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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "IIV infections"
1
West, Cara, Florentina Rus, Ying Chen, Anni Kleino, Monique Gangloff, Don B. Gammon und Neal Silverman. „IIV-6 Inhibits NF-κB Responses in Drosophila“. Viruses 11, Nr. 5 (01.05.2019): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11050409.
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The host immune response and virus-encoded immune evasion proteins pose constant, mutual selective pressure on each other. Virally encoded immune evasion proteins also indicate which host pathways must be inhibited to allow for viral replication. Here, we show that IIV-6 is capable of inhibiting the two Drosophila NF-κB signaling pathways, Imd and Toll. Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene induction downstream of either pathway is suppressed when cells infected with IIV-6 are also stimulated with Toll or Imd ligands. We find that cleavage of both Imd and Relish, as well as Relish nuclear translocation, three key points in Imd signal transduction, occur in IIV-6 infected cells, indicating that the mechanism of viral inhibition is farther downstream, at the level of Relish promoter binding or transcriptional activation. Additionally, flies co-infected with both IIV-6 and the Gram-negative bacterium, Erwinia carotovora carotovora, succumb to infection more rapidly than flies singly infected with either the virus or the bacterium. These findings demonstrate how pre-existing infections can have a dramatic and negative effect on secondary infections, and establish a Drosophila model to study confection susceptibility.
2
Wysocki, Marc, Frederique Delatour, François Faurisson, Alain Rauss, Yves Pean, Benoit Misset, Frank Thomas et al. „Continuous versus Intermittent Infusion of Vancomycin in Severe Staphylococcal Infections: Prospective Multicenter Randomized Study“. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45, Nr. 9 (01.09.2001): 2460–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.9.2460-2467.2001.
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ABSTRACT A continuous infusion of vancomycin (CIV) may provide an alternative mode of infusion in severe hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcal (MRS) infections. A multicenter, prospective, randomized study was designed to compare CIV (targeted plateau drug serum concentrations of 20 to 25 mg/liter) and intermittent infusions of vancomycin (IIV; targeted trough drug serum concentrations of 10 to 15 mg/liter) in 119 critically ill patients with MRS infections (bacteremic infections, 35%; pneumonia, 45%). Microbiological and clinical outcomes, safety, pharmacokinetics, ease of treatment adjustment, and cost were compared. Microbiological and clinical outcomes and safety were similar. CIV patients reached the targeted concentrations faster (36 ± 31 versus 51 ± 39 h, P = 0.029) and fewer samples were required for treatment monitoring than with IIV patients (7.7 ± 2.2 versus 11.8 ± 3.9 per treatment, P < 0.0001). The variability between patients in both the area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC24h) and the daily dose given over 10 days of treatment was lower with CIV than with IIV (variances, 14,621 versus 53,975 mg2/liter2/h2[P = 0.026] and 414 versus 818 g2[P = 0.057], respectively). The 10-day treatment cost per patient was $454 ± 137 in the IIV group and was 23% lower in the CIV group ($321 ± 81: P < 0.0001). In summary, for comparable efficacy and tolerance, CIV may be a cost-effective alternative to IIV.
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Dakhlallah, Abe, Felice C. Adler-Shohet, Antonio Arrieta und M. Tuan Tran. „Vancomycin (VAN) administered as continuous infusion (CIV) vs. intermittent infusion (IIV) in children with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections“. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.678.
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Abstract Background Guidelines for treatment of MRSA infections recommend VAN trough (TR) of 15–20 mg/L to achieve a 24-hour ratio of area-under-the-curve (AUC24) over minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥ 400, the primary pharmacodynamic (PD) parameter that predicts VAN efficacy. However, achieving this target TR in children is difficult in clinical settings and may not be necessary to achieve AUC24/MIC ≥ 400. Additionally, higher doses and TR >15 mg/L have been associated with increased risk for VAN nephrotoxicity. The use of CIV may lead to lower VAN exposure and subsequent toxicity while achieving the desired AUC24/MIC ratio. To our knowledge there are no reports exploring differences in VAN exposure, AUC24/MIC ratio and toxicity between CIV and IIV VAN in children. Methods We conducted a retrospective, cohort study between January 1, 2011–December 30, 2016. Children ages 3 months–18 years with an MRSA infection were included. Only the highest VAN level and total daily dose (TDD) within the first 72 hours of treatment were included for analysis. Patients with CrCl < 30 mL/minute/1.73m2 were excluded. Primary outcome was differences in TDD, AUC24 and AUC24/MIC. Secondary outcomes evaluated adverse events. Results Twenty-two patients were evaluated, 11 received IIV and 11 received CIV VAN. Median age, weight, gender, baseline serum creatinine, VAN clearance and volume of distribution were similar in both groups. Fewer patients in the IIV group received concomitant nephrotoxic drugs compared with CIV group (5/11 (45%) vs.. 10/11 (91%), P = 0.03). Patients in the IIV group received more VAN (median 85 mg/kg/day vs. 67 mg/kg/day, P = 0.08) and had higher AUC24 (723 mg*hours/L, (IQR 669–752) vs. 572 mg*hours/L, (IQR 459–633), P = 0.02) compared with CIV. Patients in IIV group had lower median TR (16 mg/L vs. 25 mg/L) that required longer time to attain (50.9 hours, (IQR 42–70) vs. 21.5 hours (IQR 17–34), P = 0.04) than serum levels in CIV. Both groups had a median VAN MIC 1 mg/L with a trend towards higher AUC24/MIC observed in IIV group (752 vs. 621, P = 0.07). More patients in IIV group experienced VAN-related adverse events (renal toxicity, infusion reactions, phlebitis) compared with CIV (7/11 (64%) vs. 1/11 (9%), P = 0.01). Conclusion In pediatric patients, CIV VAN achieved the recommended PD target in shorter time, and with fewer adverse events compared with IIV. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Lopez, Christopher E., und Kevin L. Legge. „Influenza A Virus Vaccination: Immunity, Protection, and Recent Advances Toward A Universal Vaccine“. Vaccines 8, Nr. 3 (03.08.2020): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030434.
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Influenza virus infections represent a serious public health threat and account for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide due to seasonal epidemics and periodic pandemics. Despite being an important countermeasure to combat influenza virus and being highly efficacious when matched to circulating influenza viruses, current preventative strategies of vaccination against influenza virus often provide incomplete protection due the continuous antigenic drift/shift of circulating strains of influenza virus. Prevention and control of influenza virus infection with vaccines is dependent on the host immune response induced by vaccination and the various vaccine platforms induce different components of the local and systemic immune response. This review focuses on the immune basis of current (inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV)) as well as novel vaccine platforms against influenza virus. Particular emphasis will be placed on how each platform induces cross-protection against heterologous influenza viruses, as well as how this immunity compares to and contrasts from the “gold standard” of immunity generated by natural influenza virus infection.
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Larke, RP Bryce. „Blood Borne Viral Infections in Transplantation: Hepatitis Viruses and Retroviruses“. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 4, suppl c (1993): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1993/248042.
