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1
Grbovic, Leposava, und Miroslav Radenkovic. „Therapeutic use of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents“. Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 133, Suppl. 1 (2005): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh05s1067g.
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Pharmacotherapy of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is complex. Apart from the replacement hormone therapy, antithyroid agents, beta adrenoceptor blockers and other drugs, in regard to the present symptoms, it also includes the administration of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents. Physiological actions of glucocorticoids are significant in number, well known and described in details. The most prominent pharmacological properties of glucocorticoids, that are important for their clinical use, are antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. In this article, the most notable clinical pharmacology aspects of glucocorticoids have been presented, including the basic principles of their therapeutic use, as well as the most important indications with the examples of dosing regiments (rheumatic disorders, renal diseases, allergic reactions, bronchial asthma, gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases, thrombocytopenia, organ transplantation, and Graves? ophthalmopathy). In addition, adverse and toxic effects of glucocorticoids as well as their interactions with other drugs have been described. Immunosuppressive agents have important role in treatment of immune disorders, including the reduction of immune response in autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. Apart from glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive agents consist of calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine, tacrolimus), antiproliferative and antimetabolic agents (sirolimus, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide), monoclonal antibodies: anti-CD3 antibody (muromonab-CD3), anti- CD25 antibody (daclizumab), anti-TNF-alpha antibody (infliximab). In this part, the most updated facts about mechanism of action, rational therapeutic use, as well as adverse and toxic effects of immunosuppressive agents have been reviewed.
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Stübgen, Joerg-Patrick. „Biological Agents for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy“. US Neurology 10, Nr. 01 (2014): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/usn.2014.10.01.38.
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Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is a term for a group of acquired, immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the peripheral nervous system. Most patients with CIDP respond to first-line therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), plasmapheresis, and/or corticosteroids. Conventional immunosuppressive drugs are of no proven benefit. Biological agents directed at key aspects of the CIDP immunopathogenic pathway have gained increasing attention due to the unpredictable efficacy and overall health risks of non-targeted immunosuppressive drugs. Presently, there exists insufficient clinical experience with biological therapy to allow specific treatment recommendations for CIDP. The challenge remains to identify drug-naïve or treatment-resistant CIDP patients who will most likely respond to targeted immunotherapy.
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Stübgen, Joerg-Patrick. „Biological Agents for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy“. European Neurological Review 8, Nr. 1 (2012): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2013.08.01.57.
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Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is a term for a group of acquired, immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the peripheral nervous system. Most patients with CIDP respond to ‘first-line’ therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), plasmapheresis and/or corticosteroids. ‘Conventional’ immunosuppressive drugs are of no proven benefit. Biological agents directed at key aspects of the CIDP immunopathogenic pathway have gained increasing attention due to the unpredictable efficacy and overall health risks of non-targeted immunosuppressive drugs. Presently, there exists insufficient clinical experience with biological therapy to allow specific treatment recommendations for CIDP. The challenge remains to identify drug-naïve or treatment-resistant CIDP patients who will most likely respond to targeted immunotherapy.
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Shabanova, M. „Sociostructural Aspects of Socio-Economic Development:The role of Economic approach“. Voprosy Ekonomiki, Nr. 3 (20.03.2014): 86–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-3-86-105.
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The author discusses the importance of studying socio-structural factors of socio-economic development through a broader application of the economic approach. The resources of status positions of economic agents are in the spotlight. A possible platform for interdisciplinary interactions is proposed which allows to increase the contribution of both economics and sociology in improving governance at all levels.
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Rеsаnоvic, Rаdmilа. „Clinical aspects of immunosuppression in poultry“. Veterinarski glasnik 69, Nr. 1-2 (2015): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1502091r.
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Immunity is ability to stop an infection. Immunosupression is a status where the immunity is reduced. Humoral (antibodies) and/or cell immunity may be depressed. Immunosupression can be caused by infectious agents, improper feeding balance (deficiencies), lack of biosecurity, management failures, stress or by a combination of these factors. Each of these possible causes must be seriously worked out to prevent the consequences of immunosupression on profitability. Environmental factors and numerous infectious pathogens have been identified as a multi-factorial cause of various degrees of immunosupression. Mainly subclinical character and coinfections make the diagnosis of the primary immunosuppressive agents difficult. On the other hand, early diagnosis and identification of contributing factors are important to develop strategies to fight immunosupression in birds successfully. A combination of biosecurity measures, optimized housing condition and stress reduction together with appropriate vaccination strategies is necessary for the successful control of immunosupression in commercial poultry.
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Shamsutdinova, Marina, Nadezhda Zhilina und Vladimir Ignatiev. „Methodological aspects of assessing the social capital of economic agents“. Russian Journal of Management 7, Nr. 4 (28.01.2020): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-6024-2019-7-4-166-170.
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The Article is devoted to the problem of assessing the social capital of economic agents. To maintain a stable financial condition of an economic agent, it is necessary to be able to increase and use social capital. Social capital is a factor of sustainable development of production. Without an analysis of social capital, it is impossible to give a clear description of the activity of an economic agent. Social capital generates cooperation, while cooperation generates social capital. Social capital integrates all other types of capital and is one of the most important components of the economy of economic agents, regions, and countries. Social capital arises from relationships with other people and facilitates their joint activities.
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Gorce, Philippe, und Jean-Louis Pourriat. „(Part 1) Economic aspects of concentration-oriented anaesthesia: intravenous agents“. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology 15, Nr. 1 (März 2001): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/bean.2001.0141.
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Feiss, Pierre. „(Part 2) Economic aspects of concentration-oriented anaesthesia: halogenated agents“. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology 15, Nr. 1 (März 2001): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/bean.2001.0142.
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Snowsill, Tristan M., Jason Moore, Ruben E. Mujica Mota, Jaime L. Peters, Tracey L. Jones-Hughes, Nicola J. Huxley, Helen F. Coelho et al. „Immunosuppressive agents in adult kidney transplantation in the National Health Service: a model-based economic evaluation“. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 32, Nr. 7 (01.06.2017): 1251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfx074.
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Bauer, Andrea C., Rodrigo F. Franco und Roberto C. Manfro. „Immunosuppression in Kidney Transplantation: State of the Art and Current Protocols“. Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, Nr. 28 (31.08.2020): 3440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200521142448.
