Dissertationen zum Thema „Imagerie hyperspectrale large bande“
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Gouisset, Emmanuel. „Développement et étude de la réponse instrumentale d'un imageur hyperspectral large bande (UV-Visible-NIR) permettant la caractérisation physico-chimique de contaminants sur surfaces sensibles d’engins orbitaux“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS139.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the field of failure analysis and in particular molecular and particulate contamination, being able to detect any trace of contaminants during the integration of an orbital spacecraft is crucial. In this context, fluorescence allows not only to detect but also to discriminate contaminants. For this project, we have therefore developed a broadband hyperspectral instrument (UV-Vis-NIR) from 330 to 1000 nm to be able to detect a wide range of contaminants. It is a catoptric assembly that eliminates chromatic aberrations. The field of view is 3.5° for an angular resolution of 25 arc seconds. It was designed to be portable and its fixed mechanical assembly allows easy optical alignment and rapid creation of calibration files between two scenes. We measured a spectral resolution of 1 nm in the UV range, 2 to 3 nm in the visible range and 5 nm in the NIR range. This allowed us to study the fluorescence response of two epoxy glues, typical sources of orbital spacecraft contamination, and to compare it with a measurement obtained with a commercial instrument. These measurements allowed us to evaluate the performance of our instrument and identify prospects of improvement, especially in terms of sensitivity in UV range
Diot, Jean-Christophe. „Conception et réalisation d'un radar Ultra Large Bande impulsionnel optoélectronique“. Limoges, 2006. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/16cfcc3c-6a16-4844-913a-d3ec8357cbc4/blobholder:0/2006LIMO0018.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis document presents the design and the realization of an impulse optoelectronic Ultra Wide Band (UWB) radar demonstrator. The applications are the detection of various targets (human, vehicles, weapons, mines,. . . ) dissimulated in different environments (vegetation, ground, buildings) with short and mid range. This study was led in collaboration with the French Army (DGA). This study results in the implementation of a demonstrator named RUGBI. The objective of this project is to improve the range, the resolution and the acquisition of the electronic UWB radars. Indeed, the use of photoconductors that lit by a high-speed laser beam, allows to generate short electromagnetic impulses with high level and without jitter. Thus, antenna array can be used. The design of this radar calls appeals to the reviewing of the high frequency materials (generators, samplers, antennas. . . ) likely to adhere to specifications. Choices or new designs are carried out. The assembly of the complete system, its positioning in the test zone, the realization of the UWB antenna array are detailed. Various experimental problems are solved. Some programs are developed on Labview to control the tests. Finally experiments allow to characterize and validate the operation of this radar. Radiation and target acquisition are studied
Rastello, Thierry. „Synthèse d'ouverture en imagerie ultrasonore large bande : apport des méthodes d'inversion dans le domaine de Fourier“. Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0091.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTotir, Félix. „Caractérisation multidimensionnelle à très large bande des réflecteurs électromagnétiques en environnement radar non-gaussien“. Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe thesis is devoted to the problem of the naval target characterization when seen by a broadband, surveillance costal radar. Two essential aspects of this problematic are considered: the realistic modeling of naval targets radar echo in marine environment (direct problem) and the representation/identification of the targets in a naval scenario using echoed radar signal (inverse problem). For each target orientation, the electromagnetic echo is computed using a Scattering Center Model (SCM), extracting using CLEAN technique For all target orientations, SCMs are combined in a Global SCM model. Target dynamics is simulated using virtual reality models of small-sized objects floating on the sea surface. Wave-introduced target masking and sea clutter are also accounted for. Target identification is performed using 2D and 3D ISAR images, constructed using broadband scanning signals and superresolution methods. Different kinds of descriptive targets features are issued from ISAR images essentially using Active Deformable Contours. KNN, MLP, SART or SVM classifiers are used to identify scanned targets. Finally, the joint application of all developed simulation tools illustrates modeling and representation of a few radar targets in a simplified naval scenario
Vergnole, Sébastien. „Nouveaux interféromètres large bande pour l'imagerie haute résolution : interféromètre fibré hectométrique : utilisation des Fibres à Cristaux Photoniques“. Limoges, 2005. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/b5576baa-1781-4524-9024-362d7aa12695/blobholder:0/2005LIMO0022.