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Mui, Rosetta Suet Ying. "Evaluation of a theory of imitation." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2008. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54736/.
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A series of experiments was conducted in order to evaluate a theory proposed by Heyes and Saggerson (2000) of how one animal is able to imitate the action of another animal. A fundamental assumption of the theory is that animal's are able to discriminate between the natural movements of other animals on the basis of dynamic cues created by the transition from one posture to another. The results from Experiment 1 to 3 revealed for the first time that pigeons and budgerigars are indeed sensitive to the dynamic cues created by different movements. These cues were shown to be effective with inverted images (Experiment 4), but not degraded, point-light images (Experiment 5). A further assumption of the theory is that imitation will be evident whenever one animal has the opportunity to observe the actions of another animal. This assumption gained support from the results of Experiment 7, but not Experiment 6. Overall the results lend strong support to the theory.
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Hyman, J. "The imitation of nature." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384724.
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Shon, Aaron P. "Bayesian cognitive models for imitation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7013.
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vicario, eugenio. "Essays on Segregation, Minorities, and Imitation." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1107924.
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The thesis is composed by three chapters. The common theme of the three essays is the identification of long run equilibria of games played on regular networks where interactions are at local level. In the first and second chapter I contribute to distinct literatures applying technics and results from the literature on evolutionary game theory with local interactions. The study of economic segregation within towns, and the tendency of ethnic minorities to live in ethnic enclaves are at the center of the first and the second chapter respectively. In the third chapter a refinement of previous results in the theoretical literature on evolutionary game theory with local interactions is given. In the thesis I develop models with different specifications of revision opportunities, error models, and behavior of agents, which require different techniques for the selection of the long run equilibria. The spatial structure is common to the three chapters, in fact agents are deployed on lattices with periodic boundary conditions. In the first chapter the spatial structure is given by a two dimensional lattice, i.e a torus, in the third chapter a one dimensional lattice, i.e. a ring, is used, while in the second chapter I use both the specifications. The network is always fixed and exogenously given, and the concept of continuous neighborhood is used. Neighborhoods are said to be continuous when are based on the individual perception of agents. Each agent is in the middle of his own neighborhood, and then the neighborhoods of different agents may partially overlap but never coincide. This in contrast with the concept of bounded neighborhoods where agents belonging to the same neighborhood share all the neighbors. In this last case neighborhoods form a partition of the set of agents. Following the literature on continuous neighborhood the two main specifications are considered, in fact are used both the Moore and the Von Neumann neighborhoods in the two dimensional lattice. In the one dimensional lattice models different dimensions of the neighborhood are considered. In the first chapter agents move within the network exchanging position each other. In every period two agents are selected and switch position if both will be better off in the new neighborhood. Differently in the second and third chapter agents do not move within the network while instead they revise their strategy based on the strategies of neighbors. The timing of revision opportunities is another fundamental ingredient of the three models. In the first and the second chapter asynchronous revision opportunities are modeled, in fact in the first chapter only one couple per time has the possibility to switch position, while in the second chapter only one agent per turn revises the strategy. In the third chapter the revision opportunities are simultaneous, and all the agents revise their strategy in each period.
In the three chapter, as usual in evolutionary game theory, agents have bounded rationality. In fact agents have a myopic behavior, they are unable to make any prevision about the future states, and then revise their strategy only considering the actual state. In the third chapter a further level of irrationality is given by the fact that agents, instead
of best replying to the actual situation, as in the first and second chapter, imitate the action of the best performing neighbor. A stochastically stable state is a state that is observed with a positive probability in the long run in presence of a small perturbation. The perturbation is at the individual level, in fact each agent, in every moment, has a small but positive chance to make a decision differently from that prescribed by his behavioral rule. The perturbation in biology is used to model mutations, while in economics the noise is represented by mistakes and experimentations. Through the introduction of a small amount of noise is possible to define a perturbed transition matrix for which is possible to move from any state of the world to any other in a finite number of steps. In the first chapter the behavior of agents is described by a logit choice function, for which costly mistakes are less likely. Each agent has a positive probability to accept or not an exchange, depending on the variation of utility obtained with the exchange. The game can be described by a potential function defined on the set of strategies of agents, for which every change in the utility of agents is reflected in a variation of the potential function. Assuming the logit choice rule and in the presence of asynchronous revision opportunities, in a potential game the stochastically stable states coincide with states having maximum potential. In this setting is sufficient to study the potential function to select the set of long run equilibria.
In the second and third chapter a uniform error model is implemented. Each error can occur with the same probability, independently from how costly it is. In the second chapter three versions of the model are developed. In the first version there is not a spatial structure and interactions are at the global level. The identification of stochastically stable states is obtained using the technique developed by Young (1993), based on results by Freidlin and Wentzell (1984). At the basis of this technique there is the construction of rooted trees, made by the least resistance paths from each absorbing set to each other, where an absorbing set is a minimal set from which the unperturbed process can not escape. Between the paths connecting an absorbing set to another one the least resistance path is the one that is more likely to be observed. The summation of the resistance of all the least resistance paths ending in an absorbing set, E, and starting from all the other absorbing sets is the stochastic potential of the absorbing set E. The absorbing sets with minimal stochastic potential are the stochastically stable sets. The application is relatively simple having only two absorbing sets connected by only one path. In the second version of the model agents are deployed on a two dimensional lattice and interact only with a set of neighbors and the result is obtained via simulations. There are many advantages in the use of simulations, but also some limitations. In fact when the probability of a transition out from an absorbing set is very low it is unlikely to observe it during a simulation, and may be difficult to asses which transition is more likely. When the error rate is higher transitions are more likely but the perturbation may affect too much the dynamics. In the third version agents are deployed on one dimensional lattice, as in the third chapter. The radius coradius technique proposed by Ellison (2000) is used to identify the stochastically stable sets. The basic idea is to compute the radius and the coradius of all the absorbing sets and compare them. The radius represents how is difficult to leave the basin of attraction of an absorbing set, while the difficulty to enter into the basin of attraction of an absorbing set is measured by the coradius. The stochastically stable set of the model is contained in the subset of absorbing sets having radius greater then coradius.
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Assavapisitkul, Voravej, and Sataporn Bukkavesa. "Imitation as Organization’s Strategy." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-6483.
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<p>Program: MIMA student – International business and Entrepreneurship</p><p>Course name: Master Thesis (EFO705)Title: Imitation as Organization’s StrategyAuthors: Voravej AssavapisitkulSataporn Bukkavesa</p><p>Supervisor: Sven-Åke NyströmProblem: Does imitation really benefit organization?</p><p>Purpose: The authors are writing this topic because the authors feel that this topic is not widely been investigated, moreover, it is a very interesting topic for the authors. According to the course literatures that the authors have read, the authors perceived that most of them focused on innovation and seems like they ignored or mentioned little on the topic of imitation and how can imitation benefits organization. Therefore, the authors are personally interested in the topic. The authors hope that the readers would gain more knowledge on the topic and would be able to apply with their business or study.</p><p>Method: Interpretivist; Documentary; Interview</p><p>Summary: In this Master Thesis, the authors have discussed several dimensions of imitation with examples. First, the authors discussed about imitation during the early stage of industrialization with the examples in Korea. This topic discussed of the opportunity provided through imitation process for the new firms to be able to catch up and compete with experienced firms. The next topic is on unique capability. Firms can apply imitation as their own capability that can prevent others’ imitation, moreover, they can become successful in the new market. Then the authors found that there are ways to imitate other firms’ knowledge legally in the form of strategic alliances. In the topic of creation of strategic alliances, the authors suggested four patterns of engagement that firms can select according to their objectives. Under the topic of firms experience, there are some empirical data supported that the degree of imitation has negative relationship with firms’ experience curve. Moreover, the authors discussed about the how competitors’ actions affect the firms to select different strategy of organization management in the topic of the choice of alliances and mergers and acquisitions by competitor’s move. Then the authors discussed about how successful were the imitations by reverse-engineering implemented by Korea’s electronics industry. Furthermore, the authors also provide examples of imitations in other industries. The next topic is limitation and prevention on imitation. Then the authors provided the reasons why do firms imitate. Moreover, the authors discussed about the factors that affect the speed of imitation process and show how the speed of imitation related to benefits and losses of the firms. Next, the authors suggested some successful strategies for product imitation. Then the authors discussed about the drawbacks of imitation with some examples. Finally, the authors provided the results and analysis of the interviews as primary data collection to show the success of firms that implemented imitations, people’s attitudes toward imitation, and the degree that originality and product origin can limit imitation.</p>
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Brown, Julie D. "Imitation, play and theory of mind in autism : an observational and experimental study." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2942.