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Currently, kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for kidney failure for a majority of eligible patients. It is associated with a better quality of life and reduced mortality as compared to staying on dialysis. Many of the improvements in kidney transplant outcomes, observed in recent decades, are due to more efficient immunosuppression strategies. Therefore, developing expertise in the management of immunosuppressive drugs is key to the success of kidney transplantation. In this review, the historical aspects of organ transplant immunosuppression are briefly addressed and the basis of the allograft immune response to contextualize the main topic is provided, which is a deeper view of the immunosuppressive agents, including their known mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, interactions, toxicities, and clinical use. The most commonly used immunosuppressive protocols employed based on patients' and donors' characteristics are also presented here.
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GROSU-BULARDA, Andreea, Oana VERMEŞAN, Luana LĂZĂRESCU und Ioan LASCĂR. „Immunosuppression in transplant of vascularized composite allografts“. Romanian Journal of Medical Practice 11, Nr. 2 (30.06.2016): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjmp.2016.2.11.
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Since 1998, when the first successful hand transplant was performed in France, at Lyon, an unpredicted development of reconstructive transplant surgery (transplant of VCA: vascularized composite allografts) occurred. Those procedures represents the only option for patients having extensive, complex tissue defects, involving multiple anatomical layers, impossible to approach using conventional reconstructive techniques. More than two hundred VCA procedures were reported worldwide, including: upper and lower limbs, face, larynx, trachea, abdominal wall, penis, uterus, knee allotransplant. Important aspects arise in the study of immunological mechanisms of acceptance and rejection of the allograft, the mode of action of immunosuppressive agents and protocols currently used in transplant programs for vascularized composite allografts. Immunosuppressive regimens that are used for solid organ transplantation (kidney, heart) are also effective for VCA transplants with good results regarding survival and functionality of the allografts. Current goal is the minimization of immunosuppression, composite tissue allotransplantation procedures being addressed for functional recovery (are not life-saving interventions like solid organ transplants). The ideal situation, which would allow a large scale utilization of VCA procedures, is the possibility of induction the donor-specific tolerance, allowing allograft acceptance without the need of immunosuppressive therapy. Currently this circumstance is difficult to achieve in clinical practice, resulting in large transplant centers ongoing research focusing on immunological difficult aspects.
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Uteubayeva, A. T., А. А. Kabiyev und М. Imangaliyeva. „ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF BANK MARKETING AND THE REAL SECTOR“. REPORTS 2, Nr. 330 (15.04.2020): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1483.44.
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In an era of rapid technological development and increasing competition, the value of the mass customer as a source of profit is growing steadily. The client becomes the main asset of the bank, its needs and requirements are in the focus of the banking business. The survival strategy in the struggle for the mass customer is based on the submission of all business processes and procedures to one single goal – customer satisfaction. In the future, business performance will be determined by the degree of customer satisfaction. The economic crisis, the crisis of industrial production is pushing for a review of key aspects of banking marketing, which should explore the interaction of the industrial and banking sectors and generate solutions to increase the effectiveness of their interaction. The crisis confirms that it is necessary to improve the tools of banking marketing in the industrial sector of the economy of the region. Computer models, where the atoms are agents, are called agentbased models. In most works devoted to the construction and study of agent-based models, the rules for interaction between agents are extremely simple. Nevertheless, the result is quite meaningful meaningful results. The issues of improving the use of bank marketing tool to improve the efficiency of interaction between the industrial and banking sectors of the economy are considered. Reasoning upon the economic aspects of the effectiveness of bank marketing, the authors state that a marketing performance evaluation system should have not only mechanisms for a posteriori analysis (that is, analysis of the results of acceptance or rejection of an offer), but also possibility of priori assessment of marketing offers, campaigns, profitability, and even marketing budgets. The system should contain a tool that simulates the appearance of clients, the selection of offers to clients and assessing the acceptance or rejection of offers, probable consumption or non-consumption of the proposed product.
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Petracca, Enrico, und Shaun Gallagher. „Economic cognitive institutions“. Journal of Institutional Economics 16, Nr. 6 (06.04.2020): 747–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137420000144.
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AbstractThis paper introduces the notion of ‘cognitive’ institution and discusses its relevance to institutional economics. Cognitive institutions are conceptually founded on the philosophy of mind notion of extended mind, broadened to also include the distinctly social, institutional, and normative dimensions. Cognitive institutions are defined as institutions that not just allow agents to perform certain cognitive processes in the social domain but, more importantly, without which some of the agents' cognitive processes would not exist or even be possible. The externalist point of view of the extended mind has already had some influence in institutional economics: Arthur Denzau and Douglass North first introduced the notion of institution understood in terms of ‘shared mental models’, and relatedly philosopher Andy Clark introduced the notion of ‘scaffolding institution’. We discuss shared mental models and scaffolding institutions and go a step further by showing that the notion of cognitive institution can capture more fundamental and salient aspects of economic institutions. In particular, we focus on the market as an economic cognitive institution.
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Leslie, K., R. Blay, C. Haisch, A. Lodge, A. Weller und S. Huber. „Clinical and experimental aspects of viral myocarditis.“ Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2, Nr. 2 (April 1989): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.2.2.191.
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Picornaviruses are frequently implicated as the etiological agents of acute myocarditis. This association is based historically on serological evidence of rising antibody titers to specific pathogens and more recently on identification of viral genomic material in endocardial biopsy specimens through in situ hybridization. Only rarely is infectious virus isolated from either the patient or the heart during periods of maximum myocardial inflammation and injury. Thus, despite a probable viral etiology, much interest centers on the role of the immune system in cardiac damage and the likelihood that the infection triggers an autoimmune response to heart-specific antigens. Heart-reactive antibodies and T cells are found in most myocarditis patients, and immunosuppressive therapy has proven beneficial in many, though not all, cases. Furthermore, murine models of coxsackievirus group B type 3-induced myocarditis also demonstrate that virus infection initiates autoimmunity and that these autoimmune effectors are predominately responsible for tissue injury. How virus-host interactions overcome presumed self-tolerance to heart antigens is discussed, and evidence supporting various theories of virus-initiated autoimmunity and disease pathogenesis are delineated.
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Zharikova, E. O. „ON CERTAIN ASPECTS OF TERMINATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY OF ECONOMIC AGENTS-NATURAL PERSONS“. Economics and Law, Nr. 2 (30.09.2013): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2013.02.069.
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Stojanovska, Vanesa, Samy Sakkal und Kulmira Nurgali. „Platinum-based chemotherapy: gastrointestinal immunomodulation and enteric nervous system toxicity“. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 308, Nr. 4 (15.02.2015): G223—G232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00212.2014.