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHigh resolution imaging has reached a high reliability and currently gives a lot of scientific results. Nowadays, we may develop this technique by using very long baselines and/or new optical waveguides. Moreover, astronomers are working with wide band spectra to get more light. Thus, the study of wide band interferometers is essential. This manuscript reports the development and the characterization of wide band fiber interferometers. The first part deals with some theoretical notions. The second part is dedicated to the study of silica optical fibers in the frame of the `OHANA project. The aim of this project driven by Paris Observatory is to coherently link the telescopes of the Mauna Kea in Hawaii thanks to optical fibers. The differential chromatic dispersion of the 300-m long fibers dedicated to link CFHT and Gemini telescopes has been characterized and minimized. The effect of the temperature variation has been also studied. Solutions using an optical fiber delay line or CaF2 glasses plates have been proposed and implemented to compensate the additional chromatic dispersion due to temperature effects. The last part of this manuscript is devoted to the study of Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) for wide band interferometry. A two-beam and a three-beam interferometers have been implemented to test the properties of PCFs. It has been shown that the microstructured fibers used in our experiment are able to coherently propagate light over a wide spectral domain from 670 nm to 1550 nm. This wide domain is impossible to reach with "conventional" fibers. At last, closure phase measurements have been carried out showing that these PCFs do not bring additional defects on these measurements
Vergnole, Sébastien. „Nouveaux interféromètres large bande pour l'imageriehaute résolution : interféromètre fibré hectométrique ;utilisation des Fibres à Cristaux Photoniques“. Phd thesis, Université de Limoges, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012003.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAprès une première partie consacrée à quelques rappels théoriques, le deuxième volet de ce document est consacré à l'étude des fibres optiques en silice pour le projet `OHANA. Ce projet, piloté par l'Observatoire de Meudon, vise à relier de manière cohérente les télescopes du Mauna Kea à Hawaii à l'aide des fibres optiques. La dispersion chromatique différentielle des fibres destinées à relier le CFHT et Gemini, d'une longueur de 300 m, a été caractérisée ce qui a permis de la minimiser. Une étude de l'évolution de cette dispersion a également été menée en tenant compte des variations différentielles de température. Des solutions utilisant une ligne à retard fibrée ou des lames de CaF2 ont été proposées et réalisées pour compenser la dispersion supplémentaire occasionnée par ces variations des contraintes thermiques. La troisième partie est dédiée à l'étude des propriétés des fibres à cristaux photoniques (PCFs) pour l'interférométrie large bande. Deux interféromètres respectivement à deux et trois voies ont été mis en oeuvre dans le but de tester les propriétés des PCFs. Il a été montré que les fibres microstructurées utilisées avaient la capacité de propager la lumière de façon cohérente sur une très large bande spectrale, allant typiquement de 670 nm et 1550 nm, ce qui n'est pas possible en utilisant des fibres en silice " conventionnelles ". Enfin, des mesures de clôture de phase ont été réalisées et font apparaître que ces PCFs n'apportent pas de biais sur ces mesures.
Chatelée, Vincent. „Développement d'un système d'imagerie microonde multistatique ultra large bande : application à la détection d'objets en régime temporel et fréquentiel“. Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00696606.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMontaux-Lambert, Antoine. „Conception d’un interféromètre large bande spectrale pour la métrologie et l’imagerie de phase sur sources synchrotron“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS042/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis PhD dissertation presents the optimization and design of a wavefront analyzer dedicated to optical metrology and phase imaging on synchrotron sources in the hard X-ray regime. We chose to develop a single grating interferometer combined with a phase retrieval algorithm based on Fourier analysis. The main purpose here is to conceive a bulk instrument able to work in a great variety of experimental conditions without having to tune the parameters of the instrument in between experiments. This is thus related to the key constraint that is to calibrate the wavefront analyzer so that any further measurements could be corrected from any deterministic errors and allow single shot measurements of any sample.The key varying parameter in synchrotron experiments is the radiation energy (or wavelength). Therefore, the design of the interferometer aimed at minimizing the discrepancies of its performances over a broad spectral range from 10 to 30keV . This research lead in one hand to the description and implementation of an innovative interferometric configuration based on the achromatization of the instrument performances over this spectral range, despite the chromatic nature of the grating.On the other hand, in order to guaranty the quantitative analysis of interferograms, we also optimized the numerical approach to extract and treat the information they contain. This lead to the development of a conditioning procedure for a subsequent phase retrieval by Fourier demodulation. It fulfills the classical boundary conditions imposed by Fourier transform techniques and allows a nearly artifact-free extraction of the information.At last, experimental results demonstrate first, the viability of the grating achromatization concept, and then, the possibility to realize the metrology of grazing incidence optics at different wavelengths. The instrument was then used for phase imaging purposes of biological and archaeological samples