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This observational and experimental study takes the Intersubjectivity Theory of Rogers and Pennington (1991), as the guiding line by which to investigate imitation in autism. A deficit in imitation in early childhood is the principal aspect of this theory which distinguishes it from other major theories such as those of Baron- Cohen et al. (1985) and Hobson (1986). With much debate over the existence of a general deficit in imitation, this study aimed first to test for different types of imitation (including those differentiated by Piaget (1962), such as vocal, immediate and deferred imitation) and second, to examine other deficits linked to imitation in Roger and Pennington's theory - emotion perception, joint attention, theory of mind and play. The effect of age was also investigated. Rogers and Pennington (1991) predicted that young autistic children would show a profile of deficits including impaired imitation, emotion sharing, joint attention and pretend play while older children and adults would show impaired "theory of mind", emotion sharing and language pragmatics, relative to controls. In an observational study autistic children and adults showed less social interaction with peers, more manipulative play, less symbolic play in some comparisons and less evidence of mental state understanding but few differences in imitation, compared to children with learning disabilities and normal 3-4 year old and 5-6 year old children. Virtually the same samples were then tested experimentally for the ability to imitate. This was done for (1) elicited imitation (including vocal, simple body movements and symbolic actions, with and without objects), (2) spontaneous, problem-solving imitation and (3) deferred imitation. In addition, spontaneous, elicited and instructed play was tested and visual perspective-taking, joint attention, false-belief and emotion recognition. No general deficit for imitation in school-age autistic children and autistic adults was found, although a younger group (CA 4 - 7 years) of autistic children did significantly worse on all aspects of the task. Scores were lower on deferred imitation and on spontaneous, problem-solving imitation for the autistic groups and certain categories of actions in the elicited task proved more difficult for the autistic children, namely those requiring symbolic ability. Previous findings on joint attention, false-belief and emotion perception were, for the most part, confirmed, although no links between any of these behaviours and imitation were evident from examination of individual profiles. In addition, a picture of inconsistency across tasks emerged. However, some evidence was found for Rogers and Pennington's theory at a crude level, in that it was the youngest children who had most problems with imitation, symbolic play, and emotion recognition, relative to controls. It is concluded that although imitation may be lacking in early autistic development, Rogers and Pennington's theory may not be an altogether satisfactory way of explaining its contribution to the autistic disorder and is, in fact, very difficult to test.
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Lallée, Stéphane. "Towards a distributed, embodied and computational theory of cooperative interaction." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10052/document.
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Les robots vont peu à peu intégrer nos foyers sous la forme d’assistants et de compagnons,humanoïdes ou non. Afin de remplir leur rôle efficacement ils devront s’adapter àl’utilisateur, notamment en apprenant de celui-ci le savoir ou les capacités qui leur fontdéfaut. Dans ce but, leur manière d’interagir doit être naturelle et évoquer les mêmesmécanismes coopératifs que ceux présent chez l’homme. Au centre de ces mécanisme setrouve le concept d’action : qu’est-ce qu’une action, comment les humains les reconnaissent,comment les produire ou les décrire ? La modélisation de toutes ces fonctionnalitésconstituera la fondation de cette thèse et permettra la mise en place de mécanismescoopératifs de plus haut niveau, en particulier les plan partagés qui permettent à plusieursindividus d’oeuvrer de concert afin d’atteindre un but commun. Finalement, je présenteraiune différence fondamentale entre la représentation de la connaissance chez l’homme etchez la machine, toujours dans le cadre de l’interaction coopérative : la dissociation possibleentre le corps d’un robot et sa cognition, ce qui n’est pas imaginable chez l’homme. Cettedissociation m’amènera notamment à explorer le « shared experience framework », unesituation dans laquelle une cognition artificielle centrale gère l’expérience partagée demultiples individus ayant chacun une identité propre. Cela m’amènera finalement àquestionner les différentes philosophies de l’esprit du point de vue de l’attribution d’unesprit à une machine et de ce que cela impliquerai quant à l’esprit humain<br>Robots will gradually integrate our homes wielding the role of companions, humanoids ornot. In order to cope with this status they will have to adapt to the user, especially bylearning knowledge or skills from him that they may lack. In this context, their interactionshould be natural and evoke the same cooperative mechanisms that humans use. At thecore of those mechanisms is the concept of action: what is an action, how do humansrecognize them, how they produce or describe them? The modeling of aspects of thesefunctionalities will be the basis of this thesis and will allow the implementation of higherlevel cooperative mechanisms. One of these is the ability to handle “shared plans” whichallow two (or more) individuals to cooperate in order to reach a goal shared by all.Throughout the thesis I will attempt to make links between the human development ofthese capabilities, their neurophysiology, and their robotic implementation. As a result ofthis work, I will present a fundamental difference between the representation of knowledgein humans and machines, still in the framework of cooperative interaction: the possibledissociation of a robot body and its cognition, which is not easily imaginable for humans.This dissociation will lead me to explore the “shared experience framework, a situationwhere a central artificial cognition manages the shared knowledge of multiple beings, eachof them owning some kind of individuality. In the end this phenomenon will interrogate thevarious philosophies of mind by asking the question of the attribution of a mind to amachine and the consequences of such a possibility regarding the human mind
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Evanson, Doris Muriel. "Imitation and inspiration : aspects of literary theory in early and middle-period platonic dialogues." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28219.
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Two theories of literature may be found in the dialogues of Plato: 1) the theory that the poet is inspired and his poetry the product of inspiration, and 2) the theory that the poet is an imitator and his poetry imitation. The two theories are distinct: inspiration is a theory of composition; imitation is a theory about the relation of language to its subject matter. Yet both theories are present in the Platonic corpus and in some cases in the same general context. This thesis will explore various aspects of these theories and will consider the problem of whether the two are in any way compatible. Our study will deal, in chronological order, with three of Plato's early and middle-period dialogues, the Ion, the Symposium, and the Republic.
The Ion treats explicitly the topic of poetic inspiration and contains implicitly the concept of poetic imitation. The theory of inspiration presented in this dialogue differs from the traditional view in two significant ways: 1) in its exaggerated portrayal of the possessed poet, and 2) in its exaggerated emphasis on the element of inspiration in the poetic process. Plato here presents an exaggerated theory of inspiration in order to emphasize the dangers inherent in poetry and to discredit the poets' claims to wisdom and knowledge. The theory of imitation implicit in this dialogue is similarly exaggerated and pejorative.
The Symposium repeats, with significant variations, the themes of the Ion. The inadequacy of the poet as regards wisdom is demonstrated in a literary agon between poet and philosopher. A new theory of inspiration is introduced, a theory of philosophic inspiration that transmutes and transcends the theory of poetic inspiration.
The Republic deals explicitly with the topic of imitation and implicitly with the subject of inspiration. The theory of poetic imitation presented in Book X is an exaggeration of an earlier concept: the imitative poet of Book X is an "imitator" in the lowest and most pejorative sense of the word. Plato here, as in the Ion, presents an exaggerated theory of literature in order to refute the exaggerated claims made by and for the poets. Elsewhere in the Republic there are suggestions of a higher and truer concept of literary creativity. Various passages indicate that Plato conceived of both a theory of philosophic imitation and a theory of philosophic inspiration.