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The efficacy of chemotherapeutic treatment of colorectal cancer is challenged by severe gastrointestinal side effects, which include nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea. These symptoms can persist long after the treatment has been ceased. An emerging concept is the ability of platinum-based drugs to stimulate immunity, which is in contrast to conventional chemotherapeutic agents that are immunosuppressive. Here, we review the immunomodulatory aspects of platinum-based anticancer chemotherapeutics and their impact on gastrointestinal innervation. Given the bidirectional communication between the enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal immune system; exploring the consequences of platinum-induced immunogenicity will facilitate better understanding of gut dysfunction caused by chemotherapeutic agents. We propose that the development of future successful chemotherapeutics should rely on targeting the mechanisms underlying long-term gastrointestinal side effects.
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Цветкова, Галина, Galina Tsvetkova, Ольга Грозова und Olga Grozova. „Theoretical aspects of institutional risk“. Russian Journal of Management 3, Nr. 4 (31.08.2015): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/13103.
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The article develops the theoretical and methodological base of research of institutional risks of economic agents and on this basis processes technologies of management of institutional risks of innovative activity. The authors prove the theoretical and methodological approach to research the institutional risks based on interdisciplinary and institutional approaches; offer theoretical and methodical approach to decrease the institutional risks of subjects of innovative activity and also consider the directions and technologies of decrease the institutional risks of subjects of innovative activity. It is offered to consider the general theory of risk and the statements of the institutional economic theory as a theoretical and methodological basis of the concept of institutional risk development. A generalized algorithm of institutional risks management at the level of the economic agent is presented. The following groups of methods of institutional risks decrease are considered: avoidance, insurance, compensation, localization, and distribution (dissipation) of risk. A three-level theoretical model of management of institutional risks of innovative activity is offered. Directions of institutional risks decrease of innovative activity are offered.
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Nizamutdinov, M. M., und V. V. Oreshnikov. „Methodical aspects problems of harmonization of interests within the framework of the challenge of the selection of the strategic priorities of regional development“. Economy in the industry 11, Nr. 2 (01.09.2018): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2072-1633-2018-2-185-194.
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The article explores the problem of forming strategies for the development of territorial socioeconomic systems based on the interaction of differentlevel economic agents. The study proposes the development of a model tool for territorial development based on the formalization of the principles of interaction between different-level economic agents and the mechanisms for managing their behavior with a view to forming an agreed vector of strategic development of territorial socio-economic systems. A general scheme for the functioning of the territorial socio-economic system from the point of view of forming and realizing the interests of agents is proposed, and key stages of this process are highlighted. The characteristics that make it possible to classify interests are considered. The review of approaches to the coordination of interests of economic agents is carried out, their opportunities and restrictions are revealed.A conceptual model of coordinating the interests of economic agents based on ranking the priority and degree of realization of the key interests of agents using the fuzzy logic apparatus is proposed and allows to formulate an acceptable set of solutions of varying degree of consistency («soft» solutions) in the situation when counterparts can not reach an unequivocally agreed decision. Within the framework of implementation of fuzzy logic methods, appropriate linguistic variables and interval values are proposed to determine these terms. An approach is proposed to determine the degree of coherence of counterparties’ interests. Based on the results of assessing the level of coherence of interests of economic agents, two decisions can be obtained: 1) the level of coherence of interests is sufficient for the realization of interests; 2) the level of coherence of interests is insufficient and requires the adjustment of some parameters. The most interesting is the option, implying the formation of concessions, since it is in this case that there is a direct coordination of the interests of economic agents. The criteria for the formation of the corresponding fuzzy rules are proposed. The implementation of this algorithm will allow to obtain a pair of coordinated interests of agents by forming mutual concessions or to reveal the impossibility of such a solution to the problem.
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Sychev, A. A., E. V. Zaytseva und P. S. Tolkachev. „MORAL-ETHICAL ASPECTS OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY“. Vestnik Universiteta, Nr. 1 (23.03.2020): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2020-1-36-42.
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At the present stage, the digital (information) economy is playing an increasingly important role in the world economy and national economies. Using rapid exchange of information benefits allows economic agents at all levels (from ordinary consumers to large corporations and state bodies, regulating economic relations) to make more accurate decisions in various economic issues. It is obvious, that the creation of the Russian information system will be able to increase the efficiency of our national economy (including the objectives of its state regulation) and at the same time raise the level of the country’s security. However, the effective use of the digital economy does not only depend on the level of development of the technical base of the information system. Only the moral state of society can send the information received for the benefit of all its members.
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PIKUŁA, ANNA, und KRZYSZTOF ŚMIETANKA. „Selected aspects of infectious bursal disease – the current state of knowledge“. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, Nr. 10 (2023): 6138–2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6138.
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Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly infectious and contagious immunosuppressive viral disease of chickens with a worldwide economic significance to the poultry industry. Over fifty years have passed since the first confirmed occurrence of the disease, and the virus has spread all over world and evolved into multiple genetic, antigenic and pathotypic variants, becoming a serious threat to the poultry industry. The primary tool in IBD eradication is the maintenance of strict biosecurity in poultry farms and implementation of vaccination programmes which should take into account the current epidemiological knowledge about the IBDV strains circulating in the field. This review article presents the current state of knowledge about the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) with special regard to the molecular biology of the virus, immunological aspects, as well as current and future prevention strategies.
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Arefiev, Serhii, Iryna Miahkykh, Samira Piletska und Iryna Sopilko. „Inflation processes as determinants of development of the economic activity subjects: economic and legal aspects“. SHS Web of Conferences 67 (2019): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196704001.
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Today, inflation takes one of the leading places among the factors that give rise to social and economic destabilization. The purpose of the study is to determine the nature of inflation and its impact on the real sector of the economy, as well as factors that it generates in the process of distributing and redistributing financial resources and justifying measures to offset the negative effects of inflationary impact on the Ukrainian economy. The authors used the following methods of research: systematic approach, theoretical and empirical methods of scientific knowledge. The essence of inflation and its influence on the real sector of economy are investigated. The factors that generate inflation during the distribution and redistribution of financial resources are indicated: political and social factors contributing to anticipating inflationary expectations, which accumulates inflationary potential; the institutional support of economic development is to assume stabilization of inflation through the mechanism of managing the money supply; factors of inflation reflections, capable of generating further unmanaged negative behavior of economic agents, which can be disclosed through the concept of "inflation of the conflict"; inflationary expectations require the implementation of monetary policy of the state.
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Davydov, D. „Interval Perception of Information and Consumer Behavior: Methodological Aspects“. Voprosy Ekonomiki, Nr. 12 (20.12.2007): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2007-12-60-70.