Maaref, Nadia. „Étude d'un concept de radar de détection de personnes à travers les murs et les obstacles“. Nice, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NICE4070.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis Thesis presents the study of a Through The Wall (TTW) radar concept for the localization of persons through walls. The work is organized following five steps. First, in order to design a TTW radar, an analysis of the technical considerations is performed. This analysis permits to define principal radar parameters depending on the application requirements. The two most important ones are those brought by the through walls and the human target specifications. The study of the propagation through walls shows that it’s necessary to use ultra wide band waveforms in the L and S frequency ranges. The human target signature is studied by experimental measurements. Results show a great variability of the RCS depending on the frequency, the person and the attitude. After analysing the phenomenology of the TTW problem, we present in detail two synthetic aperture imaging methods: the backprojection (conventional beamforming adapted to this application) and time reversal theory applied to imaging (innovative approach). In addition, the DORT (diagonalization of time reversal operator) method is used to focus the energy on target of interest. Finally, we present the design and the conception of a synthetic aperture UWB FMCW radar working from 1 to 4 GHz. Experimental trials in realistic conditions show clearly the good performances of the system able to localize moving persons behind a wall in real time. In conclusion, this work has made significant advances in the field of TTW radar and could have some fallout in other fields of rescue operations like earthquakes or avalanches
Rale, Pierre. „Multi-transition solar cells with localised states“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066541/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with the multi-transition solar cells by studying two subband gap localised states materials: one highly mismatched alloy, GaAsPN, and one multi-stacked quantum dots heterostructure. These subband gap states give the possibility to tune the band gap energy or create two photon transitions inside a single the absorber. In a first part, a radiance based introduction of the solar cell is presented. Links between radiances and electrical properties are pointed out. From this analysis, the thermodynamic limits of the single and multiple transition solar cells are derived and key mechanisms for multi-transition solar cells are identified. A universal optical characterisation method for probing electrical properties of solar cells is displayed. The first experimental part of this thesis was dedicated to the development of a GaAsPN based pin top cell lattice matched with a Silicon bottom cell. Numerical simulations have been carried out. Carrier dynamics has been studied by steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence, with the conclusion that the GaAsPN we grew still suffer from multiple strongly localised states below the band gap, mainly due to N-clusters. Finally, we have taken advantages of the strong carrier localisation for a use as an intermediate band solar cell. Eventually, a quantitative optical characterisation method was developed in order to evaluate the potential of an absorber as an IBSC. The two key processes, the two-step two-photon absorption and the voltage preservation, can be widely investigate through it. This method has been applied to two IBSC candidates, a MQW and a MSQD absorbers. The MSQD cell have shown IB compatibility
Desrumaux, Laurent. „Contribution à la conception de sources de rayonnement Ultra Large Bande appliquées à l'imagerie Radar et aux rayonnements forte puissance“. Limoges, 2011. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/30fa4b9e-60bc-4c6f-9b0e-810914356a83/blobholder:0/2011LIMO4034.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis document presents the design and the realization of a miniature Ultra Wide Band antenna, dedicated to the radiation of very short pulses in the frequency band [800MHz - 8GHz]. From experimental performances, the association of this antenna with an optoelectronic device, assuring the best synchronization possible between different sources, has lead to the evaluation of the performances of a global system including as many generators as antennas (evaluation of the necessary antenna number in the array to radiate a power density of 1W/cm² at a distance of 1km as function of the peak level of the feeding pulses). Previously dedicated to electronic warfare applications, this antenna has also been used for imaging Radar applications. It has been the starting point in the development of a novel autonomous and ultrafast Radar system, consisting in radiating pulses in different directions successively along time, azimuth per azimuth. This development has been made possible thanks to the use of a particular optoelectronic device, based on the creation of asynchronous optical pulses trains with different repetition rates. Finally, in order to obtain an electromagnetic image of the analyzed scene with this principle, two imaging algorithms have been developed, each of them being associated with a particular reception configuration. These algorithms have been compared with the time reversal method and the back projection algorithm, in association with a SAR imaging system
Négrier, Romain. „Contribution à la conception de radars impulsionnels : Maîtrise de la rapidité de balayage et traitement de signal associé“. Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0061/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis presents the design of an Ultra Wide Band radar triggered by an optoelectronic generator which is dedicated to ultra short pulses radiation for short and medium range detection. The emitting part of this radar is based on transmitting array composed of several UWB antennas with an integrated photoswitch device triggered using optical pulses and a receiving UWB antenna. A specific signal processing method has been proposed and implemented for UWB optoelectronic radar involving autonomous beam scanning capability in order to overcome the limitation in the depth of detection encountered while using standard imaging algorithm. Indeed, this hybrid correlation/CLEAN algorithm considers the whole measured burst and finds the relevant information to rebuilt a radar map with a very good accuracy. In order to improve the radar map quality, the waveform generation technique has been discussed and, more precisely, the temporal shaping method to obtain specific spectrum using evolutionary algorithm
