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1
Hiner, Susan. „Feminized Commodities, Female Communities“. French Historical Studies 43, Nr. 2 (01.04.2020): 223–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8018483.
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Abstract This article uncovers the backstory of two of the most important fashion-plate illustrators of nineteenth-century France, Héloïse and Anaïs Colin, in relation to their artistic and commercial production. By exploring how the sisters' commercial art is linked to their early “self-portrait,” produced in the studio of their artist father, in which female community is foregrounded, the article argues that their fashion plates express at once a personal response to their exclusion from the male-dominated world of fine arts and a pragmatic trajectory toward professionalization for women in the fashion sector. While largely conventional, some of their plates elicit readings reaching beyond an explicit commercial aim and suggest disruptions of the seamless norms of bourgeois femininity. Likewise, critical analysis of these plates expands to a consideration of the layered work practices of other women in the growing fashion industry of the period. Cet article offre un portrait de deux des plus importants illustrateurs de mode français du dix-neuvième siècle, Héloïse et Anaïs Colin, replacé dans le contexte plus large de leur production artistique et commerciale. Comme point de départ, il prend l'autoportrait de jeunesse des deux sœurs, peint dans l'atelier de leur père, un tableau qui met en valeur leur idée de communauté féminine tout en préfigurant aussi leur art commercial. Leurs gravures de mode expriment à la fois leur réponse personnelle à leur exclusion du monde masculin des beaux-arts, tout en reflétant aussi leur parcours, alors représentatif de la professionnalisation des femmes dans le domaine de la mode. Bien que conventionnelles pour la plupart, certaines des gravures suscitent une interprétation qui dépasse le cadre de la question commerciale et aborde celle de la transgression de la norme de la féminité bourgeoise. Plus loin, l'analyse critique de ces gravures touche plus largement aux pratiques complexes du travail réalisé par d'autres femmes dans l'industrie croissante de la mode.
2
Zouplna, Jan. „Speaking Trade, Aiming Beyond: Israel’s Economic Relations with France and Britain before 1956“. Oriente Moderno 100, Nr. 3 (23.04.2021): 419–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340236.
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Abstract Israel’s relationship with the West during the first half of the 1950s was not a walk in the park. Economic relations fitted into this general picture. Both Britain and France were sceptical as far as Israel’s potential was concerned. Their early prognoses tended to be quite gloomy. Simultaneously, economic relations provided a convenient communication channel at a time when overt association with the Jewish state was not desirable. The progress in Franco-Israeli economic ties during the years 1953-1955 illustrates this ambivalence in full. While prudence remained, the increase in bilateral trade managed to warrant the military supplies. Britain, constituting a traditional market, surpassed France as a trading partner. Given British political aloofness, the instrument of trade served primarily its immediate economic purpose. Based on archival sources gathered in all of the three countries, the paper traces the interplay of trade and diplomacy in the early years of Israel’s foreign relations.
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rittersma, rengenier c. „Industrialized Delicacies: The Rise of the Umbrian Truffle Business“. Gastronomica 12, Nr. 3 (2012): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2012.12.3.87.
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This article deals with the emergence of the Umbrian truffle business in the period between 1860 and 1918, paying special attention to the Franco-Umbrian connection in truffle affairs. The central question is how and why the French truffle sector, which during the whole nineteenth century completely dominated the global truffle market, could cede its hegemonic position to a handful of Umbrian companies. Thematically, the focus is on the role of technical expertise in this commercial exchange, especially on the mutual transfer of packaging techniques. It is argued that the advances made by Umbrian companies in food preservation were closely linked with local industrial activity and that this technological knowledge turned out to be one of the key factors in the rise of Umbrian truffle commerce. From a cultural point of view, this article also illustrates the role of truffles in the gastronomic rivalry between France and Italy.
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Yackee, Jason. „Expelling the “Sinister Vilgrain”“. French Historical Studies 44, Nr. 1 (01.02.2021): 119–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8725879.
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AbstractThis article tells the story of the Congo-Brazzaville's nationalization in 1970 of the Société Industrielle et Agricole du Niari (SIAN) and its affiliate Société Sucrière du Niari. At the time of independence, the company, controlled by France's Vilgrain family, was the Congo's largest private employer. The SIAN episode is fertile ground for exploring the theme of postcolonial entanglements from a political-economic perspective. It especially illustrates how those entanglements created both obstacles to and opportunities for neo-imperial influence, just as they did for acts of sovereign independence. The article suggests that the complex, multifaceted interdependencies among France, the Congo, and the Vilgrain family insulated the effects of nationalization on the larger Franco-Congolese relationship while eventually providing a measure of compensation for the despoiled investors.Cet article raconte l'histoire de la nationalisation en 1970 de la Société industrielle et agricole du Niari (SIAN) et sa société affiliée SOSUNIARI par le Congo-Brazzaville. A l'indépendance la SIAN—une entreprise sucrière contrôlée par la famille française Vilgrain—était l'employeur privé le plus important du pays. L'affaire SIAN nous offre un terrain privilégié pour explorer le thème de l'enchevêtrement politique et économique des anciens et nouveaux pouvoirs dans la période postcoloniale. Elle illumine comment ces enchevêtrements fournissaient des occasions pour, et posaient des obstacles à, l'influence néo-impériale et l'indépendance souveraine. L'article conclut que l'interdépendance de la France, du Congo, et de la famille Vilgrain servait à isoler les effets de la nationalisation sur leurs relations plus larges tout en assurant, après un certain délai, une mesure non-dérisoire d'indemnisation pour l'investisseur spolié.
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Mahé, Gilles. „Les abeilles du genre Colletes (Hymenoptera, Colletidae) en Presqu’île guérandaise (Loire-Atlantique, France)“. Osmia 3 (2009): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47446/osmia3.4.
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Bees of the genus Colletes (Hymenoptera, Colletidae) in the Guérande peninsula (Loire-Atlantique, France). - At least seven species of Colletes have been found in the Guérande Peninsula. This paper illustrates the habitats where the species have been found, as well as the flowering plants visited.
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Gaillard, Isabelle. „An Unknown, but Key Player in the Television Market“. Hidden Professions of Television 2, Nr. 4 (23.12.2013): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-0969.2013.jethc046.
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This article offers insights into how black and white TV sets were sold in France from 1948 to the mid 80s. During this period, the black and white television set shifted from being an expensive and breakable technical object to a commonplace, mass consumer durable good. The article illustrates this process.