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The article stresses the difference between objective presence and subjective perception of information by economic agents. The author considers some psycho-physiological aspects of information perception which are directly connected with the processes of economic decision-making. The article also discusses theoretical problems of modeling the perception of information about prices and quantities of goods and services on the part of consumers. Interval approach for uncertainty description is offered, the general consumer choice problem in case of interval uncertainty is formulated, and some practical issues in market price formation, the role of savings and macroeconomic equilibrium are discussed.
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Shamriz, Oded, Yuval Tal und Menachem Gross. „Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease: Immune Biomarkers, Audiovestibular Aspects, and Therapeutic Modalities of Cogan’s Syndrome“. Journal of Immunology Research 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1498640.
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Cogan’s syndrome (CS) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by audiovestibular dysfunction and ocular inflammation. Currently, there is no specific serum autoantibody used in the diagnostic workup of CS. Treatment is based on immunosuppressive agents, mainly corticosteroids as first-line choice. Recently, novel therapeutic modalities in CS have emerged. These include tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors and other biologicals. Despite medical treatment, hearing loss may progress to irreversible bilateral profound SNHL in approximately half of CS patients resulting in candidacy for cochlear implantation (CI). Due to the inflammatory nature of the disease that is causing endosteal reaction with partial obliteration or complete neoossification of the intracochlear ducts, early CI is recommended. CI provides excellent and stable hearing rehabilitation with high score of word and sentence recognition. In this review, we will discuss different aspects of CS including clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and future directives.
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Horohordin, D. „Some aspects of organisation of internal auditing in holding companies and complex structured economic agents“. Auditor, Nr. 23 (18.08.2015): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/12826.
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Ducloux, Didier, und Amir Kazory. „Acquired hypercoagulable state in renal transplant recipients“. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 91, Nr. 04 (2004): 646–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th03-09-0568.
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SummaryStable renal transplant recipients manifest a chronic hypercoagulable state with an increased risk of thromboembolic complications, which appears to be multifactorial. While this group of patients could present the known risk factors for thromboembolism in the general population (e.g. diabetes, cancer, pregnancy), they may also suffer from other situations which are mostly related to transplantation and are consequently specific to them. Here, we review briefly the clinical aspects and controversies of the most important of these factors including immunosuppressive agents, antiphospholipid antibodies, hyperhomocysteinemia, pre-transplant dialysis modality, and posttransplant erythrocytosis. In addition, other more recent topics including hypercysteinemia, recurrent proteinuria, and acute CMV infection are discussed.
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Simochkin, D. I. „Bringing Together Economics and Psychology: Theoretical and Practical Aspects (Nobel Prize in Economics 2017)“. World of new economy 12, Nr. 2 (24.08.2018): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2018-12-2-98-109.
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Behavioral economics is a field of research, where the analytical possibilities of psychology science are applied to the analysis of economic decision-making. This approach allows more in-depth analysis of the decision-making process of economic agents and opens up new opportunities for research aimed at increasing overall social benefits.This article examines the studies of Richard Thaler, noted by the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2017, devoted to the study of three psychological features of economic man which systematically affect the behavior of economic agents: limited rationality, the perception of justice (social preferences), and the problem of selfcontrol.Using the system approach, the author sets a goal to carry out a complex analysis of the theoretical, methodological and practical works of the Nobel Prize Laureate, that have received world recognition. The attention is also focused on the awarded Nobel Prize in connection with the peculiarities of the Nobel Committee’s policy of awarding that has been formed over the past few years, within the framework of the development of the world economic science.The article systematizes Thaler’s scientific contribution to economics. In addition, it concludes that awarding of the Nobel Prize in 2017 fits into the overall picture of awards in the last few years. At the same time, it notes one of the main directions of the Nobel Committee’s activities related to the “definition” of such research results and programs that could rehabilitate economic science after the past economic crisis and prevent further increase in the uncertainty of the world economic system.
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Ryazanova, G. „The influence of classical philosophy on the transformation of economics and economic institutions“. Entrepreneur’s Guide 13, Nr. 4 (23.11.2020): 268–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24182/2073-9885-2020-13-4-268-278.
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The author reveals the connection between philosophical and economic thought in the classical period. The influence of philosophy on political and economic aspects of national economy development in the pre–scientific and scientific periods is revealed. The features of philosophical and worldview concepts of classicism that reflect the specifics of the era are indicated. The analysis of the relationship between classical philosophy and Economics has shown the influence of spiritual and moral aspects of the epoch, transcendentalism, rationalism, and a apriorism on economic theories based on the mechanistic paradigm, the logic of economic laws, and clear and unambiguous provisions for the formation and development of economic institutions. A model is presented that reveals the interaction of economic institutions from the position of classical philosophy in terms of the individualistic concept of behavior of classical economic agents, the Institute of labor resources as the basis of value and wealth, balance as a key element of the self–regulating order and distribution of economic benefits, and other aspects.
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Wheat, L. Joseph, Alison G. Freifeld, Martin B. Kleiman, John W. Baddley, David S. McKinsey, James E. Loyd und Carol A. Kauffman. „Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Histoplasmosis: 2007 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America“. Clinical Infectious Diseases 45, Nr. 7 (01.10.2007): 807–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/521259.
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Abstract Evidence-based guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis were prepared by an Expert Panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. These updated guidelines replace the previous treatment guidelines published in 2000 (Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:688–95). The guidelines are intended for use by health care providers who care for patients who either have these infections or may be at risk for them. Since 2000, several new antifungal agents have become available, and clinical trials and case series have increased our understanding of the management of histoplasmosis. Advances in immunosuppressive treatment for inflammatory disorders have created new questions about the approach to prevention and treatment of histoplasmosis. New information, based on publications from the period 1999–2006, are incorporated into this guideline document. In addition, the panel added recommendations for management of histoplasmosis in children for those aspects that differ from aspects in adults.
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Garth, Jaleesa M., und Chad Steele. „Innate Lung Defense during Invasive Aspergillosis: New Mechanisms“. Journal of Innate Immunity 9, Nr. 3 (2017): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000455125.
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Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is one of the most difficult to treat and, consequently, one of the most lethal fungal infections known to man. Continued use of immunosuppressive agents during chemotherapy and organ transplantation often leads to the development of neutropenia, the primary risk factor for IA. However, IA is also becoming more appreciated in chronic diseases associated with corticosteroid therapy. The innate immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus, the primary agent in IA, plays a pivotal role in the recognition and elimination of organisms from the pulmonary system. This review highlights recent findings about innate host defense mechanisms, including novel aspects of innate cellular immunity and pathogen recognition, and the inflammatory mediators that control infection with A. fumigatus.
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M, Abirla, und Brindha Devi P. „LITHISTID SPONGES DERIVED COMPOUNDS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH - A REVIEW“. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, Nr. 6 (07.06.2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i6.24937.