Boulmé, Audren. „Conception et caractérisation de sondes cMUT large bande pour l'imagerie conventionnelle et l'évaluation du tissu osseux“. Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR3319/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFollowing recent advances, the capacitive Micromachined Ultrasound Transducers (cMUT) technology seems to be a good alternative to the piezoelectric technology. For specific applications, the requirements and specifications of the probe are sometimes difficult to obtain with the traditional PZT technology. The cMUT technology, with both large bandwidth and angular directivity, can be an interesting way to overcome these limitations. This PhD has been carried out in this context, in a laboratory which has nearly 10 years of experience in the field of cMUT technology. The originality of the work sustained in this PhD is that it covers the cMUT technology, from general aspects dealing of modeling and characterization up to a complete example of cMUT-based probe applied to the assessment of cortical bone. Fast and accurate modeling tools, based on periodicity conditions, have been developed. Several models have been proposed to match the modeling strategy to the topology of the cMUT array : isolated cell, columns of cells, 2-D matrix of cells and array element. These models have been used to analyze the cMUT array behavior and to understand how mutual couplings between cMUTs impact the response of one element. Origins of the baffle effect, well-known as a recurrent problem in cMUT probe, have been explained using an original method based on the normal mode decomposition of the radiated pressure field. Thus, solutions have been identified and tested to optimize the cMUT frequency response, i.e. to increase the bandwidth, and to suppress parasitic disturbances linked to baffle effect in the electroacoustic response. The development of a dedicated cMUT array for the assessment of bone tissue is accurately detailed in the manuscript, including description of the design rules, fabrication steps and packaging procedure. An original characterization work has been carried out in order to check the device homogeneity, first from cell to cell and then from element to element. Finally, a comparison with a PZT probe with the same topology has been performed on bone mimicking phantom. Nice results has been obtained, showing that cMUT probe allows detecting higher number of guided modes in the cortical shell, and consequently, improving the cortical bone assessment
Blanluet, Arthur. „Étude par acoustique large bande de la composition et de la distribution spatiale de couches diffusantes denses dans le golfe de Gascogne“. Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NSARH110.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIntermediate trophic components of pelagic ecosystem (from mesozooplakton to micronekton) funnel energy and organic matters from primary producers to many commercial species (anchovy, sardines…). Some of these organisms are supposed to be important contributors to the ubiquitous Sound Scattering Layers (SSLs) observed over a broad range of spatio-temporal scales and geographical areas. Yet, the SSLs taxonomic composition remains largely unknown. The aim of this PhD was to describe the composition and repartition of dense SSLs observed in the Bay of Biscay (France) in spring at several spatial scales, using broadband acoustics, nets and videos. In the first chapter, we showed that the echo sounder beam widths had few effect on the SSLs backscatter, suggesting those SSLs could be composed of unidentified small gaseous scatterers. In the second chapter we applied a forward approach to characterize the composition of SSLs sampled in spring 2016 at small scale,by comparing in situ frequency responses to predictions of scatterer models parameterized with biological sampling data. We determined that these SSLs were probably composed of gas-bearing siphonophores, who, together with mesopelagic fish, dominated the frequency spectra at low frequencies (18-150 kHz). The acoustic backscatter at higher frequencies was dominated by a mix of mesozooplankton organisms, including high densities of pteropods. In the third chapter we applied unsupervised classification methods and a supervised discriminant analysis to delineate the spatial distribution of a peculiar surface SSL composed of
Fromenteze, Thomas. „Développement d'une technique de compression passive appliquée à l'imagerie microonde“. Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0061/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work is focused on the development of a compressive technique applied to the simplification of microwave imaging systems. This principle is based on the study of passive devices able to compress transmitted and received waves, allowing for the reduction of the hardware complexity required by radar systems. This approach exploits the modal diversity in the developed components, making it compatible with ultra wide bandwidth. Several proofs of concept are presented using different passive devices, allowing this technique to be adapted to a large variety of architectures and bandwidths