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Yera, Hélène, Émilie Fréalle, Emmanuel Dutoit und Jean Dupouy-Camet. „A national retrospective survey of anisakidosis in France (2010-2014): decreasing incidence, female predominance, and emerging allergic potential“. Parasite 25 (2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018016.
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A retrospective survey was carried out over the years 2010–2014 among all Parasitology laboratories of University hospitals in France (ANOFEL network). The objective was to estimate the incidence of anisakidosis in France as new culinary habits such as the consumption of raw fish (sushi) or undercooked fish are increasing. A total of 37 cases of anisakidosis were notified by all French laboratories: 7 proven cases with evidence of a worm, 12 possible cases with abdominal pain after consumption of raw fish with detection of anti-Anisakis precipitins, and 18 allergic cases defined as acute manifestations after consumption of fish, associated with specific IgE for Anisakis. The median age of affected individuals was 42 years (11-69) and there was a significant predominance of women (67%). Compared with previous surveys in France, this study indicates a decrease in clinical cases of anisakidosis and illustrates the emerging allergic potential of anisakids.
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Chen, Xingyu, Junyan Xia und Yimeng Xie. „Education during the Enlightenment: Public Education and Social Reform“. BCP Education & Psychology 3 (02.11.2021): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpep.v3i.14.
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The Enlightenment shaped and transformed European society in many ways. This paper illustrates how thinkers like Martin Luther and Jean Jacques Rousseau proposed their thoughts on education, which then played an important role in the educational reform of Prussia and France respectively. It further analyzes how geographical and cultural differences led to distinctively different education systems and goals.
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Capdevila, Ramon Buxó. „Evidence for vines and ancient cultivation from an urban area, Lattes (Hérault), southern France“. Antiquity 70, Nr. 268 (Juni 1996): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00083344.
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From Lattes, an ancient port on the low Languedoc coast of Mediterranean France, comes the material for an archaeobotanical study of the last centuries BC and the first AD. It illustrates the complexity of ways in which seeds are incorporated into urban deposits, where they are informative about cereals and vines in the town and in the countryside.
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Cole, Alistair. „Studying Political Leadership: The Case of François Mitterrand“. Political Studies 42, Nr. 3 (September 1994): 453–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1994.tb01688.x.
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The study of political leadership, in France and elsewhere, must be appreciated in terms of the interaction between leadership resources (personal and positional) on the one hand, and environmental constraints and opportunities on the other. This article proposes a general framework for appraising comparative liberal democratic political leaderships. It illustrates the possibilities of the framework by evaluating the political leadership of the French President François Mitterrand.
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Coudroy de Lille, Lydia, und Caroline Bouloc. „Urban renewal in post-industrial districts: the example of Lyon Metropolis“. Mazowsze Studia Regionalne 2020, Nr. 33 (Juni 2020): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21858/msr.33.05.
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Urban renewal issues in France are very often discussed with reference to the demolition or renovation of large-scale housing estates. But these issues also concern former industrial areas which have their own distinct architectural, social, and economic difficulties. This article aims to present analysis of these differences using the example of two case studies in the Lyon metropolitan area, the second largest agglomeration in France. First, we outline the background of urban policy in France and Lyon in particular, together with mapping “priority geography” of urban policy in Lyon. Our two case studies, La Saulaie and Carré de Soie, are located in suburbs of the metropolis. Through our analysis of the social and spatial features of these two renewal projects which are currently under way, we demonstrate that urban renewal policies in France are multi-layered, and that the case of Lyon illustrates especially robust engagement on the part of local authorities. Tackling poverty and isolation are the priorities in La Saulaie. In Carré de Soie, the challenges are to create a public transportation hub, a new housing market, and to attract companies to this new secondary centre. We also show that urban renewal operations are not limited to the areas defined by the “priority geography”.
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Schwartz, Robert M. „Rail Transport, Agrarian Crisis, and the Restructuring of Agriculture“. Social Science History 34, Nr. 2 (2010): 229–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200011226.
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During the late nineteenth century the transport revolution and growing agricultural output, especially in North America, engendered an agrarian crisis (1878–96) when intensifying international competition in foodstuffs led to dramatic price declines, particularly in wheat and other cereals. This comparative study of the process in Britain and France examines regional and local patterns of rural change in relation to the expansion of railways, the agrarian crisis, and the responses to the crisis by the governments and farmers of the two countries. Using spatial statistics and geographically weighted regression (GWR) to identify spatially varying relationships, it offers a new approach and results. Case studies of Dorset County in England and the Allier Department in France show that railways facilitated the shift from cereal production to livestock and dairy farming during the era of agrarian crisis. In Dorset the analysis using GWR provides an explanation for patterns of the agricultural depression that a pioneering article identified but could not explain and thus illustrates the promise of blending narrative and spatial history. Further, it argues that in France railway expansion and the construction of a secondary network reduced regional disparities in rail service and likely in agricultural productivity, too. More broadly, it concludes that the differing political economies of Britain and France led to different trade and railway policies during the crisis and to different agrarian outcomes in which agricultural productivity declined in Britain and improved in France.
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Jacques-Lefèvre, Nicole. „Franck Prévot, Lumières L’Encyclopédie revisitée, album cartonné 24 x 34, 12 illustrateurs, Andernos, L’Édune, 2013, 128 p. ISBN : 978-2- 35319-079-9“. Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie, Nr. 48 (10.12.2013): 306–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rde.5083.
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Koc-Michalska, Karolina, und Darren G. Lilleker. „Evolving In Step or Poles Apart?“ International Journal of E-Politics 5, Nr. 1 (Januar 2014): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijep.2014010103.
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Comparative studies are rare in the study of online communication campaigning. The authors chose two cases, Poland and France, to describe the two campaigns for the Parliamentary elections. Content analysis allowed the authors to detect online communication strategies and parties' attempt to reach different audiences. Web-cartography illustrates the parties' network connections. The authors find strong cross-country and resource-based differences for the more interactive and engaging features (Web 2.0), which are not that powerful for explaining audience-targeting strategies. Overall a sales strategy and a focus on marketing dominated over e-representation (exhibiting the parties' political record). In both countries social media platforms are well incorporated into online strategies. Facebook dominates in Poland, Twitter in France. Web cartography gives a counterintuitive picture of the Polish parties' network being much more personalized but also of more ghettoing within the supporting environment.