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Lithistid sponges have an important source of complex natural compounds with biological activities. The lithistid sponges are of interest to biomedical science because of the great variety of pharmaceutically relevant biological activities of their chemical extracts and are considered as economically important. The compounds identified in these sponges have therapeutic potential and have been frequently hypothesized to contain compounds of bacterial origin. The peptides identified from these lithistid sponges are found to be the sources of antifungal activity. The active agents of these sponges also have cytotoxic and immunosuppressive activities. Many of the cyclic peptides of lithistid represent the anti-HIV activity. The different structure and biological activities of the compounds derived from these sponges have more chemical aspects too.
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Prokopenko, etiana. „DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN UKRAINE: THEORETICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS“. GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, Nr. 53 (2019): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2019.53.16-26.
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The purpose of the article is to carry out a comprehensive study on the peculiarities of theoretical and economic aspects of tourism industry development in Ukraine. Methodology. The complexity and specificity of the problems under study led to the use of a set of methodological tools, including general scientific and specific research methods, based on dialectical principles of objectivity and consistency, validity and comprehensiveness, logic and criticality. The descriptive (monographic) method made it possible to illuminate the discourse field of the chosen problems. The structural-functional method allowed to reveal the leading factors, factors and components of the formation of rapid tourism development in Ukraine. The comparative method made it possible to compare statistics on the visit of foreign tourists to Ukraine and the departure of Ukrainian citizens abroad. Results. The author also carried out a comprehensive analysis of the statistics of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine and determined that there is a tendency to increase the tourist flow outside Ukraine due to the introduction of a visa-free regime for entry into the EU and a decrease in the flow. foreigners to Ukraine due to amendments to the Customs Code of Ukraine, which significantly complicates the duty-free crossing of goods across borders. It is justified that the market for tourist services is considered to be quite flexible because it is able to respond flexibly to changes in the external environment (economic, socio-demographic, political factors) and to changes in tourist demand and supply. The tourism sphere is one of the of the most effective sphere of Ukraine's economy because it not only contributes to the development of regions, but also accelerates the process of formation of the middle class in our country. Also, the tourism industry envisages an increase in the incomes of the population and an increase in the welfare of the nation, as a whole, through attracting foreign investment. This, in turn, increases part of the budget revenues through direct and indirect taxes (value added tax, import duty), the volume of which is one of the determining indicators for the existing business environment. In order to meet the growing demands of clients, travel agents and agents need to constantly research the market. Marketing research of the tourist services market and correction of the direction of tourist activity should be conducted in many directions. The scientific novelty of the work is that the systematization of scientific researches of the experience of forming the potential of the tourism industry, which distinguishes four main varieties of tourism products, namely: excursions, sports competitions, cultural and mass events and cultural festivals, the development of which promote economic development, is improved. , family-related, moral, ethnic and legal ties in conducting tourism business in Ukraine. The practical importance of the work lies in the possibility of further use of the proposed developments of the author for faster reproduction of labor resources through rest, improving the health of citizens and guests of the country, as well as for turning the resort business into a significant source of funds for the state and local budgets.
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Noskova, O. A., E. V. Anganova, G. V. Gvak und E. D. Savilov. „EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SEPSIS“. Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, Nr. 5 (28.10.2018): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2018-5-121-126.
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Last decades a sepsis problem attracts the increased interest in the world community. In spite of definite achievements of modern fundamental and clinical medicine, sepsis as before is characterized by significant dissemination and high lethality. The problems of sepsis spread in various countries are discussed. It is shown that annually million cases of generalized purulent-septic infections are diagnosed. Steady sepsis increase is registered in industrially developed countries. Share of severe sepsis in pathology structure varies from 2 to 43% in different territories. Sepsis still remains among leading causes of human death being characterized by essential hospital lethality (from 30,6 to 80,4%). The patient categories belonging to high risk groups of sepsis development are shown. Special attention is directed to epidemiological manifestations of this pathological syndrome in pediatrics. Features of etiologic spectrum of the sepsis causative agents, increasing etiological importance of multi-resistant bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter spp., MRSA, VRE, etc.) are demonstrated. In consideration of clinical-epidemiological, social and economic significance of sepsis, studying of its epidemiological aspects is the major direction of activities for Public Health services.
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Ivanov, Yu N., und I. D. Masakova. „On Teaching the SNA at Economic Universities“. Voprosy statistiki 27, Nr. 2 (02.05.2020): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2020-27-2-85-95.
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The article considers the importance of studying the System of National Accounts (SNA) at economic universities for increasing knowledge on functioning economy at macro level and acquiring broad economic thinking skills. In this context, the article considers underlying SNA concepts, definitions, and classifications that determine the content of its key aggregates (GDP, GNI, National wealth and others). The article clarifies specific types of knowledge that can be obtained by studying the SNA. These pertain to the content of the economic process at the macro level, the role of economic transactions carried out by economic agents, measuring different aspects of the economic process, rates of economic growth, distribution and redistribution of incomes, transactions in financial instruments.
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Judge, George. „Micro-Macro Connected Stochastic Dynamic Economic Behavior Systems“. Econometrics 6, Nr. 4 (04.12.2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/econometrics6040046.
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In this paper, we borrow some of the key concepts of nonequilibrium statistical systems, to develop a framework for analyzing a self-organizing-optimizing system of independent interacting agents, with nonlinear dynamics at the macro level that is based on stochastic individual behavior at the micro level. We demonstrate the use of entropy-divergence methods and micro income data to evaluate and understand the hidden aspects of stochastic dynamics that drives macroeconomic behavior systems and discuss how to empirically represent and evaluate their nonequilibrium nature. Empirical applications of the information theoretic family of power divergence measures-entropic functions, interpreted in a probability context with Markov dynamics, are presented.
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Shaw, M. W., N. H. Arden und H. F. Maassab. „New aspects of influenza viruses.“ Clinical Microbiology Reviews 5, Nr. 1 (Januar 1992): 74–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.5.1.74.
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Influenza virus infections continue to cause substantial morbidity and mortality with a worldwide social and economic impact. The past five years have seen dramatic advances in our understanding of viral replication, evolution, and antigenic variation. Genetic analyses have clarified relationships between human and animal influenza virus strains, demonstrating the potential for the appearance of new pandemic reassortants as hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes are exchanged in an intermediate host. Clinical trials of candidate live attenuated influenza virus vaccines have shown the cold-adapted reassortants to be a promising alternative to the currently available inactivated virus preparations. Modern molecular techniques have allowed serious consideration of new approaches to the development of antiviral agents and vaccines as the functions of the viral genes and proteins are further elucidated. The development of techniques whereby the genes of influenza viruses can be specifically altered to investigate those functions will undoubtedly accelerate the pace at which our knowledge expands.