Le, Brusq E. „Imagerie microonde: influence de la polarimétrie du champ diffracté“. Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00454615.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRale, Pierre. „Multi-transition solar cells with localised states“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066541.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with the multi-transition solar cells by studying two subband gap localised states materials: one highly mismatched alloy, GaAsPN, and one multi-stacked quantum dots heterostructure. These subband gap states give the possibility to tune the band gap energy or create two photon transitions inside a single the absorber. In a first part, a radiance based introduction of the solar cell is presented. Links between radiances and electrical properties are pointed out. From this analysis, the thermodynamic limits of the single and multiple transition solar cells are derived and key mechanisms for multi-transition solar cells are identified. A universal optical characterisation method for probing electrical properties of solar cells is displayed. The first experimental part of this thesis was dedicated to the development of a GaAsPN based pin top cell lattice matched with a Silicon bottom cell. Numerical simulations have been carried out. Carrier dynamics has been studied by steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence, with the conclusion that the GaAsPN we grew still suffer from multiple strongly localised states below the band gap, mainly due to N-clusters. Finally, we have taken advantages of the strong carrier localisation for a use as an intermediate band solar cell. Eventually, a quantitative optical characterisation method was developed in order to evaluate the potential of an absorber as an IBSC. The two key processes, the two-step two-photon absorption and the voltage preservation, can be widely investigate through it. This method has been applied to two IBSC candidates, a MQW and a MSQD absorbers. The MSQD cell have shown IB compatibility
Soltani, Mariem. „Partitionnement des images hyperspectrales de grande dimension spatiale par propagation d'affinité“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S099/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe interest in hyperspectral image data has been constantly increasing during the last years. Indeed, hyperspectral images provide more detailed information about the spectral properties of a scene and allow a more precise discrimination of objects than traditional color images or even multispectral images. High spatial and spectral resolutions of hyperspectral images enable to precisely characterize the information pixel content. Though the potentialities of hyperspectral technology appear to be relatively wide, the analysis and the treatment of these data remain complex. In fact, exploiting such large data sets presents a great challenge. In this thesis, we are mainly interested in the reduction and partitioning of hyperspectral images of high spatial dimension. The proposed approach consists essentially of two steps: features extraction and classification of pixels of an image. A new approach for features extraction based on spatial and spectral tri-occurrences matrices defined on cubic neighborhoods is proposed. A comparative study shows the discrimination power of these new features over conventional ones as well as spectral signatures. Concerning the classification step, we are mainly interested in this thesis to the unsupervised and non-parametric classification approach because it has several advantages: no a priori knowledge, image partitioning for any application domain, and adaptability to the image information content. A comparative study of the most well-known semi-supervised (knowledge of number of classes) and unsupervised non-parametric methods (K-means, FCM, ISODATA, AP) showed the superiority of affinity propagation (AP). Despite its high correct classification rate, affinity propagation has two major drawbacks. Firstly, the number of classes is over-estimated when the preference parameter p value is initialized as the median value of the similarity matrix. Secondly, the partitioning of large size hyperspectral images is hampered by its quadratic computational complexity. Therefore, its application to this data type remains impossible. To overcome these two drawbacks, we propose an approach which consists of reducing the number of pixels to be classified before the application of AP by automatically grouping data points with high similarity. We also introduce a step to optimize the preference parameter value by maximizing a criterion related to the interclass variance, in order to correctly estimate the number of classes. The proposed approach was successfully applied on synthetic images, mono-component and multi-component and showed a consistent discrimination of obtained classes. It was also successfully applied and compared on hyperspectral images of high spatial dimension (1000 × 1000 pixels × 62 bands) in the context of a real application for the detection of invasive and non-invasive vegetation species
Roux, Emmanuel. „2D sparse array optimization and operating strategy for real-time 3D ultrasound imaging“. Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1255/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleToday, the use of 3D ultrasound imaging in cardiology is limited because imaging the entire myocardium on a single heartbeat, without apnea, remains a technological challenge. A solution consists in reducing the number of active elements in the 2D ultrasound probes to lighten the acquisition process: this approach leads to sparse arrays. The aim of this thesis is to propose the best configuration of a given number of active elements distributed on the probe active surface in order to maximize their ability to produce images with homogeneous contrast and resolution over the entire volume of interest. This work presents the integration of realistic acoustic simulations performed in a stochastic optimization process (simulated annealing algorithm). The proposed sparse array design framework is general enough to be applied on both on-grid (active elements located on a regular grid) and non-grid (arbitrary positioning of the active elements) arrays. The introduction of an innovative energy function sculpts the optimal 3D beam pattern radiated by the array. The obtained optimized results have 128, 192 or 256 active elements to help their compatibility with currently commercialized ultrasound scanners, potentially allowing a large scale development of 3D ultrasound imaging with low cost systems