In the Ion and in Book X of the Republic. Plato presents two diverse and incompatible theories in order to prove identical points. In both cases he exaggerates the deficiencies in order to emphasize the dangers of the poet and his poetry. Neither the theory of poetic inspiration in the Ion nor the theory of poetic imitation in Book X of the Republic is presented by Plato as a valid theory of literature.
In the Symposium and in various passages throughout the Republic. Plato presents a theory of inspiration, and a theory of imitation that are valid and compatible. Here, both inspiration and imitation are taken up into the realm of philosophy. Philosophic imitation is imitation of the Forms; philosophic inspiration is inspiration by the Forms. At this highest level the two theories of literature coalesce .and become one: the ideal Form is, for the philosopher-poet, both his object of imitation and his source of inspiration.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Classical, Near Eastern and Religious Studies, Department of<br>Graduate
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Grimes, David B. "Learning by imitation and exploration : Bayesian models and applications in humanoid robotics /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6879.
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Hedlund, Jonas. "Essays in microeconomic theory." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/20509.
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Jonsson, Stefan. "Making and breaking norms : competitive imitation patterns in the Swedish mutual fund industry." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institute of International Business (IIB), 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1468.
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Carrington, Sarah. "A neuroimaging study of Theory of Mind and imitation in typically developing individuals and Autism Spectrum Disorder." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.525269.
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Matros, Alexander. "Stochastic stability and equilibrium selection in games." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.) (EFI), 2001. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/571.htm.
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Granath, Frida. "The imitation game : An analysis of Russian and Anglo-Saxon strategic narratives in connection to military intervention abroad." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Medier och kommunikation, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447566.
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This study focuses on the similarities and differences between Russian and Anglo-Saxon strategic narratives in relation to the interventions in Syria 2015 and Libya 2011. The aim is to investigate the imitation theory further as it has been described by Krastev and Holmes (2019) and if it is possible to claim that the Russian regime has used imitated strategic narratives from the United States and the United Kingdom as a soft power tool in the Syrian intervention. By using narrative analysis, 12 speeches made by Putin, Medvedev, Lavrov, Camron, and Obama have been analyzed in order to find similarities and differences between Anglo-Saxon and Russian strategic narratives in connection to interventions in countries affected by the Arabic Spring. The results show indication of imitation from the Russian side regarding themes such as the United Nations and people’s right to choose their own governanc
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Thompson, Carrie A. "The Development and Validation of a Spanish Elicited imitation Test of Oral Language Proficiency for the Missionary Training Center." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3602.
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The Missionary Training Center (MTC), affiliated with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, needs a reliable and cost effective way to measure the oral language proficiency of missionaries learning Spanish. The MTC needed to measure incoming missionaries' Spanish language proficiency for training and classroom assignment as well as to provide exit measures of institutional progress. Oral proficiency interviews and semi-direct assessments require highly trained raters, which is costly and time-consuming. The Elicited Imitation (EI) test is a computerized, automated test that measures oral language proficiency by having the participant hear and repeat utterances of varying syllable length in the target language. It is economical, simple to administer, and rate. This dissertation outlined the process of creating and scoring an EI test for the MTC. Item Response Theory (IRT) was used to analyze a large bank of EI items. The best performing 43 items comprise the final version MTC Spanish EI test. Questions about what linguistic features (syllable length, grammatical difficulty) contribute to item difficulty were addressed. Regression analysis showed that syllable length predicted item difficulty, whereas grammar difficulty did not.
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Araya, Richard I. "Casual Ambiguity and its Impact on Firm Performance." Case Western Reserve University Doctor of Management / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=casedm1568627761609538.
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Al, Mutairi Shihanah Mohammed. "An investigation into the effect of national culture on the diffusion of innovations : a case study on the MENA region." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13228.
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National culture has a significant influence on how innovations are adopted and diffuse throughout society. Existing innovation literature often employ Hofstede’s cultural difference dimensions to predict technology diffusion, which is critical to international marketers who are interested in tapping into this region. However, whilst Hofstede initially clustered the Arab nations into one region, past works have failed to compare and predict the diffusion of innovations amongst the Middle East and North African (MENA) nations. To address this research gap and to challenge Hofstede’s assumption of the MENA region as one cultural homogenous group, this study proposes to 1) measure the cultural differences of the seven nations, including Kuwait, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Iraq, Libya, and Lebanon within the MENA region and 2) explore the relationship between national culture and the diffusion of innovations amongst the seven countries. Using Hofstede’s latest national culture instrument, the Value Survey Model 2013 (VSM13), 775 survey data is collected from university students based in the seven nations to obtain new national cultural profiles on six dimensions, which are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, indulgent versus restraint, long-term orientation and masculinity femininity index. Empirical evidence shows that all seven nations differ significantly on each of Hofstede’s national culture dimensions, particularly on the power distance, uncertainty avoidance, indulgent versus restraint, and long term orientation dimension. The Bass Model is employed to estimate each of the seven nation’s diffusion patterns based on their mobile subscription data, and then correlated with their national culture ranks along with other variables such as socioeconomic indicators and telecommunication sector specific variables. The findings indicate that out of the six national culture indices, only the power distance index, indulgent versus restraint, long term orientation, and uncertainty avoidance dimensions show significant correlations with the innovation and imitations levels on the national level, suggesting that these particular cultural scales can effect and limit the innovation levels and the speed of the diffusion process of innovations. Results also indicate that literacy rate and urbanization are significantly correlated with the speed of the diffusion process and imitation levels on the national level. This research sheds new light on cross national diffusion literature by empirically revealing the innovative and imitative profiles of seven Arab States that were previously underrepresented and untested. The present study also provides fresh insights into the diffusion and national culture relationship by analysing the MENA region, which presents a theoretical contribution to cross cultural diffusion studies by advancing our understanding of the process by which Hofstede’s dimensions are associated with innovative and imitative levels. International marketing managers are thus advised to adopt a waterfall strategy when approaching the MENA region, in which innovative countries, such as Kuwait, are first targeted for introducing innovative products and services, through mass media and advertising. Whilst imitative countries, such as Egypt, are targeted for last entry, with a marketing communication plan that utilizes brand ambassadors and influencers, so as to reduce the risk and uncertainty of the innovation in question.
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Salom, Kerim. "L’architecture du discours, du caractère au type : Quatremère de Quincy et l’inversion des valeurs de l’architecte à la fin de l'âge classique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1040/document.