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Hepatitis viruses B (HBV), C (HCV) and D (HDV) and the retroviruses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and human T celllymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) and type ll (HTLV-11) have been transmitted from infected organ and tissue donors to allograft recipients. Ascertainment of personal risk factors by health questionnaire may exclude volunteer blood donors recently exposed to transmissible diseases who could be in the 'window period' of the infection, when routine serological screening tests are negative. Difficulty in obtaining historical evidence of possible recent exposure from a critically ill prospective organ donor may make the residual risk of infection slightly higher than the risk estimated per unit of transfused products from serologically screened volunteer blood donors. Current estimates of residual risk from transfusion based on United States data are: one in 200,000 units for HBV; one in 2000 to one in 6000 units for HCV; one in 40.000 lo one in 60,000 units for HIV-1; and one in 69,272 units for HTLV-1/11. Despite recent improvements in anti-HCV testing, current screening assays underestimate the incidence of transmission and prevalence of HCV infection among immunosuppressed organ recipients: evidence of ongoing HCV infection depends on detection of HCV RNA by polymerase chain reaction. Determination of I-IIV-1 p24 antigen may facilitate identification of prospective organ donors in ll1e window period of early infection and may enhance serological follow-up of allograft recipients al risk of transplantation-associated HIV-1 infection. Highly sensitive assays that can be completed very rapidly are needed to ensure greater safely for the recipient of an emergency organ transplant, where time to screen a prospective donor for infectious diseases may be extremely limited.
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Alonso-Moreno, Marta, Marta Mejías-Trueba, Laura Herrera-Hidalgo, Walter Alfredo Goycochea-Valdivia und María Victoria Gil-Navarro. „Efficacy and Safety of Continuous Infusion of Vancomycin in Children: A Systematic Review“. Antibiotics 10, Nr. 8 (26.07.2021): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10080912.
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Vancomycin is used to treat a wide variety of infections within the pediatric population. In adults, continuous infusion of vancomycin (CIV) has been evaluated as an alternative to intermittent infusion of vancomycin (IIV) with potential advantages. In children, the use of CIV is increasing; however, data is currently limited. The objective is to provide efficacy and safety evidence for CIV within this population. The review was carried out following PRISMA guidelines. A bibliographic search was performed for studies on PubMed and EMBASE. Clinical trials and observational studies that reported clinical efficacy and/or target attainment of CIV in pediatrics were included. Articles were reviewed to assess their design and target population, characteristics of vancomycin treatment and the main findings in terms of safety and efficacy. A total of 359 articles were identified, of which seven met the inclusion criteria. All of them evaluated the target attainment, six assessed safety but only three assessed clinical efficacy. The best administration method for this antibiotic within the pediatric population is still unknown due to limited evidence. However, studies conducted thus far suggest pharmacokinetic advantages for CIV. Further investigation is required, in particular for studies comparing IIV with CIV for clinical efficacy and toxicity outcomes.
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Shore, Anna, Angela S. Rossney, Conor T. Keane, Mark C. Enright und David C. Coleman. „Seven Novel Variants of the Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette mec in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Ireland“. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, Nr. 5 (Mai 2005): 2070–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.5.2070-2083.2005.
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ABSTRACT Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates recovered in Irish hospitals between 1971 and 2002 were characterized using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) (n = 130) and SCCmec typing (n = 172). Where atypical SCCmec typing results were obtained, PCR amplification of entire SCCmec elements, analysis of amplimer mobility, and nucleotide sequencing were undertaken. MLST revealed that 129/130 isolates had the same genotypes as internationally spread MRSA clones, including ST239, ST247, ST250, ST5, ST22, ST36, and ST8. A novel genotype, ST496, was identified in one isolate. Half of the isolates (86/172) had SCCmec type I, IA, II, III, or IV. The remaining 86 isolates harbored novel SCCmec variants in three distinct genetic backgrounds: (i) 74/86 had genotype ST8 and either one of five novel SCCmec II (IIA, IIB, IIC, IID, and IIE) or one of two novel SCCmec IV (IVE and IVF) variants; (ii) 3/86 had genotype ST239 and a novel SCCmec III variant; (iii) 9/86 had a novel SCCmec I variant associated with ST250. SCCmec IVE and IVF were similar to SCCmec IVc and IVb, respectively, but differed in the region downstream of mecA. The five SCCmec II variants were similar to SCCmec IVb in the region upstream of the ccr complex but otherwise were similar to SCCmec II, except for the following regions: SCCmec IIA and IID had a novel mec complex, A.4 (ΔmecI-IS1182-ΔmecI-mecR1-mecA-IS431mec); SCCmec IIC and IIE had a novel mec complex, A.3 (IS1182-ΔmecI-mecR1-mecA-IS431mec); SCCmec IID and IIE lacked pUB110; SCCmec IIC and IIE lacked a region of DNA between Tn554 and the mec complex; and SCCmec IIB lacked Tn554. This study has demonstrated a hitherto-undescribed degree of diversity within SCCmec.
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Blanco-Lobo, Pilar, Aitor Nogales, Laura Rodríguez und Luis Martínez-Sobrido. „Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines“. Viruses 11, Nr. 2 (22.02.2019): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11020190.
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Influenza virus still represents a considerable threat to global public health, despite the advances in the development and wide use of influenza vaccines. Vaccination with traditional inactivate influenza vaccines (IIV) or live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) remains the main strategy in the control of annual seasonal epidemics, but it does not offer protection against new influenza viruses with pandemic potential, those that have shifted. Moreover, the continual antigenic drift of seasonal circulating influenza viruses, causing an antigenic mismatch that requires yearly reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines, seriously compromises vaccine efficacy. Therefore, the quick optimization of vaccine production for seasonal influenza and the development of new vaccine approaches for pandemic viruses is still a challenge for the prevention of influenza infections. Moreover, recent reports have questioned the effectiveness of the current LAIV because of limited protection, mainly against the influenza A virus (IAV) component of the vaccine. Although the reasons for the poor protection efficacy of the LAIV have not yet been elucidated, researchers are encouraged to develop new vaccination approaches that overcome the limitations that are associated with the current LAIV. The discovery and implementation of plasmid-based reverse genetics has been a key advance in the rapid generation of recombinant attenuated influenza viruses that can be used for the development of new and most effective LAIV. In this review, we provide an update regarding the progress that has been made during the last five years in the development of new LAIV and the innovative ways that are being explored as alternatives to the currently licensed LAIV. The safety, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy profile of these new LAIVs reveal their possible implementation in combating influenza infections. However, efforts by vaccine companies and government agencies will be needed for controlled testing and approving, respectively, these new vaccine methodologies for the control of influenza infections.
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Lee, Jinhwa, Liping Wang, Rachel Palinski, Tim Walsh, Dongchang He, Yonghai Li, Rui Wu et al. „Comparison of Pathogenicity and Transmissibility of Influenza B and D Viruses in Pigs“. Viruses 11, Nr. 10 (27.09.2019): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11100905.
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Influenza viruses are important pathogens causing respiratory disease in humans and animals. In contrast to influenza A virus (IAV) that can infect a wide range of animal species, other influenza viruses, including influenza B virus (IBV), influenza C virus (ICV), and influenza D virus (IDV) have a limited host range. Swine can be infected with all four different genera of influenza viruses. IAV infection of pigs causes the well-known swine influenza that poses significant threats to human and animal health. However, influenza virus infection of pigs with IBV, ICV, and IDV are not well-characterized. Herein, we compared pathogenicity of IBV and IDV using intratracheal and intranasal infection of pigs, which are IAV seropositive, and commingled naïve pigs with the infected animals to determine their transmissibility. Both viruses caused fever and some lung lesions, replicated in the lungs of infected pigs, but only IDV transmitted to the contact animals. Although IBV and IDV displayed differing levels of replication in the respiratory tract of infected pigs, no significant differences in pathogenicity of both viruses were observed. These results indicate that both IBV and IDV can replicate, and are pathogenic in pigs.