Huijts, Julius. „Broadband Coherent X-ray Diffractive Imaging and Developments towards a High Repetition Rate mid-IR Driven keV High Harmonic Source“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS154/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSoft X-ray sources based on high harmonic generation are up to now unique tools to probe dynamics in matter on femto- to attosecond timescales. High harmonic generation is a process in which an intense femtosecond laser pulse is frequency upconverted to the UV and soft X-ray region through a highly nonlinear interaction in a gas. Thanks to their excellent spatial coherence, they can be used for lensless imaging, which has already led to impressive results. To use these sources to the fullest of their potential, a number of challenges needs to be met: their brightness and maximum photon energy need to be increased and the lensless imaging techniques need to be modified to cope with the large bandwidth of these sources. For the latter, a novel approach is presented, in which broadband diffraction patterns are rendered monochromatic through a numerical treatment based solely on the spectrum and the assumption of a spatially non-dispersive sample. This approach is validated through a broadband lensless imaging experiment on a supercontinuum source in the visible, in which a binary sample was properly reconstructed through phase retrieval for a source bandwidth of 11 %. Through simulations, the numerical monochromatization method is shown to work for hard X-rays as well, with a simplified semiconductor lithography mask as sample. A potential application of lithography mask inspection on an inverse Compton scattering source is proposed, although the conclusion of the analysis is that the current source lacks brightness for the proposal to be realistic. Simulations with sufficient brightness show that the sample is well reconstructed up to 10 % spectral bandwidth at 8 keV. In an extension of these simulations, an extended lithography mask sample is reconstructed through ptychography, showing that the monochromatization method can be applied in combination with different lensless imaging techniques. Through two synchrotron experiments an experimental validation with hard X-rays was attempted, of which the resulting diffraction patterns after numerical monochromatization look promising. The phase retrieval process and data treatment however require additional efforts.An important part of the thesis is dedicated to the extension of high harmonic sources to higher photon energies and increased brightness. This exploratory work is performed towards the realization of a compact high harmonic source on a high repetition rate mid-IR OPCPA laser system, which sustains higher average power and longer wavelengths compared to ubiquitous Ti:Sapphire laser systems. High repetition rates are desirable for numerous applications involving the study of rare events. The use of mid-IR wavelengths (3.1 μm in this work) promises extension of the generated photon energies to the kilo-electronvolt level, allowing shorter pulses, covering more X-ray absorption edges and improving the attainable spatial resolution for imaging. However, high repetition rates come with low pulse energies, which constrains the generation process. The generation with longer wavelengths is challenging due to the significantly lower dipole response of the gas. To cope with these challenges a number of experimental configurations is explored theoretically and experimentally: free-focusing in a gas-jet; free-focusing in a gas cell; soliton compression and high harmonic generation combined in a photonic crystal fiber; separated soliton compression in a photonic crystal fiber and high harmonic generation in a gas cell. First results on soliton compression down to 26 fs and lower harmonics up to the seventh order are presented.Together, these results represent a step towards ultrafast lensless X-ray imaging on table-top sources and towards an extension of the capabilities of these sources
Calvet-Chautard, Mareva. „Instrumentation radiofréquence pour l’agriculture de précision : application à la filière aviaire pour le suivi non-invasif du poids de foie“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30147.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe production of duck fat liver represents a significant part of the French economy and makes it the world leader in this field. Faced with economic challenges, producers must meet consumer expectations, not only for the quality of fat liver but also with regard to the breeding method and animal welfare. Currently, ducks are force-fed twice a day for 12 days with the same amount of food throughout the process. There is no adjustment of the food dose according to the animal during force-feeding. Therefore, some animals undergo over-feeding during this process. It is this phenomenon, which remains the main source of mortality in farmed ducks. It is in this context that this thesis finds all its interest. Different techniques are known for imaging and analyzing biological tissue. However, the majority of techniques are bulky, invasive for sample preparation or too costly to scale up to produce fat liver. Radio-frequency dielectric spectroscopy is a rapid, non-invasive and portable imaging technique that may be suitable for detecting liver weight in live ducks during gavage in order to modulate the dietary dose to be provided to each animal. This work therefore aims to contribute