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Gaillard, Christian, Laurent Emmanuel, Micheline Hanzo, Bernard Lathuiliere, François Atrops, Yves Bodeur, Abdelkader Bouhamdi et al. „A sequence analyzed from the basin to the platform : the Middle Oxfordian calcareous succession in southeastern France“. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 175, Nr. 2 (01.03.2004): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/175.2.107.
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Abstract Middle Oxfordian sedimentation is very homogeneous in southeastern France. It is characterized by a specific alternation of marls and fine-grained limestones (G. transversarium Zone). This work shows that sets of calcareous beds allow accurate stratigraphic correlations in various paleogeographic areas, from the shallow Jura platform to the deep Dauphinois basin. Following a rifting period, this sedimentation illustrates a doming period with decreasing subsidence and water depth. This corresponds to the establishment of a wide marine area more favourable to carbonate sedimentation. Considering sequence stratigraphy, some slight variations occur in the sediment record and lead to interesting comparisons between the platform and the basin. The geochemical evolution, mainly the manganese content, seems to be dependant of the activity of the Ligurian Tethys oceanic ridge. This fact shows that sedimentation in southeastern France could be significantly controlled by tectono-eustasy.
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Potot, Florence. „A Case Study of Women's Participation in DIY in France: Towards an Increasingly Androgynous and Individualistic French Society?“ Nottingham French Studies 52, Nr. 1 (März 2013): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2013.0040.
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Over the past decade, the traditionally masculine pursuit of DIY has attracted an increasing number of female practitioners in France, thus seemingly challenging the long-established gendered division of tasks observed in the domestic sphere. This case study of women's DIY practices in France analyses women's rationale for participation by contrasting agency with economic necessity. Drawing on vertical and horizontal segregation theories, women's participation in DIY is examined as a potential indicator of progress towards greater gender equality in the domestic sphere. Finally, the article argues that women's participation in DIY illustrates the increasing normalisation of an androgynous division of labour already observed in the public sphere. This results from the development of individualistic values that are increasingly challenging the prevalence of gender as a term of reference in the construction of social and individual identity.
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Strel'tsova, Y. „Immigrants’ Integration under Conditions of Economic Crisis“. World Economy and International Relations, Nr. 1 (2011): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2011-1-55-68.
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This article has considered the main trends of integration: economic one – “trough the work” and by means of social, educational, municipal and citizenship policy in European countries, first of all in France, and in Russia. The attention has been paid on contradictions, which are typical for searching an integration model in modern Russia. This article illustrates the main difficulties of immigrants’ adaptation in European countries, as a result of liberal migratory policy and multicultural model of newcomers’ integration.
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Debouzy, Marianne. „Working for McDonald's, France: Resistance to the Americanization of Work“. International Labor and Working-Class History 70, Nr. 1 (Oktober 2006): 126–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547906000196.
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Since 9/11 an enormous amount of literature and media coverage has been devoted to anti-Americanism in France. Yet the American model seems to be overwhelmingly present in French life and culture. There is a fascination for it among all classes, from disadvantaged suburban youths who try to imitate African Americans, follow American clothing fashions, and have Power Rangers as heroes, to political elites who never tire of recommending to us the American model (pension funds, the two-party system, education, etc.) and propose adapting it to the French setting. Nothing illustrates this paradox better than the controversial and popular institution of McDonald's in France, which is loved and hated to the point of occasionally provoking a national crisis as well as a number of social conflicts in recent years. After retracing briefly the expansion of McDonald's in France, I will examine the opposition it has aroused, making a distinction between political opposition and opposition in the workplace, which takes the form of a struggle against working conditions, the conception of Mcwork and McManagement. I will look at the people who carry on this struggle and what it all means in terms of resistance to “Americanization.”
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Fredette, Jennifer. „Becoming a Threat: The Burqa and the Contestation Over Public Morality Law in France“. Law & Social Inquiry 40, Nr. 03 (2015): 585–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12101.
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Through an examination of legislative debate and court opinions, this article illustrates that the French understanding of public order policing as a bulwark of freedom and national sovereignty deeply informed the development of (and contestation surrounding) the 2010 ban on all facial coverings in public. This ban notably includes the burqa or niqab, garments worn by a small minority of Muslim women in France. This article has two aims. The first is to expand on the sociolegal argument about the contested nature of rights protections and constitutional constraints on legislative authority by highlighting how a nation's legal culture can profoundly shape that contestation. The second aim of this article is to show, through a technique called legal archaeology, how longstanding French views on rights confront current European‐inspired alternative views that would give more weight to individualistic protections against state action than has traditionally been the case in France.
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Richard, Mark Paul. „“The Humble Parish Bank”: The Cultural Origins of the U.S. Credit Union Movement“. New England Quarterly 88, Nr. 3 (September 2015): 449–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00474.
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In examining the pivotal role French-Canadian Alphonse Desjardins and Franco-American parishes played in developing credit unions in the northeastern United States in the early twentieth century, this essay illustrates how issues of ethnicity, religion, and nationalism intersected successfully to shape the development of cooperative credit institutions across the international border.
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Myhr, Mity. „Identity, Architecture, and Spirituality: The Ursulines of Bordeaux Decorate a Chapel“. Renaissance and Reformation 42, Nr. 2 (24.10.2019): 7–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1065124ar.
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This article examines the Ursuline community in Bordeaux, France between 1606 and 1625. It integrates the community’s social and institutional history with an analysis of their convent’s architecture and devotional practices, an approach that has not until now been taken for women’s teaching orders in France. In 1608 the Ursulines shifted from a secular congregation to a formal religious order. They changed in reaction to community criticism as well as in response to the need for a quiet space in which to practise their religious devotions. After receiving official papal approval in 1618, they decorated their chapel and wrote devotional guides. An examination of their chapel as a public representation of the community’s identity, and of their guides, illustrates the adjustments the Ursulines underwent and the institutionalization of their devotional practices. These transformations enabled the Ursulines to flourish and to play a central role in Catholic reform in Bordeaux and its surrounding regions.
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Myhr, Mity. „Identity, Architecture, and Spirituality: The Ursulines of Bordeaux Decorate a Chapel“. Renaissance and Reformation 42, Nr. 2 (22.08.2019): 7–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v42i2.32979.
