts déployés dans les États Membres pour réduire les iniquités en matière de santé au sein des pays et territoires et entre eux, afin d’améliorer les résultats en matière de santé. Le plan définit des mesures spécifiques pour lutter contre l’inégalité dans le domaine de la santé, notamment celles recommandées par la Commission sur l’équité et les inégalités en matière de santé dans les Amériques, en tenant compte des orientations de la Commission de haut niveau pour la santé universelle. Quatre thématiques transversales (CCT) sont au cœur de l’approche de ce plan pour traiter des déterminants de la santé : l’équité, le genre, l’origine ethnique et les droits de l’homme. Ce plan met l’accent sur une approche multisectorielle intégrée, mais applique en outre des stratégies de santé publique fondées sur des données probantes, comme la promotion de la santé, l’approche des soins de santé primaires et la protection sociale dans la santé, pour tenir compte des déterminants sociaux.
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Sepúlveda, Jovanny, Hrsg. Enfoques multidisciplinares en Ingeniería, tecnología e innovación. CUA - Medellin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.52441/ing202002.
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El propósito del presente libro es el de contribuir al desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología en países de América Latina desde un enfoque inclusivo y sostenible. Las investigaciones aportan elementos para la sostenibilidad, la repetitividad de la iniciativa científica, así como criterios e indicadores para la medición de resultados y futuros impactos en la aplicación de nuevas tecnologías y herramientas para mejorar procesos en la estructura gubernamental, en la sociedad y la empresa en particular. El libro ha sido estructurado en trece capítulos, uno por cada tema de investigación abordado por diferentes grupos de investigadores provenientes de universidades nacionales e internacionales. El orden en que son presentados los capítulos responde en un primer bloque al análisis de tendencias en materia de metodologías y estrategias para la innovación, en un segundo bloque se da cuenta de avances en materia de metodologías y diseño de prototipos aplicados al ecosistema empresarial desde una perspectiva ingenieril para en un tercer y último bloque de capítulos presentar aspectos asociados al impacto de las tecnologías emergentes en diferentes sectores económicos. Cada capítulo contiene componentes básicos: el título de la investigación, sus autores con datos referenciales, el resumen que incluye las palabras clave, metodología y marco referencial o teórico, resultados, conclusiones y referencias bibliográficas. En algunos de los temas investigados se aplica de manera transversal el enfoque de la innovación social, el cual es capaz de poner de acuerdo voluntades diversas para solventar, en forma comprometida, necesidades y problemas latentes en territorios específicos. Este enfoque prioriza desde el inicio, en el diseño de soluciones a necesidades o problemáticas, la transformación social basada en el aprendizaje, la originalidad y la sostenibilidad de los resultados. En temas de aprendizaje interactivo y digital se presentan los resultados de un estudio de vigilancia tecnológica de plataformas MOOC (Massive Online Open Course) y su aplicación en el aprendizaje de ciencias básicas haciendo uso de un campus virtual en el LMS, Moodle. Con relación a aportes a la industria de la construcción, se presentan los resultados de un estudio de vigilancia tecnológica en un periodo de veinte años sobre ecoinnovación en edificaciones. De igual manera se presenta la descripción de un prototipo arquitectónico de una vivienda modular sostenible, para superar el déficit de vivienda en las zonas rurales, el cual puede ser replicado en otras zonas. Complementariamente, se aportan conocimientos sobre avances para ejecutar y monitorear actividades en el ciclo de vida de un producto, tal es el caso de los modelos tridimensionales digitales que sirven como soporte y fuente de información necesaria en la organización y el aporte que representan las metodologías ágiles, como el SCRUM, aplicada en el ecosistema empresarial para lograr mayor eficiencia y efectividad en los proyectos de nuevos productos. Un tema que podría ser profundizado para impulsar procesos de innovación en nuestros países es lo relacionado con la capacidad de absorción tecnológica en las empresas, la cual se entiende como la habilidad de la empresa de reconocer, internalizar y explotar el conocimiento tecnológico externo para generar valor en forma de nuevos productos o servicios. Al respecto se presenta en uno de los capítulos, los resultados que se obtuvieron al investigar esta capacidad en el sector industrial manufacturero de Colombia. Se espera que la presente publicación sea potenciada al máximo en el avance de desarrollos y aplicaciones tecnológicas que propugnen por mejorar cada vez más la calidad de vida de las personas y la competitividad tanto del sector empresarial como gubernamental.