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Herzog, Tomasz. „Bowling Together: On Selected Aspects of Professional Capital in 21st Century Education“. Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej, Nr. 15 (12.06.2018): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2016.15.08.
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Professional Capital, Professional Communication, Civic Participation, and Community are the ideas about teachers as social change agents that have recently come into particular focus in thinking about today’s education. In the first part of this paper these ideas are examined in their broad political, social, cultural, and economic contexts. The second part looks more closely at the important aspects of communication and their implications for education and educators.
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Dudnik, Elizabeth, Laila Roisman, Jair Bar, Nir Peled, Ariel Hammerman, Sameh Daher, Mor Tal Moskovitz et al. „Economic aspects of nivolumab in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Lessons from real life.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, Nr. 15_suppl (20.05.2017): e18322-e18322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e18322.
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e18322 Background: Novel immunotherapy agents' costs have a significant impact on healthcare system budgets. Aside from the cost per dose of the compound, the total treatment cost (TTC) is affected by the duration of treatment (DOT). DOT in real life may differ significantly from that observed in the randomized clinical trials because of the differences in baseline patient characteristics and treatment patterns. Methods: Advanced NSCLC patients (pts) (n=192) treated with nivolumab 3mg/kg q2w (expanded access program/standard of care) at five Israeli cancer centers between January 2015 and March 2016 were included in the analysis. DOT and TTC were assessed in 2 groups (group A: ECOG PS 0/1, n=92; group B: ECOG PS ≥2, n=100). In addition, response for a subgroup of 49 pts was evaluated by RECIST, v.1.1. In this subgroup, DOT and TTC of treatment (Tx) beyond progression (PD) were assessed as well. Nivolumab cost per dose was calculated for a 78 kg pt based on current market price in Israel: 3 mg/kg X 78 kg = 240 mg = 11,250 NIS (2,993 USD). Results: Pt baseline characteristics: median age 67y (range, 41-99); males 68%; smokers 77%; ECOG PS ≥2 52%; Non-squamous/Squamous/NA 78%/19%/3%. 27% of pts continued nivolumab at the time of last follow-up. DOT and TTC are presented in the table below. Conclusions: DOT and TTC are similar for ECOG PS 0/1 and ECOG PS ≥2 pts. Tx beyond PD increases the TTC by 32%. These facts should be taken into consideration when evaluating budget impact of novel immunotherapy agents' implementation into routine practice. [Table: see text]
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Bathelt, Harald, und Johannes Glückler. „Resources in Economic Geography: From Substantive Concepts towards a Relational Perspective“. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 37, Nr. 9 (September 2005): 1545–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37109.
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Resources are crucial for the technological and economic development of firms in spatial perspective. In this paper we contrast two ways of conceptualizing resources, and argue that a conventional, substantive understanding implies a number of shortcomings which can be overcome through the application of a relational conception of resources. In examining four types of resources—material resources, knowledge, power, and social capital—our argument is that resources are constituted in a relational way in two aspects. First, resources are relational in that their generation, interpretation, and use are contingent. This depends on the particular institutional structures and social relations, as well as on the knowledge contexts and mental models of the agents involved. Second, some types of resources, such as power and social capital, are also relational because they cannot be possessed or controlled by individual agents. They are built and mobilized through day-to-day social practices. Individuals or groups of agents may appropriate the returns, but not the resources themselves. We conclude that a relational concept reflects the contextual and interactive nature of the selection, use, and formation of resources. This offers new insights into the explanation of heterogeneity in firm strategies and trajectories, as well as regional differences in the development of localized industry configurations, such as clusters.
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Voznyak, H., Kh Patytska und Т. Kloba. „BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS IN MODERN RESEARCH OF REGIONAL AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT: THEORETICAL ASPECTS“. Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 1, Nr. 36 (17.02.2021): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v1i36.227893.
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In terms (conditions) of socio-economic crisis, there are changes in the algorithms of acceptance of the investment, financial, management, and other decisions at various levels, which requires the emphasis on the patterns of behavior of participants in financial and economic processes in conditions of risk and uncertainty. The article aims to review the key postulates of behavioral economics, substantiate the possibility and feasibility of applying the theoretical foundations of behavioral economics as the latest model of the irrational behavior of financial and economic relations in practice management at regional and local levels.
The theoretical foundations of behavioral economics are revealed, the preconditions of origin (scientific bases, technological level, socio-economic bases) and stages of formation are determined. The interdisciplinary nature of behavioral economics as a science-based on the provisions of economics, psychology, sociology, neurobiology, and studies of socio-economic problems using non-traditional methods and approaches is proved. The study found that the growing trend of the practical application of behavioral economics at the regional and local levels is associated with the possibility of taking into account, except objective factors, irrational behavior of participants in financial and economic processes in conditions of risk and uncertainty. Behavioral differences between «economic man» and Humans are substantiated. It is established that people have such behavioral features as presumed irrationality; limited cognitive skills, emotions, morals, and social norms; limited selfishness; inconsistency (variability) of preferences. The expediency of studying economic relations at the regional and local levels on the basis of behavioral economics is justified by the possibility of explaining the abnormal behavior of economic agents in conditions of uncertainty and risk, which encourages the search for new behavioral strategies of financial and economic relations.
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Kubatko, Oleksandra V., Diana O. Yaryomenko, Mykola O. Kharchenko und Ismail Y. A. Almashaqbeh. „Economic and environmental aspects of Smart Grid technologies implementation in Ukraine“. Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, Nr. 1 (2020): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2020.87.01.
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Interruptions in electricity supply may have a series of failures that can affect banking, telecommunications, traffic, and safety sectors. Due to the two-way interactive abilities, Smart Grid allows consumers to automatically redirect on failure, or shut down of the equipment. Smart Grid technologies are the costly ones; however, due to the mitigation of possible problems, they are economically sound. Smart grids can't operate without smart meters, which may easily transmit real-time power consumption data to energy data centers, helping the consumer to make effective decisions about how much energy to use and at what time of day. Smart Grid meters do allow the consumer to track and reduce energy consumption bills during peak hours and increase the corresponding consumption during minimum hours. At a higher level of management (e.g., on the level of separate region or country), the Smart Grid distribution system operators have the opportunity to increase the reliability of power supply primarily by detecting or preventing emergencies. Ukraine's energy system is currently outdated and cannot withstand current loads. High levels of wear of the main and auxiliary equipment of the power system and uneven load distribution in the network often lead to emergencies and power outages. The Smart Grid achievements and energy sustainability are also related to the energy trilemma, which consists of key core dimensions– Energy Security, Energy Equity, and Environmental Sustainability. To be competitive in the world energy market, the country has to organize efficiently the cooperation of public/private actors, governments, economic and social agents, environmental issues, and individual consumer behaviors. Ukraine gained 61 positions out of 128 countries in a list in 2019 on the energy trilemma index. In general, Ukraine has a higher than average energy security position and lower than average energy equity, and environmental sustainability positions. Given the fact that the number of renewable energy sources is measured in hundreds and thousands, network management is complicated and requires a Smart Grid rapid response. Keywords: economic development, Smart Grid, electricity supply, economic and environmental efficiency.