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This article examines the Ursuline community in Bordeaux, France between 1606 and 1625. It integrates the community’s social and institutional history with an analysis of their convent’s architecture and devotional practices, an approach that has not until now been taken for women’s teaching orders in France. In 1608 the Ursulines shifted from a secular congregation to a formal religious order. They changed in reaction to community criticism as well as in response to the need for a quiet space in which to practise their religious devotions. After receiving official papal approval in 1618, they decorated their chapel and wrote devotional guides. An examination of their chapel as a public representation of the community’s identity, and of their guides, illustrates the adjustments the Ursulines underwent and the institutionalization of their devotional practices. These transformations enabled the Ursulines to flourish and to play a central role in Catholic reform in Bordeaux and its surrounding regions.
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Plum, Timothy. „Book Review: <em>Last Train to Auschwitz The French National Railways and the Journey to Accountability</em>“. Genocide Studies and Prevention 15, Nr. 2 (Oktober 2021): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.15.2.1839.
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The book Last Train to Auschwitz: The French National Railways and the Journey to Accountability, written by Sarah Federman traces the SNCF’s journey toward accountability in France and the United States. Told from the Holocaust survivors’ perspective the volume illustrates the long-term effects of the railroad’s complicity with the Nazis on individuals, and transitional justice that leads to corporate accountability. In a time when corporations are increasingly granted the same rights as people, Federman’s detailed account demonstrates the obligations businesses to atone for aiding and abetting governments in committing atrocities.
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CORBER, ERIN. „The kids on Oberlin Street: place, space and Jewish community in late interwar Strasbourg“. Urban History 43, Nr. 4 (16.10.2015): 581–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926815000826.
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ABSTRACT:In the spring of 1938, Strasbourg's Jewish youth organizations inaugurated the Merkaz Ha’Noar, the community's first Jewish youth centre, which aimed to provide a safe, healthy and controlled environment for the development of young Jews in a rapidly transforming city on the border between France and Germany. The centre offered a unique location from which to reimagine Jewish and French history on the eve of World War II, and illustrates the power of the built environment of the city and its physical structures to forge new kinds of communities, identities and politics.
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Ramos, Maria Luiza. „Documento e fantasma em O Ateneu. Uma reflexão sobre a questão da influência“. Cadernos de Linguística e Teoria da Literatura 13, Nr. 26 (07.04.2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/0101-3548.13.26.29-54.
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RESUMO: Este ensaio focaliza o nível fantasmático de O ateneu, de modo a mostrar que o romance de Raul Pompéia, antes de caracterizar-se pelo aspecto documental próprio do Naturalismo, representa extraordinário avanço no sentido de uma nova concepção de narrativa, que surgia na França a essa mesma época. ABSTRACT: This essay features the phantasmatic level of O ateneu, in an attempt to show that Raul Pompéia's novel constituted a majore step towards a new concept in narrative, which arose in France at about the same time, contrary to current claims that it typically illustrates Naturalism's documentary character.
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Jarrett, Nathaniel W. „False Start: Britain and Coalition Warfare in 1794“. War in History 24, Nr. 2 (30.03.2017): 134–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344515624459.
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This article analyses Britain’s struggle to conduct warfare as a member of a coalition during the first war against Revolutionary France. It focuses on Anglo-Austrian planning in the winter of 1793–4 and the effort to implement these plans in the spring of 1794. Scholars have attributed the coalition’s defeat in Flanders to Austro-Prussian distractions in Poland and the botched British attempt to supersede this through subsidies. In contrast, this article illustrates that delays in planning, preparations, and operations hamstrung the coalition’s 1794 campaign in Flanders in the spring, before the diplomatic and military reversals of the summer.
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Berenguer, Jean-Luc, Julien Balestra, Fabrice Jouffray, Fabrice Mourau, Françoise Courboulex und Jean Virieux. „Celebrating 25 years of seismology at schools in France“. Geoscience Communication 3, Nr. 2 (23.12.2020): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gc-3-475-2020.
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Abstract. An educational program focusing on seismological activities for school and university students that trains in observational sciences and raises citizen awareness of natural hazards has been active in France since 1995. Over this quarter century, different generations of students have learned various lessons concerning instrument installation, data recording, and analysis. These actions have led them into the field of scientific interrogation and interpretation, making them better prepared for our modern technological societies. We describe these student commitments that have been motivated by the installation of the first educational broadband seismometer in southern France. Analysis of regional earthquakes has generated a greater awareness of the seismic hazards where students live, while records of strong earthquakes all around the world have led to interaction between students, especially after the deployment of additional seismometers in schools. The natural extension of such an educational seismic network, first at the national level in France in 2006 and later in many countries through various collaborations, has enriched the pedagogical practices of teachers, increasing their skills in seismology and natural sciences among various other disciplines and complementing standard educational resources. We describe the necessary and sustainable relations between teachers and researchers over time. Combining students' motivation, teachers' experience and researchers' expertise has led to different hosting structures over the years. We conclude by presenting the feedback from a survey carried out in 2019 among all the teachers involved, highlighting the strong and weak points of such a long-term adventure. Recent integration into the official syllabus of the new Geosciences high school curricula in France illustrates the impact of such an exceptional experience.
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Taylor, Kenneth. „American Geological Investigations and the French, 1750-1850“. Earth Sciences History 9, Nr. 2 (01.01.1990): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.2.60770865651k4301.
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By the middle of the nineteenth century, leaders of the French geological community were taking a keen interest in North American geological phenomena and investigations. Most of this French attention to American geology developed during the first half of the nineteenth century. French geological preoccupations in America during that period tended to focus especially on issues of stratigraphic correlation and paleontology, with discernible concern also for the North American glacial (drift) phenomena, mineral ores, and meteorite observations. The growth of French regard for American geologists and for America as a geological resource, up to 1850, displays features of international cooperation and communication especially plain in such a location-specific science. Historical development of communal scientific activity is seen in travel accounts, and in exchanges of publications and specimens. The Société Géologique de France, founded in 1830, quickly became an important vehicle for commerce in geological knowledge between America and France. French respect for American geological work in the first part of the nineteenth century illustrates the comparatively early maturity of American geological science.
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Cox, Douglas. „“INALIENABLE” ARCHIVES: KOREAN ROYAL ARCHIVES AS FRENCH PROPERTY UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW“. International Journal of Cultural Property 18, Nr. 4 (November 2011): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739111000245.