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STRASSE, Karin Lye auf der, Carmen Mayanna JAMUR, Janaina MARQUES, Mirian Su Mi KIM, Ricardo Rasmussen PETTERLE und Heda Maria Barska dos Santos AMARANTE. „IMMUNIZATION STATUS OF PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE“. Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 56, Nr. 2 (Juni 2019): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.201900000-26.
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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes a variety of immunosuppressants and biological agents, which increase the risk of infections due to altered cellular and humoral immunity. Prevention of these infections can be done through vaccination, however, patients with IBD are usually under-immunized. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the immunization status of patients with IBD and confront it with the current recommendations to verify if the immunization guidelines are being followed correctly. METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study including 239 IBD patients being regularly followed in the Gastroenterology Service from Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, which were subjected to a survey about their relevant demographic data and immunization status. RESULTS: The amount of patients that declared being unaware of their immunization status is high - between 34.3% (Tdap) and 52% (meningococcal) - excepting IIV, hepatitis B and HPV. The vaccines with the largest rates of patients declaring to have taken it are inactivated influenza vaccine (72.4%), BCG (55.3%), hepatitis B (48.3%), measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (43.8%) and DTaP (43%). The vaccines with the lowest rates of patients declaring to have taken it are Haemophilus influenza type b (0.8%), herpes zoster (2.1%) and HPV (3.4%). Patients that are being treated or have been treated with biological therapy have the largest immunization coverage for inactivated influenza vaccine (81%) and PPSV23 (25.9%), also they have the largest awareness rates for those vaccines. CONCLUSION: Although being a specialized service linked to a university hospital, vaccination coverage and patients’ awareness rates proved to be below the desirable level. Vaccination and recovery of the immunization history is recommended immediately after the diagnosis of IBD, regardless of the use of biological agents. Those findings support the need of implementing hospital guidelines and constantly verifying its application by the multidisciplinary team in specialized services in IBD.
Dissertationen zum Thema "IIV infections"
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Bezerra, Leila Maria Machado. „PrevalÃncia de co-infecÃÃo pelos vÃrus linfotrÃpico de cÃlulas T humanas do adulto â HTLV e vÃrus da imunodeficÃncia adquirida â HIV, no CearÓ. Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2003. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7673.
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No Brasil vÃrios estudos demonstraram prevalÃncia de coinfecÃÃo pelos vÃrus linfotrÃpico de cÃlulas T humanas â HTLV e vÃrus da imunodeficiÃncia humana â HIV, dentre grupos especÃficos de indivÃduos, que variou de 0,58% a 11,4%. O CearÃ, segundo dados anteriores, representa dentre os Estados do Nordeste, uma Ãrea de baixa endemicidade para a infecÃÃo pelos vÃrus HTLV. Este estudo tem por objetivo estudar aspectos clÃnicos e epidemiolÃgicos da coinfecÃÃo por HTLV e HIV, em Hospital de referÃncia para tratamento de pacientes com HIV do CearÃ. Este estudo à descritivo, do tipo transversal, realizado no perÃodo de maio de 2001 a outubro de 2002. Foram colhidas 420 amostras de sangue de pacientes soropositivos ao HIV, confirmados por Elisa e Western Blot que posteriormente foram testadas para HTLV-I/II, no Centro de Hematologia do Cearà â HEMOCE. Entrevistou-se 337 pacientes e pesquisou-se 165 prontuÃrios mÃdicos para obtenÃÃo de informaÃÃes referentes à dados sÃcio-econÃmicos, fatores de risco para HTLV, prÃticas sexuais e aspectos clÃnicos. Os resultados revelaram valor de soroprevalÃncia geral de 0,95%, distribuÃdos em 0,23% de HIV-HTLV-I e 0,47% de HIV-HTLV-II, seguido de 01 (0,23%) amostra com sorologia indeterminada. NÃo foi evidenciada concomitÃncia de infecÃÃo pelos vÃrus HTLV-I e HTLV-II. A populaÃÃo estudada concentrou maior nÃmero de pacientes na faixa etÃria de 30 a 39 anos, era predominantemente de baixa renda (67,6%), menor grau de escolaridade (44,8%) e constituÃda na sua maioria por heterossexuais (67,8%). Quanto Ãs manifestaÃÃes clÃnicas pesquisadas em 119 indivÃduos, 105 (88,2%) manifestaram doenÃa intercorrente e 14 (11,8%) foram assintomÃticos, sendo 111 (93,27%) com definiÃÃo para diagnÃstico de AIDS. Um percentual elevado dos entrevistados amamentou (38,5%), sendo baixa a exposiÃÃo ao uso de tatuagem (12,2%) e a transfusÃo de sangue (15,9%). Foi notada que a escassez no uso de drogas intravenosas (4,8%), um menor nÃmero de negros (5,6%) e maior nÃmero de preferÃncia heterossexual (67,8%), poderiam ser os principais fatores apontados como responsÃveis pela baixa prevalÃncia encontrada em nosso Estado.Several studies carried out in Brazil have shown a serum-prevalence rate of HIV / HTLV (Human Immunodeficiency - virus / Human T-Lymphotropic virus) co-infection of 0.58% to 11.4% among specific groups of individuals. Based on previous data, the State of Cearà is considered an area of low HTLV prevalence in the northeastern Brasil. This study evaluated the clinical and epidemiological aspects of the HIV / HTLV co-infection in a reference hospital for the treatment of HIV infected patients in CearÃ. A descriptive, cross sectional study was performed, in the period of May of 2001 to October of 2002. Blood samples were randomly collected from 420 HIV-positive patients, through Elisa and Western Blot tests, that later were serologically tested for HTLV-I/II in the Hematological Center of Cearà - HEMOCE. Interviews were done in 337 patients and 165 files were searched for socio-economic, risk factors for HTLV, sexual practice and clinical aspects. The results confirmed a general seroprevalence value of 0.95%, distributed as 0.23% of HIV-HTLV-I and 0.47% of HIV-HTLV-II, followed by one (0.23%) sample of undetermined serology. Concomitant infection was not evidenced by the viruses HTLV-I and HTLV-II. The population studied was more frequently 30 to 39 years old, had predominantly lower income (67.6%) and educational (44.8%) levels and were heterosexual mainly (67,8%). In 119 patients evaluated, 105 (88.2%) complained of HIV-related diseases, 14 (11.8%) were asymptomatic and 111 (93.3%) were diagnosed with AIDS. An elevated percentage was breast fed (38.5%), few had had tattoos (12.2%), and also did receive blood products (15,9%). The scarce use of intravenous drugs (4.8%), the few numbers of black individuals (5.6%) and higher numbers of heterosexuals (67.8%), were pointed as possible reasons for the low HTLV prevalence found in this research.
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Braithwaite, M., Vuuren SF Van und AM Viljoen. „Validation of smoke inhalation therapy to treat microbial infections“. Elsevier, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000386.
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Aim of the study: In traditional healing, the burning of selected indigenous medicinal plants and the
inhalation of the liberated smoke are widely accepted and a practiced route of administration. This
study elucidated the rationale behind this commonly practiced treatment by examining the antimicrobial
activity for five indigenous South African medicinal plants commonly administered through inhalation
(Artemisia afra, Heteropyxis natalensis, Myrothamnus flabellifolius, Pellaea calomelanos and Tarchonanthus
camphoratus).
Material and Methods: An apparatus was designed to simulate the burning process that occurs in a traditional
setting and the smoke fraction was captured for analysis and bioassay. Methanol and acetone
extracts as well as the essential oil (for the aromatic species) were prepared and assayed in parallel with
the smoke fraction.