to the development of radiofrequency (RF) instrumentation dedicated to such an application. In the first part of this thesis, the current context of force-feeding ducks for the production of fatty liver and the different imaging techniques for studying biological tissues are described. In this context, radiofrequency spectroscopy is introduced as a possible detection solution for an application in breeding. The second part deals with the radiofrequency sensor developed by the MH2F team of LAAS, its characterization and its optimization to answer the problem of this thesis. Different sensor designs are studied to determine the most optimal version. The microwave sensor should make it possible to probe the liver, among other organs, in the living animal. The electromagnetic waves must therefore make it possible to differentiate the various organs at a specific depth of penetration. Thus, the RF characterization and evaluation with phantom models of the different sensor configurations made it possible to select two sensors for the rest of the study. Ex vivo measurements presented in a third chapter are then made on organ samples taken from ducks at different stages of gavage in order to determine the dielectric response of each tissue, and the good repeatability of the results. These measurements show that the depth of penetration of the waves radiated by the selected sensor is sufficient to probe the liver through the skin and feathers and that the dielectric response is different depending on the tissue studied. The change in liver composition during gavage was also demonstrated by this dielectric study. Finally, with a view to developing RF instrumentation for the non-invasive monitoring of liver weight, the anatomy of the fatty duck and the approach followed are introduced. The sensor is then used and adapted on a carcass and then on a live duck. Sensitivity and repeatability of RF measurements are evaluated on several animals. One of the selected radio frequency sensors is evaluated to probe the area where the liver is located to determine its size and then its weight. For each position of the sensor a frequency spectrum of 10 MHz to 6 GHz is obtained. Finally, the last part of this thesis describes the associated data processing to go back to the information of interest. This work therefore lays the groundwork for RF instrumentation dedicated to non-invasive imaging of farmed duck liver in order to adapt the force-feeding technique to each animal
Han, Chao. „Advanced signal and imaging methods in ultrasound cortical bone assessment“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS144.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUltrasound technology provides an affordable means to implement non-invasive solutions to diagnostically assess the mechanical characteristics of the bone. In this thesis we introduce Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) to obtain a robust reconstruction of the waveform of each echo bouncing off the cortical bone surfaces. Echoes' time-of-flight and central frequencies are used to calculate Ct.Th and normalized broadband attenuation (nBUA). In vivo measurements have been successfully performed with pulse-echo ultrasound and reference data wase obtained with HR-pQCT (cortical thickness, vBMD). Ct.Th and nBUA were highly correlated to reference thickness values (r2=0.90) and vBMD (r2=0,90), respectively. The second main contribution is that we introduce Time Domain Topological Energy (TDTE) method and migration into cortical bone imaging. TDTE shows well performance in extracting the structure of cortical bone, including the external, internal boundary of cortical bone and porous structure inside the cortical bone. Migration can provide a rough quantitative distribution of density, compression wave speed, and shear wave speed
Hamdi, Oussama. „Architecture d’échantillonnage rapide pour l’imagerie RADAR“. Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0120.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTypically, the waveforms transmitted by UWB radar cover a spectrum higher than a decade, in the 100MHz-10GHz frequency range. UWB Radar imaging has grown significantly in recent past years and is used for a large number of applications as defence, civil security and biomedical. One of their advantages lies in the fact that microwaves are able to penetrate through non-conductive materials with centimeter resolution. In UWB pulse radar, the bandwidth can reach several GHz, so that an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) needs a high sampling rate and with a high resolution (>12 bits) to guarantee enough dynamic range. However, it is now possible to directly measure time-domain radar signal by associating an ADC with a Track and Hold Amplifier T&HA with wide RF bandwidth and with a maximum sampling frequency of several GSa/s. This work involves the development of a UWB SAR Radar demonstrator based on the use of a coherent sub-sampling technique for measuring UWB Radar signals. This UWB Radar demonstrator is built around a fast ADC (500 MS/s), an FPGA, and an ultra-wideband T&HA (5 GHz). It allows target detection by processing based on the use of a Radar image reconstruction algorithm