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AbstractIn June 2011, France returned to South Korea nearly 300 volumes of Korean royal archives from the Joseon Dynasty. French forces had seized them in an 1866 military campaign, and the volumes had resided in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) ever since. The return is not a legally permanent restitution, but rather a five-year renewable loan. The compromise followed years of unsuccessful negotiations and a noteworthy decision of a French administrative tribunal that found that the seized Korean archives constituted inalienable French property. The legal debate over the Korean manuscripts illustrates the unique complexities of treating archives as a form of cultural property in armed conflict. In the end, the imperfect compromise satisfies neither side: The BnF is deprived of custody of items that have formed part of its collections for more than 140 years while technically, and perhaps uselessly, retaining formal legal title; South Korea, meanwhile, has physical custody of the archives while suffering the indignity of being denied ownership over its own national heritage.
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Torck, Danièle. „The arroseur arrosé or the misfortunes of pathos in a media dialogue“. Dialogue and Representation 2, Nr. 1 (12.05.2012): 80–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.2.1.05tor.
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The case study which is presented here refers to the Polanski affair (2009) and the resulting debate in France and is an illustration of the loss of legitimacy that some intellectuals, the so-called media intellectuals, suffer in their relationship to dialogues on the Internet . It also illustrates what has been called by Charaudeau (1997)the pathemization of public discourse and its spectacularization in the media. I will analyze the argumentation in a dialogue (or its refusal) between two philosophers on the French public radio, France Inter. I will describe the discursive ethos of the main speaker, Alain Finkielkraut, but also the fallacies, the dominance of pathos and the accusation of amalgam (fallacious analogy) that characterize his discourse. This accusation, which is very frequent in French public discourse, will be examined in the framework of Angenot’s approach of the logics of resentment (1997). I will then confront this analysis to the discourse and argumentation used by some Internet users on the Polanski affair and more generally on dialogues in the media.
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Garin, P., J. D. Rinaudo und J. Ruhlmann. „Linking expert evaluations with public consultation to design water policy at the watershed level“. Water Science and Technology 46, Nr. 6-7 (01.09.2002): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0688.
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In view of the increasing demand for public participation in public affairs, the European Water Framework Directive requires public consultation when drawing up watershed management plans. Implementation of this Directive requires the development of methods for linking the scientific and technical knowledge of experts with the viewpoints expressed by local actors. The objective of this paper is to propose a public consultation method that can be used as early as the preliminary assessment of river basin characteristics, defined by the Directive, and at the scale of sub-watersheds that make up the district. A case study of a watershed in southern France illustrates this method.
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Murray-Miller, Gavin. „Arab Press Networks and Imperial Connectivities from Mediterranean Africa to France in the Late 19th Century“. ISTORIYA 12, Nr. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015283-0.
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The press was an instrument of colonial governance. Yet newspapers and print also served to connect populations across borders and demonstrated how trans-imperial flows influenced empires. This article examines Arab print networks in North Africa and France. It argues that print networks assisted with processes of colonial expansion while also providing a forum for Muslim activists and Arab modernists to present their views to foreign audiences. This two-way channel illustrates how imperialism engendered new synergies that would influence political developments in both the French empire and the modern Middle East, suggesting that print networks were central to the entangled histories of empire in the modern period.
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Conybeare, John. „Trade Wars: A Comparative Study of Anglo-Hanse, Franco-Italian, and Hawley-Smoot Conflicts“. World Politics 38, Nr. 1 (Oktober 1985): 147–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010354.
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Three trade wars are examined using variable-sum game theory. The Anglo-Hanse trade wars (1300–1700) are explained as an iterated Prisoners' Dilemma that failed to evolve into cooperation due to transaction costs, rent seeking, and economic recession. The late-igthcentury tariff war between France and Italy is a case of an asymmetric trade war that illustrates the danger to a weak country of provoking a trade war with a strong country, with the result that the former is forced to make major concessions. The Hawley-Smoot conflicts of the 1930s are cited as an example of the cooperation-inhibiting effect of publicness in trade negotiations.
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Smith, Roger. „Expertise, procedure and the possibility of a comparative history of forensic psychiatry in the nineteenth century“. Psychological Medicine 19, Nr. 2 (Mai 1989): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700012332.
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SynopsisThe comparative history of forensic psychiatry may help unravel relations between legal and administrative procedure, medical knowledge and expertise, and social interests, as they determine judgements about the criminal responsibility of the mentally disordered. But little has been done to compare the past or the present under different jurisdictions. This paper, therefore, suggests some points which would encourage such comparisons, and particularly a comparison between France and England in the nineteenth century, for both of which countries there is now a valuable historical literature. It also illustrates the complex interaction of procedure and medical expertise by reference to the case of George Victor Townley (1863).
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Classen, Albrecht. „William Chester Jordan, The Apple of His Eye: Converts from Islam in the Reign of Louis IX. Jews, Christians, and Muslims from the Ancient to the Modern World. Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2019, xiii, 177 pp.“ Mediaevistik 32, Nr. 1 (01.01.2020): 412–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2019.01.92.
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Throughout history, migrants have crossed borders and looked for a new home in new countries, which has always constituted problems, challenges, and difficulties. Some migrants come on their own volition, fleeing violence and persecutions in <?page nr="413"?>their home countries, others are invited in for economic, political or religious reasons. This phenomenon is not simply a modern one, but can also be identified in the Middle Ages. William Chester Jordan here offers a fascinating look into Muslim converts who were brought by the French King Louis IX from Acre to France and were settled in many different towns in northern France, that is, far away from the southern parts where there might have been the danger that the new converts might flee and return home again. After all, as the documentation illustrates impressively, for people of Arabic descent, who had lived their whole life in the eastern Mediterranean and were not used to the harsh climate, the different kind of food, and the at times probably hostile social environment. Having available this data could ultimately help us today to understand analogies to modern situations, and build direct bridges between the past events and modern conditions.
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Dawson, Mark, und Elise Muir. „Individual, institutional and collective vigilance in protecting fundamental rights in the EU: Lessons from the Roma“. Common Market Law Review 48, Issue 3 (01.06.2011): 751–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2011031.
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In the summer of 2010, French authorities organized the systematic dismantling of illegal Roma settlements. This resulted in the departure of a large number of Roma-EU citizens from France, as well as a significant dispute between France and the European Commission. While the dispute raises a number of issues of substantive EU law, it also illustrates some important strengths and weaknesses in the system of fundamental rights protection in EU law. This article takes these events as a test case to illustrate that tackling complex problems of human rights protection in the EU requires a hybrid approach in which individual and institutional enforcement mechanisms are complemented by a third level of collective vigilance. While ever since Van Gend & Loos the EU has built a comprehensive system of individual and institutional remedies for the enforcement of EU law, social and political factors may limit their usefulness for vulnerable minorities. The vigilance of collective actors such as networks, NGOs, trade unions and agencies may offer a useful additional layer of protection where they are well-integrated within the classic system of remedies for fundamental rights protection in the EU.