Results: Antimicrobial data revealed that in most cases, the ‘smoke-extract’ obtained after burning had
lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values than the corresponding solvent extracts and essential
oils. The combustion, acetone and methanol extracts produced different chromatographic profiles as
demonstrated for Pellaea calomelanos where several compounds noted in the smoke fraction were not
present in the other extracts.
Conclusion: These results suggest that the combustion process produces an ‘extract’ with superior antimicrobial
activity and provides in vitro evidence for inhalation of medicinal smoke as an efficient mode of
administration in traditional healing.
3
Jayaram, Jyothi. „Studies on the nucleocapsid protein of infectious bronchitis virus“. Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2243.
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Because phosphorylation of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) nucleocapsid (N) protein may regulate its multiple roles in viral replication, the dynamics of N phosphorylation were examined. In the infected cell, N was the only viral protein that was phosphorylated as shown by 32P-orthophosphate labeling and Western blot analysis and with IBV specific polyclonal chicken antibody. Using pulse-labeling with 32Porthophosphate, the IBV N protein was found to be phosphorylated in the virion, as well as at all times during infection of Vero cells. One-hour pulse-chase analysis followed by immunoprecipitation of IBV N using rabbit anti-IBV N polyclonal antibody showed that the phosphate on the protein did not fall below 70% of the maximum and remained stable. The small but reproducible drop in phosphorylation could modulate the various functions of the N protein in the infected cell. Simultaneous labeling with 32Porthophosphate and 3H-leucine of infected CEK cells indicated a 3.5-fold increase in the ratio of the 32P:3H counts per minute (cpm) on the virion N protein as compared to the 32P:3H cpm ratio of the N protein from lysates at 7 h p.i. The 32P:3H cpm ratio of the N protein from virion from infected-Vero cell lysates was 10.5X more than the 32P:3H cpm ratio of the N protein obtained at 7 h p.i. It has been shown that the N proteins from the measles and rabies viruses form helical nucleocapsid-like structures when expressed in bacteria (Schoehn et al., 2001; Warnes et al., 1995). The ability of E. coli expressed IBV N protein to form helical-nucleocapsid-like structures was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Full-length, purified histidine-tagged IBV N protein formed nucleocapsid-like structures when expressed in bacteria. Because E. coli -expressed histidine-tagged fragments of the IBV N protein did not form helical nucleocapsid-like structures, the full-length protein is probably required for assembly of these structures. The highly conserved IBV N protein was also used as a diagnostic tool in an ELISA for detecting anti-IBV antibody in chicken serum using a specialized microwave called the BIOWAVE. The BIOWAVE improves the processing time for an ELISA.
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Patel, Samir. „Characterization of the caspase-3 cleavage motif of the Salmonella Typhimurium effector protein SifA and its role in pathogenesis“. eScholarship@UMMS, 2018. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/1002.
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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobe that induces severe inflammation resulting in gastroenteritis. In the case of S. Typhimurium infection, induction of an inflammatory response has been linked to its primary virulence mechanism, the type III secretion system (T3SS). The T3SS secretes protein effectors that exploit the host’s cell biology to facilitate bacterial entry and intracellular survival, and to modulate the host immune response.
One such effector, SifA, is a bi-functional T3SS effector protein that plays an important role in Salmonella virulence. The N-terminal domain of SifA binds SifA-Kinesin-Interacting-Protein (SKIP), and via an interaction with kinesin, forms tubular membrane extensions called Sif filaments (Sifs) that emanate from the Salmonella Containing Vacuole (SCV). The C-terminal domain of SifA harbors a WxxxE motif that functions to mimic active host cell GTPases. Taken together, SifA functions in inducing endosomal tubulation in order to maintain the integrity of the SCV and promote bacterial dissemination. Since SifA performs multiple, unrelated functions, the objective of this study was to determine how each functional domain of SifA becomes processed.
In the present study, we demonstrate that a linker region containing a caspase-3 cleavage motif separates the two functional domains of SifA. To test the hypothesis that processing of SifA by caspase-3 at this particular site is required for function and proper localization of the effector protein domains, we developed two tracking methods to analyze the intracellular localization of SifA. We first adapted a fluorescent tag called phiLOV that allowed for T3SS mediated delivery of SifA and observation of its intracellular colocalization with caspase-3. Additionally, we created a dual-tagging strategy that permitted tracking of each of the SifA functional domains following caspase-3 cleavage to different subcellular locations. The results of this study reveal that caspase-3 cleavage of SifA is required for the proper localization of functional domains and bacterial dissemination. Considering the importance of these events in Salmonella pathogenesis, we conclude that caspase-3 cleavage of effector proteins is a more broadly applicable effector processing mechanism utilized by Salmonella to invade and persist during infection.
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Youn, Soonjeon. „In vitro assembly of an infectious cDNA clone of infectious bronchitis virus and its application as a gene transfer vector“. Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1311.
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An infectious cDNA clone of Vero cell adapted Beaudette strain of IBV was constructed using in vitro assembly of cDNA fragments. The entire genome of IBV was RT-PCR amplified into seven fragments, with each piece overlapping about 10 nucleotides. The fragments were ligated and transcribed to synthesize RNA, which was transfected into BHK-21 cells. These cells were then overlaid onto IBV susceptible Vero cells. After five days transfection, the virus was successfully rescued from the transfected cells. The cDNA clone from our laboratory strain has a five nucleotide insertion not present in the originally sequenced virus, resulting in total genome size of 27,613 nucleotides. The infectious cDNA clone was further manipulated to demonstrate its potential as a gene transfer vector, by replacing the ORF5a open reading frame with enhanced green fluorescent protein. The recombinant infectious cDNA clone was also successfully rescued after three days transfection of BHK-21 cells followed by co-culturing with Vero cells. This study showed that the 5a protein, whose function is not known, is not necessary for in vitro IBV replication. This study also showed that the 5a ORF is a good candidate for an insertion site of recombinant genes for the development of IBV infectious cDNA clone as a gene transfer vector.
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Wolhuter, J., RG Bengis, BK Reilly und PC Cross. „Clinical Demodicosis in African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park“. Wildlife Disease Association, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001766.
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Abstract
We investigated the relationship
between prevalence and severity of clinical
signs of Demodex cafferi infection in freeranging
African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and
other factors such as age, sex, pregnancy status,
and concomitant infections with bovine tuberculosis
(BTB), Rift Valley fever (RVF), and
brucellosis (BA). Approximately half of 203
buffalo examined in this study had clinical signs
of demodicosis (cutaneous nodules); younger
age classes had the highest prevalence and
severity of lesions (x2521.4, df56, P50.0015).
Nodules were generally limited to the head and
neck region, but in severe cases were present
over the entire animal. We found no significant
association between clinical severity of the
Demodex infection and gender, pregnancy
status, or infection with BTB, RVF, or BA.
7
Luo, Wenyi. „Identification and characterization of virulence factors of mycoplasmas“. Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2010p/luo.pdf.
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8
Mokoena, MM, und P. Jagal. „The effect of water‐supply service delivery on the risk of infection posed by water in household containers“. Tshwane University of Technology, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001095.