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L'étude examine les rapports entre théorie de l'architecture et réflexions sur l'art à la fin de l'âge classique. À travers l'analyse du discours sur l'architecture, en considérant l'architecte comme un auteur, la recherche envisage la question de l'expressivité de l'objet architectural. Elle porte sur l'esthétique des architectes, en tant que théorie de la sensation du beau. Deux mots sont ainsi étudiés dans leur discours : caractère et type. Deux concepts qui résument à eux seuls deux théories de l'art antagonistes, car ils renvoient à deux visions du monde distinctes : celui de Blondel, Boullée et Ledoux, qui se tient au plus près de la nature, et celui de Quatremère de Quincy, qui est déjà rentré dans l'Histoire. L'enquête s'arrête sur son rôle déterminant dans le paysage artistique de la France du 19ème siècle, et sur son application à y introduire une théorie de l'art idéaliste empruntée à la critique d'art allemande et écossaise. En forgeant le concept de type, Quatremère de Quincy a contribué à renverser durablement les valeurs des architectes, jusqu'au 20ème siècle, en imposant une conception universaliste et abstraite contre une appréhension empirique de la réalité, une représentation de l'imagination contre une réflexion par l'entendement discursif, une imitation idéale contre l'antique principe d'imitation de la nature. Le concept de type idéal a été forgé à l'appui des écrits des philosophes, des naturalistes et des philologues, qui eurent de tout temps une forte influence sur les théories artistiques. Aussi, l'étude se propose d'inscrire le discours de l'architecte dans un champ épistémologique plus général pour confronter sa parole à celles de ces savants et penseurs. À travers l'analyse comparée des notions d'imitation, de jugement de goût et de style, thèmes centraux des théories sur l'architecture, l'étude questionne la place de l'histoire dans le processus conceptuel, ainsi que le rôle de la mémoire et de l'habitude au moment de la réception de l'œuvre<br>The study examines the relationships between theory of architecture and reflections on art at the end of the classic age. Through the analysis of the discourse on architecture, by considering the architect as an author, the research treats the question of expressiveness of the architectural object. It focuses on the aesthetic of architects, as a theory of sensation of beauty. Two words are studied in their discourse: character and type. Two concepts that summarize two theories of art antagonists, because they refer to two different visions of the world: that of Blondel, Boullée and Ledoux, which is closer to nature, and that of Quatremère de Quincy, which is already go into history. The survey stops on his determining role in the artistic landscape of 19th century in France, and its application to introduce a theory of idealistic art borrowed from German and Scottish art critic. By forging the concept of type, Quatremère de Quincy contributed to revaluate durably the values of architects, until the 20th century, by imposing a universalist and abstract design against an empirical understanding of reality, a representation of the imagination against a reflection based on discursive understanding, an ideal imitation against the classic art principle of imitation of nature. The concept of ideal type was forged on contact with the writings of philosophers, naturalists and philologists, who always had a strong influence on the artistic theories. Also, the study proposes to include the discourse of the architect in a more general epistemological field to confront his voice to those of these scientists and thinkers. Through the comparative analysis of the concepts of imitation, judgment of taste and style, central themes of theories on architecture, the study questions the place of history in the design process, as well as the role of memory and habit at the time of reception of the work by the public
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Davison, Patrick Dru. "The Role of Self-Efficacy and Modeling in Improvisation: The Effects of Aural and Aural/Notated Modeling Conditions on Intermediate Instrumental Music Students' Improvisation Achievement." Thesis, connect to online resource, 2006. http://www.unt.edu/etd/all/Dec2006/Open/davison_patrick_dru/index.htm.
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Holmer, Emil. "Signs for Developing Reading : Sign Language and Reading Development in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Handikappvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-128207.
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Reading development is supported by strong language skills, not least in deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children. The work in the present thesis investigates reading development in DHH children who use sign language, attend Regional Special Needs Schools (RSNS) in Sweden and are learning to read. The primary aim of the present work was to investigate whether the reading skills of these children can be improved via computerized sign language based literacy training. Another aim was to investigate concurrent and longitudinal associations between skills in reading, sign language, and cognition in this population. The results suggest that sign language based literacy training may support development of word reading. In addition, awareness and manipulation of the sub-lexical structure of sign language seem to assist word reading, and imitation of familiar signs (i.e., vocabulary) may be associated with developing reading comprehension. The associations revealed between sign language skills and reading development support the notion that sign language skills provide a foundation for emerging reading skills in DHH signing children. In addition, the results also suggest that working memory and Theory of Mind (ToM) are related to reading comprehension in this population. Furthermore, the results indicate that sign language experience enhances the establishment of representations of manual gestures, and that progression in ToM seems to be typical, although delayed, in RSNS pupils. Working memory has a central role in integrating environmental stimuli and language-mediated representations, and thereby provides a platform for cross-modal language processing and multimodal language development.<br>En god språklig förmåga bidrar till god läsutveckling, inte minst hos döva och hörselskadade (D/H) barn. Studierna som ingår i avhandlingen undersöker läsutveckling hos D/H elever som går på teckenspråkiga specialskolor och som håller på att lära sig att läsa. Arbetets huvudsakliga syfte var att undersöka om deras läsförmåga kan förbättras via datoriserad teckenspråksbaserad lästräning. Ett annat syfte var att undersöka samtida och longitudinella samband mellan läsförmåga, teckenspråk, och kognition i samma population. Resultaten indikerar att teckenspråksbaserad lästräning kan bidra till ordläsningsutveckling. Vidare pekar resultaten på att medvetenhet om och manipulation av teckenspråkets sublexikala struktur stöttar läsförmågan och dessutom att imitation av kända tecken (i.e., vokabulär) var associerat med utvecklingen av barnens läsförståelse. Dessa fynd visar att teckenspråkskunskaper kan utgöra en grund för läsutveckling hos teckenspråkiga D/H elever. Resultaten indikerade även att arbetsminne och Theory of Mind (ToM) är relaterade till läsförståelse i denna grupp. Vid sidan av resultaten rörande läsutveckling, framkom också att teckenspråkserfarenhet leder till starkare etablering av representationer av manuella gester och vidare att barnens mentaliseringsförmåga (Theory of Mind) uppvisade en förväntad progression, om än försenad. En implikation av detta är att insatser som stöttar utveckling av teckenbaserade representationer och deras användning vid bearbetning av skrivet språk kan främja läsutveckling hos teckenspråkiga D/H elever. Arbetsminne föreslås genom sin roll i integration mellan inkommande stimuli och språkmedierade representationer fungera som en plattform för modalitetsöverskridande språkbearbetning och multimodal språkutveckling.
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Enomoto, Keiko. "Plaute et Térence en France aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040021.
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Aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles, Plaute et Térence furent considérés comme les maîtres de la langue latine, et surtout comme ceux de la comédie. Ils furent cependant évalués et hiérarchisés en fonction d’une conception tout à fait spécifique, qui ne correspondait pas toujours à leurs propres comédies. Les deux auteurs possédaient en effet un statut préconstruit, incontesté, qui les maintenait pourtant dans une image imprécise. Afin d’éclaircir leur statut au XVIIe siècle, nous examinons leur place dans les programmes et la pratique théâtrale scolaires, au sein des différents cadres d’enseignement. Nous étudions également leur présence dans l’art de la traduction, car les versions françaises de Plaute et de Térence qui jalonnent les XVIe et XVIIe siècles contribuèrent non seulement à la naissance d’une théorie de la traduction, mais aussi à une réflexion sur l’art dramatique et la naissance de la « comédie française ». Nous questionnons enfin ce que ces deux dramaturges représentent, et ce qu’être jugé digne de leur succéder pouvait signifier. Enfin, nous tentons de savoir comment Molière a réussi, aux yeux de ses contemporains et successeurs, à synthétiser et à surpasser les qualités de Plaute et de Térence jusqu’à se substituer à eux dans leur rôle de référence. On espère, par cette analyse des multiples enjeux liés aux deux dramaturges latins, apporter une nouvelle contribution aux études sur le XVIIe siècle<br>In the 16th and 17th centuries, Plautus and Terence were regarded as the masters of the Latin language, and above all as the masters of comedy. They were, however, judged and rated according to a very specific concept, not always consistent with their own comedies. The two authors enjoyed a preconceived and undisputed status which, however, maintained them inside a vague image. In order to cast light on their status in the 17th century, this thesis examines their place in curriculums and theatre practice in schools, within different teaching contexts. Their presence in the art of translation is reviewed, as the French versions of Plautus and Terence that punctuate the 16th and 17th centuries contributed not only to the emergence of a theory of translation, but also to a reflection on dramatic art and to the birth of the “comédie française”. The thesis then looks at what those two playwrights represent and what it might have meant to be considered their worthy successor. Finally, an investigation of how Molière managed, in the eyes of his peers and successors, to combine and surpass the qualities of Plautus and Terence to even take their place as a standard is undertaken. With the thesis, it is intended to make a new contribution to the 17th century, through this analysis of the multiple issues related to the two Latin playwrights
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Bellomo, Paolo. "La traduction à l’épreuve de l’imitation. Traduction, pastiche, pensées de la ressemblance en France et en Italie aux XIXe et XXe siècles." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA044.