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A.W., Massi, Philippon M., Sejil S., Delenne B. und Abodo J. „Diabete Aftricain en France“. European Scientific Journal, ESJ 19, Nr. 9 (31.03.2023): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n9p239.
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Introduction :
Les auteurs rapportent le cas d’un diabète africain ou diabète atypique désigne un type spécifique de diabète présentant au départ des stigmates d’un diabète de type 1 mais dont l’évolution ultérieure se fait vers un diabète de type 2 avec la possibilité d’une longue phase de rémission. Il s’agit d’un sujet d’origine africaine, des spécificités diagnostiques, métaboliques, physiopathologiques et prise en charge de ce type de diabète. Patients et méthodes : Il s’agit d’une observation clinique d’un patient d’origine africaine vivant en France ayant un diabète atypique. Cas clinique : Patient âgé de 33 ans, a été hospitalisé pour une acidocétose diabétique. Il a un antécédent familial de diabète de type 2, un surpoids (IMC = 28,73 Kg/m2). Une insulinothérapie a été instaurée. Le bilan étiologique de cette décompensation métabolique et la recherche de d’anticorps anti-GAD et anti-IA2 sont négatifs. Après 3 mois d’insulinothérapie, on obtient un équilibre glycémique satisfaisant marqué par une HbA1c à 7 % et un peptide C remonté à 300 pmol/l (pour une GV à 1,09g/l). Au 6ème mois, le patient présente un parfait équilibre glycémique (HbA1C : 6,4 %), avec un peptide C qui s’est normalisé à 870 pmol/l (pour une GV à 1,29g/l). C’est ce qui a permis de proposer l’arrêt de l’insulinothérapie. Pour des raisons sociales, le patient refuse l’arrêt du traitement. Aucune anomalie n’a été objectivée au fond d’œil, ni à l’électrocardiogramme, ni à l’évaluation de la fonction rénale (Clairance de créatinine normale par MDRD et micro-albuminurie négative). Ce tableau clinique illustre un cas de diabète d’un africain. Il s’agit d’une expression clinique proche du diabète de type 1 (DT1) mais se caractérise par une rémission, plus lente que la lune de miel dans le DT1, avec une absence de stigmates d’auto-immunité. Il est considéré comme diabète atypique ou de type 1 idiopathique. Conclusion : Ce type de diabète évoque plusieurs hypothèses physiopathologiques. L’équilibre glycémique est rapidement obtenu sous insulinothérapie, avec possibilité de réémission
Introduction : The authors report the case of African diabetes or atypical diabetes refers to a specific type of diabetes presenting initially with the stigma of type 1 diabetes but whose subsequent evolution is towards type 2 diabetes with the possibility of a long remission phase. This is a subject of African origin, and the diagnostic, metabolic, pathophysiological, and management specificities of this type of diabetes. Patients and methods: This is a clinical observation of a patient of African origin living in France with atypical diabetes. Clinical case: A 33-year-old patient was hospitalized for diabetic ketoacidosis. He had a family history of type 2 diabetes and was overweight (BMI = 28.73 kg/m2). Insulin therapy was initiated. The aetiological assessment of this metabolic decompensation and the search for anti-GAD and anti-IA2 antibodies were negative. After 3 months of insulin therapy, a satisfactory glycaemic balance was obtained, marked by an HbA1c of 7% and a C-peptide of 300 pmol/l (for a GV of 1.09g/l). At the 6th month, the patient had perfect glycaemic control (HbA1C: 6.4%), with a C-peptide that had normalized to 870 pmol/l (for a GV of 1.29g/l). This was the basis for proposing the discontinuation of insulin therapy. For social reasons, the patient refused to stop the treatment. No abnormalities were observed on the fundus, electrocardiogram, or renal function tests (normal creatinine clearance by MDRD and negative microalbuminuria). This clinical picture illustrates a case of diabetes in an African. It is a clinical expression close to type 1 diabetes (T1DM) but is characterized by remission, slower than the honeymoon period in T1DM, with an absence of autoimmune stigma. It is considered atypical or idiopathic type 1 diabetes. Conclusion: This type of diabetes raises several pathophysiological hypotheses. Glycaemic control is rapidly achieved with insulin therapy, with the possibility of re-emission
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Lee, Seung-Keun. „Emmanuel Macron's pursuit of Gaullist policies and conflicts within the Transatlantic Alliance“. Korean Society for European Integration 14, Nr. 3 (30.11.2023): 199–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.32625/kjei.2023.31.199.
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Emmanuel Macron, representing the newly formed party 'En Marche' and advocating for centrist policies, successfully won the presidency in 2017, gaining popularity among the French population. After taking office, President Macron implemented economically right-leaning policies while also bolstering welfare programs as part of an expansion of left-leaning social initiatives. In terms of foreign policy, he positioned himself as an ideological successor to President de Gaulle, who led the Fifth Republic of France. He strategically utilized the transatlantic alliance's division caused by President Trump in executing his foreign policy, aiming to establish a 'New European Order' with fellow Europeans. Additionally, after the UK's Brexit referendum, he worked towards expanding France's influence in Europe, following the traditional Gaullist path that lies at the core of French right-wing ideology.
This study analyzes how President Macron effectively demonstrated the strengthening of France's position, in line with the principles of Gaullism, amid the shifting dynamics of the European order. This was achieved through the deepening of European integration, the collaborative construction of Europe by Europeans, the enhancement of strategic autonomy, and the prioritization of security within the EU over NATO. Ultimately, President Macron incorporated a significant portion of the Gaullist approach into his foreign policy, aiming for an independent and self-reliant European policy for France. He sought to implement this Gaullist approach through the EU, working to empower France to make decisions and take action independently in its relations with the United States. This study illustrates his efforts to enable the EU to operate autonomously in matters of diplomacy, security, and defense.
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Potter, Mark. „WAR FINANCE AND ABSOLUTIST STATE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE: AN EXAMINATION OF FRENCH VENALITY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY“. Journal of Early Modern History 7, Nr. 1 (2003): 120–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006503322487377.