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In the South African context, upgrading to, and delivery of a basic water-supply service to
small-community households is expected to bring benefits such as reduced exposure to
contaminated drinking water. A basic water-supply service mostly means that water is
distributed to the community via communal taps that are not on the households’ premises
(DWA, 2003). While this is seen as an improvement, people still have to use plastic
containers (mostly 20-25ℓ volume) to collect water from the taps and store in their houses
(Nala et al., 2003). Authors report that, from a health-related microbial water quality
perspective, the management (e.g. poor container-hygiene practices) of household
containers cause microbial re-contamination of good quality water (Gundry et al., 2004;
Jagals et al., 2004; Jensen et al., 2002). This implies that household container water pose a
risk of microbial infection to an individual if used for drinking without any household level
disinfection. Providing clean water to households, even thought they might still have to use
the containers, does limit the extent of the recontamination because of consistent use with
the clean water as opposed to when communities use these containers to source
contaminated surface waters (Mokoena et al., 2010). When the supply system fails, which
was reported to happen frequently in the study area (Rietveld et al., 2009), the affected
communities will return to their original source of water, using the same containers to collect what is often contaminated water (Momba et al., 2006).
While it is plausible that the probable risk of infection will change with these service
inconsistencies, it has not conclusively been shown what the effect of it might be on risk. This
submission demonstrates how a quantitative microbial risk assessment (WHO, 2004) can be
used as a tool to assess these shifts in risk, offering another technique to assess the
effectiveness of a small-community water supply service.
The aim of the study was assess, after implementation with subsequent operation and
maintenance of two small-community water supply schemes, the effect of service delivery on
the annual risk of bacterial infection for individuals based on pathogenic E. coli in the water
that the people in the community drink.
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Ratner, Dmitry. „Activation and Inhibition of Multiple Inflammasome Pathways by the Yersinia Pestis Type Three Secretion System: A Dissertation“. eScholarship@UMMS, 2016. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/850.
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Host survival during plague, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis, is favored by a robust early innate immune response initiated by IL-1β and IL-18. Precursors of these cytokines are expressed downstream of TLR signaling and are then enzymatically processed into mature bioactive forms, typically by caspase-1 which is activated through a process dependent on multi-molecular structures called inflammasomes. Y. pestis evades immune detection in part by using a Type three secretion system (T3SS) to inject effector proteins (Yops) into host cells and suppress IL-1β and IL-18 production. We investigated the cooperation between two effectors, YopM and YopJ, in regulating inflammasome activation, and found that Y. pestis lacking both YopM and YopJ triggers robust caspase-1 activation and IL-1Β/IL-18 production in vitro. Furthermore, this strain is attenuated in a manner dependent upon caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 in vivo, yet neither effector appears essential for full virulence. We then demonstrate that YopM fails to inhibit NLRP3/NLRC4 mediated caspase-1 activation and is not a general caspase-1 inhibitor. Instead, YopM specifically prevents the activation of a Pyrin-dependent inflammasome by the Rho-GTPase inhibiting effector YopE. Mutations rendering Pyrin hyperactive are implicated in the autoinflammatory disease Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) in humans, and we discuss the potential significance of this disease in relation to plague. Altogether, the Y. pestis T3SS activates and inhibits several inflammasome pathways, and the fact that so many T3SS components are involved in manipulating IL-1β/IL-18 underscores the importance of these mechanisms in plague.
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Martini, Matheus Cavalheiro 1983. „Estudo experimental em camundongos e aves comerciais com isolado de pombo do vírus da bronquite infecciosa (IBV) = Experimental study in mice and poultry with isolated from pigeon infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)“. [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316633.
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Orientadores: Clarice Weis Arns, Helena Lage FerreiraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T04:15:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martini_MatheusCavalheiro_D.pdf: 16763908 bytes, checksum: 65c4aed6451181f383a10560fce87e51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: O vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa (VBI), pertencente à família Coronaviridae, é um importante patógeno à sanidade e fatores econômicos da produção avícola no Brasil e no mundo. O VBI possui múltiplos sorotipos e o frequente surgimento de novas variantes é um dos principais problemas relacionados a este vírus. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a investigação experimental da patogênese de um isolado de pombo (Columba/Brazil/2007/Unicamp/67T), caracterizado molecularmente pelo gene S1 como VBI sorotipo Massachusetts, e seus efeitos in vivo, em galinhas e camundongos. O presente estudo foi dividido em duas partes, na primeira um grupo de aves "specific pathogen free" (SPF) foi inoculado pela via óculo-nasal com a amostra viral proveniente de pombo. Os animais, de um dia de vida, foram sacrificados nos dias 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias pós-inoculação (dpi). Foram coletados suabes de traqueia, seio nasal e cloaca, além de órgãos como pulmão, íleo, pró-ventrículo (coletado entre 7 e 21 dpi), rim, tonsilas cecais (coletada a partir de 4dpi) e testículos (coletado a partir de 5 dpi). Sinais clínicos respiratórios como espirros, estertores, corrimento nasal, além de letargia, diarreia e perda de coordenação foram observados principalmente no 5dpi. A inibição da atividade ciliar ocorreu concomitantemente ao pico de sinais clínicos das aves. Foi analisado tropismo tecidual, através da quantidade de RNA viral detectado, pelo trato digestório. Os maiores títulos de RNA viral foram detectados na tonsila cecal, seguida pelo íleo (ambos no 5dpi) e cloaca (no 2dpi). Além disso, houve detecção de RNA viral no rim e trato respiratório, com maior título de RNA viral na traqueia. Os órgãos que apresentaram maiores danos teciduais através do exame histopatológico foram o rim, íleo e traqueia (todos no 5dpi). Por fim, as aves inoculadas com a amostra do VBI oriundo de pombo produziram anticorpos entre os dias 14 e 21dpi, detectados no soro destes animais através do ELISA. Na segunda parte do trabalho, a capacidade de replicação de diferentes variantes do VBI em camundongos foi avaliada. Para tanto, camundongos das linhagens Balb/C e A/J foram inoculados pela via nasal com duas amostras do sorotipo Massachussets (Mass) e com a variante brasileira (BR-I), e sacrificados no 3, 10 e 14 dpi. Não foram observados sinais clínicos nem lesões macroscópicas graves. O RNA viral foi detectado em todos os órgãos coletados, sendo os principais órgãos de replicação o seio nasal e pulmão (no 3dpi) para os camundongos da linhagem A/J e pulmão e duodeno (ambos no 3dpi) na linhagem de camundongos Balb/C, nos quais os títulos virais detectados foram mais altos. Pneumonia intersticial, edema e infiltrado mononuclear foram as principais alterações histopatológicas observadas no 3dpi em camundongos inoculados com as diferentes variantes. A presença da nucleoproteína viral, pela imunohistoquímica, foi detectada no duodeno, traqueia e pulmão de camundongos no 3dpi nas duas linhagens de camundongos. Os anticorpos contra o coronavírus aviário foram detectados somente no 3dpi. Assim, os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram que a variante Massachussets, com origem de pombo, causa a doença clínica em aves comerciais não vacinadas e pode replicar em modelo mamífero por um curto período de tempo, ressaltando a importância da vacinação e o papel potencial dos roedores como possível reservatório e carreador do vírus