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À partir de l’analyse des discours sur la traduction et le pastiche aux XIXe et XXe siècles, la thèse trace l’archéologie des pensées de la traduction en France et en Italie, souligne la différence radicale de deux territoires pourtant si proches. En articulant les histoires politiques et linguistiques de ces deux pays, ce travail vise à montrer comment l’imaginaire et le sentiment que les cultures française et italienne ont eu de leurs propres langues ont structuré des perceptions foncièrement autres de l’à traduire.La réflexion part d’une lecture de ce que Foucault appelle la « structure parlée du perçu », c’est-à-dire l’ensemble des discours traductifs et imitatifs susceptibles de faire apparaître, par la verbalisation, la perception des ressemblances entre textes premiers et textes seconds. Dans ce travail, la pensée de la traduction est donc moins une pensée produite consciemment par des individus que la pensée appartenant aux discours eux-mêmes et ne pouvant apparaître que dans<br>A study of the discourses on translation and pastiche in the 19th and 20th centuries serves as a basis to examine the archeology of translation thought in France and Italy, highlighting the radical difference between these neighbor territories. Articulating the political and linguistic histories of the two countries, this work aims to show how the linguistic imaginaries and sentiments which developed in French and Italian culture are responsible for shaping radically other perceptions of the à-traduire (‘yet-to-translate’).This work originates in a reading of what Foucault calls the “spoken structure of the perceived”: the discourses on translation and imitation which, through verbalization, render visible the perception of resemblances between original and second texts. In this thesis, the thinking of translation is less a consciously produced thinking than a thinking belonging to the discourses themselves, which can only appear in their circulation. A thinking that is also an epistemology
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Josephson, Jens. "Evolution and learning in games." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.) (EFI), 2001. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/587.htm.
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Reid, Jeremy William, and Jeremy William Reid. "Imitations of Virtue: Plato and Aristotle on Non-Ideal Constitutions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626324.
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Plato and Aristotle both believe that in ideal circumstances the best form of government obtains when virtuous and knowledgeable people rule. But surprisingly, alongside their well-known views in ideal political philosophy, they also have rich and complex views on non-ideal political philosophy, and these views turn out to be deeply conservative. In the Statesman, Laws, and Politics, Plato and Aristotle recognize stability problems generated by non-ideal circumstances. Specifically, their views on the law’s role in habituation of character, and habituation’s role in ensuring the authority of the law lead them to think that the high costs of changing the existing legislation and constitutional arrangements normally outweigh the benefits gained.
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Evans, Elizabeth. "Is there a role for top-down factors in 'automatic' imitation?" Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/is-there-a-role-for-topdown-factors-in-automatic-imitation(74785fa8-411a-44e6-bcfb-249adb8dd0a6).html.
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The passive perception of irrelevant actions can facilitate or interfere with the execution of one’s own actions, known as ‘automatic imitation’ (AI). For example, when one is pressing down on a button, reaction times (RTs) are faster when observing a finger depression (compatible action) and slower whilst observing a finger lift (incompatible action). This phenomenon has been attributed to the mirror neuron system and is thought to represent a laboratory model of spontaneous motor mimicry which facilitates social interactions. AI is typically reduced or absent when the observed movement is produced by a non-human agent. However, previous findings suggest that the magnitude of this ‘human bias’ can be modulated by top-down factors, such as attention and prior instructions regarding whether the movement was produced by a human or non-human agent. This thesis aimed to further examine the role of attention and belief regarding stimulus agency in automatic imitation. Participants were required to perform a pre-specified key press or release response to a diffuse yellow flash go signal. This response was either compatible or incompatible with the finger or object movement, which was presented simultaneously. AI was measured by subtracting compatible from incompatible RTs to calculate the compatibility effect. Experiments 1a, 1b, 2 and 7 focused on exploring the role of attention in AI. Experiment 1a revealed that the human bias is dependent on when the go signal occurs. AI was greater for the finger stimulus relative to the object stimulus when the go signal occurred during the movement, but not after the movement. It is suggested that attention to the movement is reduced when the go signal occurs after the movement. This implies that the human bias in AI is dependent on attention being directed towards the movement. Experiments 1b and 2 indicated that AI was removed if a visual dual task was added, but that AI remained and was greater when an auditory dual task was added. This indicates that AI was removed when the visual dual task competed for cognitive resources with action observation. The facilitation of AI when an auditory dual task was added suggests that the additional cognitive load may have occupied cognitive resources required for the inhibition of imitation. These findings highlight that AI is susceptible to attentional load, implying that AI is not a strongly automatic process. Experiment 7 explored whether the spread of attention modulates the magnitude of AI by comparing a ‘diffuse’ go signal to a ‘focused’ go signal which directed attention to the stimulus movement. Significantly larger AI effects were produced for the group of participants who saw the focused flash first, indicating that focusing attention on the spatial location of the movement increased AI, and furthermore that initially observing the focused flash ‘trained’ participants to pay attention to the stimulus movement in the diffuse flash condition. Experiments 3 and 4 examined why AI effects for non-human stimuli are more likely to be significant when trials are presented in separate blocks (e.g. human vs. non-human stimuli) as opposed to randomly mixed trials. It was hypothesised that this pattern of previous results could be due to less attention being drawn to stimulus differences when stimuli are presented separately as opposed to mixed with a block of trials. However, in both experiments, AI effects were present for the object stimulus in the group of participants who observed the block of finger trials first. This suggests that the prior observation of the finger movement caused a carry-over of human agency to the object stimulus. Experiments 5, 6, 8 and 9 directly explored the role of belief regarding stimulus agency in AI by instructing participants that the object movement was generated by a human finger movement. Experiments 5, 6 and 8 provided preliminary evidence that AI is affected by belief instructions, but the effects were weak or confounded by spatial stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) effects (i.e. compatibility effects based on spatial correspondence of the stimulus and response location). Experiment 9 was designed to differentiate imitative compatibility from SRC effects, thus providing a pure measure of imitative compatibility. Imitative compatibility was present for the object stimulus after the belief manipulation. This demonstrates that a human belief regarding stimulus agency of the object modulated imitative compatibility effects due to the top-down knowledge that the movement was human generated, and not due to increased attention and SRC effects. The presented work has provided multiple lines of evidence which demonstrate that so-called ‘automatic’ imitation effects are strongly susceptible to top-down influences, including attention and belief regarding stimulus agency. The current work could be used to evaluate top-down modulation of imitation in autistic populations, as it has been proposed that top-down modulation of the automatic imitation pathway may be atypical in autism.
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Spiteri, Anthony. "Culture and social learning in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens)." Thesis, St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/745.
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Oddie, Jonathan J. "Counterpoint, 'fuge', and 'air' in the instrumental music of Orlando Gibbons." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eae0a0b5-9cf2-41af-bca0-eb8db9cfcb40.
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This thesis develops an analytical approach to the instrumental music of Orlando Gibbons (1583-1625) based on close readings of historical theory sources, primarily by Thomas Morley, John Coprario and Thomas Campion. Music of the early seventeenth century can be difficult to analyse, since it falls between the more extensively studied and theorised practices of classic vocal polyphony and common-practice tonality. Although English music theory of this period is recognised as strikingly modern in many respects, innovative aspects of English compositions from the same period receive little attention in standard accounts of the seventeenth century. I argue that concepts taken from this body of historical theory provide the basic terms of a technical vocabulary for analysis, which should be further refined through application to real compositions. Successive chapters deal with common counterpoint models or patterns, imitative invention and disposition, cadential progressions, and overall tonal structure. I argue that these analyses show Gibbons's music to be a contribution to new ways of conceiving of instrumental polyphony and tonal structure, which deserves re-evaluation in the context of broader seventeenth-century trends. In particular, Gibbons's use of extended cadential expectations as an expressive element, fascination with sequential progressions, and sectional structuring by harmonic area have clear parallels with later practices. At the same time, early seventeenth century style allows the composer considerably more freedom of harmonic procedures and implications than the musical styles which immediately followed it. Analysis grounded in historical theory provides the best approach to understanding and appreciating this unique musical language.