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AbstractThe impact of warfare on absolutist state development in early modern Europe was more complicated than often thought by historians and theorists of the state. The competitive pressures of warfare did not always lead to linear political developments which would culminate in a centralized bureaucratic state. Instead, rulers' financial strategies along with the political effects of these strategies were conditioned by both structural and historical constraints. Political change in France over the course of the seventeenth century illustrates the impact of these two sets of constraints. Here, I trace in particular the changing property rights of office holding as a measure of political change shaped by war finance within these two sets of constraints.
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ferguson, priscilla parkhurst. „Culinary Nationalism“. Gastronomica 10, Nr. 1 (2010): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2010.10.1.102.
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Culinary consciousness raisers, cooking texts often serve as vehicles of national identification. From Pampille (Marthe Allard Daudet) and her cookbook, Les Bons Plats de France, in 1913 to the international culinary competitions of today such as the Bocuse d'or, culinary distinction promotes national interests. In contrast to the strident nationalism of the early twentieth century, culinary nationalism today operates in an increasingly globalized world. National culinary distinction defines the nation and sells its products in a highly competitive international arena. A recent culinary text, the South Korean film Le Grand Chef [Sik Gaek ] (2007), illustrates the phenomenon, subsuming national culinary promotion in a mega culinary competition, all in the service of Korean culinary achievement.
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Atkin, Nicholas. „The challenge to laïcité: church, state and schools in Vichy France, 1940–1944“. Historical Journal 35, Nr. 1 (März 1992): 151–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00025644.
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AbstractThis article examines the role which education played in church/state relations during the Occupation. It begins with an evaluation of catholic reactions to the defeat and explains why so many church leaders were quick to blame military collapse on the laïcité of the republican educational system. It then investigates the policies which the church wanted to see pursued in regard to schools and assesses how these were received by the Vichy government. Analysis of these issues reveals that Vichy was not as pro-clerical as is sometimes believed. Although initially sympathetic to church requests, by 1942 the regime had become reluctant to introduce any measure that might provoke religious division. At the same time, the article illustrates that French Catholicism was not a monolithic bloc. Arguments over education served only to intensify divisions already present within the church and soon led to catholic disenchantment with the Vichy regime.
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Delijani, Clare Finburgh. „“Nobody’s ever held the door open and invited women, Black people or disabled people in”: confronting discrimination in Marie NDiaye’s theater“. CFC Intersections: Volume 1, Issue 1 1, Nr. 1 (01.09.2022): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/cfci.2022.4.
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With focus on the two plays which, to date, bookend Marie NDiaye’s theatrical career—Hilda (1999) and Royan (2020)—this article illustrates how the French author’s theater places center-stage the structures that marginalize people owing to their class, gender, sexuality, racialization, or religion. With reference to theorizations of intersectionality elaborated by Simi Cho, Kimberlé Crenshaw, and Leslie McCall in the US, and Reine Prat in France, the article exposes the compound overlapping forms of domination, subordination, and oppression that discriminate against minoritized individuals and groups. The theory and praxis of intersectionality, they argue, do not concern identity politics or subjectivity; nor do they rate or order the oppression of one group ahead of others. Rather, the concept of intersectionality provides a useful means for apprehending how NDiaye’s theater shifts emphasis from discriminated people to the discriminatory structures that minoritize, racialize, and marginalize them. While NDiaye’s plays often float free from obvious historical, geographical, or social contexts, they critique, the article argues, specific features of history, politics, society, and economics in France. The article reveals how her theater exposes the French nation’s republican values of liberté, égalité, fraternité to be at considerable odds with the reality for women, people who do not conform to heteronormativity, racialized people, and other ostracized or relegated categories.
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CALDWELL, MARY CHANNEN. „A medieval patchwork song: poetry, prayer and music in a thirteenth-century conductus“. Plainsong and Medieval Music 25, Nr. 2 (Oktober 2016): 139–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0961137116000036.
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ABSTRACTEight times a day, the prayerDeus in adiutorium meum intendesounded from the lips of the faithful as the standard introduction to the Office Hours. Infiltrating daily life through the liturgy and popular interjections, the psalm verseDeus in adiutoriumserved a devotional function marked by versatility and popularity. Yet, despite its omnipresence, as well as its inherently vocalic identity, the verse was only rarely troped musically or poetically. A collection of thirteenth-century monophonic and polyphonic tropes of the verse circulating in France in motet collections and festive offices represents one of the few moments of heightened musical interest in the prayer. This article draws attention, for the first time, to the musical and textual connection between these tropes andPater creator omnium, a thirteenth-century refrain song. This monophonic song from France also belongs firmly to the medieval cento genre, with both its musical and textual construction based on the piecing together of borrowed text and music – includingDeus in adiutorium. This article argues thatPater creator omniumstands at the intersection of two important yet understudied histories: the musical and textual troping ofDeus in adiutoriumand the medieval cento. Analysis of this song ultimately illustrates the creative processes behind the making of a pre-modern song.
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Fourçans, André. „The End of the “French Paradox”?“ Global Economy Journal 13, Nr. 03n04 (09.10.2013): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2013-0037.
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The purpose of this article is to provide a short- to medium-term analysis of the overall performance of the French economy. Unfortunately, this subject is all too frequently discussed in a manner that is perhaps not as clear as it could be. As a French economist trained in the United States, I hope to briefly outline what I feel are the major issues concerning the French economy in a way that I hope carries a few less biases than usual. First, we need to be clear that the performance of the French economy relative to most OECD countries has been less than what the underlying strengths of the country would lead one to expect. This problem is producing ongoing difficulties with the public finances. Without faster growth, paying for the social benefits the population prefers is becoming increasingly difficult. Third, slower growth coupled with structural impediments in the labor market are combining to produce shockingly high levels of unemployment among the young. As in much of Europe such reforms will be difficult but the need for change is pressing. Fourth, French banks are fortunately in rather good shape and problems in the financial system are not a major concern. Putting these factors together illustrates the “paradox” that is the French economy. This is a highly developed country whose economic performance in many ways is disappointing. However, France is, after all, a democracy. Navigating the country out of this paradox can be done, but only in a way that is French. Thinking that France will somehow transform itself into Germany is delusional. On the other hand, France needs to avoid becoming a larger version of Italy.