Abstract: Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) belonging to the family Coronaviridae is an important pathogen to sanity and economics of poultry production in Brazil and worldwide. The VBI has multiple serotypes and the frequent emergence of new variants is one of the main problems related to this virus. This work aims to experimentally investigate the pathogenesis of pigeon sample (Columba/Brazil/2007/Unicamp/67T), molecularly characterized by S1 gene as IBV Massachusetts serotype, and its effects in vivo in chickens and mice. This study was divided into two parts. In the first part, a group of birds "specific pathogen free" (SPF) was inoculated by oculo-nasal route with the viral sample from pigeon. The animals with one-day-old, were sacrificed on 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days post-inoculation (dpi). Tracheal swabs, nasal sinus and cloaca were collected, and organs such as lung, ileum, pro-ventricular (collected between 7 and 21dpi), kidney, caecal tonsils (collected from 4dpi) and testes (collected from 5 dpi). Clinical signs such as sneezing, rales, nasal discharge, lethargy, diarrhea, and loss of coordination were observed mainly in the 5dpi. Inhibition of ciliary activity occurred concomitantly with the peak of clinical signs of birds. Tissue tropism was analyzed by the amount of viral RNA detected by the gastrointestinal tract. The higher titers of viral RNA were detected in the cecal tonsil, followed by the ileum (both in 5dpi) and cloaca (in 2dpi). In addition, viral RNA was detected in the kidney and respiratory tract, with highest titer of viral RNA in the trachea. The organs that showed severe tissue damage by histopathology were the kidney, ileum and trachea (all in 5dpi). Finally, the birds inoculated with the sample originated from IBV Pigeon produced antibodies between 14 and 21dpi, detected in the serum of these animals by ELISA. In the second part, the replication capacity of different variants of IBV in mice was evaluated. For this, mice of strains BALB/C and A/J were inoculated intranasally with two strains of Massachusetts (Mass) serotype and the Brazilian variant (BR-I), and sacrificed at 3, 10 and 14 dpi. No clinical signs or severe macroscopic lesions were observed. The viral RNA was detected in all organs collected, higher tittles were detected on sinus and lung (in 3dpi) for mice of strain A/J and on lung and duodenum (both in 3dpi) in the line of Balb/C; in this line the viral titles were higher than the strain A/J. Interstitial pneumonia, edema and mononuclear cell infiltration were the main histopathological changes observed in 3dpi in inoculated mice with different variants. The presence of viral nucleoprotein, immunohistochemistry was detected in the duodenum, trachea and lungs of mice in 3dpi in both mice strains. Antibodies against avian coronaviruses have been detected only in 3dpi. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate that the Massachusetts variant, originating from pigeon, cause clinical disease in commercial poultry unvaccinated and can replicate in mammalian model for a short period of time, emphasizing the importance of vaccination and the potential role of rodents as possible reservoir and the carrier virus
Doutorado
Microbiologia
Doutora em Genética e Biologia Molecular
Bücher zum Thema "IIV infections"
1
International, Workshop on Campylobacter Infections (3rd 1985 Ottawa Ont ). Campylobacter III: Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Campylobacter Infections, Ottawa, 7-10 July 1985. London: Public Health Laboratory Service, 1985.
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2
Adhikari, Rameshwar, und Santosh Thapa, Hrsg. Infectious Diseases and Nanomedicine III. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7572-8.
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3
National AIDS Control Programme (India). Phase--III. Targeted interventions under NACP III: Operational guidelines. New Delhi: National AIDS Control Organization, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, 2007.
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4
National AIDS Co-ordinating Agency (Botswana), Hrsg. Botswana AIDS impact survey III: Statistical report. Gaborone: Central Statistics Office, 2009.
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5
Pollard, Andrew J., und Adam Finn, Hrsg. Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children III. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-33026-7.
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National AIDS Control Programme (Tanzania). Third health sector HIV and AIDS strategic plan: (HSHSP-III) 2013-2017. Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, National AIDS Control Programme, 2014.
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7
(India), Taylor Nelson Sofres Mode. Behavioural surveillance survey in Andhra Pradesh (WAVE III): Summary report. [New Delhi]: Resource Centre for Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS, 2007.
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Social, and Rural Research Institute (New Delhi India). Behavioural surveillance survey in West Bengal: WAVE III : summary report. Kolkata: West Bengal State AIDS Prevention & Control Society, 2004.
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9
Runck, Bette. Coping with AIDS: Psychological and social considerations in helping people with HTLV-III infection. Atlanta, Ga: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1986.
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10
St, Mary's Hospital (London England). AIDS and HTLV III: The St Mary's control of infection pack : district control of infection policies devised and implemented by St Mary's Hospital, Praed St, London W2. London: Paddington and North Kensington Health Authority and North West Thames Regional Health Authority, 1986.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "IIV infections"
1
White, M. I. „Bacterial Infections“. In Pharmacology of the Skin II, 395–408. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74054-1_29.
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2
Crumpacker, Clyde S. „Treatment of Cytomegalovirus Infections“. In Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis III, 352–60. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8890-6_41.
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3
Hay, R. J. „Fungal Skin Infections“. In Pharmacology of the Skin II, 383–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74054-1_28.
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4
Brigden, D. „Herpes Virus Infections“. In Pharmacology of the Skin II, 409–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74054-1_30.
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5
Giamarellou, H. „Ciprofloxacin in Neutropenic Host Infection“. In Ciprofloxacin i.v., 109–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79098-0_10.
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Birnbaum, Brian F., und Charles E. Canter. „Viral Cardiac Infections“. In Viral Infections in Children, Volume II, 125–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54093-1_5.
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Ahmed, Rafi. „Immunological Tolerance in Viral Infections“. In Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis III, 304–10. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8890-6_36.
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Chen, Ying-Bei, Yihru Fannjiang und J. Marie Hardwick. „Cell Death in Viral Infections“. In When Cells Die II, 435–60. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471476501.ch17.
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9
McQuiston, Jennifer H., und Christopher D. Paddock. „Public Health: Rickettsial Infections and Epidemiology“. In Intracellular Pathogens II, 40–83. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817336.ch2.
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Savini, R., G. Gargiulo, M. Di Silvestre und G. Gualdrini. „The Treatment of Cervical Spine Infections“. In Cervical Spine II, 143–48. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9055-5_23.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "IIV infections"
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Elbashir, Israa, Heba Al Khatib und Hadi Yassine. „Replication Dynamics, Pathogenicity, and Evolution of Influenza Viruses in Intestinal Caco-2 Cells“. In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0166.
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Background: Influenza virus is a major cause of respiratory infections worldwide. Besides the common respiratory symptoms, namouras cases with gastrointestinal symptoms have been reported. Moreover, influenza virus has been detected in feces of up to 20.6 % of influenza-infected patients. Therefore, direct infection of intestinal cells with influenza virus is suspected; however, the mechanism of this infection has not been explored. AIM: To investigate influenza virus replication, cellular responses to infection, and virus evolution following serial infection in human Caucasian colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2 cells). Method: Two influenza A subtypes (A/H3N2 and A/H1N1pdm 09) and one influenza B virus (B/Yamagata) were serially passaged in Caco-2. Quantitative PCR was used to study hormones and cytokines expression following infection. Deep sequencing analysis of viral genome was used to assess the virus evolution. Results: The replication capacity of the three viruses was maintained throughout 12 passages, with H3N2 virus being the fastest in adaptation. The expression of hormone and cytokines in Caco-2 cells was considerably different between the viruses and among the passages, however, a pattern of induction was observed at the late phase of infection. Deep sequencing analysis revealed a few amino acid substitutions in the HA protein of H3N2 and H1N1 viruses, mostly in the antigenic site. Moreover, virus evolution at the quasispecies level based on HA protein revealed that H3N2 and H1N1 harbored more diverse virus populations when compared to IBV, indicating their higher evolution within Caco-2 cells. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate the possibility of influenza virus replication in intestinal cells. To further explain the gastrointestinal complications of influenza infections in-vivo experiments with different influenza viruses are needed.
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Galante, Lucas, Marcus Botacin, André Grégio und Paulo De Geus. „Machine Learning for Malware Detection: Beyond Accuracy Rates“. In XIX Simpósio Brasileiro de Segurança da Informação e de Sistemas Computacionais. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbseg_estendido.2019.14005.