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Errington, Patrick. "In kind : the enactive poem and the co-creative response." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/16857.
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How we approach a poem changes it. Recently, it has been suggested that one readerly approach - a bodily orientation characterised by distance, suspicion, and resistance - risks becoming reflexive, pre-conscious, and predominant. This use-oriented reading allows us to destabilise, denaturalise, dissect, defend, and define poetic texts through its manifestation in contemporary literary critique, yet it is coming to be regarded as the sole manner and mood of intelligent, intellectual engagement. In this thesis, I demonstrate the need to pluralise this attentive orientation, particularly when it comes to contemporary lyric poetry. I suggest how an overlooked mode of response might foster a more receptive mode of approach: the 'co-creative' response. Lyric poems mean to move us, and they come to mean by moving us. Recent 'simulation theories of language comprehension', from the field of cognitive neuroscience, provide empirical evidence that language processing is not a product of a-modal symbol manipulation but rather involves 'simulations' by certain classes of neurons in areas used for real-world action and perception. As habituation and abstraction increase, however, these embodied simulations 'streamline', becoming narrow schematic 'shadows' of once broad, qualitatively rich simulations. Poems, I suggest, seek to reverse this process by situationally novel variations of language, coming to mean in the broadly embodied sense in which real-world experiences 'mean'. Readers are asked to 'enact' the poem, to 'co-create' its meaning. Where critique traditionally requires that readers resist enactive participation in the aim of objective analysis, the co-creative response - a response 'in kind' by imitation, versioning, or hommage - asks readers to receive and carry forward the enactive unfolding of a poem with a composition of their own. I assert that, by thus responding with - rather than to - poems, we might foster an attentive stance of active receptivity, thereby coming to understand poems as the enactive phenomena they are.
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De, Oliveira Emmanuel. "Les bases cognitives de l’évolution culturelle cumulative." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2144/document.
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On nomme culture un ensemble d’informations que les membres d’un groupe échangent par transmission sociale (imitation, communication...) sous la forme d’idées, de comportements ou d’artefacts. Les cultures développées chez l’espèce humaine sont plus complexes que chez les autres espèces. On attribue cela au processus d’évolution culturelle qui, chez l’humain, est cumulatif : au fur et à mesure de leur diffusion, certains traits culturels accumuleront des modifications jusqu’à devenir plus complexe et plus performants que ce qu’un individu seul aurait été capable de produire. On nomme ce processus le ratchet effect.Le projet de cette thèse était d’investiguer les mécanismes cognitifs impliqués dans l’émergence du ratchet effect. Nous avons reproduit ce phénomène en conditions expérimentales grâce à la méthode de transmission en chaîne afin de tester le pouvoir prédictif du raisonnement technique, de la théorie de l’esprit, de la créativité et de l’intelligence fluide dans la progression constante des performances au fil des générations. La première étude investigue le rôle de ces quatre facteurs dans une tâche de résolution de problème mécanique (construction de tour en fils de fer) dans une condition Communication (i.e., les participants sont autorisés à parler entre eux) et une condition Observation (i.e., les participants ne peuvent pas communiquer). Nous avons découvert que le raisonnement technique prédisait le mieux l’apparition du ratchet effect dans les deux conditions, tandis que les compétences en théorie de l’esprit ne permettaient aucune prédiction, ce qui va à l’encontre des principales hypothèses formulées sur les fondements sociocognitifs de la culture cumulative. La deuxième étude explorait l’influence des facteurs de raisonnement technique et de théorie de l’esprit sur la même tâche, dans une condition Monitoring (i.e., les participant communiquent indirectement en s’aidant d’une transmission vidéo) et une condition Blind (i.e., les participants ne se voient pas ils ne peuvent que communiquer verbalement). Les compétences en raisonnement technique prédisent encore une fois l’émergence d’un ratchet effect, tandis que la théorie de l’esprit semble prédire le même effet dans la condition Blind uniquement. Ces résultats démontrent le poids de l’influence du raisonnement technique dans la création, la transmission et l’amélioration d’un trait culturel matériel, tandis que les compétences en théorie de l’esprit ne sont impliquées que dans une condition particulièrement abstraite où les individus n’ont pas de lien visuel. La troisième étude explore les conditions conduisant les individus à copier ou à innover une technique ou un outil. Il s’agit de reproduire une situation non familière, en demandant à un participant d’exécuter une tâche matérielle (fabrication d’un panier à partir d’objets de la vie quotidienne) dont on fait varier les risques et l’opacité de la tâche (i.e., dont les mécanismes intervenant entre l’état initial et le produit final sont difficiles à comprendre). Il s’avère que les participants avaient plus souvent tendance à reproduire les mêmes actions qu’en démonstration et en employant les mêmes objets lorsqu’ils étaient testés dans une conditions risquée et opaque, tandis qu’ils employaient de nouveaux objets et de nouvelles actions dans une tâche non risquée et transparente<br>Culture is a set of information that members of a group share through social transmission (imitation, communication ...) in the form of ideas, behaviors or artifacts. Cultural traits developed by humans are more complex than in other species. This is attributed to the process of cultural evolution which, in humans, is cumulative. Along with their diffusion, cultural traits become more complex and perform progressively better by accumulating changes over generations, a process called the ratchet effect. The project of this thesis was to investigate cognitive mechanisms involved in the emergence of the ratchet effect. We simulated this phenomenon under experimental conditions using thechain transmission method in order to test the predictive power of technical reasoning, theory-of-mind skills, creativity and fluid intelligence in the constant progression of performances across generations. The first study investigated the role of these four factors in a mechanical problem solving task (tower construction with wires) in a Communication condition (i.e., participants are allowed to talk to each other) and an Observation condition (i.e., participants cannot communicate). Our strongest prediction regarding this paradigm involved technical reasoning, for having proven a better predictor of a ratchet effect than theory of mind skills. The same observation was made in both conditions, while theory of mind skills did not allow to predict any ratchet effect. The second study explored the influence of technical reasoning and theory-of-mind skills on the same task, in a Monitoring condition (i.e., participants communicate indirectly through a video feed) and a Blind condition (i.e., participants communicate verbally without seeing each other). Technical reasoning skills predicted once again the emergence of a ratchet effect, while theory-of-mind skills predicted the same effect in the Blind condition only. These results demonstrate the weight of technical reasoning in thecreation, transmission, and improvement of a material cultural trait, while theory-ofmind skills are involved only in a particularly abstract situation where individuals have no visual cues. The third study explored the conditions leading individuals to copy or innovate a technique or tool. Participants were tested in an unfamiliar situation, and were asked to achieve a material task (making a basket out of everyday life objects). Conditions varied based on opacity (i.e., mechanisms involved between the initial state and the final product are difficult to understand) and risk levels. It turned out that participants were more likely to reproduce the same actions and objects used in a demonstration when tested in a risky and opaque condition, while they used more often new objects and new actions in a non-risky, transparent task
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Sunaryo, Lenny, and n/a. "Chinese social institutions imitating nature? : an investigation of Chinese-Indonesian entrepreneurs' business strategies - insights from complexity theory." University of Otago. Department of Management, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090922.141645.
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This thesis provides a theoretical foundation explaining the long-standing paradox of Chinese-Indonesian entrepreneurs' highly successful economic behaviour. Combining Western and Eastern philosophies, this study examines the role of culture in prescribing beliefs and practices that affect human efforts to self-actualise, notably the motivations underlying these entrepreneurs' business practices. It applies Aristotle's notion of phronesis (practical knowledge or wisdom) to organisation studies (as suggested by Tsoukas and Cummings, 1997, and Flyvbjerg, 2006). The enquiry employs the concept of self-organising systems (drawn from complexity theory) to ground the Confucian organismic conception of the cosmos (Needham 1956).