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Mukerji, Sujoy. „FOUNDATIONS OF AMBIGUITY AND ECONOMIC MODELLING“. Economics and Philosophy 25, Nr. 3 (November 2009): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267109990253.
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Are foundations of models of ambiguity-sensitive preferences too flawed to be usefully applied to economic models? Al-Najjar and Weinstein (2009) say such is indeed the case. In this paper, first, we point out that many of the key arguments by Al-Najjar and Weinstein do not apply to quite a few of the ambiguity preference models of more recent vintage, and therefore to that extent do not undermine the foundational aspects or applicability of ambiguity models in general. Second, we argue the focus in that paper on Ellsberg examples is an overly narrow concern; the Ellsberg examples have their uses but they are not the best context to understand why reasonable real-world agents may find acting in an ambiguity-sensitive manner normatively or prescriptively appealing. Finally, normative considerations aside, we submit that Al-Najjar and Weinstein are unduly dismissive of the power of such preferences to provide illuminating positive analyses of economic phenomena.
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Грабова, Ольга, Olga Grabova, Александр Суглобов und Aleksandr Suglobov. „SYSTEM TAX PLANNING OF ECONOMIC ENTITIES: THEORETICAL APPROACHES, METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND PRACTICE-ORIENTED TOOLS“. Russian Journal of Management 7, Nr. 3 (29.10.2019): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/article_5db87fd91f4cf4.86162240.
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This article summarizes the modern domestic and foreign theoretical and methodological aspects of tax planning. As a result of the study, a systematic approach to tax planning of economic agents at the micro level is presented, the content of the concept of "tax planning" is revealed, the logic and practical content of the method of tax planning based on the presentation of taxes as elements of a unified system of planning of financial and economic activity of an economic entity are substantiated and proposed. The dialectical unity of economic essence and legal form of taxes in tax planning is defined, in which legal norms by virtue of their imperativeness form the conditions of economic activity, but not its orientation. The main integral indicator in the calculation of the tax burden for the purposes of tax planning is revenue, as it is the main economic source of tax payment and is associated with the calculation of tax risks. Defined the regulatory boundaries minimize taxation Institute of control taxation. The implementation of these approaches will effectively manage the economic activities of organizations, optimize the tax burden, reduce tax risks and improve the security of the business as a whole. In addition, a reserve has been created in the development of methodological support for tax planning, which should be based on the sectoral specifics of the economic entity, take into account its scale, organizational and legal forms and their combination, access to world markets, transnational character, etc.
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Mu'tamiroh, Wifkil, und Bagong Suyanto. „Hegemonic practices of online local fashion brands in the information society era during the Covid-19 pandemic“. Jurnal Sosiologi Dialektika 16, Nr. 1 (31.03.2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jsd.v16i1.2021.53-63.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on people around the world, including in Indonesia, particularly regarding the social and economic aspects of life, including the online economic agents. This study looks at and analyzes the hegemonic practices carried out by online economic agents in relation to the consumer so then they can survive and benefit during the Covid-19 pandemic. The theory used is hegemony according to Antonio Gramsci. This study used a qualitative research design. The research subjects were the owners of online local fashion brands that have developed in East Java. The primary data was collected from interviews and secondary data is from books and journal articles. The results of this study show that the local brands had a good level of performance during the Covid-19 pandemic, as seen from the observations conducted on Instagram. Hegemonic practices by online economic agents consist of three methods. First, there is using the social media platform Instagram. Second, there is always being productive. Third, there is collaborating with social media influencers (endorsement). The hegemonic practices happened by the social media so that it can influence people to follow their Instagram accounts and buy the products offered.
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Negodenko, V., M. Vargatiuk und M. Shcherbata. „THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF DETERMINING THE ESSENCE OF A BENCHMARKING CATEGORY“. Economic Analysis, Nr. 29(1) (2019): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2019.01.208.
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The constant variability of the external environment complicates the process of conducting economic activity by business entities. This requires the application of new methods of business management to ensure its sustainable development and to create competitive products. Management should pay particular attention to those management concepts that have demonstrated their effectiveness and potential. Among these methods, benchmarking should be singled out as one of the universal ways of increasing the level of competitiveness of enterprises of different spheres of management. The purpose of the article is to summarize scientific approaches to the concept of benchmarking as an economic category and to determine the author's position on its essence. The article presents the scientific concepts of defining the essence of benchmarking as an economic category, revealed that there are a considerable number of concepts for consideration of this definition, establishes the universal nature of this concept, since benchmarking is already used in the work of not only enterprises, but also in the organization of management of individual spheres. , territories, etc. The article proposes to use two approaches to considering the essence of benchmarking: static and dynamic, which makes it possible to define this category on the one hand, as a method of management, and, on the other, as determined by external and internal conditions, a constant and variable process. As a result of the research, it is proposed to consider benchmarking as a management method, the essence of which is to distinguish the best experience of economic agents, especially business entities, and to use it in the work of other enterprises, institutions and organizations.
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Synytsya, Maksym. „COVID-19 and Behavioral Economics: Certain Aspects of the Causes of Irrational Behaviour During a Pandemic“. Scientific Papers NaUKMA. Economics 6, Nr. 1 (30.07.2021): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2519-4739.2021.6.1.118-121.