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Yiou, P., I. García de Cortázar-Atauri, I. Chuine, V. Daux, E. Garnier, N. Viovy, C. van Leeuwen, A. K. Parker und J. M. Boursiquot. „Continental atmospheric circulation over Europe during the Little Ice Age inferred from grape harvest dates“. Climate of the Past 8, Nr. 2 (19.03.2012): 577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-577-2012.
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Abstract. Estimates of climate conditions before the 19th century are based on proxy data reconstructions or sparse meteorological measurements. The reconstruction of the atmospheric circulation that prevailed during the European Little Ice Age (∼1500–1850) has fostered many efforts. This study illustrates a methodology, combining historical proxies and modern datasets to obtain detailed information on the atmospheric circulation that prevailed over the North Atlantic region during the Little Ice Age. We used reconstructions of temperature gradients over France based on grape harvest dates to infer the atmospheric circulation. We found that blocking situations were more likely in summer, inducing a continental atmospheric flow. This study advocates that the reconstructions of the past atmospheric circulation should take this regime into account.
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Gleeson, Emily, Stephen Outten, Bjørg Jenny Kokkvoll Engdahl, Eoin Whelan, Ulf Andrae und Laura Rontu. „HARMONIE-AROME single-column tools and experiments“. Advances in Science and Research 17 (16.11.2020): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-17-255-2020.
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Abstract. The single-column version of the shared ALADIN-HIRLAM numerical weather prediction system, called MUSC, was developed by Météo-France in the 2000s and has a growing user-base in both HIRLAM and ALADIN countries. Tools to derive the required input, to run the experiments and to handle outputs of experiments carried out using MUSC have been developed within the HARMONIE-AROME canonical model configuration of the ALADIN-HIRLAM system are described within and constitute a large portion of this paper. The paper also illustrates the usefulness of the single-column approach for testing and developing HARMONIE-AROME physical parametrizations related to cloud microphysics and radiative transfer. Study cases concerning these physical parametrizations have been included for illustration purposes.
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Pierrot, Grégory. „Nègre (Noir, Black, Renoi, Négro)“. Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 26, Nr. 2 (01.07.2022): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07990537-9901668.
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This essay presents and studies five different words used in French to express the notion of Blackness. The five words analyzed—nègre, noir, black, renoi, and négro—entered the French language between the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade in the sixteenth century and the 1980s and were often borrowed from other languages. The way the terms have been and continue to be used illustrates France’s complicated and shifting relation to people of African descent, notably within its own population. In the context of culture wars that have been shaking the country in the past decades and have seen the rise of organized Black political groups on the French public stage, how one speaks Blackness in France has become especially fraught.
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Yiou, P., I. García de Cortázar-Atauri, I. Chuine, V. Daux, E. Garnier, N. Viovy, C. van Leeuwen, A. K. Parker und J. M. Boursiquot. „Continental atmospheric circulation over Europe during the Little Ice Age inferred from grape harvest dates“. Climate of the Past Discussions 7, Nr. 5 (27.09.2011): 3023–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-7-3023-2011.
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Abstract. Estimates of climate conditions before the 19th century are based on proxy data reconstructions or sparse meteorological measurements. The reconstruction of the atmospheric circulation that prevailed during the European Little Ice Age (~1500–1850) has fostered many efforts. This study illustrates a methodology combining historical proxies and modern data sets to obtain detailed information on the atmospheric circulation that prevailed over the North Atlantic region during the Little Ice Age. We use reconstructions of temperature gradients over France based on grape harvest dates to infer the atmospheric circulation. We find that blocking situations were more likely in summer, inducing a continental atmospheric flow. This study advocates that the reconstructions of the past atmospheric circulation should take this regime into account.
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CADOT, L., M. SEGONDY und V. FOULONGNE. „Laboratory surveillance of arboviral infections in a southern France region colonized byAedes albopictus“. Epidemiology and Infection 145, Nr. 4 (01.12.2016): 710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816002818.
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SUMMARYThe establishment ofAedes albopictusin southern France, a recognized competent vector for several arboviruses, represents a new threat for the local transmission and spread of what were until recently considered as tropical diseases. A preparedness and response plan, based on vigilance of both clinicians and laboratories, has introduced significant changes in guidelines and behaviour regarding patients’ care specifically during the activity period of mosquitoes. In the present study, we report the results of a 1-year activity in arboviral infection diagnosis. A total of 141 patients were included in this retrospective study. The number of suspected imported and autochthonous cases was 69 and 72, respectively. A diagnosis of arboviral infection was confirmed for 15 (21·7%) suspected imported cases, with identification of 13 dengue viruses, one chikungunya virus and one Zika virus. No autochthonous cases were detected. This report illustrates the increase in requests for arboviral infection diagnosis and confirms the challenge with identifying autochthonous arboviral infection cases in many unspecific febrile syndromes.
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Mospan, Natalia, und Alla Durdas. „QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN FRANCE“. Continuing Professional Education: Theory and Practice, Nr. 1 (2021): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/1609-8595.2021.1.8.
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The article presents the quality assurance of higher education in France and reveals the system structure peculiar features. The authors characterize the activity of national agencies for external and internal quality assessment. We show that the formation of French quality assurance in higher education has lasted for three decades. The periodization of the quality assurance shaping in higher education is determined based on reforming the principal national agency for quality. The article illustrates the national legislative documents that regulate external and internal French quality assurance. We believe that a specific feature of the French system of quality assurance in higher education is its subordination to agencies (ENQA and EQAR) at the EU level. The article reveals that the French system of quality assurance in higher education is regulated by legal documents («Standards and recommendations for quality assurance in the EHEA»(ESG)) at the European level; a number of national laws, including the Law on Finance (2001), the Law on Freedom and Responsibility of Universities (2007), the Law on Higher Education and Research (2013); national recommendations and handbooks that form the norms and procedures for assessing the quality of universities. Higher education quality assurance is provided through external assessment and internal self-assessment by universities at the national level. The specificity of the French external quality assessment system’s structure lies in the variety of external agencies and their powers. The High Council for Evaluation in Research and Higher Education (Hcéres) is an independent body. The others external agencies are the Inspectorate General for Public Administration of Education and Training (IGAENR), the Commission of Chartered Engineers (CTI), the Commission for the Evaluation of Management Training and Diplomas (CEFDG) and the Advisory National Commission of University Institutes of Technology (CCN-IUT). National external assessment agencies have a sectoral focus and work in a specific segment, relying on internal quality control procedures. Internal self-assessment is mandatory for all French universities that issue state-recognized diplomas.