The underlying empirical study investigated Chinese entrepreneurs' strategic actions in a particular field (Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia), an environment characterised by complexity, uncertainty and social instability. Primary data was collected through extensive field interviews, developed into narrative case studies and analysed using the explanation building technique (Yin 2003) based on Confucian modelling of social interactions to explain informants' trajectories in their life course.
The findings support the Confucian organismic conception of the cosmos, which emphasises the notions of complexity, continuity, irreversibility and unpredictability. When the future is highly unpredictable, people learn and progress by recourse to learned strategies that were effective in their own adaptive success in the past. Especially when facing tension or instability, the studied entrepreneurs' decision making and strategic actions were spontaneous, without explicit predetermined goals, but based on their pragmatic value judgment, phronesis (practical knowledge) of a situation and the capability of the individual actors within their social networks to control it. When faced with a higher level of instability (especially under extreme constraints), their actions were instinctively revolutionary, often requiring a jump to a new level of network with higher complexity (Holland 1998), returning them to a normal condition. The entrepreneurs' wulun-based social roles and guanxi-based social institutions legitimised all such decisions. Their strategies were therefore contextual and pragmatic, driven by the actors' instinct to enhance the survivability of the individual, family and society.
Chinese culture embraced the natural state of complexity, dynamism and unpredictability of the cosmos by establishing Confucian social institutions, specifically wulun and guanxi, that are learned and practiced from an early age and subsequently internalised as habitual and dispositional practices, including in business. Wulun functions as a social control mechanism for constraining people's behaviour and at the same time allowing people to increase their ability to adapt in order to self-organise in different contexts, whereas guanxi is practiced as a strategy to create a pool of interlocking resources that provides a feedback loop promoting continuous self-actualisation and self-transformation. Identity is associated with progression and transformation; when the self is developed, the family and the larger society are also transformed.
The contribution of this thesis is its integration of Western and Eastern, natural and social, complexity theory and organisation studies concepts to illuminate the relationship between the self-actualising behaviour of entrepreneurs and the cultural context within which they operate.
Keywords: phronesis, complexity, Confucianism, self-organisation, self-actualisation, wulun, guanxi, pragmatism
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McNellis, Rachel. "Imitating Christ in Ars Subtilior Picture Music: Intersections with Theological Symbolism and Visual Traditions." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1554293604378994.
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Rebours-Similowski, Kathy. "L’écriture entre imitation et invention à l’école primaire : écrire des épisodes de robinsonnades au cycle 3." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040136.
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Cette thèse décrit une recherche qui s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’apprentissage de la rédaction en fin d’école primaire. Il s’agit d’observer comment des scripteurs apprenants confrontés à des textes littéraires les réinvestissent spontanément dans une phase d’écriture ou de réécriture. Plus particulièrement, elle se donne pour objectif d’observer comment les élèves reformulent des textes ressources pour construire un genre, ici la robinsonnade, et comment l’imitation inventive participe de la construction d’une posture d’auteur. Elle s’intéresse aux stratégies mises en œuvre, pour, in fine, en dégager des exploitations didactiques. L’analyse conjugue deux perspectives. La première est celle de la linguistique, s’appuie sur les études portant sur la production verbale écrite et la réorganisation d’un substrat langagier déjà-là, et emprunte à la génétique textuelle ses méthodes pour lire les productions des élèves comme des textes d’écrivains. La seconde perspective est celle de la didactique et interroge les démarches qui cherchent à améliorer les productions d’élèves à partir de l’utilisation de modèles que constituent des textes ressources<br>This thesis describes a research conducted within the frame of the learning of writing at the end of primary school. It observes how novice writers exposed to literary texts spontaneously reinvest them in a subsequent writing or rewriting task. In particular, the research aims at observing how pupils reformulate resource texts to build a literary genre (here the robinsonnade), and how inventive imitation participates in the construction of an author's posture. The thesis focuses on the strategies implemented by the pupils to, ultimately, use them to develop didactic strategies. The analysis combines two perspectives. The first of these perspectives is that of linguistics. It relies on studies of written verbal production and of the reorganization of a linguistic substratum "already there". To read the productions of the pupils as actual writers' texts, the analysis borrows methodological approaches from textual genetics. The second analysis perspective is that of didactics. It questions the approaches that seek to improve the productions of pupils from the use of models that constitute resource texts
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Svensson, David. "Studera och diskutera lösningsförslag : En studie om gymnasieelevers utveckling av begreppsförmåga och procedurförmåga." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskaplig kommunikation och lärande (ECE), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-172934.
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Tidigare forskning visar att användandet av lösningsförslag kan vara fördelaktigt för elever som ska lära sig att lösa standarduppgifter inom ett, för eleven, nytt matematikområde. Om elever även bearbetar informationen i lösningsförslaget genom att föra "inre samtal", har det visat sig bidra till ett ännu effektivare lärande. Dessa återkommande resultat refereras numera till som "the worked example effect". Orsakerna till den positiva effekten lösningsförslag har på lärandet förklaras med hjälp av teorier inom den kognitiva forskningen. Att studera lösningsförslag har visat sig vara mindre kognitivt ansträngande jämfört med att lösa standarduppgifter utan tillgång till lösningsförslag. Detta frigör mentala resurser som eleverna kan ägna åt kognitiva aktiviteter som är gynnsamma för lärandet. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur användandet av lösningsförslag, i lärarledda klassrumssituationer, påverkar elevers utveckling av begrepps- och procedur-förmåga, jämfört med traditionell matematikundervisning. Provresultat från 76 elever som haft traditionell undervisning har jämförts med provresultatet från 76 elever som undervisats i en miljö där lösningsförslag har studerats och diskuterats. Provuppgifterna omfattade både imitativa- och kreativa-resonemang vilket innebär att mer än enbart utantillkunskaper har mätts. Ingen påtaglig skillnad mellan elevgruppernas begreppsliga eller procedurmässiga förmågor kunde dock urskiljas i denna studie. Att studera lösningsförslag kan vara en effektiv metod att använda sig av när ingen annan vägledning finns tillgänglig för eleverna. I klassrumsundervisningen kan eleverna även få vägledning från läraren, vilket kan vara en av faktorerna som förklarar det likvärdiga resultatet för de två undervisningsmetoderna i denna studie.<br>Recent research indicate that learning from worked examples might be superior for novice learners compared to solving traditional math problems without solutions. Learners who also actively process the information in the presented example seem to profit noticeably from this learning mode. These reoccurring findings are now referred to as the "worked example effect". Cognitive load theorists argues that solving conventional problems imposes an extraneous cognitive load that interferers with learning, while worked examples reduces extraneous load which free working memory for germane cognitive activities beneficial for learning. The reason for this study is to examine how the uses of worked examples, in normal teacher-lead classroom conditions, affects conceptual- and procedural-skill acquisition in mathematics, compared to traditional teacher-lead education in Sweden. This is done by comparing the result of 76 tests done by students having traditional education with 76 similar tests done by students having used an educational method called SDL, which involves studying and discussing worked examples. The students are considered as novice within the studied area and the performance measured involves both imitative and creative reasoning. Although earlier studies indicate a superiority of different worked example approaches, no significant difference in skill acquisition between the groups where found in this study. Hence, this study questions the hypothesis that teacher- lead worked examples activities would be superior to traditional educational methods. Studying worked examples might be an effective learning method, when no other guidance is available. In traditional classroom education, guidance can also be given from teachers, which might explain the similar learning outcomes found in this study.
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Guimiot, Vincent Bernard. "Plagiat, emprunts, cliché : mise en question de l'originalité artistique et disparition de l'auteur dans La Carte et le Territoire de Michel Houellebecq." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1313764886.
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Matthey, Astrid. "Essays in risk." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/547514069.pdf.
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Hýl, Petr. "Slovinské národní divadlo v Lublani." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-215582.