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The aim of this article is to reveal the main reasons for the irrational behaviour of economic agents during the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic in terms of behavioural economics and opportunities for change such a behaviour.The article reveals the approaches that were used in 2020 and continue to be used today as the main ones to prevent the spread of coronavirus infection. Despite the existence of such prescriptions, the infection continues to spread and causes negative socio-economic consequences.Thus, the main reasons, the resistance of citizens to the measures recommended by governments around the world and the manifestation of deviant behaviour among the seemingly “rational” economic agents were analyzed.The main reasons and possible factors for changing such a behaviour are the postulates of behavioural economics, such as the effect of reinforcement effect, conservative bias, confirmation bias, conditional cooperation, the preference of beliefs consonance.In addition, this paper provides a brief overview of some post-material values of Ukrainian society based on global research and offers an assessment of the dependence of these values on the incidence of COVID-19 and an explanation in terms of behavioural economics.The article notes that the presence of certain established views on the “normality” of preventive antivirus measures may affect the propensity or the lack of propensity to adhere to the necessary protective behaviour by economic agents.The research methods are descriptive, analytical, methods of synthesis and comparison. As a result of the analysis, the article proposes a comprehensive approach to men’s behaviour during the pandemic according to behavioural economics.The study concludes that the main task to improve the effectiveness of preventive measures for the spread of COVID-19 today is to understand the causes of irrational behaviour in new circumstances in terms of behavioural economics and apply the theory of “pushing” or “nudging” to form positive social economic change. It is suggested to use this paper for further and deeper practical research of certain aspects of changing people`s behaviour for better work effectiveness and wellbeing. JEL classіfіcatіon: D03, A13
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Mazhara, Glib, und Volodymyr Kapustian. „BEHAVIORAL COMPONENTS IN RELATIONSHIPS OF ECONOMIC AGENTS (EXAMPLE OF THE UKRAINIAN CAR MARKET)“. EUREKA: Social and Humanities 2 (31.03.2020): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2020.001184.
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In neoclassical economics a concept of individual is seen as a logical thinking machine, which accurately analyzes all information received and, based on it, makes decisions that maximize his/her personal gain and minimize risks while achieving his/her goals. Such behavior of a person is called rational. Such concept serves as a source of neoclassicism for the construction of supply and demand models, operation of tax systems, business cycles, inflation etc. It was not accepted to pay attention to the psychology of decision-making, it was believed, that these transient, random factors pale against the grandeur of economic incentives. Psychologists are interested in solutions that are emotional, casual, pursued by some sort of cultural ideas, norms, rules, and may even be phobias, conversely economics is the science of rational behavior. The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the behavioral components and their influence on the interaction of economic agents in the commodity market. The study used methods of constructing a multivariate regression model, OLS, Student and Fisher criteria, statistical research, sociological surveys and expert opinion. Authors will analyze the behavioral aspects of market relationships on the example of used car market in Ukraine This paper provides several different situations and tested them with real market data to demonstrate that both buyers and sellers may not act rationally on the market, set prices, based on their personal beliefs, subjective and psychological factors and that must be considered when building economical models.
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Kafkalas, G. „State and Capital as the Agents of Spatial Integration in the World Economy“. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 5, Nr. 3 (September 1987): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d050303.
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The concept of spatial integration refers to the various forms of institutional control over the social and technical aspects of the division of labour in respect to the corresponding geographical or spatial patterns of production. It is a specific feature of late capitalism that the process of integration acquires a nonterritorial character as the evolution of functional (corporate and sectoral) integration leads towards the disarticulation of territorial productive systems. As the various local, regional, or national interests realise the negative effects of their dependence upon international branch circuits, they demand greater autonomy and strive towards the achievement of greater territorial self-reliance. In this way, the social, political, and economic conflicts and contradictions about the location of productive activities (that is, the spatial aspects of ownership and control of the means of production) become the major force behind the transformation of the international division of labour.
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Rosen, Sherwin. „Austrian and Neoclassical Economics: Any Gains From Trade?“ Journal of Economic Perspectives 11, Nr. 4 (01.11.1997): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.11.4.139.
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The systems aspects of Austrian economic thought pertaining to the process of competition deserve a prominent place in modern economic thinking. The paper develops the differences between the Austrian view of competition as an evolutionary process, and the neoclassical emphasis on determining market equilibrium under known or given conditions. These bear importantly on the fundamental way we think about decentralization of economic activities among highly specialized agents with incomplete knowledge and information. The role of competition as a selection device that often encourages survival of the fittest and solves some types of agency problems is well worth thinking about.
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Dzhabbarova, Yulduz K., Shoira T. Ismoilova und Dilorom A. Musakhodzhayeva. „Importance of cytokines in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia“. Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 68, Nr. 5 (17.12.2019): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd68537-44.
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Hypothesis/aims of study. The frequency of hypertension in iron deficiency anemia (IDA) reaches 3245%. The pathogenesis of pregnancy complicated with anemia and preeclampsia, including immunological aspects, has been little studied. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of general and local cytokine status violations in pregnant women with anemia in the genesis of preeclampsia and to justify the need for inclusion of immunosuppressive agents for the prevention and treatment of preeclampsia.
Study design, materials and methods. The cytokine status (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF) and the level of lactoferrin in peripheral blood serum and in extracts of the placental decidual tissue were examined by ELISA in 96 pregnant women with IDA and preeclampsia in the third trimester of gestation. Pregnant women were divided into four groups: 24 with mild anemia, 18 with moderate anemia, 26 with preeclampsia and mild anemia, and 28 with preeclampsia and moderate anemia.
Results. It has been shown that preeclampsia, along with IDA, is accompanied by a significant increase in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the acute phase protein lactoferrin at the systemic and, to a greater extent, local level, that is in the decidual membrane of the placenta, in the development of preeclampsia against the background of moderate anemia. The data obtained confirm the involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, one of the triggers of which is the immune imbalance in IDA. A pathogenetic rationale for the use of immunosuppressive therapy for combined pathology is given.
Conclusion. The use of placental hormone progesterone as an immunosuppressive drug in terms of substantiating new immunotherapy strategies for the prevention and treatment of preeclampsia is a topical trend in obstetric practice.
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Gabidullina, E. V., Ya R. Gareeva und KhabibullinaA Z. Khabibullina. „TRADE SECRECY AND ITS ROLE IN COMBATING THE STATE OF THE SHADOW ECONOMY“. Bulletin USPTU Science education economy Series economy 4, Nr. 34 (2020): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/2541-8904-2020-4-34-131-135.
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This article deals with the study of commercial secrecy and its role in the development of the shadow economy. The article describes the concept and specifics of the development of the shadow economy. Features of the development of the shadow economy and its development in the State have been identified. The author defines the role of commercial secrecy as one of the tools of the expression of shadow economy. Economic espionage is defined as a means of causing harm to the activities of economic agents and the State as a whole. Through fraud and various illegal activities, business-related methods and technologies can be identified for use in other entities or for other purposes. Such actions cause economic damage to economic agents. With global digitization, more and more information is being converted to electronic mode. It becomes more difficult to implement than it does with paper-based documents. The conclusion is that there is a need to develop regulatory requirements to define the security aspects of commercial activities and ways to ensure their safety. This will help to minimize the shadow economy