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Aguilera-Cobos, Lorena, Rebeca Isabel-Gómez und Juan Antonio Blasco-Amaro. Efectividad de la limitación de la movilidad en la evolución de la pandemia por Covid-19. AETSA Área de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias de Andalucía, Fundación Progreso y salud. Consejería de Salud y Familias. Junta de Andalucía, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52766/pyui7071.
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Introduction During the Covid-19 pandemic, non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) aimed to minimise the spread of the virus as much as possible to avoid the most severe cases and the collapse of health systems. These measures included mobility restrictions in several countries, including Spain. Objective To assess the impact of mobility constraints on incidence, transmission, severe cases and mortality in the evolution of the Covid-19 pandemic. These constraints include: • Mandatory home confinement. • - Recommendation to stay at home. • - Perimeter closures for entry and/or exit from established areas. • - Restriction of night-time mobility (curfew). Methodology Systematic literature review, including documents from official bodies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The following reference databases were consulted until October 2021 (free and controlled language): Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, TripDB, Epistemonikos, Royal college of London, COVID-end, COVID-19 Evidence Reviews, WHO, ECDC and CDC. Study selection and quality analysis were performed by two independent researchers. References were filtered firstly by title and abstract and secondly by full text in the Covidence tool using a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria. Synthesis of the results was done qualitatively. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the AMSTAR-II tool. Results The literature search identified 642 studies, of which 38 were excluded as duplicates. Of the 604 potentially relevant studies, 12 studies (10 systematic reviews and 2 official agency papers) were included in the analysis after filtering. One of the official agency papers was from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the other paper was from the Ontario Agency for Health Promotion and Protection (OHP). The result of the quality assessment with the AMSTAR-II tool of the included systematic reviews was: 3 reviews of moderate quality, 6 reviews of low quality and 1 review of critically low quality. The interventions analysed in the included studies were divided into 2 categories: the first category comprised mandatory home confinement, recommendation to stay at home and curfew, and the second category comprised perimeter blocking of entry and/or exit (local, cross-community, national or international). This division is because the included reviews analysed the measures of mandatory home confinement, advice to stay at home and curfew together without being able to carry out a disaggregated analysis. The included systematic reviews for the evaluation of home confinement, stay-at-home advice and curfew express a decrease in incidence levels, transmission and severe cases following the implementation of mobility limitation interventions compared to the no measure comparator. These conclusions are supported by the quantitative or qualitative results of the studies they include. All reviews also emphasise that to increase the effectiveness of these restrictions it is necessary to combine them with other public health measures. In the systematic reviews included for the assessment of entry and/or exit perimeter closure, most of the studies included in the reviews were found to be modelling studies based on mathematical models. All systematic reviews report a decrease in incidence, transmission and severe case levels following the implementation of travel restriction interventions. The great heterogeneity of travel restrictions applied, such as travel bans, border closures, passenger testing or screening, mandatory quarantine of travellers or optional recommendations for travellers to stay at home, makes data analysis and evaluation of interventions difficult. Conclusions Mobility restrictions in the development of the Covid-19 pandemic were one of the main NPI measures implemented. It can be concluded from the review that there is evidence for a positive impact of NPIs on the development of the COVID-19 pandemic. The heterogeneity of the data from the included studies and their low quality make it difficult to assess the effectiveness of mobility limitations in a disaggregated manner. Despite this, all the included reviews show a decrease in incidence, transmission, hospitalisations and deaths following the application of the measures under study. These measures are more effective when the restrictions were implemented earlier in the pandemic, were applied for a longer period and were more rigorous in their application.