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Today's world is supported by connected, electronic systems, thus ensuring their secure operation is essential to our daily lives. A major threat to system's security is malware infections, which cause financial and image losses to corporate and end-users, thus motivating the development of malware detectors. In this scenario, Machine Learning (ML) has been demonstrated to be a powerful technique to develop classifiers able to distinguish malware from goodware samples. However, many ML research work on malware detection focus only on the final detection accuracy rate and overlook other important aspects of classifier's implementation and evaluation, such as feature extraction and parameter selection. In this paper, we shed light to these aspects to highlight the challenges and drawbacks of ML-based malware classifiers development. We trained 25 distinct classification models and applied them to 2,800 real x86, Linux ELF malware binaries. Our results shows that: (i) dynamic features outperforms static features when the same classifiers are considered; (ii) Discrete-bounded features present smaller accuracy variance over time in comparison to continuous features, at the cost of some time-localized accuracy loss; (iii) Datasets presenting distinct characteristics (e.g., temporal changes) impose generalization challenges to ML models; and (iv) Feature analysis can be used as feedback information for malware detection and infection prevention. We expect that our work could help other researchers when developing their ML-based malware classification solutions.
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Widyawati, Tri, und Rizky Ilham. „The Effect of Syzygium polyanthum Wight Ethanolic Leaf Extract on Aedes spp Instar III-IV Larvae“. In The 2nd International Conference on Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009863001850188.
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Martins, H., P. Carvalho, P. Mendonça, T. Fagulha, A. M. Henriques und M. Monteiro. „Invasive infection by Trichosporon mucoides following circovirus infection in a parrot“. In Proceedings of the III International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology (BioMicroWorld2009). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814322119_0108.
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Walter, Alec B., Jocelyn Simpson, J. Logan Jenkins, Dennis J. Hovarth, Eric P. Skaar und E. Duco Jansen. „Increasing the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy through the simultaneous activation of multiple coproporphyrin III absorption peaks (Conference Presentation)“. In Photonic Diagnosis, Monitoring, Prevention, and Treatment of Infections and Inflammatory Diseases 2019, herausgegeben von Tianhong Dai, Mei X. Wu und Jürgen Popp. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2508678.
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Blamback, M., F. Hesselvik, B. Brodin, R. Maller und R. Gaffney. „COAGUIATION, FIBRINLYSIS AND KALLIKREIN ACTIVATION IN SEVERE INFECTION AND SEPSIS : RELATION TO OUTCOME“. In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644695.
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Fatal multiple organ failure following severe infection may be related to early activation of protease cascade systems. The study aimed to relate changes in the below mentioned components to shock and outcome. Of 53 patients with severe infection, 30 did not develop shock (group I); 12 survived septic shock (groupII); and 11 died from organ failure after septic shock (groupIII). No patient had overt DIC. During the first 3 days after admission, blood was sampled daily for assay of: platelet count, fibrinogen, prothrombin complex, F XII, F VIIIiC, vWF:Ag, F VII, F V, anti thrombin, protein C, plasminogen, antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAi), X-oligcmers, D-dimers, prekalli-krein, functional kallikrein inhibition (fKl), and fibronectin, by chramogenic substrate and inmunochemical techniques. The Proenzyme functioned, index (PFI) ves calculated combining the results of anti thrombin, plasminogen, antiplasmin, prekallikrein and fKL (Aasen, Acta Chir Scand 1985; 522: 211).Low (p<.001) initial values for F XII, prothrombin complex, F VII, antithrcmbin, protein C, prekallikrein, and fibronectin were seen in all groups. The shock groups (I-III) had in addition significant decreases in platelet count, antiplasmin, and plasminogen. Fibrinogen, F VIII :C, vWF:Ag, X-oligcmers, and D-dimers were significantly higher than normal in all groups. Shock patients had higher X-oligcmers and D-dimers, but lower fibrinogen than non-shock patients. PAi was within the normal range in survivors (I-II), but was elevated ten-fold and increased progressively over 3 days in the non-survivors. vWF:Ag showed a similar progressive increase in non^survivors; these two variables ware the best early indicators of non-survival. PFI was significantly lower in shock patients (II-III), but did not discern between survivors and non-survivors during days 1-3. The results indicate a marked activation of coagulation in patients with severe infection, with more fibrin formation and fibrinolysis in the shock groups. High vWF:Ag and PAi in non-survivors may indicate nmore endothelial damage, and potentially harmful fibrinolysis inhibition.
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Carneiro, Matheus Vinícius De Souza, Paula Taquita Serra, Wenberger Lanza Daniel Figueiredo und Maria Sílvia Prestes Pedrosa. „A EFICÁCIA DA IMUNIZAÇÃO PASSIVA COM ANTICORPOS POLICLONAIS CONTRA COVID-19 - REVISÃO DE LITERATURA“. In I Congresso Brasileiro de Imunologia On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/992.
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Introdução: Na busca por tratamentos eficazes contra a covid-19, as terapias com anticorpos monoclonais e policlonais surgiram como um candidatos promissores. As terapias à base de anticorpos policlonais surgem como alternativa mais barata que as de anticorpos monoclonais. Objetivos: Relatar a eficácia do tratamento para covid-19 com anticorpos policlonais. Material e métodos: Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados do PubMed e SciELO combinando os descritores Monoclonal Antibodies, Coronavirus Infections, Coronavirus Infections, Immunotoxins, Antibodies, Bispecific, Coronavirus Infections. Foram utilizados filtros com busca preferencial por ensaios clínicos randomizados com até 1 ano de publicação. Localizou-se 52 estudos, da qual foram excluídos artigos não relacionados ao tema. Resultados: Obteve-se 5 estudos e a fim de avaliar a eficácia, segmentou-se em critérios clínicos. Dentre os 5 estudos, 3 avaliaram a terapia com plasma convalescente e 2 avaliaram a terapia com imunoglobulina intravenosa (IGIV). Cada estudo utilizou titulações e dosagens distintas, além de administrações em períodos diferentes. Dentre os estudos que avaliaram a eficácia da terapia com plasma convalescente, não verificou-se diminuição significativa da mortalidade geral e progressão da doença; contudo, em um dos trabalhos, observou-se que a administração precoce de plasma convalescente de alta titulação contra SARS-CoV-2 em idosos com infecção moderada reduziu a progressão da doença. Entre os dois estudos que avaliaram a eficácia da IGIV, um estudo relatou diminuição significativa da taxa de mortalidade hospitalar. Um dos trabalhos avaliou a eficácia da combinação da IGIV com outros medicamentos, relatando a ausência de efeito benéfico, não apontando melhora perceptível na taxa de mortalidade; no entanto, verificou-se que, quanto menor o tempo desde a admissão até a infusão de IGIV, menor o tempo de internação hospitalar. Conclusão: A terapia com plasma convalescente não foi capaz de reduzir de forma significativa a mortalidade e progressão da doença, enquanto a terapia com imunoglobulina intravenosa (IGIV) foi capaz de reduzir de forma significativa a taxa de mortalidade hospitalar. Contudo, em virtude do pequeno número de estudos, é necessário novos estudos a fim de embasar a eficácia das tratamentos com anticorpos policlonais na covid-19.
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Sekararum, Woro Ayu, Nurfitri Bustamam, Hikmah Muktamiroh und Harli Amir Mahmudji. „The Correlation between Secretory Phospholipase A2 Type IIA Levels and Mean Platelet Volume among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients“. In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.09.