Bacher, Raphael. „Méthodes pour l'analyse des champs profonds extragalactiques MUSE : démélange et fusion de données hyperspectrales ;détection de sources étendues par inférence à grande échelle“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT067/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work takes place in the context of the study of hyperspectral deep fields produced by the European 3D spectrograph MUSE. These fields allow to explore the young remote Universe and to study the physical and chemical properties of the first galactical and extra-galactical structures.The first part of the thesis deals with the estimation of a spectral signature for each galaxy. As MUSE is a terrestrial instrument, the atmospheric turbulences strongly degrades the spatial resolution power of the instrument thus generating spectral mixing of multiple sources. To remove this issue, data fusion approaches, based on a linear mixing model and complementary data from the Hubble Space Telescope are proposed, allowing the spectral separation of the sources.The second goal of this thesis is to detect the Circum-Galactic Medium (CGM). This CGM, which is formed of clouds of gas surrounding some galaxies, is characterized by a spatially extended faint spectral signature. To detect this kind of signal, an hypothesis testing approach is proposed, based on a max-test strategy on a dictionary. The test statistics is learned on the data. This method is then extended to better take into account the spatial structure of the targets, thus improving the detection power, while still ensuring global error control.All these developments are integrated in the software library of the MUSE consortium in order to be used by the astrophysical community.Moreover, these works can easily be extended beyond MUSE data to other application fields that need faint extended source detection and source separation methods
Benahmed, Daho Omar. „Radar ULB pour la vision à travers les murs : mise au point d'une chaîne de traitement de l'information d'un radar imageur“. Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS036/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis report is focused on Through-the-wall surveillance (TTS) using UWB radar, with the objective of developing a complete information processing pipeline (IPP) which can be used by different types of imaging radar. To do this, we want to take into account any a priori information, nor on the target, or their environmental context. In addition, the IPP must meet criteria of adaptability and modularity to process information from two types of radar, including pulsed and FMCW developed in two projects that are part of the work of this thesis. Radar imaging is an important point in this context ; we approach it by combining backprojection and trilateration algorithms and show the improvement with the use of a CFAR detector taking into account the shape of the targets signatures.The development of the IPP is our main contribution. The flow of radar images obtained is divided into two parts. The first dynamic sequence contains moving targets are tracked by a multiple hypothesis approach. The second static sequence contains stationary targets and interior walls that are highlighted by Radon transformbases approach. We developed a simulator operating in time and frequency domain to design the algorithms of the IPP and test their robustness. Several simulated scenarios and experimental measurements show that our IPP is relevant and robust. It is thus validated for both radar systems
Hery, Maxime. „Conception et optimisation de transducteurs capacitifs micro-usinés appliqués à l'imagerie ultrasonore“. Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR4013.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCapacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUT) have been studied by several international laboratories since the 1990s. Presenting itself as an alternative to traditional piezoelectric transducers, this MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) inspired technology has now reached the maturity needed for commercialization. In its historic application, medical imaging, many industrial actors propose CMUT probes, such as Hotachi, Kolo Medicals or Butterfly Network to name a few. However, research on these devices continues through studies on design, modeling, manufacturing or for new applications. Through the collaborative project TUMAHI (Highly Integrated Multi-Application capacitive Ultrasonic Transducers) between the GREMAN laboratory and VERMON S.A, two areas of optimization were carried out. The first objective was to create and experimentally validate a CMUT element design strategy to optimize electroacoustic response over bandwidth or sensitivity. The main constraint was to define degrees of freedom and fixed parameters to manufacture CMUTs for various applications and working frequency on a single wafer. Through a 10 MHz centered device for medical imaging, we have varied the size of membranes to have a Broadband and Sensitive configuration. A pressure measurement campaign was carried out with complete and ready-to-use probes to validate the established design criteria. However, the in-depth analysis emphasized that the design approach for the most effective CMUT probe was to optimize the resonance frequency of the first radiation mode to coincide with the desired working frequency. The second study focused on the passivation layer, a protective layer for CMUT elements traditionally designed in silicone polymer, and aimed to implement its impact in modeling tools with a new CMUT / viscoelastic material coupling model. A three-dimensional Green function was used by defining equivalences between elastic and viscoelastic properties and theoretically validated with complementary 2D and 3D Lamb problems. A confrontation with experimental results was initiated by creating a series of oils with variable viscosities and by exciting electrically decoupled CMUT columns to target a more sensitive radiation mode to the shear properties of the medium. The influence of viscosity was identified through the variation of the central frequency and quality factor on the measured and simulated electrical impedance, providing the basis for a viability study of CMUT technology for a viscoelastic sensitive sensor. The consideration of the passivation layer has enabled the retrieval of equivalent behavior to reality but requires a complete database on the viscoelastic properties of materials in the ultrasonic domain to be present in the design steps of a CMUT transducer