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Zhou, Haoying. "Imitation learning with dynamic movement primitives." Thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/40948.
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Scientists have been working on making robots act like human beings for decades. Therefore, how to imitate human motion has became a popular academic topic in recent years. Nevertheless, there are infinite trajectories between two points in three-dimensional space. As a result, imitation learning, which is an algorithm of teaching from demonstrations, is utilized for learning human motion. Dynamic Movement Primitives (DMPs) is a framework for learning trajectories from demonstrations. Likewise, DMPs can also learn orientations given rotational movement's data. Also, the simulation is implemented on Robot Baxter which has seven degrees of freedom (DOF) and the Inverse Kinematic (IK) solver has been pre-programmed in the robot, which means that it is able to control a robot system as long as both translational and rotational data are provided. Taking advantage of DMPs, complex motor movements can achieve task-oriented regeneration without parametric adjustment and consideration of instability.
In this work, discrete DMPs is utilized as the framework of the whole system. The sample task is to move the objects into the target area using Robot Baxter which is a robotic arm-hand system. For more effective learning, a weighted learning algorithm called Local Weighted Regression (LWR) is implemented. To achieve the goal, the weights of basis functions are firstly trained from the demonstration using DMPs framework as well as LWR. Then, regard the weights as learning parameters and substitute the weights, desired initial state, desired goal state as well as time-correlated parameters into a DMPs framework. Ultimately, the translational and rotational data for a new task-specific trajectory is generated. The visualized results are simulated and shown in Virtual Robot Experimentation Platform (VREP). For accomplishing the tasks better, independent DMP is used for each translation or rotation axis. With relatively low computational cost, motions with relatively high complexity can also be achieved. Moreover, the task-oriented movements can always be successfully stabilized even though there are some spatial scaling and transformation as well as time scaling.
Twelve videos are included in supplementary materials of this thesis. The videos mainly describe the simulation results of Robot Baxter shown on Virtual Robot Experimentation Platform (VREP). The specific information can be found in the appendix.
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Yang, Yueh Ju, and 楊悅如. "Selective imitation in infancy: Ideomotor theory or teleological reasoning?" Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/b6h83h.
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碩士<br>國立政治大學<br>心理學系<br>104<br>Selective imitation refers to a phenomenon which infants differentially imitate the demonstrated action in different contexts. Recently, it has also become a popular research topic in developmental psychology. Gergely, Bekkering and Király (2002) uncovered a classic example of selective imitation. They found that infants tend to imitate the action of touching a light box with their forehead when they saw a model perform the action with her hands placed on the table, but not when her hands were restricted by a blanket. Some researchers claim that infants can interpret others’ intention through teleological reasoning, and they consider infants’ imitation is based on decoding of intentionality. Conversely, ideomotor theory argues that imitation depends on difficulty of the action execution and the stability of link between action and its effect. To address the long-standing dispute with infants’ imitation, we revised the paradigm in Gergely et al. (2002) and focused on the concept of causal efficacy which had been long ignored in the past. Infant would find that the demonstrated action, sometimes won’t turn on the light during the experimentation. In experiment 1, we replicated the results obtained in Gergely et al. (2002). Experiment 2A and 2B both found that 18-month-old infants rarely imitated the demonstrated action when the causal efficacy was relatively low. These results are closer to the ideomotor approach viewpoint of imitation, and it reveals that infants’ imitation depends on difficulty of the action execution and the stability of link between action and effect.
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Larlham, Daniel. "The Meaning in Mimesis: Philosophy, Aesthetics, Acting Theory." Thesis, 2012. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8B27SBG.
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Theatre as mimesis, the actor as mimic: can we still think in these terms, two and a half millennia after antiquity? The Meaning in Mimesis puts canonical texts of acting theory by Plato, Diderot, Stanislavsky, Brecht, and others back into conversation with their informing paradigms in philosophy and aesthetics, in order to trace the recurring impulse to theorize the actor's art and the theatrical experience in terms of one-to-one correspondences. I show that, across the history of ideas that is acting theory, the familiar conception of mimesis as imagistic representation entangles over and over again with an "other mimesis": mimesis as the embodied attunement with alterity, a human capacity that bridges the gap between self and other. When it comes to the philosophy of the theatre, it is virtually impossible to consider the one-to-one of representation or re-enactment without at the same time grappling with the one-to-one of identification or vicarious experience.
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SHIH, PEI-CHI, and 施珮琪. "Blind’s Imitation: The Practice and Theory of Belief Aesthetics Involving Artworks and God." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60840729011731659915.
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碩士<br>東海大學<br>美術學系<br>97<br>Chapter I describes a personal artwork that expresses the linkage between the writer and her belief, as well as the elements selected and the format in which the artwork is presented. The central concept of the artwork is based upon Christian belief, which has had great influence on the writer. Art creation was chosen for documenting the course and concepts of my belief, building a bridge with God in a new way through the creative process, and offering the work as a praise sacrifice to the Supreme Being.
In Chapter II, God's attributes are embodied through the essence of artistic creation in order to carefully examine the role of art in belief.
Chapter III expounds upon the principles that the Holy Bible teaches as the core of creation; elaborates the relationship between abstract form, half-embodied form, self-reception of belief, and individual elements of the Bible; and explores how to decide on the format and content of a work from the point of view of belief. The theme and concept of an artwork influence decisions about the work’s format and content. From the point of view of belief, format and content may be diverse, and the message delivered may vary. Thus, it is important to consider the connotations of belief as well as the structure of the work.
In Chapter IV, various artists’ paintings and concepts are brought into my creative thought in order to discuss phenomena and influences produced from the point of view of Christian humanist art, as well as to examine my own creative angle and concepts and to rethink the development of my work in the future.
In Chapter V, the relationship between the substance of work and creative concepts are discussed. To sum up, the work of art under discussion sprouts from Christian belief, uses the Holy Bible as the main text, and integrates the artist’s own belief experiences and personal concepts of life.
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Chen, Yuan-Wei, and 陳沅煒. "The Study of Taiwan's Imitative Natural Buildings Using Fractal Theory." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5jpp5k.
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碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>建築系建築及都市設計碩博士班<br>107<br>In recent years, the rise of the Fractal Theory has allowed researches to come up with new methods while studying about space issues. This study utilizes Fractal Dimension, a section within the Fractal Theory, to explore Taiwan’s architectural works that derive from natural concepts. Each designer has been asked to fill out questionnaires to analyze their psychological feelings to determine whether there is a significant correlation between the two and explore their relevance.
In this study, the Fractal Theory was used to investigate and calculate the fractal dimensions of five subordinate biological and five non-biological architecture. Students majoring in architecture and interior design at ChaoYang University of Technology were asked to fill out questionnaires about their psychological feelings towards these types of architecture. A statistical analysis was then utilized to correlate the preferences and determine whether there are significant differences in choices between background attributes.
The research found out that fractal dimensions located within the planning and elevations of biological architecture average higher than that of non-biological architecture. From the psychological analysis of the subjects, it can be determined that biological architecture are much more open, spacious, regular, lively, natural and bright than non-biological architecture. The possibility of this phenomenon may be due to the fact that biological architecture cases have semi-outdoor spaces compared to non-biological architecture where there are only interior spaces. Thus, these correlated factors are influential towards each other.
Higher fractal dimension values have higher self-similarities and complexity within the graphics. Thus, biological architecture average higher fractal dimension values than non-biological architecture. Statistics from the questionnaires also show that concepts of non-biological architecture have higher similarities than that of biological architecture. As stated above, the value of fractal dimensions cannot be full interpreted by comparing similarities of design concepts. The subject’s feelings of conversion between architecture and concept include the transformation of the concept model, experience of space gradation, etc., Most of these influences derive from the architect’s design.
Thus, by approaching closer to the concept of Fractal Theory, this study can be used as a reference for architecture designers and provide as a follow-up research for the academic world.
Keywords：Fractal Theory , Box-counting method , Imitative Natural