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Background: Platelet activity plays a role in the occurrence of diabetic angiopathy with an increase in mean platelet volume (MPV) as a marker of platelet activity. Platelet activity is influenced by phospholipase A2 type IIA (sPLA2 type IIA), which is a lipid-mediating enzyme that connects the pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) with complications of diabetic angiopathy. This study aimed to examine the relationship between levels of type IIA sPLA2 and MPV among type II DM patients. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 63 patients with type II DM was selected for this study. The inclusion criteria for the study subjects were type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who did not experience an infectious disease, acute inflammation, trauma, surgery or malignancy, anemia, taking antiplatelet drugs, having abnormal platelet counts, and smoking. The dependent variable was levels of type IIA sPLA2. The independent variable was MPV. The data were obtained from the medical records of Prof. Dr. Soerojo Mental Hospital, Magelang. The data were analyzed using Spearman correlation test. Results: The study showed the median level of sPLA2 type IIA was 3841.50 ng / dL and the average MPV value was 7.36 fl. The results of the Spearman correlation analysis showed that there was no relationship between sPLA2 type IIA and MPV (p = 0.551), but there was a tendency for an increase in type IIA sPLA2 followed by an increase in MPV value (r = 0.077). There was a difference in the average MPV value in the subject group with DM ≤ 10 years and> 10 years (p = 0.009), and it was statistically significant. Conclusion: There is a tendency for an increase in type IIA sPLA2 followed by an increase in the MPV value among type II DM patients. Keywords: type II diabetes melitus, type IIA sPLA2 enzyme, mean platelet volume Correspondence: Woro Ayu Sekararum. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional ‘Veteran’ Jakarta. Jl, Rumah Sakit Fatmawati, Pondok Labu, South Jakarta, Indonesia. E-mail: woroayu.sekararum@gmail.com. Mobile: 0811975511 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.09
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Abrahão, Felipe S., Klaus Wehmuth und Artur Ziviani. „Expected Emergence of Algorithmic Information from a Lower Bound for Stationary Prevalence“. In III Encontro de Teoria da Computação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/etc.2018.3149.
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We study emergent information in populations of randomly generated networked computable systems that follow a Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible contagion (or infection) model of imitation of the fittest neighbor. These networks have a scale-free degree distribution in the form of a power-law following the Barabási-Albert model. We show that there is a lower bound for the stationary prevalence (or average density of infected nodes) that triggers an unlimited increase of the expected emergent algorithmic complexity (or information) of a node as the population size grows.
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Rosa, Thiago, Regina Peralta, Mauro Cabral-Castro, Giovani Costa und José Peralta. „Immunological method using magnetic beads for Chagas Infection diagnosis“. In III Seminário Anual Científico e Tecnológico de Bio-Manguinhos. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35259/isi.sact.2016_27372.
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Lee, Tun-Hou. Antigen Markers for Clinical Manifestations and Prevention of HTLV-III/ LAV Infections. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Februar 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada227349.
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Ennis, Francis A. Human Immune Responses to HTLV-III Virus Infections in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Oktober 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada199059.
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Ennis, Francis A. Human Immune Responses to HTLV-III Virus Infections in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada231412.
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McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, Alison Cody, Melissa Jansen van Rensburg, Margaret Varga, Sophie Hedges et al. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, Juli 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.
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This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.
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Boswell, R. N. Natural History of HTLV III Infection in USAF Personnel: Clinical Evaluation, Laboratory Evaluation, Assessment of In Vivo and In Vitro Immunologic Status and Data Storage. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Juni 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada226591.
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Holland, Darren, und Nazmina Mahmoudzadeh. Foodborne Disease Estimates for the United Kingdom in 2018. Food Standards Agency, Januar 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.squ824.
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In February 2020 the FSA published two reports which produced new estimates of foodborne norovirus cases. These were the ‘Norovirus Attribution Study’ (NoVAS study) (O’Brien et al., 2020) and the accompanying internal FSA technical review ‘Technical Report: Review of Quantitative Risk Assessment of foodborne norovirus transmission’ (NoVAS model review), (Food Standards Agency, 2020). The NoVAS study produced a Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment model (QMRA) to estimate foodborne norovirus. The NoVAS model review considered the impact of using alternative assumptions and other data sources on these estimates. From these two pieces of work, a revised estimate of foodborne norovirus was produced. The FSA has therefore updated its estimates of annual foodborne disease to include these new results and also to take account of more recent data related to other pathogens. The estimates produced include: •Estimates of GP presentations and hospital admissions for foodbornenorovirus based on the new estimates of cases. The NoVAS study onlyproduced estimates for cases. •Estimates of foodborne cases, GP presentations and hospital admissions for12 other pathogens •Estimates of unattributed cases of foodborne disease •Estimates of total foodborne disease from all pathogens Previous estimates An FSA funded research project ‘The second study of infectious intestinal disease in the community’, published in 2012 and referred to as the IID2 study (Tam et al., 2012), estimated that there were 17 million cases of infectious intestinal disease (IID) in 2009. These include illness caused by all sources, not just food. Of these 17 million cases, around 40% (around 7 million) could be attributed to 13 known pathogens. These pathogens included norovirus. The remaining 60% of cases (equivalent to 10 million cases) were unattributed cases. These are cases where the causal pathogen is unknown. Reasons for this include the causal pathogen was not tested for, the test was not sensitive enough to detect the causal pathogen or the pathogen is unknown to science. A second project ‘Costed extension to the second study of infectious intestinal disease in the community’, published in 2014 and known as IID2 extension (Tam, Larose and O’Brien, 2014), estimated that there were 566,000 cases of foodborne disease per year caused by the same 13 known pathogens. Although a proportion of the unattributed cases would also be due to food, no estimate was provided for this in the IID2 extension. New estimates We estimate that there were 2.4 million cases of foodborne disease in the UK in 2018 (95% credible intervals 1.8 million to 3.1 million), with 222,000 GP presentations (95% Cred. Int. 150,000 to 322,000) and 16,400 hospital admissions (95% Cred. Int. 11,200 to 26,000). Of the estimated 2.4 million cases, 0.9 million (95% Cred. Int. 0.7 million to 1.2 million) were from the 13 known pathogens included in the IID2 extension and 1.4 million1 (95% Cred. Int. 1.0 million to 2.0 million) for unattributed cases. Norovirus was the pathogen with the largest estimate with 383,000 cases a year. However, this estimate is within the 95% credible interval for Campylobacter of 127,000 to 571,000. The pathogen with the next highest number of cases was Clostridium perfringens with 85,000 (95% Cred. Int. 32,000 to 225,000). While the methodology used in the NoVAS study does not lend itself to producing credible intervals for cases of norovirus, this does not mean that there is no uncertainty in these estimates. There were a number of parameters used in the NoVAS study which, while based on the best science currently available, were acknowledged to have uncertain values. Sensitivity analysis undertaken as part of the study showed that changes to the values of these parameters could make big differences to the overall estimates. Campylobacter was estimated to have the most GP presentations with 43,000 (95% Cred. Int. 19,000 to 76,000) followed by norovirus with 17,000 (95% Cred. Int. 11,000 to 26,000) and Clostridium perfringens with 13,000 (95% Cred. Int. 6,000 to 29,000). For hospital admissions Campylobacter was estimated to have 3,500 (95% Cred. Int. 1,400 to 7,600), followed by norovirus 2,200 (95% Cred. Int. 1,500 to 3,100) and Salmonella with 2,100 admissions (95% Cred. Int. 400 to 9,900). As many of these credible intervals overlap, any ranking needs to be undertaken with caution. While the estimates provided in this report are for 2018 the methodology described can be applied to future years.